From 6dd9780ac209b2cc626e7a0f78afb15f507ca10a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?utf8?q?Andr=C3=A9=20Malo?= Date: Sun, 28 Nov 2004 01:02:23 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] update transformation of previous changes git-svn-id: https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/httpd/httpd/trunk@106778 13f79535-47bb-0310-9956-ffa450edef68 --- docs/manual/glossary.html.en | 722 +++++++++++--------- docs/manual/glossary.html.ko.euc-kr | 2 + docs/manual/glossary.xml.es | 2 +- docs/manual/glossary.xml.ko | 2 +- docs/manual/glossary.xml.meta | 2 +- docs/manual/new_features_2_2.html.en | 10 +- docs/manual/new_features_2_2.html.ko.euc-kr | 2 + docs/manual/new_features_2_2.xml.ko | 2 +- docs/manual/new_features_2_2.xml.meta | 2 +- 9 files changed, 419 insertions(+), 327 deletions(-) diff --git a/docs/manual/glossary.html.en b/docs/manual/glossary.html.en index b706e013fe..c7cde20d60 100644 --- a/docs/manual/glossary.html.en +++ b/docs/manual/glossary.html.en @@ -23,331 +23,413 @@  ko 

-

This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to -Apache in particular, and web serving in general. More information -on each concept is provided in the links.

- +

This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to Apache in + particular, and web serving in general. More information on each concept + is provided in the links.

+
top

Definitions

-
-
Access Control
-
The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context - usually the restriction of access to certain URLs.
-See: Authentication, Authorization, and Access -Control
- -
Algorithm
-
An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in -a finite number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called -Ciphers.
- -
APache eXtension Tool (apxs)
A perl script that aids in compiling module sources into Dynamic Shared Objects (DSOs) and helps install them in the Apache Web -server.
See: Manual Page: apxs
- -
Authentication
-
The positive identification of a network entity such as a server, a -client, or a user.
See: Authentication, Authorization, and Access -Control
- -
Certificate
-
A data record used for authenticating network entities such - as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces - about its owner (called the subject) and the signing Certification Authority (called the - issuer), plus the owner's public key and the - signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures - using CA certificates.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Certificate Signing Request -(CSR)
An unsigned certificate for submission to a Certification Authority, which signs it -with the Private Key of their CA -Certificate. Once the CSR is signed, it becomes a real -certificate.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Certification Authority (CA)
A trusted third party whose purpose is to -sign certificates for network entities it has authenticated using -secure means. Other network entities can check the signature to verify -that a CA has authenticated the bearer of a certificate.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Cipher
An algorithm or system for -data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4, etc.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Ciphertext
The result after Plaintext is passed through a Cipher.
See: SSL/TLS -Encryption
- -
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
A standard definition for an interface -between a web server and an external program that allows the external -program to service requests. The interface was originally defined by -NCSA but -there is also an RFC -project.
-See: Dynamic Content with CGI
- - -
Configuration Directive
-
See: Directive
- -
Configuration File
-
A text file containing Directives -that control the configuration of Apache.
-See: Configuration Files
- -
CONNECT
-
An HTTP method for proxying raw data channels -over HTTP. It can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as the SSL -protocol.
- -
Context
An area in the configuration files where certain types -of directives are allowed.
See: Terms -Used to Describe Apache Directives
- -
Digital Signature
-
An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A - Certification Authority creates a - signature by generating a hash of the Public Key embedded in a - Certificate, then encrypting the hash with its own Private - Key. Only the CA's public key can decrypt the signature, verifying - that the CA has authenticated the network entity that owns the - Certificate.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Directive
A configuration command -that controls one or more aspects of Apache's behavior. Directives -are placed in the Configuration -File
See: Directive -Index
- -
Dynamic Shared Object (DSO)
Modules compiled -separately from the Apache httpd binary that can be loaded on-demand.
-See: Dynamic Shared Object Support
- -
Environment Variable (env-variable)
-
Named variables managed by the operating system shell -and used to store information and communicate between programs. Apache also -contains internal variables that are referred to as environment variables, -but are stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the -shell environment.
-See: Environment Variables in Apache
- -
Export-Crippled
-
Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply - with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR). - Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size, - resulting in Ciphertext which usually can be decrypted by brute - force.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Filter
-
A process that is applied to data that is sent or received by the -server. Input filters process -data sent by the client to the server, while output filters process -documents on the server before they are sent to the client. For -example, the INCLUDES output filter processes documents -for Server Side Includes.
See: Filters
- -
Fully-Qualified -Domain-Name (FQDN)
The unique name of -a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a domain name that can -resolve to an IP address. For example, www is a hostname, -example.com is a domain name, and -www.example.com is a fully-qualified domain name.
- -
Handler
-
An internal Apache representation of the action to be performed when -a file is called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file -type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain -file types are "handled" separately. For example, the -cgi-script handler designates files to be processed as CGIs.
-See: Apache's Handler Use
- -
Header
-
The part of the HTTP request and response that -is sent before the actual content, and that contains meta-information -describing the content.
- -
.htaccess
A configuration file that is placed inside -the web tree and applies configuration directives to the directory where it is placed -and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold almost -any type of directive, not just access-control directives.
-See: Configuration Files
- -
httpd.conf
-
The main Apache configuration file. -The default location is /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf, -but it may be moved using run-time or compile-time configuration.
-See: Configuration Files
- -
HyperText Transfer -Protocol (HTTP)
-
The standard transmission protocol used on the World Wide Web. -Apache implements version 1.1 of the protocol, referred to as HTTP/1.1 -and defined by RFC 2616.
- -
HTTPS
-
The HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted - communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP - over SSL.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Method
In the context of HTTP, an action to perform on a resource, specified -on the request line by the client. Some of the methods available in -HTTP are GET, POST, and PUT.
- -
Message Digest
-
A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of - the message have not been altered in transit.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
MIME-type
A way to describe the -kind of document being transmitted. Its name comes from that fact -that its format is borrowed from the Multipurpose Internet Mail -Extensions. It consists of a major type and a minor type, separated -by a slash. Some examples are text/html, -image/gif, and application/octet-stream. In -HTTP, the MIME-type is transmitted in the Content-Type header.
See: mod_mime
- -
Module
An independent part of a -program. Much of Apache's functionality is contained in modules that -you can choose to include or exclude. Modules that are compiled into -the Apache httpd binary are called static modules, while -modules that are stored separately and can be optionally loaded at -run-time are called dynamic modules or DSOs. Modules that are included by default are called -base modules. Many modules are available for Apache that are -not distributed as part of the Apache HTTP Server tarball. These are referred to as third-party -modules.
-See: Module Index
- -
Module Magic Number (MMN)
-
-Module Magic Number is a constant defined in the Apache source code -that is associated with binary compatibility of modules. It is changed -when internal Apache structures, function calls and other significant -parts of API change in such a way that binary compatibility cannot be -guaranteed any more. On MMN change, all third party modules have to be -at least recompiled, sometimes even slightly changed in order to work -with the new version of Apache. -
- -
OpenSSL
-
The Open Source toolkit for SSL/TLS
- see http://www.openssl.org/
- -
Pass Phrase
-
The word or phrase that protects private key files. -It prevents unauthorized users from encrypting them. Usually it's just -the secret encryption/decryption -key used for Ciphers.
See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Plaintext
-
The unencrypted text.
- -
Private Key
The secret key in a -Public Key Cryptography system, -used to decrypt incoming messages and sign outgoing ones.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Proxy
An intermediate server that -sits between the client and the origin server. It accepts -requests from clients, transmits those requests on to the origin -server, and then returns the response from the origin server to the -client. If several clients request the same content, the proxy -can deliver that content from its cache, rather than requesting it -from the origin server each time, thereby reducing response time.
-See: mod_proxy
- -
Public Key
The publicly -available key in a Public Key -Cryptography system, used to encrypt messages bound for its owner -and to decrypt signatures made by its owner.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Public Key Cryptography
-
The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which -use one key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding -pair of such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric -Cryptography.
See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Regular Expression (Regex)
A way of -describing a pattern in text - for example, "all the words that begin with the -letter A" or "every 10-digit phone number" or even "Every sentence -with two commas in it, and no capital letter Q". Regular expressions -are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain -attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible -ways - for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images" -directory could be written as "/images/.*(jpg|gif)$". -Apache uses Perl Compatible Regular Expressions provided by the -PCRE library.
- -
Reverse Proxy
A proxy server that appears to the client as if it is -an origin server. This is useful to hide the real origin -server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.
- -
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
A protocol created by Netscape -Communications Corporation for general communication authentication -and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most popular usage is -HTTPS, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over SSL.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Server Side Includes (SSI)
A technique for embedding processing -directives inside HTML files.
See: Introduction to Server Side Includes
- -
Session
-
The context information of a communication in general.
- -
SSLeay
-
The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by - Eric A. Young
- -
Symmetric Cryptography
-
The study and application of Ciphers that use a single secret key +
+
Access Control
+
The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context + usually the restriction of access to certain URLs.
See: Authentication, Authorization, and Access + Control +
+ +
Algorithm
+ +
An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in a finite + number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called + Ciphers. +
+ +
APache eXtension Tool + (apxs)
+
A perl script that aids in compiling → module sources into Dynamic Shared Objects + (→ DSOs) and helps install them in the + Apache Web server.
+ See: Manual Page: apxs +
+ +
Authentication
+
The positive identification of a network entity such as a server, a + client, or a user.
+ See: Authentication, Authorization, and Access + Control +
+ +
Certificate
+
A data record used for authenticating network entities such + as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces + about its owner (called the subject) and the signing → Certification Authority (called + the issuer), plus the owner's → public + key and the + signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures + using CA certificates.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Certificate Signing Request + (CSR)
+
An unsigned → certificate for + submission to a → Certification + Authority, which signs it with the → Private Key of their CA + Certificate. Once the CSR is signed, it becomes a real + certificate.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Certification Authority + (CA)
+
A trusted third party whose purpose is to sign certificates for network + entities it has authenticated using secure means. Other network entities + can check the signature to verify that a CA has authenticated the bearer + of a certificate.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Cipher
+
An algorithm or system for data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4, + etc.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Ciphertext
+
The result after → Plaintext is + passed through a → Cipher.
See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Common Gateway Interface + (CGI)
+
A standard definition for an interface between a web server and an + external program that allows the external program to service requests. + The interface was originally defined by NCSA but there + is also an RFC project.
+ See: Dynamic Content with CGI +
+ +
Configuration Directive
+
See: → Directive
+ +
Configuration File
+
A text file containing → Directives + that control the configuration of Apache.
+ See: Configuration Files +
+ +
CONNECT
+
An HTTP → method for proxying raw data + channels over HTTP. It can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as + the SSL protocol. +
+ +
Context
+
An area in the → configuration + files where certain types of → directives are allowed.
+ See: Terms Used to Describe + Apache Directives +
+ +
Digital Signature
+
An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A + → Certification Authority + creates a signature by generating a hash of the Public Key + embedded in a Certificate, then encrypting the hash with its own + Private Key. Only the CA's public key can decrypt the signature, + verifying that the CA has authenticated the network entity that owns the + Certificate.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Directive
+
A configuration command that controls one or more aspects of Apache's + behavior. Directives are placed in the → Configuration File
+ See: Directive Index +
+ +
Dynamic Shared Object + (DSO)
+
→ Modules compiled separately from the + Apache httpd binary that can be loaded on-demand.
+ See: Dynamic Shared Object Support +
+ +
Environment Variable + (env-variable)
+
Named variables managed by the operating system shell and used to store + information and communicate between programs. Apache also contains + internal variables that are referred to as environment variables, but are + stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the shell + environment.
+ See: Environment Variables in Apache +
+ +
Export-Crippled
+
Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply + with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR). + Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size, + resulting in Ciphertext which usually can be decrypted by brute + force.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Filter
+
A process that is applied to data that is sent or received by the + server. Input filters process data sent by the client to the server, + while output filters process documents on the server before they are sent + to the client. For example, the INCLUDES output filter + processes documents for → Server Side + Includes.
+ See: Filters +
+ +
Fully-Qualified Domain-Name + (FQDN)
+
The unique name of a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a + domain name that can resolve to an IP address. For example, + www is a hostname, example.com is a domain name, + and www.example.com is a fully-qualified domain name. +
+ +
Handler
+
An internal Apache representation of the action to be performed when a + file is called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file + type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain + file types are "handled" separately. For example, the + cgi-script handler designates files to be processed as + → CGIs.
+ See: Apache's Handler Use +
+ +
Hash
+
A mathematical one-way, irreversable algorithm generating a string with + fixed-length from another string of any length. Different input strings + will usually produce different hashes (depending on the hash function). +
+ +
Header
+
The part of the → HTTP request and + response that is sent before the actual content, and that contains + meta-information describing the content. +
+ +
.htaccess
+
A → configuration file that + is placed inside the web tree and applies configuration → directives to the directory where it is + placed and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold + almost any type of directive, not just access-control directives.
+ See: Configuration Files +
+ +
httpd.conf
+
The main Apache → configuration + file. The default location is + /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf, but it may be moved using + run-time or compile-time configuration.
+ See: Configuration Files +
+ +
HyperText Transfer Protocol + (HTTP)
+
The standard transmission protocol used on the World Wide Web. Apache + implements version 1.1 of the protocol, referred to as HTTP/1.1 and + defined by RFC 2616. +
+ +
HTTPS
+
The HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted + communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP + over → SSL.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Method
+
In the context of → HTTP, an action to + perform on a resource, specified on the request line by the client. Some + of the methods available in HTTP are GET, POST, + and PUT. +
+ +
Message Digest
+
A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of + the message have not been altered in transit.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
MIME-type
+
A way to describe the kind of document being transmitted. Its name + comes from that fact that its format is borrowed from the Multipurpose + Internet Mail Extensions. It consists of a major type and a minor type, + separated by a slash. Some examples are text/html, + image/gif, and application/octet-stream. In + HTTP, the MIME-type is transmitted in the Content-Type + → header.
+ See: mod_mime +
+ +
Module
+
An independent part of a program. Much of Apache's functionality is + contained in modules that you can choose to include or exclude. Modules + that are compiled into the Apache httpd binary are called static + modules, while modules that are stored separately and can be + optionally loaded at run-time are called dynamic modules or + → DSOs. Modules that are included by default + are called base modules. Many modules are available for Apache + that are not distributed as part of the Apache HTTP Server → tarball. These are referred to as + third-party modules.
+ See: Module Index +
+ +
Module Magic Number + (MMN)
+
Module Magic Number is a constant defined in the Apache source code that + is associated with binary compatibility of modules. It is changed when + internal Apache structures, function calls and other significant parts of + API change in such a way that binary compatibility cannot be guaranteed + any more. On MMN change, all third party modules have to be at least + recompiled, sometimes even slightly changed in order to work with the new + version of Apache. +
+ +
OpenSSL
+
The Open Source toolkit for SSL/TLS
+ See http://www.openssl.org/# +
+ +
Pass Phrase
+
The word or phrase that protects private key files. It prevents + unauthorized users from encrypting them. Usually it's just the secret + encryption/decryption key used for Ciphers.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Plaintext
+
The unencrypted text.
+ +
Private Key
+
The secret key in a → Public Key + Cryptography system, used to decrypt incoming messages and + sign outgoing ones.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Proxy
+
An intermediate server that sits between the client and the origin + server. It accepts requests from clients, transmits those requests + on to the origin server, and then returns the response from the origin + server to the client. If several clients request the same content, the + proxy can deliver that content from its cache, rather than requesting it + from the origin server each time, thereby reducing response time.
+ See: mod_proxy +
+ +
Public Key
+
The publicly available key in a → Public Key Cryptography system, + used to encrypt messages bound for its owner and to decrypt signatures + made by its owner.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Public Key Cryptography
+
The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which use + one key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding pair of + such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric Cryptography. +
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Regular Expression + (Regex)
+
A way of describing a pattern in text - for example, "all the words that + begin with the letter A" or "every 10-digit phone number" or even "Every + sentence with two commas in it, and no capital letter Q". Regular + expressions are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain + attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible ways + - for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images" directory could + be written as "/images/.*(jpg|gif)$". Apache uses Perl + Compatible Regular Expressions provided by the PCRE library. +
+ +
Reverse Proxy
+
A → proxy server that appears to the client + as if it is an origin server. This is useful to hide the real + origin server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance. +
+ +
Secure Sockets Layer + (SSL)
+
A protocol created by Netscape Communications Corporation for general + communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most + popular usage is HTTPS, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) + over SSL.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Server Side Includes + (SSI)
+
A technique for embedding processing directives inside HTML files.
+ See: Introduction to Server Side Includes +
+ +
Session
+
The context information of a communication in general.
+ +
SSLeay
+
The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by Eric A. + Young +
+ +
Symmetric Cryptography
+
The study and application of Ciphers that use a single secret key for both encryption and decryption operations.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Tarball
-
A package of files gathered together using the tar -utility. Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives -or using pkzip.
- -
Transport Layer Security (TLS)
-
The successor protocol to SSL, created -by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for general -communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. TLS -version 1 and is nearly identical with SSL version 3.
-See: SSL/TLS Encryption
- -
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
-
The name/address of a resource on the -Internet. This is the common informal term for what is formally -called a Uniform Resource -Identifier. URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like -http or https, a hostname, and a path. A -URL for this page is -http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.1/glossary.html.
- -
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
-
A compact string of characters for -identifying an abstract or physical resource. It is formally defined -by RFC 2396. -URIs used on the world-wide web are commonly referred to -as URLs.
- -
Virtual Hosting
-
Serving multiple websites using a single instance of Apache. -IP virtual hosting differentiates between websites based on their IP -address, while name-based virtual hosting uses only the name -of the host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP -address.
See: Apache Virtual Host -documentation
- -
X.509
-
An authentication certificate scheme recommended by the International -Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS -authentication.
See: SSL/TLS Encryption
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Tarball
+
A package of files gathered together using the tar utility. + Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives or using + pkzip. +
+ +
Transport Layer Security + (TLS)
+
The successor protocol to SSL, created by the Internet Engineering Task + Force (IETF) for general communication authentication and encryption over + TCP/IP networks. TLS version 1 and is nearly identical with SSL version + 3.
+ See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
+ +
Uniform Resource Locator + (URL)
+
The name/address of a resource on the Internet. This is the common + informal term for what is formally called a → Uniform Resource Identifier. + URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like http or + https, a hostname, and a path. A URL for this page is + http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.1/glossary.html. +
+ +
Uniform Resource Identifier + (URI)
+
A compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical + resource. It is formally defined by RFC 2396. URIs used on the + world-wide web are commonly referred to as → URLs. +
+ +
Virtual Hosting
+
Serving multiple websites using a single instance of Apache. IP + virtual hosting differentiates between websites based on their IP + address, while name-based virtual hosting uses only the name of the + host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP address.
+ See: Apache Virtual Host documentation +
+ +
X.509
+
An authentication certificate scheme recommended by the International + Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.
See: SSL/TLS Encryption +
diff --git a/docs/manual/glossary.html.ko.euc-kr b/docs/manual/glossary.html.ko.euc-kr index e9ade1d4f6..bde41e1890 100644 --- a/docs/manual/glossary.html.ko.euc-kr +++ b/docs/manual/glossary.html.ko.euc-kr @@ -22,6 +22,8 @@  es  |  ko 

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