From: Serhiy Storchaka <storchaka@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Apr 2017 13:55:43 +0000 (+0300)
Subject: bpo-15083: Convert ElementTree doctests to unittests. (#906)
X-Git-Tag: v2.7.14rc1~227
X-Git-Url: https://granicus.if.org/sourcecode?a=commitdiff_plain;h=68903b656d4e1011525a46cbd1338c6cbab83d6d;p=python

bpo-15083: Convert ElementTree doctests to unittests. (#906)
---

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_xml_etree.py b/Lib/test/test_xml_etree.py
index 9fb6c998a9..ef6988564f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_xml_etree.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_xml_etree.py
@@ -1,23 +1,31 @@
-# xml.etree test.  This file contains enough tests to make sure that
-# all included components work as they should.
-# Large parts are extracted from the upstream test suite.
-
-# IMPORTANT: the same doctests are run from "test_xml_etree_c" in
-# order to ensure consistency between the C implementation and the
-# Python implementation.
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# IMPORTANT: the same tests are run from "test_xml_etree_c" in order
+# to ensure consistency between the C implementation and the Python
+# implementation.
 #
 # For this purpose, the module-level "ET" symbol is temporarily
 # monkey-patched when running the "test_xml_etree_c" test suite.
-# Don't re-import "xml.etree.ElementTree" module in the docstring,
-# except if the test is specific to the Python implementation.
 
-import sys
 import cgi
+import copy
+import io
+import pickle
+import StringIO
+import sys
+import types
+import unittest
+import warnings
+import weakref
 
-from test import test_support
-from test.test_support import findfile
+from test import test_support as support
+from test.test_support import TESTFN, findfile, gc_collect, swap_attr
 
-from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
+# pyET is the pure-Python implementation.
+#
+# ET is pyET in test_xml_etree and is the C accelerated version in
+# test_xml_etree_c.
+from xml.etree import ElementTree as pyET
+ET = None
 
 SIMPLE_XMLFILE = findfile("simple.xml", subdir="xmltestdata")
 SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE = findfile("simple-ns.xml", subdir="xmltestdata")
@@ -52,22 +60,44 @@ SAMPLE_XML_NS = """
 </body>
 """
 
+SAMPLE_XML_NS_ELEMS = """
+<root>
+<h:table xmlns:h="hello">
+  <h:tr>
+    <h:td>Apples</h:td>
+    <h:td>Bananas</h:td>
+  </h:tr>
+</h:table>
+
+<f:table xmlns:f="foo">
+  <f:name>African Coffee Table</f:name>
+  <f:width>80</f:width>
+  <f:length>120</f:length>
+</f:table>
+</root>
+"""
 
-def sanity():
-    """
-    Import sanity.
+ENTITY_XML = """\
+<!DOCTYPE points [
+<!ENTITY % user-entities SYSTEM 'user-entities.xml'>
+%user-entities;
+]>
+<document>&entity;</document>
+"""
 
-    >>> from xml.etree import ElementTree
-    >>> from xml.etree import ElementInclude
-    >>> from xml.etree import ElementPath
-    """
 
-def check_method(method):
-    if not hasattr(method, '__call__'):
-        print method, "not callable"
+class ModuleTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    # TODO: this should be removed once we get rid of the global module vars
+
+    def test_sanity(self):
+        # Import sanity.
+
+        from xml.etree import ElementTree
+        from xml.etree import ElementInclude
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
+
 
 def serialize(elem, to_string=True, **options):
-    import StringIO
     file = StringIO.StringIO()
     tree = ET.ElementTree(elem)
     tree.write(file, **options)
@@ -77,13 +107,8 @@ def serialize(elem, to_string=True, **options):
         file.seek(0)
         return file
 
-def summarize(elem):
-    if elem.tag == ET.Comment:
-        return "<Comment>"
-    return elem.tag
-
 def summarize_list(seq):
-    return [summarize(elem) for elem in seq]
+    return [elem.tag for elem in seq]
 
 def normalize_crlf(tree):
     for elem in tree.iter():
@@ -92,1168 +117,868 @@ def normalize_crlf(tree):
         if elem.tail:
             elem.tail = elem.tail.replace("\r\n", "\n")
 
-def check_string(string):
-    len(string)
-    for char in string:
-        if len(char) != 1:
-            print "expected one-character string, got %r" % char
-    new_string = string + ""
-    new_string = string + " "
-    string[:0]
-
-def check_mapping(mapping):
-    len(mapping)
-    keys = mapping.keys()
-    items = mapping.items()
-    for key in keys:
-        item = mapping[key]
-    mapping["key"] = "value"
-    if mapping["key"] != "value":
-        print "expected value string, got %r" % mapping["key"]
-
-def check_element(element):
-    if not ET.iselement(element):
-        print "not an element"
-    if not hasattr(element, "tag"):
-        print "no tag member"
-    if not hasattr(element, "attrib"):
-        print "no attrib member"
-    if not hasattr(element, "text"):
-        print "no text member"
-    if not hasattr(element, "tail"):
-        print "no tail member"
-
-    check_string(element.tag)
-    check_mapping(element.attrib)
-    if element.text is not None:
-        check_string(element.text)
-    if element.tail is not None:
-        check_string(element.tail)
-    for elem in element:
-        check_element(elem)
+def python_only(test):
+    def wrapper(*args):
+        if ET is not pyET:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('only for the Python version')
+        return test(*args)
+    return wrapper
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # element tree tests
 
-def interface():
-    r"""
-    Test element tree interface.
-
-    >>> element = ET.Element("tag")
-    >>> check_element(element)
-    >>> tree = ET.ElementTree(element)
-    >>> check_element(tree.getroot())
-
-    >>> element = ET.Element("t\xe4g", key="value")
-    >>> tree = ET.ElementTree(element)
-    >>> repr(element)   # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
-    "<Element 't\\xe4g' at 0x...>"
-    >>> element = ET.Element("tag", key="value")
-
-    Make sure all standard element methods exist.
-
-    >>> check_method(element.append)
-    >>> check_method(element.extend)
-    >>> check_method(element.insert)
-    >>> check_method(element.remove)
-    >>> check_method(element.getchildren)
-    >>> check_method(element.find)
-    >>> check_method(element.iterfind)
-    >>> check_method(element.findall)
-    >>> check_method(element.findtext)
-    >>> check_method(element.clear)
-    >>> check_method(element.get)
-    >>> check_method(element.set)
-    >>> check_method(element.keys)
-    >>> check_method(element.items)
-    >>> check_method(element.iter)
-    >>> check_method(element.itertext)
-    >>> check_method(element.getiterator)
-
-    These methods return an iterable. See bug 6472.
-
-    >>> check_method(element.iter("tag").next)
-    >>> check_method(element.iterfind("tag").next)
-    >>> check_method(element.iterfind("*").next)
-    >>> check_method(tree.iter("tag").next)
-    >>> check_method(tree.iterfind("tag").next)
-    >>> check_method(tree.iterfind("*").next)
-
-    These aliases are provided:
-
-    >>> assert ET.XML == ET.fromstring
-    >>> assert ET.PI == ET.ProcessingInstruction
-    >>> assert ET.XMLParser == ET.XMLTreeBuilder
-    """
-
-def simpleops():
-    """
-    Basic method sanity checks.
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML("<body><tag/></body>")
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<body><tag /></body>'
-    >>> e = ET.Element("tag2")
-    >>> elem.append(e)
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<body><tag /><tag2 /></body>'
-    >>> elem.remove(e)
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<body><tag /></body>'
-    >>> elem.insert(0, e)
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<body><tag2 /><tag /></body>'
-    >>> elem.remove(e)
-    >>> elem.extend([e])
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<body><tag /><tag2 /></body>'
-    >>> elem.remove(e)
-
-    >>> element = ET.Element("tag", key="value")
-    >>> serialize(element) # 1
-    '<tag key="value" />'
-    >>> subelement = ET.Element("subtag")
-    >>> element.append(subelement)
-    >>> serialize(element) # 2
-    '<tag key="value"><subtag /></tag>'
-    >>> element.insert(0, subelement)
-    >>> serialize(element) # 3
-    '<tag key="value"><subtag /><subtag /></tag>'
-    >>> element.remove(subelement)
-    >>> serialize(element) # 4
-    '<tag key="value"><subtag /></tag>'
-    >>> element.remove(subelement)
-    >>> serialize(element) # 5
-    '<tag key="value" />'
-    >>> element.remove(subelement)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
-    >>> serialize(element) # 6
-    '<tag key="value" />'
-    >>> element[0:0] = [subelement, subelement, subelement]
-    >>> serialize(element[1])
-    '<subtag />'
-    >>> element[1:9] == [element[1], element[2]]
-    True
-    >>> element[:9:2] == [element[0], element[2]]
-    True
-    >>> del element[1:2]
-    >>> serialize(element)
-    '<tag key="value"><subtag /><subtag /></tag>'
-    """
-
-def cdata():
-    """
-    Test CDATA handling (etc).
-
-    >>> serialize(ET.XML("<tag>hello</tag>"))
-    '<tag>hello</tag>'
-    >>> serialize(ET.XML("<tag>&#104;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#111;</tag>"))
-    '<tag>hello</tag>'
-    >>> serialize(ET.XML("<tag><![CDATA[hello]]></tag>"))
-    '<tag>hello</tag>'
-    """
-
-# Only with Python implementation
-def simplefind():
-    """
-    Test find methods using the elementpath fallback.
-
-    >>> from xml.etree import ElementTree
-
-    >>> CurrentElementPath = ElementTree.ElementPath
-    >>> ElementTree.ElementPath = ElementTree._SimpleElementPath()
-    >>> elem = ElementTree.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
-    >>> elem.find("tag").tag
-    'tag'
-    >>> ElementTree.ElementTree(elem).find("tag").tag
-    'tag'
-    >>> elem.findtext("tag")
-    'text'
-    >>> elem.findtext("tog")
-    >>> elem.findtext("tog", "default")
-    'default'
-    >>> ElementTree.ElementTree(elem).findtext("tag")
-    'text'
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("tag"))
-    ['tag', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag"))
-    ['tag', 'tag', 'tag']
-
-    Path syntax doesn't work in this case.
-
-    >>> elem.find("section/tag")
-    >>> elem.findtext("section/tag")
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section/tag"))
-    []
-
-    >>> ElementTree.ElementPath = CurrentElementPath
-    """
-
-def find():
-    """
-    Test find methods (including xpath syntax).
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
-    >>> elem.find("tag").tag
-    'tag'
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("tag").tag
-    'tag'
-    >>> elem.find("section/tag").tag
-    'tag'
-    >>> elem.find("./tag").tag
-    'tag'
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("./tag").tag
-    'tag'
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("/tag").tag
-    'tag'
-    >>> elem[2] = ET.XML(SAMPLE_SECTION)
-    >>> elem.find("section/nexttag").tag
-    'nexttag'
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("section/tag").tag
-    'tag'
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("tog")
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).find("tog/foo")
-    >>> elem.findtext("tag")
-    'text'
-    >>> elem.findtext("section/nexttag")
-    ''
-    >>> elem.findtext("section/nexttag", "default")
-    ''
-    >>> elem.findtext("tog")
-    >>> elem.findtext("tog", "default")
-    'default'
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("tag")
-    'text'
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("tog/foo")
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("tog/foo", "default")
-    'default'
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("./tag")
-    'text'
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("/tag")
-    'text'
-    >>> elem.findtext("section/tag")
-    'subtext'
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(elem).findtext("section/tag")
-    'subtext'
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("."))
-    ['body']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("tag"))
-    ['tag', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("tog"))
-    []
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("tog/foo"))
-    []
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("*"))
-    ['tag', 'tag', 'section']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag"))
-    ['tag', 'tag', 'tag', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section/tag"))
-    ['tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section//tag"))
-    ['tag', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section/*"))
-    ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section//*"))
-    ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section/.//*"))
-    ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("*/*"))
-    ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("*//*"))
-    ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("*/tag"))
-    ['tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("*/./tag"))
-    ['tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("./tag"))
-    ['tag', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag"))
-    ['tag', 'tag', 'tag', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("././tag"))
-    ['tag', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag[@class]"))
-    ['tag', 'tag', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag[@class='a']"))
-    ['tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag[@class='b']"))
-    ['tag', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//tag[@id]"))
-    ['tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//section[tag]"))
-    ['section']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//section[element]"))
-    []
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("../tag"))
-    []
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("section/../tag"))
-    ['tag', 'tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(ET.ElementTree(elem).findall("./tag"))
-    ['tag', 'tag']
-
-    Following example is invalid in 1.2.
-    A leading '*' is assumed in 1.3.
-
-    >>> elem.findall("section//") == elem.findall("section//*")
-    True
-
-    ET's Path module handles this case incorrectly; this gives
-    a warning in 1.3, and the behaviour will be modified in 1.4.
-
-    >>> summarize_list(ET.ElementTree(elem).findall("/tag"))
-    ['tag', 'tag']
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML_NS)
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("tag"))
-    []
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall("{http://effbot.org/ns}tag"))
-    ['{http://effbot.org/ns}tag', '{http://effbot.org/ns}tag']
-    >>> summarize_list(elem.findall(".//{http://effbot.org/ns}tag"))
-    ['{http://effbot.org/ns}tag', '{http://effbot.org/ns}tag', '{http://effbot.org/ns}tag']
-    """
-
-def file_init():
-    """
-    >>> import StringIO
-
-    >>> stringfile = StringIO.StringIO(SAMPLE_XML)
-    >>> tree = ET.ElementTree(file=stringfile)
-    >>> tree.find("tag").tag
-    'tag'
-    >>> tree.find("section/tag").tag
-    'tag'
-
-    >>> tree = ET.ElementTree(file=SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
-    >>> tree.find("element").tag
-    'element'
-    >>> tree.find("element/../empty-element").tag
-    'empty-element'
-    """
-
-def bad_find():
-    """
-    Check bad or unsupported path expressions.
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
-    >>> elem.findall("/tag")
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    SyntaxError: cannot use absolute path on element
-    """
-
-def path_cache():
-    """
-    Check that the path cache behaves sanely.
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
-    >>> for i in range(10): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
-    >>> cache_len_10 = len(ET.ElementPath._cache)
-    >>> for i in range(10): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
-    >>> len(ET.ElementPath._cache) == cache_len_10
-    True
-    >>> for i in range(20): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
-    >>> len(ET.ElementPath._cache) > cache_len_10
-    True
-    >>> for i in range(600): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
-    >>> len(ET.ElementPath._cache) < 500
-    True
-    """
-
-def copy():
-    """
-    Test copy handling (etc).
-
-    >>> import copy
-    >>> e1 = ET.XML("<tag>hello<foo/></tag>")
-    >>> e2 = copy.copy(e1)
-    >>> e3 = copy.deepcopy(e1)
-    >>> e1.find("foo").tag = "bar"
-    >>> serialize(e1)
-    '<tag>hello<bar /></tag>'
-    >>> serialize(e2)
-    '<tag>hello<bar /></tag>'
-    >>> serialize(e3)
-    '<tag>hello<foo /></tag>'
-
-    """
-
-def attrib():
-    """
-    Test attribute handling.
-
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag")
-    >>> elem.get("key") # 1.1
-    >>> elem.get("key", "default") # 1.2
-    'default'
-    >>> elem.set("key", "value")
-    >>> elem.get("key") # 1.3
-    'value'
-
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag", key="value")
-    >>> elem.get("key") # 2.1
-    'value'
-    >>> elem.attrib # 2.2
-    {'key': 'value'}
-
-    >>> attrib = {"key": "value"}
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag", attrib)
-    >>> attrib.clear() # check for aliasing issues
-    >>> elem.get("key") # 3.1
-    'value'
-    >>> elem.attrib # 3.2
-    {'key': 'value'}
-
-    >>> attrib = {"key": "value"}
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag", **attrib)
-    >>> attrib.clear() # check for aliasing issues
-    >>> elem.get("key") # 4.1
-    'value'
-    >>> elem.attrib # 4.2
-    {'key': 'value'}
-
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag", {"key": "other"}, key="value")
-    >>> elem.get("key") # 5.1
-    'value'
-    >>> elem.attrib # 5.2
-    {'key': 'value'}
-
-    >>> elem = ET.Element('test')
-    >>> elem.text = "aa"
-    >>> elem.set('testa', 'testval')
-    >>> elem.set('testb', 'test2')
-    >>> ET.tostring(elem)
-    '<test testa="testval" testb="test2">aa</test>'
-    >>> sorted(elem.keys())
-    ['testa', 'testb']
-    >>> sorted(elem.items())
-    [('testa', 'testval'), ('testb', 'test2')]
-    >>> elem.attrib['testb']
-    'test2'
-    >>> elem.attrib['testb'] = 'test1'
-    >>> elem.attrib['testc'] = 'test2'
-    >>> ET.tostring(elem)
-    '<test testa="testval" testb="test1" testc="test2">aa</test>'
-    """
-
-def makeelement():
-    """
-    Test makeelement handling.
-
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag")
-    >>> attrib = {"key": "value"}
-    >>> subelem = elem.makeelement("subtag", attrib)
-    >>> if subelem.attrib is attrib:
-    ...     print "attrib aliasing"
-    >>> elem.append(subelem)
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>'
-
-    >>> elem.clear()
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag />'
-    >>> elem.append(subelem)
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>'
-    >>> elem.extend([subelem, subelem])
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag><subtag key="value" /><subtag key="value" /><subtag key="value" /></tag>'
-    >>> elem[:] = [subelem]
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>'
-    >>> elem[:] = tuple([subelem])
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>'
-
-    """
-
-def parsefile():
-    """
-    Test parsing from file.
-
-    >>> tree = ET.parse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
-    >>> normalize_crlf(tree)
-    >>> tree.write(sys.stdout)
-    <root>
-       <element key="value">text</element>
-       <element>text</element>tail
-       <empty-element />
-    </root>
-    >>> tree = ET.parse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE)
-    >>> normalize_crlf(tree)
-    >>> tree.write(sys.stdout)
-    <ns0:root xmlns:ns0="namespace">
-       <ns0:element key="value">text</ns0:element>
-       <ns0:element>text</ns0:element>tail
-       <ns0:empty-element />
-    </ns0:root>
-
-    >>> with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE) as f:
-    ...     data = f.read()
-
-    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser()
-    >>> parser.version  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
-    'Expat ...'
-    >>> parser.feed(data)
-    >>> print serialize(parser.close())
-    <root>
-       <element key="value">text</element>
-       <element>text</element>tail
-       <empty-element />
-    </root>
-
-    >>> parser = ET.XMLTreeBuilder() # 1.2 compatibility
-    >>> parser.feed(data)
-    >>> print serialize(parser.close())
-    <root>
-       <element key="value">text</element>
-       <element>text</element>tail
-       <empty-element />
-    </root>
-
-    >>> target = ET.TreeBuilder()
-    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser(target=target)
-    >>> parser.feed(data)
-    >>> print serialize(parser.close())
-    <root>
-       <element key="value">text</element>
-       <element>text</element>tail
-       <empty-element />
-    </root>
-    """
-
-def parseliteral():
-    """
-    >>> element = ET.XML("<html><body>text</body></html>")
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(element).write(sys.stdout)
-    <html><body>text</body></html>
-    >>> element = ET.fromstring("<html><body>text</body></html>")
-    >>> ET.ElementTree(element).write(sys.stdout)
-    <html><body>text</body></html>
-    >>> sequence = ["<html><body>", "text</bo", "dy></html>"]
-    >>> element = ET.fromstringlist(sequence)
-    >>> print ET.tostring(element)
-    <html><body>text</body></html>
-    >>> print "".join(ET.tostringlist(element))
-    <html><body>text</body></html>
-    >>> ET.tostring(element, "ascii")
-    "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\\n<html><body>text</body></html>"
-    >>> _, ids = ET.XMLID("<html><body>text</body></html>")
-    >>> len(ids)
-    0
-    >>> _, ids = ET.XMLID("<html><body id='body'>text</body></html>")
-    >>> len(ids)
-    1
-    >>> ids["body"].tag
-    'body'
-    """
-
-def iterparse():
-    """
-    Test iterparse interface.
-
-    >>> iterparse = ET.iterparse
-
-    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
-    >>> action, elem = next(context)
-    >>> print action, elem.tag
-    end element
-    >>> for action, elem in context:
-    ...   print action, elem.tag
-    end element
-    end empty-element
-    end root
-    >>> context.root.tag
-    'root'
-
-    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE)
-    >>> for action, elem in context:
-    ...   print action, elem.tag
-    end {namespace}element
-    end {namespace}element
-    end {namespace}empty-element
-    end {namespace}root
-
-    >>> events = ()
-    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events)
-    >>> for action, elem in context:
-    ...   print action, elem.tag
-
-    >>> events = ()
-    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events=events)
-    >>> for action, elem in context:
-    ...   print action, elem.tag
-
-    >>> events = ("start", "end")
-    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events)
-    >>> for action, elem in context:
-    ...   print action, elem.tag
-    start root
-    start element
-    end element
-    start element
-    end element
-    start empty-element
-    end empty-element
-    end root
-
-    >>> events = ("start", "end", "start-ns", "end-ns")
-    >>> context = iterparse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE, events)
-    >>> for action, elem in context:
-    ...   if action in ("start", "end"):
-    ...     print action, elem.tag
-    ...   else:
-    ...     print action, elem
-    start-ns ('', 'namespace')
-    start {namespace}root
-    start {namespace}element
-    end {namespace}element
-    start {namespace}element
-    end {namespace}element
-    start {namespace}empty-element
-    end {namespace}empty-element
-    end {namespace}root
-    end-ns None
-
-    >>> import StringIO
-
-    >>> events = ('start-ns', 'end-ns')
-    >>> context = ET.iterparse(StringIO.StringIO(r"<root xmlns=''/>"), events)
-    >>> for action, elem in context:
-    ...   print action, elem
-    start-ns ('', '')
-    end-ns None
-
-    >>> events = ("start", "end", "bogus")
-    >>> with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, "rb") as f:
-    ...     iterparse(f, events)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ValueError: unknown event 'bogus'
-
-    >>> source = StringIO.StringIO(
-    ...     "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>\\n"
-    ...     "<body xmlns='http://&#233;ffbot.org/ns'\\n"
-    ...     "      xmlns:cl\\xe9='http://effbot.org/ns'>text</body>\\n")
-    >>> events = ("start-ns",)
-    >>> context = iterparse(source, events)
-    >>> for action, elem in context:
-    ...     print action, elem
-    start-ns ('', u'http://\\xe9ffbot.org/ns')
-    start-ns (u'cl\\xe9', 'http://effbot.org/ns')
-
-    >>> source = StringIO.StringIO("<document />junk")
-    >>> try:
-    ...   for action, elem in iterparse(source):
-    ...     print action, elem.tag
-    ... except ET.ParseError, v:
-    ...   print v
-    end document
-    junk after document element: line 1, column 12
-    """
-
-def writefile():
-    """
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag")
-    >>> elem.text = "text"
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag>text</tag>'
-    >>> ET.SubElement(elem, "subtag").text = "subtext"
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag>text<subtag>subtext</subtag></tag>'
-
-    Test tag suppression
-    >>> elem.tag = None
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    'text<subtag>subtext</subtag>'
-    >>> elem.insert(0, ET.Comment("comment"))
-    >>> serialize(elem)     # assumes 1.3
-    'text<!--comment--><subtag>subtext</subtag>'
-    >>> elem[0] = ET.PI("key", "value")
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    'text<?key value?><subtag>subtext</subtag>'
-    """
-
-def custom_builder():
-    """
-    Test parser w. custom builder.
-
-    >>> with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE) as f:
-    ...     data = f.read()
-    >>> class Builder:
-    ...     def start(self, tag, attrib):
-    ...         print "start", tag
-    ...     def end(self, tag):
-    ...         print "end", tag
-    ...     def data(self, text):
-    ...         pass
-    >>> builder = Builder()
-    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser(target=builder)
-    >>> parser.feed(data)
-    start root
-    start element
-    end element
-    start element
-    end element
-    start empty-element
-    end empty-element
-    end root
-
-    >>> with open(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE) as f:
-    ...     data = f.read()
-    >>> class Builder:
-    ...     def start(self, tag, attrib):
-    ...         print "start", tag
-    ...     def end(self, tag):
-    ...         print "end", tag
-    ...     def data(self, text):
-    ...         pass
-    ...     def pi(self, target, data):
-    ...         print "pi", target, repr(data)
-    ...     def comment(self, data):
-    ...         print "comment", repr(data)
-    >>> builder = Builder()
-    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser(target=builder)
-    >>> parser.feed(data)
-    pi pi 'data'
-    comment ' comment '
-    start {namespace}root
-    start {namespace}element
-    end {namespace}element
-    start {namespace}element
-    end {namespace}element
-    start {namespace}empty-element
-    end {namespace}empty-element
-    end {namespace}root
-
-    """
-
-def getchildren():
-    """
-    Test Element.getchildren()
-
-    >>> with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, "r") as f:
-    ...     tree = ET.parse(f)
-    >>> for elem in tree.getroot().iter():
-    ...     summarize_list(elem.getchildren())
-    ['element', 'element', 'empty-element']
-    []
-    []
-    []
-    >>> for elem in tree.getiterator():
-    ...     summarize_list(elem.getchildren())
-    ['element', 'element', 'empty-element']
-    []
-    []
-    []
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
-    >>> len(elem.getchildren())
-    3
-    >>> len(elem[2].getchildren())
-    1
-    >>> elem[:] == elem.getchildren()
-    True
-    >>> child1 = elem[0]
-    >>> child2 = elem[2]
-    >>> del elem[1:2]
-    >>> len(elem.getchildren())
-    2
-    >>> child1 == elem[0]
-    True
-    >>> child2 == elem[1]
-    True
-    >>> elem[0:2] = [child2, child1]
-    >>> child2 == elem[0]
-    True
-    >>> child1 == elem[1]
-    True
-    >>> child1 == elem[0]
-    False
-    >>> elem.clear()
-    >>> elem.getchildren()
-    []
-    """
-
-def writestring():
-    """
-    >>> elem = ET.XML("<html><body>text</body></html>")
-    >>> ET.tostring(elem)
-    '<html><body>text</body></html>'
-    >>> elem = ET.fromstring("<html><body>text</body></html>")
-    >>> ET.tostring(elem)
-    '<html><body>text</body></html>'
-    """
-
-def check_encoding(encoding):
-    """
-    >>> check_encoding("ascii")
-    >>> check_encoding("us-ascii")
-    >>> check_encoding("iso-8859-1")
-    >>> check_encoding("iso-8859-15")
-    >>> check_encoding("cp437")
-    >>> check_encoding("mac-roman")
-    >>> check_encoding("gbk")
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ValueError: multi-byte encodings are not supported
-    >>> check_encoding("cp037")
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ParseError: unknown encoding: line 1, column 30
-    """
-    ET.XML("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?><xml />" % encoding)
-
-def encoding():
-    r"""
-    Test encoding issues.
-
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("tag")
-    >>> elem.text = u"abc"
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag>abc</tag>'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8")
-    '<tag>abc</tag>'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii")
-    '<tag>abc</tag>'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="iso-8859-1")
-    "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>\n<tag>abc</tag>"
-
-    >>> elem.text = "<&\"\'>"
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8")
-    '<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii") # cdata characters
-    '<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="iso-8859-1")
-    '<?xml version=\'1.0\' encoding=\'iso-8859-1\'?>\n<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>'
-
-    >>> elem.attrib["key"] = "<&\"\'>"
-    >>> elem.text = None
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8")
-    '<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii")
-    '<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="iso-8859-1")
-    '<?xml version=\'1.0\' encoding=\'iso-8859-1\'?>\n<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />'
-
-    >>> elem.text = u'\xe5\xf6\xf6<>'
-    >>> elem.attrib.clear()
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag>&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;</tag>'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8")
-    '<tag>\xc3\xa5\xc3\xb6\xc3\xb6&lt;&gt;</tag>'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii")
-    '<tag>&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;</tag>'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="iso-8859-1")
-    "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>\n<tag>\xe5\xf6\xf6&lt;&gt;</tag>"
-
-    >>> elem.attrib["key"] = u'\xe5\xf6\xf6<>'
-    >>> elem.text = None
-    >>> serialize(elem)
-    '<tag key="&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;" />'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8")
-    '<tag key="\xc3\xa5\xc3\xb6\xc3\xb6&lt;&gt;" />'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii")
-    '<tag key="&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;" />'
-    >>> serialize(elem, encoding="iso-8859-1")
-    '<?xml version=\'1.0\' encoding=\'iso-8859-1\'?>\n<tag key="\xe5\xf6\xf6&lt;&gt;" />'
-    """
-
-def methods():
-    r"""
-    Test serialization methods.
-
-    >>> e = ET.XML("<html><link/><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>")
-    >>> e.tail = "\n"
-    >>> serialize(e)
-    '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n'
-    >>> serialize(e, method=None)
-    '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n'
-    >>> serialize(e, method="xml")
-    '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n'
-    >>> serialize(e, method="html")
-    '<html><link><script>1 < 2</script></html>\n'
-    >>> serialize(e, method="text")
-    '1 < 2\n'
-    """
-
-def iterators():
-    """
-    Test iterators.
-
-    >>> e = ET.XML("<html><body>this is a <i>paragraph</i>.</body>..</html>")
-    >>> summarize_list(e.iter())
-    ['html', 'body', 'i']
-    >>> summarize_list(e.find("body").iter())
-    ['body', 'i']
-    >>> summarize(next(e.iter()))
-    'html'
-    >>> "".join(e.itertext())
-    'this is a paragraph...'
-    >>> "".join(e.find("body").itertext())
-    'this is a paragraph.'
-    >>> next(e.itertext())
-    'this is a '
-
-    Method iterparse should return an iterator. See bug 6472.
-
-    >>> sourcefile = serialize(e, to_string=False)
-    >>> next(ET.iterparse(sourcefile))  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
-    ('end', <Element 'i' at 0x...>)
-
-    >>> tree = ET.ElementTree(None)
-    >>> tree.iter()
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'iter'
-    """
-
-ENTITY_XML = """\
-<!DOCTYPE points [
-<!ENTITY % user-entities SYSTEM 'user-entities.xml'>
-%user-entities;
-]>
-<document>&entity;</document>
-"""
-
-def entity():
-    """
-    Test entity handling.
-
-    1) good entities
-
-    >>> e = ET.XML("<document title='&#x8230;'>test</document>")
-    >>> serialize(e)
-    '<document title="&#33328;">test</document>'
-
-    2) bad entities
-
-    >>> ET.XML("<document>&entity;</document>")
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ParseError: undefined entity: line 1, column 10
-
-    >>> ET.XML(ENTITY_XML)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ParseError: undefined entity &entity;: line 5, column 10
-
-    3) custom entity
-
-    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser()
-    >>> parser.entity["entity"] = "text"
-    >>> parser.feed(ENTITY_XML)
-    >>> root = parser.close()
-    >>> serialize(root)
-    '<document>text</document>'
-    """
-
-def error(xml):
-    """
-
-    Test error handling.
+class ElementTreeTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def serialize_check(self, elem, expected):
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), expected)
+
+    def test_interface(self):
+        # Test element tree interface.
+
+        def check_string(string):
+            len(string)
+            for char in string:
+                self.assertEqual(len(char), 1,
+                        msg="expected one-character string, got %r" % char)
+            new_string = string + ""
+            new_string = string + " "
+            string[:0]
+
+        def check_mapping(mapping):
+            len(mapping)
+            keys = mapping.keys()
+            items = mapping.items()
+            for key in keys:
+                item = mapping[key]
+            mapping["key"] = "value"
+            self.assertEqual(mapping["key"], "value",
+                    msg="expected value string, got %r" % mapping["key"])
+
+        def check_element(element):
+            self.assertTrue(ET.iselement(element), msg="not an element")
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(element, "tag"), msg="no tag member")
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(element, "attrib"), msg="no attrib member")
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(element, "text"), msg="no text member")
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(element, "tail"), msg="no tail member")
+
+            check_string(element.tag)
+            check_mapping(element.attrib)
+            if element.text is not None:
+                check_string(element.text)
+            if element.tail is not None:
+                check_string(element.tail)
+            for elem in element:
+                check_element(elem)
+
+        element = ET.Element("tag")
+        check_element(element)
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(element)
+        check_element(tree.getroot())
+        element = ET.Element("t\xe4g", key="value")
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(element)
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(repr(element), r"^<Element 't\\xe4g' at 0x.*>$")
+        element = ET.Element("tag", key="value")
+
+        # Make sure all standard element methods exist.
+
+        def check_method(method):
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(method, '__call__'),
+                    msg="%s not callable" % method)
+
+        check_method(element.append)
+        check_method(element.extend)
+        check_method(element.insert)
+        check_method(element.remove)
+        check_method(element.getchildren)
+        check_method(element.find)
+        check_method(element.iterfind)
+        check_method(element.findall)
+        check_method(element.findtext)
+        check_method(element.clear)
+        check_method(element.get)
+        check_method(element.set)
+        check_method(element.keys)
+        check_method(element.items)
+        check_method(element.iter)
+        check_method(element.itertext)
+        check_method(element.getiterator)
+
+        # These methods return an iterable. See bug 6472.
+
+        def check_iter(it):
+            check_method(it.next)
+
+        check_iter(element.iter("tag"))
+        check_iter(element.iterfind("tag"))
+        check_iter(element.iterfind("*"))
+        check_iter(tree.iter("tag"))
+        check_iter(tree.iterfind("tag"))
+        check_iter(tree.iterfind("*"))
+
+        # These aliases are provided:
+
+        self.assertEqual(ET.XML, ET.fromstring)
+        self.assertEqual(ET.PI, ET.ProcessingInstruction)
+        self.assertEqual(ET.XMLParser, ET.XMLTreeBuilder)
+
+    def test_set_attribute(self):
+        element = ET.Element('tag')
+
+        self.assertEqual(element.tag, 'tag')
+        element.tag = 'Tag'
+        self.assertEqual(element.tag, 'Tag')
+        element.tag = 'TAG'
+        self.assertEqual(element.tag, 'TAG')
+
+        self.assertIsNone(element.text)
+        element.text = 'Text'
+        self.assertEqual(element.text, 'Text')
+        element.text = 'TEXT'
+        self.assertEqual(element.text, 'TEXT')
+
+        self.assertIsNone(element.tail)
+        element.tail = 'Tail'
+        self.assertEqual(element.tail, 'Tail')
+        element.tail = 'TAIL'
+        self.assertEqual(element.tail, 'TAIL')
+
+        self.assertEqual(element.attrib, {})
+        element.attrib = {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
+        self.assertEqual(element.attrib, {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'})
+        element.attrib = {'A': 'B', 'C': 'D'}
+        self.assertEqual(element.attrib, {'A': 'B', 'C': 'D'})
+
+    def test_simpleops(self):
+        # Basic method sanity checks.
+
+        elem = ET.XML("<body><tag/></body>")
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<body><tag /></body>')
+        e = ET.Element("tag2")
+        elem.append(e)
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<body><tag /><tag2 /></body>')
+        elem.remove(e)
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<body><tag /></body>')
+        elem.insert(0, e)
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<body><tag2 /><tag /></body>')
+        elem.remove(e)
+        elem.extend([e])
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<body><tag /><tag2 /></body>')
+        elem.remove(e)
+
+        element = ET.Element("tag", key="value")
+        self.serialize_check(element, '<tag key="value" />') # 1
+        subelement = ET.Element("subtag")
+        element.append(subelement)
+        self.serialize_check(element, '<tag key="value"><subtag /></tag>') # 2
+        element.insert(0, subelement)
+        self.serialize_check(element,
+                '<tag key="value"><subtag /><subtag /></tag>') # 3
+        element.remove(subelement)
+        self.serialize_check(element, '<tag key="value"><subtag /></tag>') # 4
+        element.remove(subelement)
+        self.serialize_check(element, '<tag key="value" />') # 5
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
+            element.remove(subelement)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), 'list.remove(x): x not in list')
+        self.serialize_check(element, '<tag key="value" />') # 6
+        element[0:0] = [subelement, subelement, subelement]
+        self.serialize_check(element[1], '<subtag />')
+        self.assertEqual(element[1:9], [element[1], element[2]])
+        self.assertEqual(element[:9:2], [element[0], element[2]])
+        del element[1:2]
+        self.serialize_check(element,
+                '<tag key="value"><subtag /><subtag /></tag>')
+
+    def test_cdata(self):
+        # Test CDATA handling (etc).
+
+        self.serialize_check(ET.XML("<tag>hello</tag>"),
+                '<tag>hello</tag>')
+        self.serialize_check(ET.XML("<tag>&#104;&#101;&#108;&#108;&#111;</tag>"),
+                '<tag>hello</tag>')
+        self.serialize_check(ET.XML("<tag><![CDATA[hello]]></tag>"),
+                '<tag>hello</tag>')
+
+    def test_file_init(self):
+        stringfile = StringIO.StringIO(SAMPLE_XML.encode("utf-8"))
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(file=stringfile)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.find("tag").tag, 'tag')
+        self.assertEqual(tree.find("section/tag").tag, 'tag')
+
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(file=SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.find("element").tag, 'element')
+        self.assertEqual(tree.find("element/../empty-element").tag,
+                'empty-element')
+
+    def test_path_cache(self):
+        # Check that the path cache behaves sanely.
+
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
+
+        elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        for i in range(10): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
+        cache_len_10 = len(ElementPath._cache)
+        for i in range(10): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
+        self.assertEqual(len(ElementPath._cache), cache_len_10)
+        for i in range(20): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
+        self.assertGreater(len(ElementPath._cache), cache_len_10)
+        for i in range(600): ET.ElementTree(elem).find('./'+str(i))
+        self.assertLess(len(ElementPath._cache), 500)
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        # Test copy handling (etc).
+
+        import copy
+        e1 = ET.XML("<tag>hello<foo/></tag>")
+        e2 = copy.copy(e1)
+        e3 = copy.deepcopy(e1)
+        e1.find("foo").tag = "bar"
+        self.serialize_check(e1, '<tag>hello<bar /></tag>')
+        self.serialize_check(e2, '<tag>hello<bar /></tag>')
+        self.serialize_check(e3, '<tag>hello<foo /></tag>')
+
+    def test_attrib(self):
+        # Test attribute handling.
+
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.get("key") # 1.1
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key", "default"), 'default') # 1.2
+
+        elem.set("key", "value")
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key"), 'value') # 1.3
+
+        elem = ET.Element("tag", key="value")
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key"), 'value') # 2.1
+        self.assertEqual(elem.attrib, {'key': 'value'}) # 2.2
+
+        attrib = {"key": "value"}
+        elem = ET.Element("tag", attrib)
+        attrib.clear() # check for aliasing issues
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key"), 'value') # 3.1
+        self.assertEqual(elem.attrib, {'key': 'value'}) # 3.2
+
+        attrib = {"key": "value"}
+        elem = ET.Element("tag", **attrib)
+        attrib.clear() # check for aliasing issues
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key"), 'value') # 4.1
+        self.assertEqual(elem.attrib, {'key': 'value'}) # 4.2
+
+        elem = ET.Element("tag", {"key": "other"}, key="value")
+        self.assertEqual(elem.get("key"), 'value') # 5.1
+        self.assertEqual(elem.attrib, {'key': 'value'}) # 5.2
+
+        elem = ET.Element('test')
+        elem.text = "aa"
+        elem.set('testa', 'testval')
+        elem.set('testb', 'test2')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(elem),
+                b'<test testa="testval" testb="test2">aa</test>')
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(elem.keys()), ['testa', 'testb'])
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(elem.items()),
+                [('testa', 'testval'), ('testb', 'test2')])
+        self.assertEqual(elem.attrib['testb'], 'test2')
+        elem.attrib['testb'] = 'test1'
+        elem.attrib['testc'] = 'test2'
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(elem),
+                b'<test testa="testval" testb="test1" testc="test2">aa</test>')
+
+        elem = ET.Element('test')
+        elem.set('a', '\r')
+        elem.set('b', '\r\n')
+        elem.set('c', '\t\n\r ')
+        elem.set('d', '\n\n')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(elem),
+                b'<test a="\r" b="\r&#10;" c="\t&#10;\r " d="&#10;&#10;" />')
+
+    def test_makeelement(self):
+        # Test makeelement handling.
+
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        attrib = {"key": "value"}
+        subelem = elem.makeelement("subtag", attrib)
+        self.assertIsNot(subelem.attrib, attrib, msg="attrib aliasing")
+        elem.append(subelem)
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>')
+
+        elem.clear()
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag />')
+        elem.append(subelem)
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>')
+        elem.extend([subelem, subelem])
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<tag><subtag key="value" /><subtag key="value" /><subtag key="value" /></tag>')
+        elem[:] = [subelem]
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>')
+        elem[:] = tuple([subelem])
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag><subtag key="value" /></tag>')
+
+    def test_parsefile(self):
+        # Test parsing from file.
+
+        tree = ET.parse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
+        normalize_crlf(tree)
+        stream = StringIO.StringIO()
+        tree.write(stream)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue(),
+                '<root>\n'
+                '   <element key="value">text</element>\n'
+                '   <element>text</element>tail\n'
+                '   <empty-element />\n'
+                '</root>')
+        tree = ET.parse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE)
+        normalize_crlf(tree)
+        stream = StringIO.StringIO()
+        tree.write(stream)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue(),
+                '<ns0:root xmlns:ns0="namespace">\n'
+                '   <ns0:element key="value">text</ns0:element>\n'
+                '   <ns0:element>text</ns0:element>tail\n'
+                '   <ns0:empty-element />\n'
+                '</ns0:root>')
+
+        with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE) as f:
+            data = f.read()
+
+        parser = ET.XMLParser()
+        self.assertRegexpMatches(parser.version, r'^Expat ')
+        parser.feed(data)
+        self.serialize_check(parser.close(),
+                '<root>\n'
+                '   <element key="value">text</element>\n'
+                '   <element>text</element>tail\n'
+                '   <empty-element />\n'
+                '</root>')
+
+        parser = ET.XMLTreeBuilder() # 1.2 compatibility
+        parser.feed(data)
+        self.serialize_check(parser.close(),
+                '<root>\n'
+                '   <element key="value">text</element>\n'
+                '   <element>text</element>tail\n'
+                '   <empty-element />\n'
+                '</root>')
+
+        target = ET.TreeBuilder()
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=target)
+        parser.feed(data)
+        self.serialize_check(parser.close(),
+                '<root>\n'
+                '   <element key="value">text</element>\n'
+                '   <element>text</element>tail\n'
+                '   <empty-element />\n'
+                '</root>')
+
+    def test_parseliteral(self):
+        element = ET.XML("<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(element),
+                '<html><body>text</body></html>')
+        element = ET.fromstring("<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(element),
+                '<html><body>text</body></html>')
+        sequence = ["<html><body>", "text</bo", "dy></html>"]
+        element = ET.fromstringlist(sequence)
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(element),
+                '<html><body>text</body></html>')
+        self.assertEqual("".join(ET.tostringlist(element)),
+                '<html><body>text</body></html>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(element, "ascii"),
+                "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\n"
+                "<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        _, ids = ET.XMLID("<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(len(ids), 0)
+        _, ids = ET.XMLID("<html><body id='body'>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(len(ids), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(ids["body"].tag, 'body')
+
+    def test_iterparse(self):
+        # Test iterparse interface.
+
+        iterparse = ET.iterparse
+
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE)
+        action, elem = next(context)
+        self.assertEqual((action, elem.tag), ('end', 'element'))
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) for action, elem in context], [
+                ('end', 'element'),
+                ('end', 'empty-element'),
+                ('end', 'root'),
+            ])
+        self.assertEqual(context.root.tag, 'root')
+
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) for action, elem in context], [
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}empty-element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}root'),
+            ])
+
+        events = ()
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) for action, elem in context], [])
+
+        events = ()
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events=events)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) for action, elem in context], [])
+
+        events = ("start", "end")
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, events)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) for action, elem in context], [
+                ('start', 'root'),
+                ('start', 'element'),
+                ('end', 'element'),
+                ('start', 'element'),
+                ('end', 'element'),
+                ('start', 'empty-element'),
+                ('end', 'empty-element'),
+                ('end', 'root'),
+            ])
+
+        events = ("start", "end", "start-ns", "end-ns")
+        context = iterparse(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE, events)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem.tag) if action in ("start", "end")
+                                             else (action, elem)
+                          for action, elem in context], [
+                ('start-ns', ('', 'namespace')),
+                ('start', '{namespace}root'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}empty-element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}empty-element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}root'),
+                ('end-ns', None),
+            ])
+
+        events = ('start-ns', 'end-ns')
+        context = iterparse(StringIO.StringIO(r"<root xmlns=''/>"), events)
+        res = [(action, elem) for action, elem in context]
+        self.assertEqual(res, [('start-ns', ('', '')), ('end-ns', None)])
+
+        events = ("start", "end", "bogus")
+        with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, "rb") as f:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
+                iterparse(f, events)
+            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), "unknown event 'bogus'")
+
+        source = StringIO.StringIO(
+            "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>\n"
+            "<body xmlns='http://&#233;ffbot.org/ns'\n"
+            "      xmlns:cl\xe9='http://effbot.org/ns'>text</body>\n")
+        events = ("start-ns",)
+        context = iterparse(source, events)
+        self.assertEqual([(action, elem) for action, elem in context], [
+                ('start-ns', ('', u'http://\xe9ffbot.org/ns')),
+                ('start-ns', (u'cl\xe9', 'http://effbot.org/ns')),
+            ])
+
+        source = StringIO.StringIO("<document />junk")
+        it = iterparse(source)
+        action, elem = next(it)
+        self.assertEqual((action, elem.tag), ('end', 'document'))
+        with self.assertRaises(ET.ParseError) as cm:
+            next(it)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                'junk after document element: line 1, column 12')
+
+    def test_writefile(self):
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.text = "text"
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag>text</tag>')
+        ET.SubElement(elem, "subtag").text = "subtext"
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag>text<subtag>subtext</subtag></tag>')
+
+        # Test tag suppression
+        elem.tag = None
+        self.serialize_check(elem, 'text<subtag>subtext</subtag>')
+        elem.insert(0, ET.Comment("comment"))
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+                'text<!--comment--><subtag>subtext</subtag>')     # assumes 1.3
+
+        elem[0] = ET.PI("key", "value")
+        self.serialize_check(elem, 'text<?key value?><subtag>subtext</subtag>')
+
+    def test_custom_builder(self):
+        # Test parser w. custom builder.
+
+        with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE) as f:
+            data = f.read()
+        class Builder(list):
+            def start(self, tag, attrib):
+                self.append(("start", tag))
+            def end(self, tag):
+                self.append(("end", tag))
+            def data(self, text):
+                pass
+        builder = Builder()
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=builder)
+        parser.feed(data)
+        self.assertEqual(builder, [
+                ('start', 'root'),
+                ('start', 'element'),
+                ('end', 'element'),
+                ('start', 'element'),
+                ('end', 'element'),
+                ('start', 'empty-element'),
+                ('end', 'empty-element'),
+                ('end', 'root'),
+            ])
+
+        with open(SIMPLE_NS_XMLFILE) as f:
+            data = f.read()
+        class Builder(list):
+            def start(self, tag, attrib):
+                self.append(("start", tag))
+            def end(self, tag):
+                self.append(("end", tag))
+            def data(self, text):
+                pass
+            def pi(self, target, data):
+                self.append(("pi", target, data))
+            def comment(self, data):
+                self.append(("comment", data))
+        builder = Builder()
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=builder)
+        parser.feed(data)
+        self.assertEqual(builder, [
+                ('pi', 'pi', 'data'),
+                ('comment', ' comment '),
+                ('start', '{namespace}root'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}element'),
+                ('start', '{namespace}empty-element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}empty-element'),
+                ('end', '{namespace}root'),
+            ])
+
+
+    def test_getchildren(self):
+        # Test Element.getchildren()
+
+        with open(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, "r") as f:
+            tree = ET.parse(f)
+        self.assertEqual([summarize_list(elem.getchildren())
+                          for elem in tree.getroot().iter()], [
+                ['element', 'element', 'empty-element'],
+                [],
+                [],
+                [],
+            ])
+        self.assertEqual([summarize_list(elem.getchildren())
+                          for elem in tree.getiterator()], [
+                ['element', 'element', 'empty-element'],
+                [],
+                [],
+                [],
+            ])
+
+        elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        self.assertEqual(len(elem.getchildren()), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(elem[2].getchildren()), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(elem[:], elem.getchildren())
+        child1 = elem[0]
+        child2 = elem[2]
+        del elem[1:2]
+        self.assertEqual(len(elem.getchildren()), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(child1, elem[0])
+        self.assertEqual(child2, elem[1])
+        elem[0:2] = [child2, child1]
+        self.assertEqual(child2, elem[0])
+        self.assertEqual(child1, elem[1])
+        self.assertNotEqual(child1, elem[0])
+        elem.clear()
+        self.assertEqual(elem.getchildren(), [])
+
+    def test_writestring(self):
+        elem = ET.XML("<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(elem), b'<html><body>text</body></html>')
+        elem = ET.fromstring("<html><body>text</body></html>")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(elem), b'<html><body>text</body></html>')
+
+    def test_encoding(self):
+        def check(encoding, body=''):
+            xml = ("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?><xml>%s</xml>" %
+                   (encoding, body))
+            self.assertEqual(ET.XML(xml.encode(encoding)).text, body)
+        check("ascii", 'a')
+        check("us-ascii", 'a')
+        check("iso-8859-1", u'\xbd')
+        check("iso-8859-15", u'\u20ac')
+        check("cp437", u'\u221a')
+        check("mac-roman", u'\u02da')
+
+        def xml(encoding):
+            return "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='%s'?><xml />" % encoding
+        def bxml(encoding):
+            return xml(encoding).encode(encoding)
+        supported_encodings = [
+            'ascii', 'utf-8', 'utf-8-sig', 'utf-16', 'utf-16be', 'utf-16le',
+            'iso8859-1', 'iso8859-2', 'iso8859-3', 'iso8859-4', 'iso8859-5',
+            'iso8859-6', 'iso8859-7', 'iso8859-8', 'iso8859-9', 'iso8859-10',
+            'iso8859-13', 'iso8859-14', 'iso8859-15', 'iso8859-16',
+            'cp437', 'cp720', 'cp737', 'cp775', 'cp850', 'cp852',
+            'cp855', 'cp856', 'cp857', 'cp858', 'cp860', 'cp861', 'cp862',
+            'cp863', 'cp865', 'cp866', 'cp869', 'cp874', 'cp1006',
+            'cp1250', 'cp1251', 'cp1252', 'cp1253', 'cp1254', 'cp1255',
+            'cp1256', 'cp1257', 'cp1258',
+            'mac-cyrillic', 'mac-greek', 'mac-iceland', 'mac-latin2',
+            'mac-roman', 'mac-turkish',
+            'iso2022-jp', 'iso2022-jp-1', 'iso2022-jp-2', 'iso2022-jp-2004',
+            'iso2022-jp-3', 'iso2022-jp-ext',
+            'koi8-r', 'koi8-u',
+            'ptcp154',
+        ]
+        for encoding in supported_encodings:
+            self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.XML(bxml(encoding))), b'<xml />')
+
+        unsupported_ascii_compatible_encodings = [
+            'big5', 'big5hkscs',
+            'cp932', 'cp949', 'cp950',
+            'euc-jp', 'euc-jis-2004', 'euc-jisx0213', 'euc-kr',
+            'gb2312', 'gbk', 'gb18030',
+            'iso2022-kr', 'johab', 'hz',
+            'shift-jis', 'shift-jis-2004', 'shift-jisx0213',
+            'utf-7',
+        ]
+        for encoding in unsupported_ascii_compatible_encodings:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, ET.XML, bxml(encoding))
+
+        unsupported_ascii_incompatible_encodings = [
+            'cp037', 'cp424', 'cp500', 'cp864', 'cp875', 'cp1026', 'cp1140',
+            'utf_32', 'utf_32_be', 'utf_32_le',
+        ]
+        for encoding in unsupported_ascii_incompatible_encodings:
+            self.assertRaises(ET.ParseError, ET.XML, bxml(encoding))
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ET.XML, xml('undefined').encode('ascii'))
+        self.assertRaises(LookupError, ET.XML, xml('xxx').encode('ascii'))
+
+    def test_methods(self):
+        # Test serialization methods.
+
+        e = ET.XML("<html><link/><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>")
+        e.tail = "\n"
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e),
+                '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, method=None),
+                '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, method="xml"),
+                '<html><link /><script>1 &lt; 2</script></html>\n')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, method="html"),
+                '<html><link><script>1 < 2</script></html>\n')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, method="text"), '1 < 2\n')
+
+    def test_issue18347(self):
+        e = ET.XML('<html><CamelCase>text</CamelCase></html>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e),
+                '<html><CamelCase>text</CamelCase></html>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, method="html"),
+                '<html><CamelCase>text</CamelCase></html>')
+
+    def test_entity(self):
+        # Test entity handling.
+
+        # 1) good entities
+
+        e = ET.XML("<document title='&#x8230;'>test</document>")
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                '<document title="&#33328;">test</document>')
+        self.serialize_check(e, '<document title="&#33328;">test</document>')
+
+        # 2) bad entities
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ET.ParseError) as cm:
+            ET.XML("<document>&entity;</document>")
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                'undefined entity: line 1, column 10')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ET.ParseError) as cm:
+            ET.XML(ENTITY_XML)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                'undefined entity &entity;: line 5, column 10')
+
+        # 3) custom entity
+
+        parser = ET.XMLParser()
+        parser.entity["entity"] = "text"
+        parser.feed(ENTITY_XML)
+        root = parser.close()
+        self.serialize_check(root, '<document>text</document>')
+
+    def test_namespace(self):
+        # Test namespace issues.
+
+        # 1) xml namespace
+
+        elem = ET.XML("<tag xml:lang='en' />")
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<tag xml:lang="en" />') # 1.1
+
+        # 2) other "well-known" namespaces
+
+        elem = ET.XML("<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf='http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#' />")
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" />') # 2.1
+
+        elem = ET.XML("<html:html xmlns:html='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml' />")
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<html:html xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" />') # 2.2
+
+        elem = ET.XML("<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap='http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope' />")
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:Envelope xmlns:ns0="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope" />') # 2.3
+
+        # 3) unknown namespaces
+        elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML_NS)
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:body xmlns:ns0="http://effbot.org/ns">\n'
+            '  <ns0:tag>text</ns0:tag>\n'
+            '  <ns0:tag />\n'
+            '  <ns0:section>\n'
+            '    <ns0:tag>subtext</ns0:tag>\n'
+            '  </ns0:section>\n'
+            '</ns0:body>')
+
+    def test_qname(self):
+        # Test QName handling.
+
+        # 1) decorated tags
+
+        elem = ET.Element("{uri}tag")
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />') # 1.1
+        elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("{uri}tag"))
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />') # 1.2
+        elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("uri", "tag"))
+        self.serialize_check(elem, '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />') # 1.3
+        elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("uri", "tag"))
+        subelem = ET.SubElement(elem, ET.QName("uri", "tag1"))
+        subelem = ET.SubElement(elem, ET.QName("uri", "tag2"))
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri"><ns0:tag1 /><ns0:tag2 /></ns0:tag>') # 1.4
+
+        # 2) decorated attributes
+
+        elem.clear()
+        elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = "value"
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="value" />') # 2.1
+
+        elem.clear()
+        elem.attrib[ET.QName("{uri}key")] = "value"
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="value" />') # 2.2
+
+        # 3) decorated values are not converted by default, but the
+        # QName wrapper can be used for values
+
+        elem.clear()
+        elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = "{uri}value"
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="{uri}value" />') # 3.1
+
+        elem.clear()
+        elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = ET.QName("{uri}value")
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="ns0:value" />') # 3.2
+
+        elem.clear()
+        subelem = ET.Element("tag")
+        subelem.attrib["{uri1}key"] = ET.QName("{uri2}value")
+        elem.append(subelem)
+        elem.append(subelem)
+        self.serialize_check(elem,
+            '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" xmlns:ns1="uri1" xmlns:ns2="uri2">'
+            '<tag ns1:key="ns2:value" />'
+            '<tag ns1:key="ns2:value" />'
+            '</ns0:tag>') # 3.3
+
+        # 4) Direct QName tests
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(ET.QName('ns', 'tag')), '{ns}tag')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ET.QName('{ns}tag')), '{ns}tag')
+        q1 = ET.QName('ns', 'tag')
+        q2 = ET.QName('ns', 'tag')
+        self.assertEqual(q1, q2)
+        q2 = ET.QName('ns', 'other-tag')
+        self.assertNotEqual(q1, q2)
+        self.assertNotEqual(q1, 'ns:tag')
+        self.assertEqual(q1, '{ns}tag')
+
+    def test_doctype_public(self):
+        # Test PUBLIC doctype.
+
+        elem = ET.XML('<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC'
+                ' "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"'
+                ' "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">'
+                '<html>text</html>')
+
+    def test_xpath_tokenizer(self):
+        # Test the XPath tokenizer.
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
+        def check(p, expected):
+            self.assertEqual([op or tag
+                              for op, tag in ElementPath.xpath_tokenizer(p)],
+                             expected)
+
+        # tests from the xml specification
+        check("*", ['*'])
+        check("text()", ['text', '()'])
+        check("@name", ['@', 'name'])
+        check("@*", ['@', '*'])
+        check("para[1]", ['para', '[', '1', ']'])
+        check("para[last()]", ['para', '[', 'last', '()', ']'])
+        check("*/para", ['*', '/', 'para'])
+        check("/doc/chapter[5]/section[2]",
+              ['/', 'doc', '/', 'chapter', '[', '5', ']',
+               '/', 'section', '[', '2', ']'])
+        check("chapter//para", ['chapter', '//', 'para'])
+        check("//para", ['//', 'para'])
+        check("//olist/item", ['//', 'olist', '/', 'item'])
+        check(".", ['.'])
+        check(".//para", ['.', '//', 'para'])
+        check("..", ['..'])
+        check("../@lang", ['..', '/', '@', 'lang'])
+        check("chapter[title]", ['chapter', '[', 'title', ']'])
+        check("employee[@secretary and @assistant]", ['employee',
+              '[', '@', 'secretary', '', 'and', '', '@', 'assistant', ']'])
+
+        # additional tests
+        check("{http://spam}egg", ['{http://spam}egg'])
+        check("./spam.egg", ['.', '/', 'spam.egg'])
+        check(".//{http://spam}egg", ['.', '//', '{http://spam}egg'])
+
+    def test_processinginstruction(self):
+        # Test ProcessingInstruction directly
+
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.ProcessingInstruction('test', 'instruction')),
+                '<?test instruction?>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', 'instruction')),
+                '<?test instruction?>')
+
+        # Issue #2746
+
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', '<testing&>')),
+                '<?test <testing&>?>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', u'<testing&>\xe3'), 'latin1'),
+                "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='latin1'?>\n"
+                "<?test <testing&>\xe3?>")
+
+    def test_html_empty_elems_serialization(self):
+        # issue 15970
+        # from http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/index/elements.html
+        for element in ['AREA', 'BASE', 'BASEFONT', 'BR', 'COL', 'FRAME', 'HR',
+                        'IMG', 'INPUT', 'ISINDEX', 'LINK', 'META', 'PARAM']:
+            for elem in [element, element.lower()]:
+                expected = '<%s>' % elem
+                serialized = serialize(ET.XML('<%s />' % elem), method='html')
+                self.assertEqual(serialized, expected)
+                serialized = serialize(ET.XML('<%s></%s>' % (elem,elem)),
+                                       method='html')
+                self.assertEqual(serialized, expected)
 
-    >>> issubclass(ET.ParseError, SyntaxError)
-    True
-    >>> error("foo").position
-    (1, 0)
-    >>> error("<tag>&foo;</tag>").position
-    (1, 5)
-    >>> error("foobar<").position
-    (1, 6)
-
-    """
-    try:
-        ET.XML(xml)
-    except ET.ParseError:
-        return sys.exc_value
-
-def namespace():
-    """
-    Test namespace issues.
-
-    1) xml namespace
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML("<tag xml:lang='en' />")
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 1.1
-    '<tag xml:lang="en" />'
-
-    2) other "well-known" namespaces
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML("<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf='http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#' />")
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 2.1
-    '<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" />'
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML("<html:html xmlns:html='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml' />")
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 2.2
-    '<html:html xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" />'
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML("<soap:Envelope xmlns:soap='http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope' />")
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 2.3
-    '<ns0:Envelope xmlns:ns0="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope" />'
-
-    3) unknown namespaces
-    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML_NS)
-    >>> print serialize(elem)
-    <ns0:body xmlns:ns0="http://effbot.org/ns">
-      <ns0:tag>text</ns0:tag>
-      <ns0:tag />
-      <ns0:section>
-        <ns0:tag>subtext</ns0:tag>
-      </ns0:section>
-    </ns0:body>
-    """
-
-def qname():
-    """
-    Test QName handling.
-
-    1) decorated tags
-
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("{uri}tag")
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 1.1
-    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />'
-    >>> elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("{uri}tag"))
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 1.2
-    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />'
-    >>> elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("uri", "tag"))
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 1.3
-    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" />'
-    >>> elem = ET.Element(ET.QName("uri", "tag"))
-    >>> subelem = ET.SubElement(elem, ET.QName("uri", "tag1"))
-    >>> subelem = ET.SubElement(elem, ET.QName("uri", "tag2"))
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 1.4
-    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri"><ns0:tag1 /><ns0:tag2 /></ns0:tag>'
-
-    2) decorated attributes
-
-    >>> elem.clear()
-    >>> elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = "value"
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 2.1
-    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="value" />'
-
-    >>> elem.clear()
-    >>> elem.attrib[ET.QName("{uri}key")] = "value"
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 2.2
-    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="value" />'
-
-    3) decorated values are not converted by default, but the
-       QName wrapper can be used for values
-
-    >>> elem.clear()
-    >>> elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = "{uri}value"
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 3.1
-    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="{uri}value" />'
-
-    >>> elem.clear()
-    >>> elem.attrib["{uri}key"] = ET.QName("{uri}value")
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 3.2
-    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" ns0:key="ns0:value" />'
-
-    >>> elem.clear()
-    >>> subelem = ET.Element("tag")
-    >>> subelem.attrib["{uri1}key"] = ET.QName("{uri2}value")
-    >>> elem.append(subelem)
-    >>> elem.append(subelem)
-    >>> serialize(elem) # 3.3
-    '<ns0:tag xmlns:ns0="uri" xmlns:ns1="uri1" xmlns:ns2="uri2"><tag ns1:key="ns2:value" /><tag ns1:key="ns2:value" /></ns0:tag>'
-
-    4) Direct QName tests
-
-    >>> str(ET.QName('ns', 'tag'))
-    '{ns}tag'
-    >>> str(ET.QName('{ns}tag'))
-    '{ns}tag'
-    >>> q1 = ET.QName('ns', 'tag')
-    >>> q2 = ET.QName('ns', 'tag')
-    >>> q1 == q2
-    True
-    >>> q2 = ET.QName('ns', 'other-tag')
-    >>> q1 == q2
-    False
-    >>> q1 == 'ns:tag'
-    False
-    >>> q1 == '{ns}tag'
-    True
-    """
-
-def doctype_public():
-    """
-    Test PUBLIC doctype.
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML('<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC'
-    ...   ' "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"'
-    ...   ' "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">'
-    ...   '<html>text</html>')
-
-    """
-
-def xpath_tokenizer(p):
-    """
-    Test the XPath tokenizer.
-
-    >>> # tests from the xml specification
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("*")
-    ['*']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("text()")
-    ['text', '()']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("@name")
-    ['@', 'name']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("@*")
-    ['@', '*']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("para[1]")
-    ['para', '[', '1', ']']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("para[last()]")
-    ['para', '[', 'last', '()', ']']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("*/para")
-    ['*', '/', 'para']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("/doc/chapter[5]/section[2]")
-    ['/', 'doc', '/', 'chapter', '[', '5', ']', '/', 'section', '[', '2', ']']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("chapter//para")
-    ['chapter', '//', 'para']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("//para")
-    ['//', 'para']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("//olist/item")
-    ['//', 'olist', '/', 'item']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer(".")
-    ['.']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer(".//para")
-    ['.', '//', 'para']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("..")
-    ['..']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("../@lang")
-    ['..', '/', '@', 'lang']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("chapter[title]")
-    ['chapter', '[', 'title', ']']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("employee[@secretary and @assistant]")
-    ['employee', '[', '@', 'secretary', '', 'and', '', '@', 'assistant', ']']
-
-    >>> # additional tests
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("{http://spam}egg")
-    ['{http://spam}egg']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer("./spam.egg")
-    ['.', '/', 'spam.egg']
-    >>> xpath_tokenizer(".//{http://spam}egg")
-    ['.', '//', '{http://spam}egg']
-    """
-    from xml.etree import ElementPath
-    out = []
-    for op, tag in ElementPath.xpath_tokenizer(p):
-        out.append(op or tag)
-    return out
-
-def processinginstruction():
-    """
-    Test ProcessingInstruction directly
-
-    >>> ET.tostring(ET.ProcessingInstruction('test', 'instruction'))
-    '<?test instruction?>'
-    >>> ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', 'instruction'))
-    '<?test instruction?>'
-
-    Issue #2746
-
-    >>> ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', '<testing&>'))
-    '<?test <testing&>?>'
-    >>> ET.tostring(ET.PI('test', u'<testing&>\xe3'), 'latin1')
-    "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='latin1'?>\\n<?test <testing&>\\xe3?>"
-    """
 
 #
 # xinclude tests (samples from appendix C of the xinclude specification)
@@ -1331,96 +1056,6 @@ XINCLUDE["default.xml"] = """\
 </document>
 """.format(cgi.escape(SIMPLE_XMLFILE, True))
 
-def xinclude_loader(href, parse="xml", encoding=None):
-    try:
-        data = XINCLUDE[href]
-    except KeyError:
-        raise IOError("resource not found")
-    if parse == "xml":
-        from xml.etree.ElementTree import XML
-        return XML(data)
-    return data
-
-def xinclude():
-    r"""
-    Basic inclusion example (XInclude C.1)
-
-    >>> from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
-    >>> from xml.etree import ElementInclude
-
-    >>> document = xinclude_loader("C1.xml")
-    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, xinclude_loader)
-    >>> print serialize(document) # C1
-    <document>
-      <p>120 Mz is adequate for an average home user.</p>
-      <disclaimer>
-      <p>The opinions represented herein represent those of the individual
-      and should not be interpreted as official policy endorsed by this
-      organization.</p>
-    </disclaimer>
-    </document>
-
-    Textual inclusion example (XInclude C.2)
-
-    >>> document = xinclude_loader("C2.xml")
-    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, xinclude_loader)
-    >>> print serialize(document) # C2
-    <document>
-      <p>This document has been accessed
-      324387 times.</p>
-    </document>
-
-    Textual inclusion after sibling element (based on modified XInclude C.2)
-
-    >>> document = xinclude_loader("C2b.xml")
-    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, xinclude_loader)
-    >>> print(serialize(document)) # C2b
-    <document>
-      <p>This document has been <em>accessed</em>
-      324387 times.</p>
-    </document>
-
-    Textual inclusion of XML example (XInclude C.3)
-
-    >>> document = xinclude_loader("C3.xml")
-    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, xinclude_loader)
-    >>> print serialize(document) # C3
-    <document>
-      <p>The following is the source of the "data.xml" resource:</p>
-      <example>&lt;?xml version='1.0'?&gt;
-    &lt;data&gt;
-      &lt;item&gt;&lt;![CDATA[Brooks &amp; Shields]]&gt;&lt;/item&gt;
-    &lt;/data&gt;
-    </example>
-    </document>
-
-    Fallback example (XInclude C.5)
-    Note! Fallback support is not yet implemented
-
-    >>> document = xinclude_loader("C5.xml")
-    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, xinclude_loader)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    IOError: resource not found
-    >>> # print serialize(document) # C5
-    """
-
-def xinclude_default():
-    """
-    >>> from xml.etree import ElementInclude
-
-    >>> document = xinclude_loader("default.xml")
-    >>> ElementInclude.include(document)
-    >>> print serialize(document) # default
-    <document>
-      <p>Example.</p>
-      <root>
-       <element key="value">text</element>
-       <element>text</element>tail
-       <empty-element />
-    </root>
-    </document>
-    """
-
 #
 # badly formatted xi:include tags
 
@@ -1441,429 +1076,1441 @@ XINCLUDE_BAD["B2.xml"] = """\
 </div>
 """
 
-def xinclude_failures():
-    r"""
-    Test failure to locate included XML file.
-
-    >>> from xml.etree import ElementInclude
-
-    >>> def none_loader(href, parser, encoding=None):
-    ...     return None
-
-    >>> document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE["C1.xml"])
-    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, loader=none_loader)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    FatalIncludeError: cannot load 'disclaimer.xml' as 'xml'
-
-    Test failure to locate included text file.
-
-    >>> document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE["C2.xml"])
-    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, loader=none_loader)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    FatalIncludeError: cannot load 'count.txt' as 'text'
-
-    Test bad parse type.
-
-    >>> document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE_BAD["B1.xml"])
-    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, loader=none_loader)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    FatalIncludeError: unknown parse type in xi:include tag ('BAD_TYPE')
-
-    Test xi:fallback outside xi:include.
-
-    >>> document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE_BAD["B2.xml"])
-    >>> ElementInclude.include(document, loader=none_loader)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    FatalIncludeError: xi:fallback tag must be child of xi:include ('{http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude}fallback')
-    """
+class XIncludeTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def xinclude_loader(self, href, parse="xml", encoding=None):
+        try:
+            data = XINCLUDE[href]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise IOError("resource not found")
+        if parse == "xml":
+            data = ET.XML(data)
+        return data
+
+    def none_loader(self, href, parser, encoding=None):
+        return None
+
+    def test_xinclude_default(self):
+        from xml.etree import ElementInclude
+        doc = self.xinclude_loader('default.xml')
+        ElementInclude.include(doc)
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(doc),
+            '<document>\n'
+            '  <p>Example.</p>\n'
+            '  <root>\n'
+            '   <element key="value">text</element>\n'
+            '   <element>text</element>tail\n'
+            '   <empty-element />\n'
+            '</root>\n'
+            '</document>')
+
+    def test_xinclude(self):
+        from xml.etree import ElementInclude
+
+        # Basic inclusion example (XInclude C.1)
+        document = self.xinclude_loader("C1.xml")
+        ElementInclude.include(document, self.xinclude_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(document),
+            '<document>\n'
+            '  <p>120 Mz is adequate for an average home user.</p>\n'
+            '  <disclaimer>\n'
+            '  <p>The opinions represented herein represent those of the individual\n'
+            '  and should not be interpreted as official policy endorsed by this\n'
+            '  organization.</p>\n'
+            '</disclaimer>\n'
+            '</document>') # C1
+
+        # Textual inclusion example (XInclude C.2)
+        document = self.xinclude_loader("C2.xml")
+        ElementInclude.include(document, self.xinclude_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(document),
+            '<document>\n'
+            '  <p>This document has been accessed\n'
+            '  324387 times.</p>\n'
+            '</document>') # C2
+
+        # Textual inclusion after sibling element (based on modified XInclude C.2)
+        document = self.xinclude_loader("C2b.xml")
+        ElementInclude.include(document, self.xinclude_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(document),
+            '<document>\n'
+            '  <p>This document has been <em>accessed</em>\n'
+            '  324387 times.</p>\n'
+            '</document>') # C2b
+
+        # Textual inclusion of XML example (XInclude C.3)
+        document = self.xinclude_loader("C3.xml")
+        ElementInclude.include(document, self.xinclude_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(document),
+            '<document>\n'
+            '  <p>The following is the source of the "data.xml" resource:</p>\n'
+            "  <example>&lt;?xml version='1.0'?&gt;\n"
+            '&lt;data&gt;\n'
+            '  &lt;item&gt;&lt;![CDATA[Brooks &amp; Shields]]&gt;&lt;/item&gt;\n'
+            '&lt;/data&gt;\n'
+            '</example>\n'
+            '</document>') # C3
+
+        # Fallback example (XInclude C.5)
+        # Note! Fallback support is not yet implemented
+        document = self.xinclude_loader("C5.xml")
+        with self.assertRaises(IOError) as cm:
+            ElementInclude.include(document, self.xinclude_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), 'resource not found')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(document),
+            '<div xmlns:ns0="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">\n'
+            '  <ns0:include href="example.txt" parse="text">\n'
+            '    <ns0:fallback>\n'
+            '      <ns0:include href="fallback-example.txt" parse="text">\n'
+            '        <ns0:fallback><a href="mailto:bob@example.org">Report error</a></ns0:fallback>\n'
+            '      </ns0:include>\n'
+            '    </ns0:fallback>\n'
+            '  </ns0:include>\n'
+            '</div>') # C5
+
+    def test_xinclude_failures(self):
+        from xml.etree import ElementInclude
+
+        # Test failure to locate included XML file.
+        document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE["C1.xml"])
+        with self.assertRaises(ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError) as cm:
+            ElementInclude.include(document, loader=self.none_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                "cannot load 'disclaimer.xml' as 'xml'")
+
+        # Test failure to locate included text file.
+        document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE["C2.xml"])
+        with self.assertRaises(ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError) as cm:
+            ElementInclude.include(document, loader=self.none_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                "cannot load 'count.txt' as 'text'")
+
+        # Test bad parse type.
+        document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE_BAD["B1.xml"])
+        with self.assertRaises(ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError) as cm:
+            ElementInclude.include(document, loader=self.none_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                "unknown parse type in xi:include tag ('BAD_TYPE')")
+
+        # Test xi:fallback outside xi:include.
+        document = ET.XML(XINCLUDE_BAD["B2.xml"])
+        with self.assertRaises(ElementInclude.FatalIncludeError) as cm:
+            ElementInclude.include(document, loader=self.none_loader)
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                "xi:fallback tag must be child of xi:include "
+                "('{http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude}fallback')")
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # reported bugs
 
-def bug_xmltoolkit21():
-    """
-
-    marshaller gives obscure errors for non-string values
-
-    >>> elem = ET.Element(123)
-    >>> serialize(elem) # tag
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    TypeError: cannot serialize 123 (type int)
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("elem")
-    >>> elem.text = 123
-    >>> serialize(elem) # text
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    TypeError: cannot serialize 123 (type int)
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("elem")
-    >>> elem.tail = 123
-    >>> serialize(elem) # tail
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    TypeError: cannot serialize 123 (type int)
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("elem")
-    >>> elem.set(123, "123")
-    >>> serialize(elem) # attribute key
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    TypeError: cannot serialize 123 (type int)
-    >>> elem = ET.Element("elem")
-    >>> elem.set("123", 123)
-    >>> serialize(elem) # attribute value
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    TypeError: cannot serialize 123 (type int)
-
-    """
-
-def bug_xmltoolkit25():
-    """
-
-    typo in ElementTree.findtext
+class BugsTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
-    >>> elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
-    >>> tree = ET.ElementTree(elem)
-    >>> tree.findtext("tag")
-    'text'
-    >>> tree.findtext("section/tag")
-    'subtext'
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit21(self):
+        # marshaller gives obscure errors for non-string values
 
-    """
+        def check(elem):
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
+                serialize(elem)
+            self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                    'cannot serialize 123 (type int)')
 
-def bug_xmltoolkit28():
-    """
+        elem = ET.Element(123)
+        check(elem) # tag
 
-    .//tag causes exceptions
+        elem = ET.Element("elem")
+        elem.text = 123
+        check(elem) # text
 
-    >>> tree = ET.XML("<doc><table><tbody/></table></doc>")
-    >>> summarize_list(tree.findall(".//thead"))
-    []
-    >>> summarize_list(tree.findall(".//tbody"))
-    ['tbody']
+        elem = ET.Element("elem")
+        elem.tail = 123
+        check(elem) # tail
 
-    """
+        elem = ET.Element("elem")
+        elem.set(123, "123")
+        check(elem) # attribute key
 
-def bug_xmltoolkitX1():
-    """
+        elem = ET.Element("elem")
+        elem.set("123", 123)
+        check(elem) # attribute value
 
-    dump() doesn't flush the output buffer
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit25(self):
+        # typo in ElementTree.findtext
 
-    >>> tree = ET.XML("<doc><table><tbody/></table></doc>")
-    >>> ET.dump(tree); sys.stdout.write("tail")
-    <doc><table><tbody /></table></doc>
-    tail
+        elem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(elem)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.findtext("tag"), 'text')
+        self.assertEqual(tree.findtext("section/tag"), 'subtext')
 
-    """
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit28(self):
+        # .//tag causes exceptions
 
-def bug_xmltoolkit39():
-    """
+        tree = ET.XML("<doc><table><tbody/></table></doc>")
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(tree.findall(".//thead")), [])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(tree.findall(".//tbody")), ['tbody'])
 
-    non-ascii element and attribute names doesn't work
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkitX1(self):
+        # dump() doesn't flush the output buffer
 
-    >>> tree = ET.XML("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?><t\xe4g />")
-    >>> ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8")
-    '<t\\xc3\\xa4g />'
+        tree = ET.XML("<doc><table><tbody/></table></doc>")
+        with support.captured_stdout() as stdout:
+            ET.dump(tree)
+            self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), '<doc><table><tbody /></table></doc>\n')
 
-    >>> tree = ET.XML("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?><tag \xe4ttr='v&#228;lue' />")
-    >>> tree.attrib
-    {u'\\xe4ttr': u'v\\xe4lue'}
-    >>> ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8")
-    '<tag \\xc3\\xa4ttr="v\\xc3\\xa4lue" />'
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit39(self):
+        # non-ascii element and attribute names doesn't work
 
-    >>> tree = ET.XML("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?><t\xe4g>text</t\xe4g>")
-    >>> ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8")
-    '<t\\xc3\\xa4g>text</t\\xc3\\xa4g>'
+        tree = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?><t\xe4g />")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8"), b'<t\xc3\xa4g />')
 
-    >>> tree = ET.Element(u"t\u00e4g")
-    >>> ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8")
-    '<t\\xc3\\xa4g />'
+        tree = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>"
+                      b"<tag \xe4ttr='v&#228;lue' />")
+        self.assertEqual(tree.attrib, {u'\xe4ttr': u'v\xe4lue'})
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8"),
+                b'<tag \xc3\xa4ttr="v\xc3\xa4lue" />')
 
-    >>> tree = ET.Element("tag")
-    >>> tree.set(u"\u00e4ttr", u"v\u00e4lue")
-    >>> ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8")
-    '<tag \\xc3\\xa4ttr="v\\xc3\\xa4lue" />'
+        tree = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>"
+                      b'<t\xe4g>text</t\xe4g>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8"),
+                b'<t\xc3\xa4g>text</t\xc3\xa4g>')
 
-    """
+        tree = ET.Element(u"t\u00e4g")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8"), b'<t\xc3\xa4g />')
 
-def bug_xmltoolkit54():
-    """
+        tree = ET.Element("tag")
+        tree.set(u"\u00e4ttr", u"v\u00e4lue")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(tree, "utf-8"),
+                b'<tag \xc3\xa4ttr="v\xc3\xa4lue" />')
 
-    problems handling internally defined entities
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit54(self):
+        # problems handling internally defined entities
 
-    >>> e = ET.XML("<!DOCTYPE doc [<!ENTITY ldots '&#x8230;'>]><doc>&ldots;</doc>")
-    >>> serialize(e)
-    '<doc>&#33328;</doc>'
+        e = ET.XML("<!DOCTYPE doc [<!ENTITY ldots '&#x8230;'>]>"
+                   '<doc>&ldots;</doc>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e), '<doc>&#33328;</doc>')
 
-    """
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit55(self):
+        # make sure we're reporting the first error, not the last
 
-def bug_xmltoolkit55():
-    """
+        with self.assertRaises(ET.ParseError) as cm:
+            ET.XML("<!DOCTYPE doc SYSTEM 'doc.dtd'>"
+                   '<doc>&ldots;&ndots;&rdots;</doc>')
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                'undefined entity &ldots;: line 1, column 36')
 
-    make sure we're reporting the first error, not the last
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit60(self):
+        # Handle crash in stream source.
 
-    >>> e = ET.XML("<!DOCTYPE doc SYSTEM 'doc.dtd'><doc>&ldots;&ndots;&rdots;</doc>")
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ParseError: undefined entity &ldots;: line 1, column 36
+        class ExceptionFile:
+            def read(self, x):
+                raise IOError
 
-    """
+        self.assertRaises(IOError, ET.parse, ExceptionFile())
 
-class ExceptionFile:
-    def read(self, x):
-        raise IOError
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit62(self):
+        # Don't crash when using custom entities.
 
-def xmltoolkit60():
-    """
-
-    Handle crash in stream source.
-    >>> tree = ET.parse(ExceptionFile())
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    IOError
-
-    """
-
-XMLTOOLKIT62_DOC = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+        ENTITIES = {u'rsquo': u'\u2019', u'lsquo': u'\u2018'}
+        parser = ET.XMLTreeBuilder()
+        parser.entity.update(ENTITIES)
+        parser.feed("""<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <!DOCTYPE patent-application-publication SYSTEM "pap-v15-2001-01-31.dtd" []>
 <patent-application-publication>
 <subdoc-abstract>
 <paragraph id="A-0001" lvl="0">A new cultivar of Begonia plant named &lsquo;BCT9801BEG&rsquo;.</paragraph>
 </subdoc-abstract>
-</patent-application-publication>"""
-
-
-def xmltoolkit62():
-    """
-
-    Don't crash when using custom entities.
+</patent-application-publication>""")
+        t = parser.close()
+        self.assertEqual(t.find('.//paragraph').text,
+            u'A new cultivar of Begonia plant named \u2018BCT9801BEG\u2019.')
+
+    def test_bug_xmltoolkit63(self):
+        # Check reference leak.
+        def xmltoolkit63():
+            tree = ET.TreeBuilder()
+            tree.start("tag", {})
+            tree.data("text")
+            tree.end("tag")
+
+        xmltoolkit63()
+        count = sys.getrefcount(None)
+        for i in range(1000):
+            xmltoolkit63()
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(None), count)
+
+    def test_bug_200708_newline(self):
+        # Preserve newlines in attributes.
+
+        e = ET.Element('SomeTag', text="def _f():\n  return 3\n")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e),
+                b'<SomeTag text="def _f():&#10;  return 3&#10;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.XML(ET.tostring(e)).get("text"),
+                'def _f():\n  return 3\n')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(ET.XML(ET.tostring(e))),
+                b'<SomeTag text="def _f():&#10;  return 3&#10;" />')
+
+    def test_bug_200708_close(self):
+        # Test default builder.
+        parser = ET.XMLParser() # default
+        parser.feed("<element>some text</element>")
+        self.assertEqual(parser.close().tag, 'element')
+
+        # Test custom builder.
+        class EchoTarget:
+            def close(self):
+                return ET.Element("element") # simulate root
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(EchoTarget())
+        parser.feed("<element>some text</element>")
+        self.assertEqual(parser.close().tag, 'element')
+
+    def test_bug_200709_default_namespace(self):
+        e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
+        s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, default_namespace="default"), # 1
+                '<elem xmlns="default"><elem /></elem>')
+
+        e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
+        s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
+        s = ET.SubElement(e, "{not-default}elem")
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e, default_namespace="default"), # 2
+            '<elem xmlns="default" xmlns:ns1="not-default">'
+            '<elem />'
+            '<ns1:elem />'
+            '</elem>')
+
+        e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
+        s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
+        s = ET.SubElement(e, "elem") # unprefixed name
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
+            serialize(e, default_namespace="default") # 3
+        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
+                'cannot use non-qualified names with default_namespace option')
+
+    def test_bug_200709_register_namespace(self):
+        e = ET.Element("{http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/}title")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e),
+            '<ns0:title xmlns:ns0="http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/" />')
+        ET.register_namespace("foo", "http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/")
+        e = ET.Element("{http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/}title")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e),
+            '<foo:title xmlns:foo="http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/" />')
+
+        # And the Dublin Core namespace is in the default list:
+
+        e = ET.Element("{http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/}title")
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e),
+            '<dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" />')
+
+    def test_bug_200709_element_comment(self):
+        # Not sure if this can be fixed, really (since the serializer needs
+        # ET.Comment, not cET.comment).
+
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        a.append(ET.Comment('foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(a[0].tag, ET.Comment)
+
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        a.append(ET.PI('foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(a[0].tag, ET.PI)
+
+    def test_bug_200709_element_insert(self):
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
+        c = ET.SubElement(a, 'c')
+        d = ET.Element('d')
+        a.insert(0, d)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(a), ['d', 'b', 'c'])
+        a.insert(-1, d)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(a), ['d', 'b', 'd', 'c'])
+
+    def test_bug_200709_iter_comment(self):
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
+        comment_b = ET.Comment("TEST-b")
+        b.append(comment_b)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(a.iter(ET.Comment)), [ET.Comment])
+
+    # --------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # reported on bugs.python.org
+
+    def test_bug_1534630(self):
+        bob = ET.TreeBuilder()
+        e = bob.data("data")
+        e = bob.start("tag", {})
+        e = bob.end("tag")
+        e = bob.close()
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(e), '<tag />')
+
+    def test_issue6233(self):
+        e = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>"
+                   b'<body>t\xc3\xa3g</body>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e, 'ascii'),
+                b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\n"
+                b'<body>t&#227;g</body>')
+        e = ET.XML(b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>"
+                   b'<body>t\xe3g</body>')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e, 'ascii'),
+                b"<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\n"
+                b'<body>t&#227;g</body>')
+
+    def test_issue3151(self):
+        e = ET.XML('<prefix:localname xmlns:prefix="${stuff}"/>')
+        self.assertEqual(e.tag, '{${stuff}}localname')
+        t = ET.ElementTree(e)
+        self.assertEqual(ET.tostring(e), b'<ns0:localname xmlns:ns0="${stuff}" />')
+
+    def test_issue6565(self):
+        elem = ET.XML("<body><tag/></body>")
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(elem), ['tag'])
+        newelem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        elem[:] = newelem[:]
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(elem), ['tag', 'tag', 'section'])
+
+    def test_issue10777(self):
+        # Registering a namespace twice caused a "dictionary changed size during
+        # iteration" bug.
+
+        ET.register_namespace('test10777', 'http://myuri/')
+        ET.register_namespace('test10777', 'http://myuri/')
 
-    >>> xmltoolkit62()
-    u'A new cultivar of Begonia plant named \u2018BCT9801BEG\u2019.'
-
-    """
-    ENTITIES = {u'rsquo': u'\u2019', u'lsquo': u'\u2018'}
-    parser = ET.XMLTreeBuilder()
-    parser.entity.update(ENTITIES)
-    parser.feed(XMLTOOLKIT62_DOC)
-    t = parser.close()
-    return t.find('.//paragraph').text
-
-def xmltoolkit63():
-    """
-
-    Check reference leak.
-    >>> xmltoolkit63()
-    >>> count = sys.getrefcount(None)
-    >>> for i in range(1000):
-    ...     xmltoolkit63()
-    >>> sys.getrefcount(None) - count
-    0
-
-    """
-    tree = ET.TreeBuilder()
-    tree.start("tag", {})
-    tree.data("text")
-    tree.end("tag")
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-def bug_200708_newline():
-    r"""
-
-    Preserve newlines in attributes.
-
-    >>> e = ET.Element('SomeTag', text="def _f():\n  return 3\n")
-    >>> ET.tostring(e)
-    '<SomeTag text="def _f():&#10;  return 3&#10;" />'
-    >>> ET.XML(ET.tostring(e)).get("text")
-    'def _f():\n  return 3\n'
-    >>> ET.tostring(ET.XML(ET.tostring(e)))
-    '<SomeTag text="def _f():&#10;  return 3&#10;" />'
-
-    """
-
-def bug_200708_close():
-    """
-
-    Test default builder.
-    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser() # default
-    >>> parser.feed("<element>some text</element>")
-    >>> summarize(parser.close())
-    'element'
-
-    Test custom builder.
-    >>> class EchoTarget:
-    ...     def close(self):
-    ...         return ET.Element("element") # simulate root
-    >>> parser = ET.XMLParser(EchoTarget())
-    >>> parser.feed("<element>some text</element>")
-    >>> summarize(parser.close())
-    'element'
-
-    """
+class BasicElementTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    @python_only
+    def test_cyclic_gc(self):
+        class Dummy:
+            pass
+
+        # Test the shortest cycle: d->element->d
+        d = Dummy()
+        d.dummyref = ET.Element('joe', attr=d)
+        wref = weakref.ref(d)
+        del d
+        gc_collect()
+        self.assertIsNone(wref())
+
+        # A longer cycle: d->e->e2->d
+        e = ET.Element('joe')
+        d = Dummy()
+        d.dummyref = e
+        wref = weakref.ref(d)
+        e2 = ET.SubElement(e, 'foo', attr=d)
+        del d, e, e2
+        gc_collect()
+        self.assertIsNone(wref())
+
+        # A cycle between Element objects as children of one another
+        # e1->e2->e3->e1
+        e1 = ET.Element('e1')
+        e2 = ET.Element('e2')
+        e3 = ET.Element('e3')
+        e1.append(e2)
+        e2.append(e2)
+        e3.append(e1)
+        wref = weakref.ref(e1)
+        del e1, e2, e3
+        gc_collect()
+        self.assertIsNone(wref())
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_weakref(self):
+        flag = []
+        def wref_cb(w):
+            flag.append(True)
+        e = ET.Element('e')
+        wref = weakref.ref(e, wref_cb)
+        self.assertEqual(wref().tag, 'e')
+        del e
+        self.assertEqual(flag, [True])
+        self.assertEqual(wref(), None)
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_get_keyword_args(self):
+        e1 = ET.Element('foo' , x=1, y=2, z=3)
+        self.assertEqual(e1.get('x', default=7), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(e1.get('w', default=7), 7)
+
+
+class BadElementTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_extend_mutable_list(self):
+        class X(object):
+            @property
+            def __class__(self):
+                L[:] = [ET.Element('baz')]
+                return ET.Element
+        L = [X()]
+        e = ET.Element('foo')
+        try:
+            e.extend(L)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        if ET is pyET:
+            class Y(X, ET.Element):
+                pass
+            L = [Y('x')]
+            e = ET.Element('foo')
+            e.extend(L)
+
+    def test_extend_mutable_list2(self):
+        class X(object):
+            @property
+            def __class__(self):
+                del L[:]
+                return ET.Element
+        L = [X(), ET.Element('baz')]
+        e = ET.Element('foo')
+        try:
+            e.extend(L)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        if ET is pyET:
+            class Y(X, ET.Element):
+                pass
+            L = [Y('bar'), ET.Element('baz')]
+            e = ET.Element('foo')
+            e.extend(L)
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_remove_with_mutating(self):
+        class X(ET.Element):
+            def __eq__(self, o):
+                del e[:]
+                return False
+        e = ET.Element('foo')
+        e.extend([X('bar')])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, e.remove, ET.Element('baz'))
+
+        e = ET.Element('foo')
+        e.extend([ET.Element('bar')])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, e.remove, X('baz'))
+
+    def test_recursive_repr(self):
+        # Issue #25455
+        e = ET.Element('foo')
+        with swap_attr(e, 'tag', e):
+            with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+                repr(e)  # Should not crash
+
+class MutatingElementPath(str):
+    def __new__(cls, elem, *args):
+        self = str.__new__(cls, *args)
+        self.elem = elem
+        return self
+    def __eq__(self, o):
+        del self.elem[:]
+        return True
+MutatingElementPath.__hash__ = str.__hash__
+
+class BadElementPath(str):
+    def __eq__(self, o):
+        raise 1/0
+BadElementPath.__hash__ = str.__hash__
+
+class BadElementPathTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(BadElementPathTest, self).setUp()
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
+        self.path_cache = ElementPath._cache
+        ElementPath._cache = {}
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
+        ElementPath._cache = self.path_cache
+        super(BadElementPathTest, self).tearDown()
+
+    def test_find_with_mutating(self):
+        e = ET.Element('foo')
+        e.extend([ET.Element('bar')])
+        e.find(MutatingElementPath(e, 'x'))
+
+    def test_find_with_error(self):
+        e = ET.Element('foo')
+        e.extend([ET.Element('bar')])
+        try:
+            e.find(BadElementPath('x'))
+        except ZeroDivisionError:
+            pass
+
+    def test_findtext_with_mutating(self):
+        e = ET.Element('foo')
+        e.extend([ET.Element('bar')])
+        e.findtext(MutatingElementPath(e, 'x'))
+
+    def test_findtext_with_error(self):
+        e = ET.Element('foo')
+        e.extend([ET.Element('bar')])
+        try:
+            e.findtext(BadElementPath('x'))
+        except ZeroDivisionError:
+            pass
+
+    def test_findall_with_mutating(self):
+        e = ET.Element('foo')
+        e.extend([ET.Element('bar')])
+        e.findall(MutatingElementPath(e, 'x'))
+
+    def test_findall_with_error(self):
+        e = ET.Element('foo')
+        e.extend([ET.Element('bar')])
+        try:
+            e.findall(BadElementPath('x'))
+        except ZeroDivisionError:
+            pass
+
+
+class ElementTreeTypeTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_istype(self):
+        self.assertIsInstance(ET.ParseError, type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(ET.QName, type)
+        self.assertIsInstance(ET.ElementTree, type)
+        if ET is pyET:
+            self.assertIsInstance(ET.Element, type)
+            self.assertIsInstance(ET.TreeBuilder, type)
+            self.assertIsInstance(ET.XMLParser, type)
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_Element_subclass_trivial(self):
+        class MyElement(ET.Element):
+            pass
+
+        mye = MyElement('foo')
+        self.assertIsInstance(mye, ET.Element)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mye, MyElement)
+        self.assertEqual(mye.tag, 'foo')
+
+        # test that attribute assignment works (issue 14849)
+        mye.text = "joe"
+        self.assertEqual(mye.text, "joe")
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_Element_subclass_constructor(self):
+        class MyElement(ET.Element):
+            def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):
+                super(MyElement, self).__init__(tag + '__', attrib, **extra)
+
+        mye = MyElement('foo', {'a': 1, 'b': 2}, c=3, d=4)
+        self.assertEqual(mye.tag, 'foo__')
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(mye.items()),
+            [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)])
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_Element_subclass_new_method(self):
+        class MyElement(ET.Element):
+            def newmethod(self):
+                return self.tag
+
+        mye = MyElement('joe')
+        self.assertEqual(mye.newmethod(), 'joe')
+
+
+class ElementFindTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    @python_only
+    def test_simplefind(self):
+        ET.ElementPath
+        with swap_attr(ET, 'ElementPath', ET._SimpleElementPath()):
+            e = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+            self.assertEqual(e.find('tag').tag, 'tag')
+            self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).find('tag').tag, 'tag')
+            self.assertEqual(e.findtext('tag'), 'text')
+            self.assertIsNone(e.findtext('tog'))
+            self.assertEqual(e.findtext('tog', 'default'), 'default')
+            self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).findtext('tag'), 'text')
+            self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('tag')), ['tag', 'tag'])
+            self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//tag')), ['tag', 'tag', 'tag'])
+
+            # Path syntax doesn't work in this case.
+            self.assertIsNone(e.find('section/tag'))
+            self.assertIsNone(e.findtext('section/tag'))
+            self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section/tag')), [])
+
+    def test_find_simple(self):
+        e = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('tag').tag, 'tag')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('section/tag').tag, 'tag')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag').tag, 'tag')
+
+        e[2] = ET.XML(SAMPLE_SECTION)
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('section/nexttag').tag, 'nexttag')
+
+        self.assertEqual(e.findtext('./tag'), 'text')
+        self.assertEqual(e.findtext('section/tag'), 'subtext')
+
+        # section/nexttag is found but has no text
+        self.assertEqual(e.findtext('section/nexttag'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(e.findtext('section/nexttag', 'default'), '')
+
+        # tog doesn't exist and 'default' kicks in
+        self.assertIsNone(e.findtext('tog'))
+        self.assertEqual(e.findtext('tog', 'default'), 'default')
+
+        # Issue #16922
+        self.assertEqual(ET.XML('<tag><empty /></tag>').findtext('empty'), '')
+
+    def test_find_xpath(self):
+        LINEAR_XML = '''
+        <body>
+            <tag class='a'/>
+            <tag class='b'/>
+            <tag class='c'/>
+            <tag class='d'/>
+        </body>'''
+        e = ET.XML(LINEAR_XML)
+
+        # Test for numeric indexing and last()
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag[1]').attrib['class'], 'a')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag[2]').attrib['class'], 'b')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag[last()]').attrib['class'], 'd')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag[last()-1]').attrib['class'], 'c')
+        self.assertEqual(e.find('./tag[last()-2]').attrib['class'], 'b')
+
+    def test_findall(self):
+        e = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        e[2] = ET.XML(SAMPLE_SECTION)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.')), ['body'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('tag')), ['tag', 'tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('tog')), [])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('tog/foo')), [])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('*')),
+            ['tag', 'tag', 'section'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//tag')),
+            ['tag'] * 4)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section/tag')), ['tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section//tag')), ['tag'] * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section/*')),
+            ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section//*')),
+            ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section/.//*')),
+            ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('*/*')),
+            ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('*//*')),
+            ['tag', 'nexttag', 'nextsection', 'tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('*/tag')), ['tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('*/./tag')), ['tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('./tag')), ['tag'] * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('././tag')), ['tag'] * 2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//tag[@class]')),
+            ['tag'] * 3)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//tag[@class="a"]')),
+            ['tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//tag[@class="b"]')),
+            ['tag'] * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//tag[@id]')),
+            ['tag'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//section[tag]')),
+            ['section'])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('.//section[element]')), [])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('../tag')), [])
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('section/../tag')),
+            ['tag'] * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(e.findall('section//'), e.findall('section//*'))
+
+    def test_test_find_with_ns(self):
+        e = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML_NS)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(e.findall('tag')), [])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            summarize_list(e.findall("{http://effbot.org/ns}tag")),
+            ['{http://effbot.org/ns}tag'] * 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            summarize_list(e.findall(".//{http://effbot.org/ns}tag")),
+            ['{http://effbot.org/ns}tag'] * 3)
+
+    def test_bad_find(self):
+        e = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(SyntaxError,
+                                     'cannot use absolute path on element'):
+            e.findall('/tag')
+
+    def test_find_through_ElementTree(self):
+        e = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
+        self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).find('tag').tag, 'tag')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).find('./tag').tag, 'tag')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).find('/tag').tag, 'tag')
+        e[2] = ET.XML(SAMPLE_SECTION)
+        self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).find('section/tag').tag, 'tag')
+        self.assertIsNone(ET.ElementTree(e).find('tog'))
+        self.assertIsNone(ET.ElementTree(e).find('tog/foo'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).findtext('tag'), 'text')
+        self.assertIsNone(ET.ElementTree(e).findtext('tog/foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).findtext('tog/foo', 'default'),
+             'default')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).findtext('./tag'), 'text')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).findtext('/tag'), 'text')
+        self.assertEqual(ET.ElementTree(e).findtext('section/tag'), 'subtext')
+
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(ET.ElementTree(e).findall('./tag')),
+            ['tag'] * 2)
+        # this produces a warning
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(ET.ElementTree(e).findall('/tag')),
+            ['tag'] * 2)
+
+
+class ElementIterTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _ilist(self, elem, tag=None):
+        return summarize_list(elem.iter(tag))
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        doc = ET.XML("<html><body>this is a <i>paragraph</i>.</body>..</html>")
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc), ['html', 'body', 'i'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc.find('body')), ['body', 'i'])
+        self.assertEqual(next(doc.iter()).tag, 'html')
+        self.assertEqual(''.join(doc.itertext()), 'this is a paragraph...')
+        self.assertEqual(''.join(doc.find('body').itertext()),
+            'this is a paragraph.')
+        self.assertEqual(next(doc.itertext()), 'this is a ')
+
+        # Method iterparse should return an iterator. See bug 6472.
+        sourcefile = serialize(doc, to_string=False)
+        self.assertEqual(next(ET.iterparse(sourcefile))[0], 'end')
+
+        if ET is pyET:
+            # With an explitit parser too (issue #9708)
+            sourcefile = serialize(doc, to_string=False)
+            parser = ET.XMLParser(target=ET.TreeBuilder())
+            self.assertEqual(next(ET.iterparse(sourcefile, parser=parser))[0],
+                             'end')
+
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(None)
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, tree.iter)
+
+        # Issue #16913
+        doc = ET.XML("<root>a&amp;<sub>b&amp;</sub>c&amp;</root>")
+        self.assertEqual(''.join(doc.itertext()), 'a&b&c&')
+
+    def test_corners(self):
+        # single root, no subelements
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a'])
+
+        # one child
+        b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'b'])
+
+        # one child and one grandchild
+        c = ET.SubElement(b, 'c')
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+
+        # two children, only first with grandchild
+        d = ET.SubElement(a, 'd')
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
+
+        # replace first child by second
+        a[0] = a[1]
+        del a[1]
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(a), ['a', 'd'])
+
+    def test_iter_by_tag(self):
+        doc = ET.XML('''
+            <document>
+                <house>
+                    <room>bedroom1</room>
+                    <room>bedroom2</room>
+                </house>
+                <shed>nothing here
+                </shed>
+                <house>
+                    <room>bedroom8</room>
+                </house>
+            </document>''')
+
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc, 'room'), ['room'] * 3)
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc, 'house'), ['house'] * 2)
+
+        if ET is pyET:
+            # test that iter also accepts 'tag' as a keyword arg
+            self.assertEqual(
+                summarize_list(doc.iter(tag='room')),
+                ['room'] * 3)
+
+        # make sure both tag=None and tag='*' return all tags
+        all_tags = ['document', 'house', 'room', 'room',
+                    'shed', 'house', 'room']
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(doc.iter()), all_tags)
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc), all_tags)
+        self.assertEqual(self._ilist(doc, '*'), all_tags)
+
+    def test_getiterator(self):
+        doc = ET.XML('''
+            <document>
+                <house>
+                    <room>bedroom1</room>
+                    <room>bedroom2</room>
+                </house>
+                <shed>nothing here
+                </shed>
+                <house>
+                    <room>bedroom8</room>
+                </house>
+            </document>''')
+
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(doc.getiterator('room')),
+                         ['room'] * 3)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(doc.getiterator('house')),
+                         ['house'] * 2)
+
+        if ET is pyET:
+            # test that getiterator also accepts 'tag' as a keyword arg
+            self.assertEqual(
+                summarize_list(doc.getiterator(tag='room')),
+                ['room'] * 3)
+
+        # make sure both tag=None and tag='*' return all tags
+        all_tags = ['document', 'house', 'room', 'room',
+                    'shed', 'house', 'room']
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(doc.getiterator()), all_tags)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(doc.getiterator(None)), all_tags)
+        self.assertEqual(summarize_list(doc.getiterator('*')), all_tags)
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        it = a.iter()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            copy.copy(it)
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        a = ET.Element('a')
+        it = a.iter()
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.assertRaises((TypeError, pickle.PicklingError)):
+                pickle.dumps(it, proto)
+
+
+class TreeBuilderTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    sample1 = ('<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC'
+        ' "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"'
+        ' "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">'
+        '<html>text<div>subtext</div>tail</html>')
+
+    sample2 = '''<toplevel>sometext</toplevel>'''
+
+    def _check_sample1_element(self, e):
+        self.assertEqual(e.tag, 'html')
+        self.assertEqual(e.text, 'text')
+        self.assertEqual(e.tail, None)
+        self.assertEqual(e.attrib, {})
+        children = list(e)
+        self.assertEqual(len(children), 1)
+        child = children[0]
+        self.assertEqual(child.tag, 'div')
+        self.assertEqual(child.text, 'subtext')
+        self.assertEqual(child.tail, 'tail')
+        self.assertEqual(child.attrib, {})
+
+    def test_dummy_builder(self):
+        class DummyBuilder:
+            data = start = end = lambda *a: None
+
+            def close(self):
+                return 42
+
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=DummyBuilder())
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        self.assertEqual(parser.close(), 42)
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_treebuilder_elementfactory_none(self):
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=ET.TreeBuilder(element_factory=None))
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        e = parser.close()
+        self._check_sample1_element(e)
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        class MyTreeBuilder(ET.TreeBuilder):
+            def foobar(self, x):
+                return x * 2
+
+        tb = MyTreeBuilder()
+        self.assertEqual(tb.foobar(10), 20)
+
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=tb)
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+
+        e = parser.close()
+        self._check_sample1_element(e)
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_element_factory(self):
+        lst = []
+        def myfactory(tag, attrib):
+            lst.append(tag)
+            return ET.Element(tag, attrib)
+
+        tb = ET.TreeBuilder(element_factory=myfactory)
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=tb)
+        parser.feed(self.sample2)
+        parser.close()
+
+        self.assertEqual(lst, ['toplevel'])
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_element_factory_subclass(self):
+        class MyElement(ET.Element):
+            pass
+
+        tb = ET.TreeBuilder(element_factory=MyElement)
+
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=tb)
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        e = parser.close()
+        self.assertIsInstance(e, MyElement)
+        self._check_sample1_element(e)
+
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_doctype(self):
+        class DoctypeParser:
+            _doctype = None
+
+            def doctype(self, name, pubid, system):
+                self._doctype = (name, pubid, system)
+
+            data = start = end = lambda *a: None
+
+            def close(self):
+                return self._doctype
+
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=DoctypeParser())
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(parser.close(),
+            ('html', '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
+             'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'))
+
+
+class XMLParserTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    sample1 = b'<file><line>22</line></file>'
+    sample2 = (b'<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC'
+        b' "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"'
+        b' "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">'
+        b'<html>text</html>')
+
+    def _check_sample_element(self, e):
+        self.assertEqual(e.tag, 'file')
+        self.assertEqual(e[0].tag, 'line')
+        self.assertEqual(e[0].text, '22')
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_constructor_args(self):
+        # Positional args. The first (html) is not supported, but should be
+        # nevertheless correctly accepted.
+        parser = ET.XMLParser(None, ET.TreeBuilder(), 'utf-8')
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        self._check_sample_element(parser.close())
+
+        # Now as keyword args.
+        parser2 = ET.XMLParser(encoding='utf-8',
+                               html=[{}],
+                               target=ET.TreeBuilder())
+        parser2.feed(self.sample1)
+        self._check_sample_element(parser2.close())
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        class MyParser(ET.XMLParser):
+            pass
+        parser = MyParser()
+        parser.feed(self.sample1)
+        self._check_sample_element(parser.close())
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_doctype_warning(self):
+        parser = ET.XMLParser()
+        with support.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
+            parser.doctype('html', '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
+                'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd')
+        parser.feed('<html/>')
+        parser.close()
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_subclass_doctype(self):
+        _doctype = []
+        class MyParserWithDoctype(ET.XMLParser):
+            def doctype(self, name, pubid, system):
+                _doctype.append((name, pubid, system))
+
+        parser = MyParserWithDoctype()
+        with support.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
+            parser.feed(self.sample2)
+        parser.close()
+        self.assertEqual(_doctype,
+            [('html', '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
+              'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd')])
+
+        _doctype = []
+        _doctype2 = []
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter('error', DeprecationWarning)
+            class DoctypeParser:
+                data = start = end = close = lambda *a: None
+
+                def doctype(self, name, pubid, system):
+                    _doctype2.append((name, pubid, system))
+
+            parser = MyParserWithDoctype(target=DoctypeParser())
+            parser.feed(self.sample2)
+            parser.close()
+            self.assertEqual(_doctype, [])
+            self.assertEqual(_doctype2,
+                [('html', '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
+                  'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd')])
+
+
+class NamespaceParseTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_find_with_namespace(self):
+        nsmap = {'h': 'hello', 'f': 'foo'}
+        doc = ET.fromstring(SAMPLE_XML_NS_ELEMS)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(doc.findall('{hello}table', nsmap)), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(doc.findall('.//{hello}td', nsmap)), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(doc.findall('.//{foo}name', nsmap)), 1)
+
+
+class ElementSlicingTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _elem_tags(self, elemlist):
+        return [e.tag for e in elemlist]
+
+    def _subelem_tags(self, elem):
+        return self._elem_tags(list(elem))
+
+    def _make_elem_with_children(self, numchildren):
+        """Create an Element with a tag 'a', with the given amount of children
+           named 'a0', 'a1' ... and so on.
+
+        """
+        e = ET.Element('a')
+        for i in range(numchildren):
+            ET.SubElement(e, 'a%s' % i)
+        return e
+
+    def test_getslice_single_index(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(10)
+
+        self.assertEqual(e[1].tag, 'a1')
+        self.assertEqual(e[-2].tag, 'a8')
+
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: e[12])
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: e[-12])
+
+    def test_getslice_range(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(6)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:]), ['a3', 'a4', 'a5'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:6]), ['a3', 'a4', 'a5'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:16]), ['a3', 'a4', 'a5'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:5]), ['a3', 'a4'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3:-1]), ['a3', 'a4'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[:2]), ['a0', 'a1'])
+
+    def test_getslice_steps(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(10)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[8:10:1]), ['a8', 'a9'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::3]), ['a0', 'a3', 'a6', 'a9'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::8]), ['a0', 'a8'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[1::8]), ['a1', 'a9'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3::sys.maxsize]), ['a3'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3::sys.maxsize<<64]), ['a3'])
+
+    def test_getslice_negative_steps(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::-1]), ['a3', 'a2', 'a1', 'a0'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[::-2]), ['a3', 'a1'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3::-sys.maxsize]), ['a3'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3::-sys.maxsize-1]), ['a3'])
+        self.assertEqual(self._elem_tags(e[3::-sys.maxsize<<64]), ['a3'])
+
+    def test_delslice(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        del e[0:2]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a2', 'a3'])
+
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        del e[0:]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), [])
+
+        if ET is pyET:
+            e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+            del e[::-1]
+            self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), [])
+
+            e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+            del e[::-2]
+            self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'a2'])
+
+            e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+            del e[1::2]
+            self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'a2'])
+
+            e = self._make_elem_with_children(2)
+            del e[::2]
+            self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a1'])
+
+    def test_setslice_single_index(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        e[1] = ET.Element('b')
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'b', 'a2', 'a3'])
+
+        e[-2] = ET.Element('c')
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'b', 'c', 'a3'])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+            e[5] = ET.Element('d')
+        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+            e[-5] = ET.Element('d')
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'b', 'c', 'a3'])
+
+    def test_setslice_range(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        e[1:3] = [ET.Element('b%s' % i) for i in range(2)]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'b0', 'b1', 'a3'])
+
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        e[1:3] = [ET.Element('b')]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'b', 'a3'])
+
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        e[1:3] = [ET.Element('b%s' % i) for i in range(3)]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'b0', 'b1', 'b2', 'a3'])
+
+    def test_setslice_steps(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(6)
+        e[1:5:2] = [ET.Element('b%s' % i) for i in range(2)]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'b0', 'a2', 'b1', 'a4', 'a5'])
+
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(6)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            e[1:5:2] = [ET.Element('b')]
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            e[1:5:2] = [ET.Element('b%s' % i) for i in range(3)]
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            e[1:5:2] = []
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'a1', 'a2', 'a3', 'a4', 'a5'])
+
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        e[1::sys.maxsize] = [ET.Element('b')]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'b', 'a2', 'a3'])
+        e[1::sys.maxsize<<64] = [ET.Element('c')]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'c', 'a2', 'a3'])
+
+    def test_setslice_negative_steps(self):
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        e[2:0:-1] = [ET.Element('b%s' % i) for i in range(2)]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'b1', 'b0', 'a3'])
+
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            e[2:0:-1] = [ET.Element('b')]
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            e[2:0:-1] = [ET.Element('b%s' % i) for i in range(3)]
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            e[2:0:-1] = []
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'a1', 'a2', 'a3'])
+
+        e = self._make_elem_with_children(4)
+        e[1::-sys.maxsize] = [ET.Element('b')]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'b', 'a2', 'a3'])
+        e[1::-sys.maxsize-1] = [ET.Element('c')]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'c', 'a2', 'a3'])
+        e[1::-sys.maxsize<<64] = [ET.Element('d')]
+        self.assertEqual(self._subelem_tags(e), ['a0', 'd', 'a2', 'a3'])
+
+
+class IOTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def tearDown(self):
+        support.unlink(TESTFN)
+
+    def test_encoding(self):
+        # Test encoding issues.
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.text = u"abc"
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag>abc</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
+                '<tag>abc</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                '<tag>abc</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="iso-8859-1"),
+                "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>\n"
+                "<tag>abc</tag>")
+
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.text = "<&\"\'>"
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
+                b'<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                b'<tag>&lt;&amp;"\'&gt;</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="iso-8859-1"),
+                "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>\n"
+                "<tag>&lt;&amp;\"'&gt;</tag>")
+
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.attrib["key"] = "<&\"\'>"
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem), '<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
+                b'<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                b'<tag key="&lt;&amp;&quot;\'&gt;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="iso-8859-1"),
+                "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>\n"
+                "<tag key=\"&lt;&amp;&quot;'&gt;\" />")
+
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.text = u'\xe5\xf6\xf6<>'
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem),
+                '<tag>&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
+                '<tag>\xc3\xa5\xc3\xb6\xc3\xb6&lt;&gt;</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                '<tag>&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="iso-8859-1"),
+                "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>\n"
+                "<tag>\xe5\xf6\xf6&lt;&gt;</tag>")
+
+        elem = ET.Element("tag")
+        elem.attrib["key"] = u'\xe5\xf6\xf6<>'
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem),
+                '<tag key="&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="utf-8"),
+                '<tag key="\xc3\xa5\xc3\xb6\xc3\xb6&lt;&gt;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="us-ascii"),
+                '<tag key="&#229;&#246;&#246;&lt;&gt;" />')
+        self.assertEqual(serialize(elem, encoding="iso-8859-1"),
+                "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?>\n"
+                "<tag key=\"\xe5\xf6\xf6&lt;&gt;\" />")
+
+    def test_write_to_filename(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        tree.write(TESTFN)
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'''<site />''')
+
+    def test_write_to_file(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as f:
+            tree.write(f)
+            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'''<site />''')
+
+    def test_read_from_stringio(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree()
+        stream = StringIO.StringIO('''<?xml version="1.0"?><site></site>''')
+        tree.parse(stream)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.getroot().tag, 'site')
+
+    def test_write_to_stringio(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        stream = StringIO.StringIO()
+        tree.write(stream)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue(), '''<site />''')
+
+    class dummy:
+        pass
+
+    def test_read_from_user_reader(self):
+        stream = StringIO.StringIO('''<?xml version="1.0"?><site></site>''')
+        reader = self.dummy()
+        reader.read = stream.read
+        tree = ET.ElementTree()
+        tree.parse(reader)
+        self.assertEqual(tree.getroot().tag, 'site')
+
+    def test_write_to_user_writer(self):
+        tree = ET.ElementTree(ET.XML('''<site />'''))
+        stream = StringIO.StringIO()
+        writer = self.dummy()
+        writer.write = stream.write
+        tree.write(writer)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue(), '''<site />''')
+
+    def test_tostringlist_invariant(self):
+        root = ET.fromstring('<tag>foo</tag>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ET.tostring(root),
+            ''.join(ET.tostringlist(root)))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ET.tostring(root, 'utf-16'),
+            b''.join(ET.tostringlist(root, 'utf-16')))
+
+
+class ParseErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_subclass(self):
+        self.assertIsInstance(ET.ParseError(), SyntaxError)
+
+    def _get_error(self, s):
+        try:
+            ET.fromstring(s)
+        except ET.ParseError as e:
+            return e
+
+    def test_error_position(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_error('foo').position, (1, 0))
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_error('<tag>&foo;</tag>').position, (1, 5))
+        self.assertEqual(self._get_error('foobar<').position, (1, 6))
+
+    @python_only
+    def test_error_code(self):
+        from xml.parsers import expat
+        self.assertEqual(expat.ErrorString(self._get_error('foo').code),
+                         expat.errors.XML_ERROR_SYNTAX)
+
+
+class KeywordArgsTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    # Test various issues with keyword arguments passed to ET.Element
+    # constructor and methods
+    def test_issue14818(self):
+        x = ET.XML("<a>foo</a>")
+        self.assertEqual(x.find('a', None),
+                         x.find(path='a', namespaces=None))
+        self.assertEqual(x.findtext('a', None, None),
+                         x.findtext(path='a', default=None, namespaces=None))
+        self.assertEqual(x.findall('a', None),
+                         x.findall(path='a', namespaces=None))
+        self.assertEqual(list(x.iterfind('a', None)),
+                         list(x.iterfind(path='a', namespaces=None)))
+
+        self.assertEqual(ET.Element('a').attrib, {})
+        elements = [
+            ET.Element('a', dict(href="#", id="foo")),
+            ET.Element('a', attrib=dict(href="#", id="foo")),
+            ET.Element('a', dict(href="#"), id="foo"),
+            ET.Element('a', href="#", id="foo"),
+            ET.Element('a', dict(href="#", id="foo"), href="#", id="foo"),
+        ]
+        for e in elements:
+            self.assertEqual(e.tag, 'a')
+            self.assertEqual(e.attrib, dict(href="#", id="foo"))
+
+        e2 = ET.SubElement(elements[0], 'foobar', attrib={'key1': 'value1'})
+        self.assertEqual(e2.attrib['key1'], 'value1')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'must be dict, not str'):
+            ET.Element('a', "I'm not a dict")
+        with self.assertRaisesRegexp(TypeError, 'must be dict, not str'):
+            ET.Element('a', attrib="I'm not a dict")
 
-def bug_200709_default_namespace():
-    """
-
-    >>> e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
-    >>> s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
-    >>> serialize(e, default_namespace="default") # 1
-    '<elem xmlns="default"><elem /></elem>'
-
-    >>> e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
-    >>> s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
-    >>> s = ET.SubElement(e, "{not-default}elem")
-    >>> serialize(e, default_namespace="default") # 2
-    '<elem xmlns="default" xmlns:ns1="not-default"><elem /><ns1:elem /></elem>'
-
-    >>> e = ET.Element("{default}elem")
-    >>> s = ET.SubElement(e, "{default}elem")
-    >>> s = ET.SubElement(e, "elem") # unprefixed name
-    >>> serialize(e, default_namespace="default") # 3
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ValueError: cannot use non-qualified names with default_namespace option
-
-    """
-
-def bug_200709_register_namespace():
-    """
-
-    >>> ET.tostring(ET.Element("{http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/}title"))
-    '<ns0:title xmlns:ns0="http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/" />'
-    >>> ET.register_namespace("foo", "http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/")
-    >>> ET.tostring(ET.Element("{http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/}title"))
-    '<foo:title xmlns:foo="http://namespace.invalid/does/not/exist/" />'
-
-    And the Dublin Core namespace is in the default list:
-
-    >>> ET.tostring(ET.Element("{http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/}title"))
-    '<dc:title xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" />'
-
-    """
-
-def bug_200709_element_comment():
-    """
-
-    Not sure if this can be fixed, really (since the serializer needs
-    ET.Comment, not cET.comment).
-
-    >>> a = ET.Element('a')
-    >>> a.append(ET.Comment('foo'))
-    >>> a[0].tag == ET.Comment
-    True
-
-    >>> a = ET.Element('a')
-    >>> a.append(ET.PI('foo'))
-    >>> a[0].tag == ET.PI
-    True
-
-    """
-
-def bug_200709_element_insert():
-    """
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    >>> a = ET.Element('a')
-    >>> b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
-    >>> c = ET.SubElement(a, 'c')
-    >>> d = ET.Element('d')
-    >>> a.insert(0, d)
-    >>> summarize_list(a)
-    ['d', 'b', 'c']
-    >>> a.insert(-1, d)
-    >>> summarize_list(a)
-    ['d', 'b', 'd', 'c']
-
-    """
-
-def bug_200709_iter_comment():
-    """
-
-    >>> a = ET.Element('a')
-    >>> b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
-    >>> comment_b = ET.Comment("TEST-b")
-    >>> b.append(comment_b)
-    >>> summarize_list(a.iter(ET.Comment))
-    ['<Comment>']
-
-    """
-
-def bug_18347():
-    """
-
-    >>> e = ET.XML('<html><CamelCase>text</CamelCase></html>')
-    >>> serialize(e)
-    '<html><CamelCase>text</CamelCase></html>'
-    >>> serialize(e, method="html")
-    '<html><CamelCase>text</CamelCase></html>'
-    """
+class NoAcceleratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        if ET is not pyET:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('only for the Python version')
 
-# --------------------------------------------------------------------
-# reported on bugs.python.org
-
-def bug_1534630():
-    """
-
-    >>> bob = ET.TreeBuilder()
-    >>> e = bob.data("data")
-    >>> e = bob.start("tag", {})
-    >>> e = bob.end("tag")
-    >>> e = bob.close()
-    >>> serialize(e)
-    '<tag />'
-
-    """
-
-def check_issue6233():
-    """
-
-    >>> e = ET.XML("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?><body>t\\xc3\\xa3g</body>")
-    >>> ET.tostring(e, 'ascii')
-    "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\\n<body>t&#227;g</body>"
-    >>> e = ET.XML("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='iso-8859-1'?><body>t\\xe3g</body>")
-    >>> ET.tostring(e, 'ascii')
-    "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ascii'?>\\n<body>t&#227;g</body>"
-
-    """
-
-def check_issue3151():
-    """
-
-    >>> e = ET.XML('<prefix:localname xmlns:prefix="${stuff}"/>')
-    >>> e.tag
-    '{${stuff}}localname'
-    >>> t = ET.ElementTree(e)
-    >>> ET.tostring(e)
-    '<ns0:localname xmlns:ns0="${stuff}" />'
-
-    """
-
-def check_issue6565():
-    """
-
-    >>> elem = ET.XML("<body><tag/></body>")
-    >>> summarize_list(elem)
-    ['tag']
-    >>> newelem = ET.XML(SAMPLE_XML)
-    >>> elem[:] = newelem[:]
-    >>> summarize_list(elem)
-    ['tag', 'tag', 'section']
-
-    """
-
-def check_html_empty_elems_serialization(self):
-    # issue 15970
-    # from http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/index/elements.html
-    """
-
-    >>> empty_elems = ['AREA', 'BASE', 'BASEFONT', 'BR', 'COL', 'FRAME', 'HR',
-    ...                'IMG', 'INPUT', 'ISINDEX', 'LINK', 'META', 'PARAM']
-    >>> elems = ''.join('<%s />' % elem for elem in empty_elems)
-    >>> serialize(ET.XML('<html>%s</html>' % elems), method='html')
-    '<html><AREA><BASE><BASEFONT><BR><COL><FRAME><HR><IMG><INPUT><ISINDEX><LINK><META><PARAM></html>'
-    >>> serialize(ET.XML('<html>%s</html>' % elems.lower()), method='html')
-    '<html><area><base><basefont><br><col><frame><hr><img><input><isindex><link><meta><param></html>'
-    >>> elems = ''.join('<%s></%s>' % (elem, elem) for elem in empty_elems)
-    >>> serialize(ET.XML('<html>%s</html>' % elems), method='html')
-    '<html><AREA><BASE><BASEFONT><BR><COL><FRAME><HR><IMG><INPUT><ISINDEX><LINK><META><PARAM></html>'
-    >>> serialize(ET.XML('<html>%s</html>' % elems.lower()), method='html')
-    '<html><area><base><basefont><br><col><frame><hr><img><input><isindex><link><meta><param></html>'
-
-    """
+    # Test that the C accelerator was not imported for pyET
+    def test_correct_import_pyET(self):
+        # The type of methods defined in Python code is types.FunctionType,
+        # while the type of methods defined inside _elementtree is
+        # <class 'wrapper_descriptor'>
+        self.assertIsInstance(pyET.Element.__init__, types.FunctionType)
+        self.assertIsInstance(pyET.XMLParser.__init__, types.FunctionType)
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -1873,11 +2520,9 @@ class CleanContext(object):
     checkwarnings = None
 
     def __init__(self, quiet=False):
-        if sys.flags.optimize >= 2:
-            # under -OO, doctests cannot be run and therefore not all warnings
-            # will be emitted
-            quiet = True
         deprecations = (
+            ("This method of XMLParser is deprecated.  Define doctype\(\) "
+             "method on the TreeBuilder target.", DeprecationWarning),
             # Search behaviour is broken if search path starts with "/".
             ("This search is broken in 1.3 and earlier, and will be fixed "
              "in a future version.  If you rely on the current behaviour, "
@@ -1886,45 +2531,71 @@ class CleanContext(object):
             ("This method will be removed in future versions.  "
              "Use .+ instead.", DeprecationWarning),
             ("This method will be removed in future versions.  "
-             "Use .+ instead.", PendingDeprecationWarning),
-            # XMLParser.doctype() is deprecated.
-            ("This method of XMLParser is deprecated.  Define doctype.. "
-             "method on the TreeBuilder target.", DeprecationWarning))
-        self.checkwarnings = test_support.check_warnings(*deprecations,
-                                                         quiet=quiet)
+             "Use .+ instead.", PendingDeprecationWarning))
+        self.checkwarnings = support.check_warnings(*deprecations, quiet=quiet)
 
     def __enter__(self):
-        from xml.etree import ElementTree
-        self._nsmap = ElementTree._namespace_map
-        self._path_cache = ElementTree.ElementPath._cache
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
+        self._nsmap = pyET._namespace_map
         # Copy the default namespace mapping
-        ElementTree._namespace_map = self._nsmap.copy()
+        self._nsmap_copy = self._nsmap.copy()
         # Copy the path cache (should be empty)
-        ElementTree.ElementPath._cache = self._path_cache.copy()
+        self._path_cache = ElementPath._cache
+        ElementPath._cache = self._path_cache.copy()
         self.checkwarnings.__enter__()
 
     def __exit__(self, *args):
-        from xml.etree import ElementTree
+        from xml.etree import ElementPath
         # Restore mapping and path cache
-        ElementTree._namespace_map = self._nsmap
-        ElementTree.ElementPath._cache = self._path_cache
+        self._nsmap.clear()
+        self._nsmap.update(self._nsmap_copy)
+        ElementPath._cache = self._path_cache
         self.checkwarnings.__exit__(*args)
 
 
-def test_main(module_name='xml.etree.ElementTree'):
-    from test import test_xml_etree
-
-    use_py_module = (module_name == 'xml.etree.ElementTree')
+def test_main(module=None):
+    # When invoked without a module, runs the Python ET tests by loading pyET.
+    # Otherwise, uses the given module as the ET.
+    if module is None:
+        module = pyET
+
+    global ET
+    ET = module
+
+    test_classes = [
+        ModuleTest,
+        ElementSlicingTest,
+        BasicElementTest,
+        BadElementTest,
+        BadElementPathTest,
+        ElementTreeTest,
+        IOTest,
+        ParseErrorTest,
+        XIncludeTest,
+        ElementTreeTypeTest,
+        ElementFindTest,
+        ElementIterTest,
+        TreeBuilderTest,
+        XMLParserTest,
+        BugsTest,
+        ]
+
+    # These tests will only run for the pure-Python version that doesn't import
+    # _elementtree. We can't use skipUnless here, because pyET is filled in only
+    # after the module is loaded.
+    if pyET is not ET:
+        test_classes.extend([
+            NoAcceleratorTest,
+            ])
 
-    # The same doctests are used for both the Python and the C implementations
-    assert test_xml_etree.ET.__name__ == module_name
-
-    # XXX the C module should give the same warnings as the Python module
-    with CleanContext(quiet=not use_py_module):
-        test_support.run_doctest(test_xml_etree, verbosity=True)
+    try:
+        # XXX the C module should give the same warnings as the Python module
+        with CleanContext(quiet=(pyET is not ET)):
+            support.run_unittest(*test_classes)
+    finally:
+        # don't interfere with subsequent tests
+        ET = None
 
-    # The module should not be changed by the tests
-    assert test_xml_etree.ET.__name__ == module_name
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     test_main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_xml_etree_c.py b/Lib/test/test_xml_etree_c.py
index ba7b028e7e..e122b3db24 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_xml_etree_c.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_xml_etree_c.py
@@ -7,16 +7,6 @@ import unittest
 cET = test_support.import_module('xml.etree.cElementTree')
 
 
-# cElementTree specific tests
-
-def sanity():
-    """
-    Import sanity.
-
-    >>> from xml.etree import cElementTree
-    """
-
-
 @unittest.skipUnless(cET, 'requires _elementtree')
 class MiscTests(unittest.TestCase):
     # Issue #8651.
@@ -69,21 +59,10 @@ def test_main():
 
     # Run the tests specific to the C implementation
     test_support.run_unittest(MiscTests)
-    test_support.run_doctest(test_xml_etree_c, verbosity=True)
 
-    # Assign the C implementation before running the doctests
-    # Patch the __name__, to prevent confusion with the pure Python test
-    pyET = test_xml_etree.ET
-    py__name__ = test_xml_etree.__name__
-    test_xml_etree.ET = cET
-    if __name__ != '__main__':
-        test_xml_etree.__name__ = __name__
-    try:
-        # Run the same test suite as xml.etree.ElementTree
-        test_xml_etree.test_main(module_name='xml.etree.cElementTree')
-    finally:
-        test_xml_etree.ET = pyET
-        test_xml_etree.__name__ = py__name__
+    # Run the same test suite as the Python module
+    test_xml_etree.test_main(module=cET)
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     test_main()
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS
index 559a8088a7..140335287c 100644
--- a/Misc/NEWS
+++ b/Misc/NEWS
@@ -131,6 +131,11 @@ Build
 - Issue #28768: Fix implicit declaration of function _setmode. Patch by
   Masayuki Yamamoto
 
+Tests
+-----
+
+- bpo-15083: Convert ElementTree doctests to unittests.
+
 
 What's New in Python 2.7.13
 ===========================