time (five minutes by default).
s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo determines who is an authorized user by consulting
- the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs. By giving s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo the -v flag a user
- can update the time stamp without running a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b. The
- password prompt itself will also time out if the user's
- password is not entered with N minutes (again, this is
- defined at configure time and defaults to 5 minutes).
+ the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs. By giving s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo the `-v' flag a
+ user can update the time stamp without running a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b.
+ The password prompt itself will also time out if the
+ user's password is not entered with N minutes (again, this
+ is defined at configure time and defaults to 5 minutes).
If a user that is not listed in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file tries to
- run a command via s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo, mail is sent to the proper
- authorities, as defined at configure time (defaults to
- root). Note that the mail will not be sent if an
- unauthorized user tries to run sudo with the -l or -v
- flags. This allows users to determine for themselves
- whether or not they are allowed to use s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo.
+ run a command via s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo, mail is sent to the proper author
+ ities, as defined at configure time (defaults to root).
+ Note that the mail will not be sent if an unauthorized
+ user tries to run sudo with the `-l' or `-v' flags. This
+ allows users to determine for themselves whether or not
+ they are allowed to use s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo.
s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo can log both successful an unsuccessful attempts (as
well as errors) to _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3), a log file, or both. By
O\bO\bO\bOP\bP\bP\bPT\bT\bT\bTI\bI\bI\bIO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bNS\bS\bS\bS
s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo accepts the following command line options:
- -V The -V (_\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to print the
+ -V The `-V' (_\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to print the
version number and exit.
- -l The -l (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt) option will list out the allowed (and
+ -l The `-l' (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt) option will list out the allowed (and
forbidden) commands for the user on the current host.
- -L The -L (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt defaults) option will list out the
+ -L The `-L' (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt defaults) option will list out the
parameters that may be set in a _\bD_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt_\bs line along
with a short description for each. This option is
useful in conjunction with _\bg_\br_\be_\bp(1).
-28/Mar/2000 1.6.3 1
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 1
sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
- -h The -h (_\bh_\be_\bl_\bp) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to print a usage
+ -h The `-h' (_\bh_\be_\bl_\bp) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to print a usage
message and exit.
- -v If given the -v (_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bi_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be) option, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will update
- the user's timestamp, prompting for the user's
- password if necessary. This extends the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo timeout
- to for another N minutes (where N is defined at
- installation time and defaults to 5 minutes) but does
- not run a command.
+ -v If given the `-v' (_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bi_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be) option, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will update
+ the user's timestamp, prompting for the user's pass
+ word if necessary. This extends the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo timeout to
+ for another N minutes (where N is defined at installa
+ tion time and defaults to 5 minutes) but does not run
+ a command.
- -k The -k (_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option to s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo invalidates the user's
+ -k The `-k' (_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option to s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo invalidates the user's
timestamp by setting the time on it to the epoch. The
next time s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is run a password will be required.
This option does not require a password and was added
to allow a user to revoke s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo permissions from a
.logout file.
- -K The -K (sure _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option to s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo removes the user's
+ -K The `-K' (sure _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option to s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo removes the user's
timestamp entirely. This option does not require a
password.
- -b The -b (_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd) option tells s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to run the given
- command in the background. Note that if you use the
- -b option you cannot use shell job control to
+ -b The `-b' (_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd) option tells s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to run the
+ given command in the background. Note that if you use
+ the `-b' option you cannot use shell job control to
manipulate the command.
- -p The -p (_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt) option allows you to override the
+ -p The `-p' (_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt) option allows you to override the
default password prompt and use a custom one. If the
- password prompt contains the %u escape, %u will be
- replaced with the user's login name. Similarly, %h
+ password prompt contains the `%u' escape, `%u' will be
+ replaced with the user's login name. Similarly, `%h'
will be replaced with the local hostname.
- -c The -c (_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to run the specified
- command with resources limited by the specified login
- class. The _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs argument can be either a class name
- as defined in /etc/login.conf, or a single '-'
+ -c The `-c' (_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to run the speci
+ fied command with resources limited by the specified
+ login class. The _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs argument can be either a class
+ name as defined in /etc/login.conf, or a single '-'
character. Specifying the _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs as '-' means that the
command should be run restricted by the default login
capibilities of the user the command is run as. If
classes where s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo has been configured with the
--with-logincap option.
- -u The -u (_\bu_\bs_\be_\br) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to run the specified
- command as a user other than _\br_\bo_\bo_\bt. To specify a _\bu_\bi_\bd
- instead of a _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, use "#uid".
+ -u The `-u' (_\bu_\bs_\be_\br) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to run the speci
+ fied command as a user other than _\br_\bo_\bo_\bt. To specify a
+ _\bu_\bi_\bd instead of a _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, use "#uid".
- -s The -s (_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl) option runs the shell specified by the
- _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL environment variable if it is set or the shell
- as specified in _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4).
+ -s The `-s' (_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl) option runs the shell specified by
+ the _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL environment variable if it is set or the
+ shell as specified in _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4).
-28/Mar/2000 1.6.3 2
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 2
sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
- -H The -H (_\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE) option sets the _\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE environment
- variable to the homedir of the target user (root by
+ -H The `-H' (_\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE) option sets the _\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE environment vari
+ able to the homedir of the target user (root by
default) as specified in _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4). By default, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo
does not modify _\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE.
- -S The -S (_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to read the password
- from standard input instead of the terminal device.
+ -S The `-S' (_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to read the pass
+ word from standard input instead of the terminal
+ device.
- -- The -- flag indicates that s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo should stop processing
- command line arguments. It is most useful in
- conjunction with the -s flag.
+ -- The `--' flag indicates that s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo should stop process
+ ing command line arguments. It is most useful in con
+ junction with the `-s' flag.
R\bR\bR\bRE\bE\bE\bET\bT\bT\bTU\bU\bU\bUR\bR\bR\bRN\bN\bN\bN V\bV\bV\bVA\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLU\bU\bU\bUE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
Upon successful execution of a program, the return value
that was executed.
Otherwise, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo quits with an exit value of 1 if there is
- a configuration/permission problem or if s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo cannot
- execute the given command. In the latter case the error
+ a configuration/permission problem or if s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo cannot exe
+ cute the given command. In the latter case the error
string is printed to stderr. If s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo cannot _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) one
- or more entries in the user's PATH an error is printed on
- stderr. (If the directory does not exist or if it is not
- really a directory, the entry is ignored and no error is
- printed.) This should not happen under normal
- circumstances. The most common reason for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) to
- return "permission denied" is if you are running an
- automounter and one of the directories in your PATH is on
- a machine that is currently unreachable.
+ or more entries in the user's `PATH' an error is printed
+ on stderr. (If the directory does not exist or if it is
+ not really a directory, the entry is ignored and no error
+ is printed.) This should not happen under normal circum
+ stances. The most common reason for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) to return
+ "permission denied" is if you are running an automounter
+ and one of the directories in your `PATH' is on a machine
+ that is currently unreachable.
S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEC\bC\bC\bCU\bU\bU\bUR\bR\bR\bRI\bI\bI\bIT\bT\bT\bTY\bY\bY\bY N\bN\bN\bNO\bO\bO\bOT\bT\bT\bTE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo tries to be safe when executing external commands.
Variables that control how dynamic loading and binding is
done can be used to subvert the program that s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo runs.
- To combat this the LD_*, _RLD_*, SHLIB_PATH (HP-UX only),
- and LIBPATH (AIX only) environment variables are removed
- from the environment passed on to all commands executed.
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will also remove the IFS, ENV, BASH_ENV, KRB_CONF,
- KRB5_CONFIG, LOCALDOMAIN, RES_OPTIONS and HOSTALIASES
- variables as they too can pose a threat.
+ To combat this the `LD_*', `_RLD_*', `SHLIB_PATH' (HP-UX
+ only), and `LIBPATH' (AIX only) environment variables are
+ removed from the environment passed on to all commands
+ executed. s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will also remove the `IFS', `ENV',
+ `BASH_ENV', `KRB_CONF', `KRB5_CONFIG', `LOCALDOMAIN',
+ `RES_OPTIONS' and `HOSTALIASES' variables as they too can
+ pose a threat.
To prevent command spoofing, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo checks "." and "" (both
- denoting current directory) last when searching for a
- command in the user's PATH (if one or both are in the
- PATH). Note, however, that the actual PATH environment
- variable is _\bn_\bo_\bt modified and is passed unchanged to the
- program that s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo executes.
+ denoting current directory) last when searching for a com
+ mand in the user's PATH (if one or both are in the PATH).
+ Note, however, that the actual `PATH' environment variable
+ is _\bn_\bo_\bt modified and is passed unchanged to the program
+ that s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo executes.
For security reasons, if your OS supports shared libraries
and does not disable user-defined library search paths for
setuid programs (most do), you should either use a linker
option that disables this behavior or link s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo
- statically.
-
-28/Mar/2000 1.6.3 3
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 3
sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
+ statically.
+
s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will check the ownership of its timestamp directory
- (_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo by default) and ignore the directory's
- contents if it is not owned by root and only writable by
+ (_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo by default) and ignore the directory's con
+ tents if it is not owned by root and only writable by
root. On systems that allow non-root users to give away
files via _\bc_\bh_\bo_\bw_\bn(2), if the timestamp directory is located
- in a directory writable by anyone (eg: _\b/_\bt_\bm_\bp), it is
- possible for a user to create the timestamp directory
- before s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is run. However, because s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo checks the
- ownership and mode of the directory and its contents, the
- only damage that can be done is to "hide" files by putting
- them in the timestamp dir. This is unlikely to happen
- since once the timestamp dir is owned by root and
- inaccessible by any other user the user placing files
- there would be unable to get them back out. To get around
- this issue you can use a directory that is not world-
- writable for the timestamps (_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\ba_\bd_\bm_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo for instance)
- or create _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo with the appropriate owner (root)
- and permissions (0700) in the system startup files.
+ in a directory writable by anyone (eg: _\b/_\bt_\bm_\bp), it is possi
+ ble for a user to create the timestamp directory before
+ s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is run. However, because s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo checks the ownership
+ and mode of the directory and its contents, the only dam
+ age that can be done is to "hide" files by putting them in
+ the timestamp dir. This is unlikely to happen since once
+ the timestamp dir is owned by root and inaccessible by any
+ other user the user placing files there would be unable to
+ get them back out. To get around this issue you can use a
+ directory that is not world-writable for the timestamps
+ (_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\ba_\bd_\bm_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo for instance) or create _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo with
+ the appropriate owner (root) and permissions (0700) in the
+ system startup files.
s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will not honor timestamps set far in the future.
Timestamps with a date greater than current_time + 2 *
- TIMEOUT will be ignored and sudo will log and complain.
+ `TIMEOUT' will be ignored and sudo will log and complain.
This is done to keep a user from creating his/her own
timestamp with a bogus date on system that allow users to
give away files.
To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home
partition. Note that this runs the commands in a sub-
- shell to make the cd and file redirection work.
-
- % sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE"
+ shell to make the `cd' and file redirection work.
-28/Mar/2000 1.6.3 4
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 4
sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
+ % sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE"
+
+
E\bE\bE\bEN\bN\bN\bNV\bV\bV\bVI\bI\bI\bIR\bR\bR\bRO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bNM\bM\bM\bME\bE\bE\bEN\bN\bN\bNT\bT\bT\bT
s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo utilizes the following environment variables:
A\bA\bA\bAU\bU\bU\bUT\bT\bT\bTH\bH\bH\bHO\bO\bO\bOR\bR\bR\bRS\bS\bS\bS
- Many people have worked on s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo over the years, this
- version consists of code written primarily by:
+ Many people have worked on s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo over the years, this ver
+ sion consists of code written primarily by:
Todd Miller
Chris Jepeway
bug report at http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/bugs/
D\bD\bD\bDI\bI\bI\bIS\bS\bS\bSC\bC\bC\bCL\bL\bL\bLA\bA\bA\bAI\bI\bI\bIM\bM\bM\bME\bE\bE\bER\bR\bR\bR
- S\bS\bS\bSu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied
- warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied
- warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
+ S\bS\bS\bSu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied war
+ ranties, including, but not limited to, the implied war
+ ranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
purpose are disclaimed. See the LICENSE file distributed
with s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo for complete details.
shell if that user has access to commands allowing shell
escapes.
- If users have sudo ALL there is nothing to prevent them
+ If users have sudo `ALL' there is nothing to prevent them
from creating their own program that gives them a root
- shell regardless of any '!' elements in the user
- specification.
-
-28/Mar/2000 1.6.3 5
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 5
sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
+ shell regardless of any '!' elements in the user specifi
+ cation.
+
Running shell scripts via s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo can expose the same kernel
- bugs that make setuid shell scripts unsafe on some
- operating systems (if your OS supports the /dev/fd/
- directory, setuid shell scripts are generally safe).
+ bugs that make setuid shell scripts unsafe on some operat
+ ing systems (if your OS supports the /dev/fd/ directory,
+ setuid shell scripts are generally safe).
S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEE\bE\bE\bE A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLS\bS\bS\bSO\bO\bO\bO
_\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn_\b__\bc_\ba_\bp(3), _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4), _\bv_\bi_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m), _\bs_\bu(1).
-
-
-
-28/Mar/2000 1.6.3 6
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 6
-.rn '' }`
-''' $RCSfile$$Revision$$Date$
-'''
-''' $Log$
-''' Revision 1.4 2000/04/01 21:22:11 millert
-''' Clear up confusion wrt sudo's return value.
-'''
-'''
-.de Sh
+.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man version 1.02
+.\" Fri Apr 7 08:37:05 2000
+.\"
+.\" Standard preamble:
+.\" ======================================================================
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.br
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\fB\\$1\fR
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..
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..
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.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3
.el .ne 3
.IP "\\$1" \\$2
..
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+.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
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.ne \\$1
..
-.de Ve
+.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
-'''
-'''
-''' Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash;
-''' string Tr holds user defined translation string.
-''' Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character.
-'''
+.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
+.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
+.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. | will give a
+.\" real vertical bar. \*(C+ will give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used
+.\" to do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available. \*(C` and
+.\" \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>
.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr
+.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
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-.ds -- \(*W-
-.ds PI pi
-.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
-.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
-.ds L" ""
-.ds R" ""
-''' \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of
-''' \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines,
-''' such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of
-''' double-quote interpretation
-.ds M" """
-.ds S" """
-.ds N" """""
-.ds T" """""
-.ds L' '
-.ds R' '
-.ds M' '
-.ds S' '
-.ds N' '
-.ds T' '
+. ds -- \(*W-
+. ds PI pi
+. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
+. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
+. ds L" ""
+. ds R" ""
+. ds C` `
+. ds C' '
'br\}
.el\{\
-.ds -- \(em\|
-.tr \*(Tr
-.ds L" ``
-.ds R" ''
-.ds M" ``
-.ds S" ''
-.ds N" ``
-.ds T" ''
-.ds L' `
-.ds R' '
-.ds M' `
-.ds S' '
-.ds N' `
-.ds T' '
-.ds PI \(*p
+. ds -- \|\(em\|
+. ds PI \(*p
+. ds L" ``
+. ds R" ''
'br\}
-.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate
-.\" index entries out stderr for the following things:
-.\" TH Title
-.\" SH Header
-.\" Sh Subsection
-.\" Ip Item
-.\" X<> Xref (embedded
-.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself
-.\" in some meaninful fashion.
-.if \nF \{
-.de IX
-.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
-..
-.nr % 0
-.rr F
+.\"
+.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr
+.\" for titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and
+.\" index entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process
+.\" the output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
+.if \nF \{\
+. de IX
+. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
+. .
+. nr % 0
+. rr F
.\}
-.TH sudo @mansectsu@ "1.6.3" "28/Mar/2000" "MAINTENANCE COMMANDS"
-.UC
-.if n .hy 0
+.\"
+.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it
+.\" makes way too many mistakes in technical documents.
+.hy 0
.if n .na
-.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
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-'if n "\c
-'if t \\&\\$1\c
-'if n \\&\\$1\c
-'if n \&"
-\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7
-'.ft R
-..
-.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2
-. \" AM - accent mark definitions
+.\"
+.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
+.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
.bd B 3
-. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
+. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
-. ds #H 0
-. ds #V .8m
-. ds #F .3m
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+. ds #H 0
+. ds #V .8m
+. ds #F .3m
+. ds #[ \f1
+. ds #] \fP
.\}
.if t \{\
-. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
-. ds #V .6m
-. ds #F 0
-. ds #[ \&
-. ds #] \&
+. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
+. ds #V .6m
+. ds #F 0
+. ds #[ \&
+. ds #] \&
.\}
-. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
+. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
-. ds ' \&
-. ds ` \&
-. ds ^ \&
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-. ds ~ ~
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-. ds ! !
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+. ds , \&
+. ds ~ ~
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.\}
.if t \{\
-. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
-. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10'
-. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m'
-. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10'
+. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
+. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
-. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
+. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
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-.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e
-.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E
-. \" corrections for vroff
+. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
-. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
+. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
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-. ds th \o'bp'
-. ds Th \o'LP'
-. ds ae ae
-. ds Ae AE
-. ds oe oe
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+. ds : e
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+. ds th \o'bp'
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+. ds ae ae
+. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
+.\" ======================================================================
+.\"
+.IX Title "sudo @mansectsu@"
+.TH sudo @mansectsu@ "1.6.3" "April 7, 2000" "MAINTENANCE COMMANDS"
+.UC
.SH "NAME"
sudo \- execute a command as another user
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBsudo\fR \fB\-V\fR | \fB\-h\fR | \fB\-l\fR | \fB\-L\fR | \fB\-v\fR | \fB\-k\fR | \fB\-K\fR | \fB\-s\fR |
+.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
+\&\fBsudo\fR \fB\-V\fR | \fB\-h\fR | \fB\-l\fR | \fB\-L\fR | \fB\-v\fR | \fB\-k\fR | \fB\-K\fR | \fB\-s\fR |
[ \fB\-H\fR ] [\fB\-S\fR ] [ \fB\-b\fR ] | [ \fB\-p\fR prompt ] [ \fB\-c\fR class|\- ]
[ \fB\-u\fR username/#uid ] \fIcommand\fR
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
-\fBsudo\fR allows a permitted user to execute a \fIcommand\fR as the
+.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
+\&\fBsudo\fR allows a permitted user to execute a \fIcommand\fR as the
superuser or another user, as specified in the sudoers file. The
real and effective uid and gid are set to match those of the target
user as specified in the passwd file (the group vector is also
user may then use sudo without a password for a short period of time
(five minutes by default).
.PP
-\fBsudo\fR determines who is an authorized user by consulting the
-file \fI@sysconfdir@/sudoers\fR. By giving \fBsudo\fR the \f(CW-v\fR flag a user
+\&\fBsudo\fR determines who is an authorized user by consulting the
+file \fI@sysconfdir@/sudoers\fR. By giving \fBsudo\fR the \f(CW\*(C`\-v\*(C'\fR flag a user
can update the time stamp without running a \fIcommand.\fR
The password prompt itself will also time out if the user's password is
not entered with N minutes (again, this is defined at configure
a command via \fBsudo\fR, mail is sent to the proper authorities,
as defined at configure time (defaults to root). Note that the
mail will not be sent if an unauthorized user tries to run sudo
-with the \f(CW-l\fR or \f(CW-v\fR flags. This allows users to determine
+with the \f(CW\*(C`\-l\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`\-v\*(C'\fR flags. This allows users to determine
for themselves whether or not they are allowed to use \fBsudo\fR.
.PP
-\fBsudo\fR can log both successful an unsuccessful attempts (as well
+\&\fBsudo\fR can log both successful an unsuccessful attempts (as well
as errors) to \fIsyslog\fR\|(3), a log file, or both. By default \fBsudo\fR
will log via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3) but this is changeable at configure time.
.SH "OPTIONS"
-\fBsudo\fR accepts the following command line options:
-.Ip "-V" 4
-The \f(CW-V\fR (\fIversion\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to print the
+.IX Header "OPTIONS"
+\&\fBsudo\fR accepts the following command line options:
+.Ip "\-V" 4
+.IX Item "-V"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-V\*(C'\fR (\fIversion\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to print the
version number and exit.
-.Ip "-l" 4
-The \f(CW-l\fR (\fIlist\fR) option will list out the allowed (and
+.Ip "\-l" 4
+.IX Item "-l"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-l\*(C'\fR (\fIlist\fR) option will list out the allowed (and
forbidden) commands for the user on the current host.
-.Ip "-L" 4
-The \f(CW-L\fR (\fIlist\fR defaults) option will list out the parameters
+.Ip "\-L" 4
+.IX Item "-L"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-L\*(C'\fR (\fIlist\fR defaults) option will list out the parameters
that may be set in a \fIDefaults\fR line along with a short description
for each. This option is useful in conjunction with \fIgrep\fR\|(1).
-.Ip "-h" 4
-The \f(CW-h\fR (\fIhelp\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to print a usage message and exit.
-.Ip "-v" 4
-If given the \f(CW-v\fR (\fIvalidate\fR) option, \fBsudo\fR will update the
+.Ip "\-h" 4
+.IX Item "-h"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-h\*(C'\fR (\fIhelp\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to print a usage message and exit.
+.Ip "\-v" 4
+.IX Item "-v"
+If given the \f(CW\*(C`\-v\*(C'\fR (\fIvalidate\fR) option, \fBsudo\fR will update the
user's timestamp, prompting for the user's password if necessary.
This extends the \fBsudo\fR timeout to for another N minutes
(where N is defined at installation time and defaults to 5
minutes) but does not run a command.
-.Ip "-k" 4
-The \f(CW-k\fR (\fIkill\fR) option to \fBsudo\fR invalidates the user's timestamp
+.Ip "\-k" 4
+.IX Item "-k"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-k\*(C'\fR (\fIkill\fR) option to \fBsudo\fR invalidates the user's timestamp
by setting the time on it to the epoch. The next time \fBsudo\fR is
run a password will be required. This option does not require a password
and was added to allow a user to revoke \fBsudo\fR permissions from a .logout
file.
-.Ip "-K" 4
-The \f(CW-K\fR (sure \fIkill\fR) option to \fBsudo\fR removes the user's timestamp
+.Ip "\-K" 4
+.IX Item "-K"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-K\*(C'\fR (sure \fIkill\fR) option to \fBsudo\fR removes the user's timestamp
entirely. This option does not require a password.
-.Ip "-b" 4
-The \f(CW-b\fR (\fIbackground\fR) option tells \fBsudo\fR to run the given
-command in the background. Note that if you use the \f(CW-b\fR
+.Ip "\-b" 4
+.IX Item "-b"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-b\*(C'\fR (\fIbackground\fR) option tells \fBsudo\fR to run the given
+command in the background. Note that if you use the \f(CW\*(C`\-b\*(C'\fR
option you cannot use shell job control to manipulate the command.
-.Ip "-p" 4
-The \f(CW-p\fR (\fIprompt\fR) option allows you to override the default
+.Ip "\-p" 4
+.IX Item "-p"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-p\*(C'\fR (\fIprompt\fR) option allows you to override the default
password prompt and use a custom one. If the password prompt
-contains the \f(CW%u\fR escape, \f(CW%u\fR will be replaced with the user's
-login name. Similarly, \f(CW%h\fR will be replaced with the local
+contains the \f(CW\*(C`%u\*(C'\fR escape, \f(CW\*(C`%u\*(C'\fR will be replaced with the user's
+login name. Similarly, \f(CW\*(C`%h\*(C'\fR will be replaced with the local
hostname.
-.Ip "-c" 4
-The \f(CW-c\fR (\fIclass\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to run the specified command
+.Ip "\-c" 4
+.IX Item "-c"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-c\*(C'\fR (\fIclass\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to run the specified command
with resources limited by the specified login class. The \fIclass\fR
argument can be either a class name as defined in /etc/login.conf,
-or a single \*(L'\-\*(R' character. Specifying the \fIclass\fR as \*(L'\-\*(R' means
+or a single '\-' character. Specifying the \fIclass\fR as '\-' means
that the command should be run restricted by the default login
capibilities of the user the command is run as. If the \fIclass\fR
argument specifies an existing user class, the command must be run
as root, or the \fBsudo\fR command must be run from a shell that is already
-root. This option is only available on systems with \s-1BSD\s0 login classes
-where \fBsudo\fR has been configured with the --with-logincap option.
-.Ip "-u" 4
-The \f(CW-u\fR (\fIuser\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to run the specified command
+root. This option is only available on systems with BSD login classes
+where \fBsudo\fR has been configured with the \-\-with-logincap option.
+.Ip "\-u" 4
+.IX Item "-u"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-u\*(C'\fR (\fIuser\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to run the specified command
as a user other than \fIroot\fR. To specify a \fIuid\fR instead of a
-\fIusername\fR, use \*(L"#uid\*(R".
-.Ip "-s" 4
-The \f(CW-s\fR (\fIshell\fR) option runs the shell specified by the \fI\s-1SHELL\s0\fR
+\&\fIusername\fR, use \*(L"#uid\*(R".
+.Ip "\-s" 4
+.IX Item "-s"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-s\*(C'\fR (\fIshell\fR) option runs the shell specified by the \fISHELL\fR
environment variable if it is set or the shell as specified
in \fIpasswd\fR\|(@mansectform@).
-.Ip "-H" 4
-The \f(CW-H\fR (\fI\s-1HOME\s0\fR) option sets the \fI\s-1HOME\s0\fR environment variable
+.Ip "\-H" 4
+.IX Item "-H"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-H\*(C'\fR (\fIHOME\fR) option sets the \fIHOME\fR environment variable
to the homedir of the target user (root by default) as specified
-in \fIpasswd\fR\|(@mansectform@). By default, \fBsudo\fR does not modify \fI\s-1HOME\s0\fR.
-.Ip "-S" 4
-The \f(CW-S\fR (\fIstdin\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to read the password from
+in \fIpasswd\fR\|(@mansectform@). By default, \fBsudo\fR does not modify \fIHOME\fR.
+.Ip "\-S" 4
+.IX Item "-S"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-S\*(C'\fR (\fIstdin\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to read the password from
standard input instead of the terminal device.
-.Ip "--" 4
-The \f(CW--\fR flag indicates that \fBsudo\fR should stop processing command
-line arguments. It is most useful in conjunction with the \f(CW-s\fR flag.
+.Ip "\-\-" 4
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-\-\*(C'\fR flag indicates that \fBsudo\fR should stop processing command
+line arguments. It is most useful in conjunction with the \f(CW\*(C`\-s\*(C'\fR flag.
.SH "RETURN VALUES"
+.IX Header "RETURN VALUES"
Upon successful execution of a program, the return value from \fBsudo\fR
will simply be the return value of the program that was executed.
.PP
configuration/permission problem or if \fBsudo\fR cannot execute the
given command. In the latter case the error string is printed to
stderr. If \fBsudo\fR cannot \fIstat\fR\|(2) one or more entries in the user's
-\f(CWPATH\fR an error is printed on stderr. (If the directory does not
+\&\f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR an error is printed on stderr. (If the directory does not
exist or if it is not really a directory, the entry is ignored and
no error is printed.) This should not happen under normal
circumstances. The most common reason for \fIstat\fR\|(2) to return
-\*(L"permission denied\*(R" is if you are running an automounter and one
-of the directories in your \f(CWPATH\fR is on a machine that is currently
+\&\*(L"permission denied\*(R" is if you are running an automounter and one
+of the directories in your \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR is on a machine that is currently
unreachable.
.SH "SECURITY NOTES"
-\fBsudo\fR tries to be safe when executing external commands. Variables
+.IX Header "SECURITY NOTES"
+\&\fBsudo\fR tries to be safe when executing external commands. Variables
that control how dynamic loading and binding is done can be used
to subvert the program that \fBsudo\fR runs. To combat this the
-\f(CWLD_*\fR, \f(CW_RLD_*\fR, \f(CWSHLIB_PATH\fR (HP\-UX only), and \f(CWLIBPATH\fR (AIX
+\&\f(CW\*(C`LD_*\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`_RLD_*\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`SHLIB_PATH\*(C'\fR (HP-UX only), and \f(CW\*(C`LIBPATH\*(C'\fR (AIX
only) environment variables are removed from the environment passed
-on to all commands executed. \fBsudo\fR will also remove the \f(CWIFS\fR,
-\f(CWENV\fR, \f(CWBASH_ENV\fR, \f(CWKRB_CONF\fR, \f(CWKRB5_CONFIG\fR, \f(CWLOCALDOMAIN\fR,
-\f(CWRES_OPTIONS\fR and \f(CWHOSTALIASES\fR variables as they too can pose a
+on to all commands executed. \fBsudo\fR will also remove the \f(CW\*(C`IFS\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`ENV\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`BASH_ENV\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`KRB_CONF\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`KRB5_CONFIG\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`LOCALDOMAIN\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`RES_OPTIONS\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`HOSTALIASES\*(C'\fR variables as they too can pose a
threat.
.PP
-To prevent command spoofing, \fBsudo\fR checks "." and "" (both denoting
+To prevent command spoofing, \fBsudo\fR checks \*(L".\*(R" and "" (both denoting
current directory) last when searching for a command in the user's
PATH (if one or both are in the PATH). Note, however, that the
-actual \f(CWPATH\fR environment variable is \fInot\fR modified and is passed
+actual \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR environment variable is \fInot\fR modified and is passed
unchanged to the program that \fBsudo\fR executes.
.PP
For security reasons, if your OS supports shared libraries and does
(most do), you should either use a linker option that disables this
behavior or link \fBsudo\fR statically.
.PP
-\fBsudo\fR will check the ownership of its timestamp directory
+\&\fBsudo\fR will check the ownership of its timestamp directory
(\fI@TIMEDIR@\fR by default) and ignore the directory's contents if
it is not owned by root and only writable by root. On systems that
allow non-root users to give away files via \fIchown\fR\|(2), if the timestamp
directory is located in a directory writable by anyone (eg: \fI/tmp\fR),
it is possible for a user to create the timestamp directory before
-\fBsudo\fR is run. However, because \fBsudo\fR checks the ownership and
+\&\fBsudo\fR is run. However, because \fBsudo\fR checks the ownership and
mode of the directory and its contents, the only damage that can
be done is to \*(L"hide\*(R" files by putting them in the timestamp dir.
This is unlikely to happen since once the timestamp dir is owned
with the appropriate owner (root) and permissions (0700) in the
system startup files.
.PP
-\fBsudo\fR will not honor timestamps set far in the future.
-Timestamps with a date greater than current_time + 2 * \f(CWTIMEOUT\fR
+\&\fBsudo\fR will not honor timestamps set far in the future.
+Timestamps with a date greater than current_time + 2 * \f(CW\*(C`TIMEOUT\*(C'\fR
will be ignored and sudo will log and complain. This is done to
keep a user from creating his/her own timestamp with a bogus
date on system that allow users to give away files.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
+.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Note: the following examples assume suitable \fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@) entries.
.PP
To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:
.Ve
To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home
partition. Note that this runs the commands in a sub-shell
-to make the \f(CWcd\fR and file redirection work.
+to make the \f(CW\*(C`cd\*(C'\fR and file redirection work.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& % sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE"
.Ve
.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
-\fBsudo\fR utilizes the following environment variables:
+.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
+\&\fBsudo\fR utilizes the following environment variables:
.PP
.Vb 13
\& PATH Set to a sane value if SECURE_PATH is set
\& SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value
.Ve
.SH "FILES"
-.PP
+.IX Header "FILES"
.Vb 2
\& @sysconfdir@/sudoers List of who can run what
\& @TIMEDIR@ Directory containing timestamps
.Ve
.SH "AUTHORS"
+.IX Header "AUTHORS"
Many people have worked on \fBsudo\fR over the years, this
version consists of code written primarily by:
.PP
See the HISTORY file in the \fBsudo\fR distribution for a short history
of \fBsudo\fR.
.SH "BUGS"
+.IX Header "BUGS"
If you feel you have found a bug in sudo, please submit a bug report
at http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/bugs/
.SH "DISCLAIMER"
-\fBSudo\fR is provided ``AS IS'\*(R' and any express or implied warranties,
+.IX Header "DISCLAIMER"
+\&\fBSudo\fR is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties,
including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability
and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.
See the LICENSE file distributed with \fBsudo\fR for complete details.
.SH "CAVEATS"
+.IX Header "CAVEATS"
There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell if
that user has access to commands allowing shell escapes.
.PP
-If users have sudo \f(CWALL\fR there is nothing to prevent them from creating
-their own program that gives them a root shell regardless of any \*(L'!\*(R'
+If users have sudo \f(CW\*(C`ALL\*(C'\fR there is nothing to prevent them from creating
+their own program that gives them a root shell regardless of any '!'
elements in the user specification.
.PP
Running shell scripts via \fBsudo\fR can expose the same kernel bugs
(if your OS supports the /dev/fd/ directory, setuid shell scripts
are generally safe).
.SH "SEE ALSO"
-\fIlogin_cap\fR\|(3), \fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@), \fIvisudo\fR\|(@mansectsu@), \fIsu\fR\|(1).
-
-.rn }` ''
-.IX Title "sudo @mansectsu@"
-.IX Name "sudo - execute a command as another user"
-
-.IX Header "NAME"
-
-.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
-
-.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
-
-.IX Header "OPTIONS"
-
-.IX Item "-V"
-
-.IX Item "-l"
-
-.IX Item "-L"
-
-.IX Item "-h"
-
-.IX Item "-v"
-
-.IX Item "-k"
-
-.IX Item "-K"
-
-.IX Item "-b"
-
-.IX Item "-p"
-
-.IX Item "-c"
-
-.IX Item "-u"
-
-.IX Item "-s"
-
-.IX Item "-H"
-
-.IX Item "-S"
-
-.IX Item "--"
-
-.IX Header "RETURN VALUES"
-
-.IX Header "SECURITY NOTES"
-
-.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
-
-.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
-
-.IX Header "FILES"
-
-.IX Header "AUTHORS"
-
-.IX Header "BUGS"
-
-.IX Header "DISCLAIMER"
-
-.IX Header "CAVEATS"
-
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
-
+\&\fIlogin_cap\fR\|(3), \fIsudoers\fR\|(@mansectform@), \fIvisudo\fR\|(@mansectsu@), \fIsu\fR\|(1).
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
N\bN\bN\bNA\bA\bA\bAM\bM\bM\bME\bE\bE\bE
D\bD\bD\bDE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bSC\bC\bC\bCR\bR\bR\bRI\bI\bI\bIP\bP\bP\bPT\bT\bT\bTI\bI\bI\bIO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bN
The _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file is composed two types of entries: aliases
- (basically variables) and user specifications (which
- specify who may run what). The grammar of _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs will be
+ (basically variables) and user specifications (which spec
+ ify who may run what). The grammar of _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs will be
described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF).
Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is, it is fairly
simple and the definitions below are annotated.
Q\bQ\bQ\bQu\bu\bu\bui\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bck\bk\bk\bk g\bg\bg\bgu\bu\bu\bui\bi\bi\bid\bd\bd\bde\be\be\be t\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bo E\bE\bE\bEB\bB\bB\bBN\bN\bN\bNF\bF\bF\bF
EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar
- of a language. Each EBNF definition is made up of
- _\bp_\br_\bo_\bd_\bu_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\br_\bu_\bl_\be_\bs. Eg.
+ of a language. Each EBNF definition is made up of _\bp_\br_\bo_\bd_\bu_\bc_\b
+ _\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\br_\bu_\bl_\be_\bs. Eg.
symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...
Each _\bp_\br_\bo_\bd_\bu_\bc_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\br_\bu_\bl_\be references others and thus makes up a
- grammar for the language. EBNF also contains the
- following operators, which many readers will recognize
- from regular expressions. Do not, however, confuse them
- with "wildcard" characters, which have different meanings.
+ grammar for the language. EBNF also contains the follow
+ ing operators, which many readers will recognize from reg
+ ular expressions. Do not, however, confuse them with
+ "wildcard" characters, which have different meanings.
- ? Means that the preceding symbol (or group of
- symbols) is optional. That is, it may appear once
- or not at all.
+ `?' Means that the preceding symbol (or group of sym
+ bols) is optional. That is, it may appear once or
+ not at all.
- * Means that the preceding symbol (or group of
- symbols) may appear zero or more times.
+ `*' Means that the preceding symbol (or group of sym
+ bols) may appear zero or more times.
- + Means that the preceding symbol (or group of
- symbols) may appear one or more times.
+ `+' Means that the preceding symbol (or group of sym
+ bols) may appear one or more times.
Parentheses may be used to group symbols together. For
clarity, we will use single quotes ('') to designate what
A\bA\bA\bAl\bl\bl\bli\bi\bi\bia\ba\ba\bas\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bs
- There are four kinds of aliases: the User_Alias,
- Runas_Alias, Host_Alias and Cmnd_Alias.
+ There are four kinds of aliases: the `User_Alias',
+ `Runas_Alias', `Host_Alias' and `Cmnd_Alias'.
Alias ::= 'User_Alias' = User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
'Runas_Alias' = Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 1
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 1
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List
Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...
- where _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\b__\bT_\by_\bp_\be is one of User_Alias, Runas_Alias,
- Host_Alias, or Cmnd_Alias. A NAME is a string of upper
- case letters, numbers, and the underscore characters
- ('_'). A NAME m\bm\bm\bmu\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\bt start with an upper case letter. It
+ where _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\b__\bT_\by_\bp_\be is one of `User_Alias', `Runas_Alias',
+ `Host_Alias', or `Cmnd_Alias'. A `NAME' is a string of
+ upper case letters, numbers, and the underscore characters
+ ('_'). A `NAME' m\bm\bm\bmu\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\bt start with an upper case letter. It
is possible to put several alias definitions of the same
type on a single line, joined by a semicolon (':'). Eg.
'!'* '+'netgroup |
'!'* User_Alias
- A User_List is made up of one or more usernames, uids
+ A `User_List' is made up of one or more usernames, uids
(prefixed with '#'), System groups (prefixed with '%'),
netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases. Each
list item may be prefixed with one or more '!' operators.
'!'* +netgroup |
'!'* Runas_Alias
- Likewise, a Runas_List has the same possible elements as a
- User_List, except that it can include a Runas_Alias,
- instead of a User_Alias.
+ Likewise, a `Runas_List' has the same possible elements as
+ a `User_List', except that it can include a `Runas_Alias',
+ instead of a `User_Alias'.
Host_List ::= Host |
Host ',' Host_List
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 2
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 2
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
Host ::= '!'* hostname |
'!'* '+'netgroup |
'!'* Host_Alias
- A Host_List is made up of one or more hostnames, IP
+ A `Host_List' is made up of one or more hostnames, IP
addresses, network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with '+')
and other aliases. Again, the value of an item may be
negated with the '!' operator. If you do not specify a
netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation
(eg. 255.255.255.0) or CIDR notation (number of bits, eg.
24). A hostname may include shell-style wildcards (see
- `Wildcards' section below), but unless the hostname
- command on your machine returns the fully qualified
- hostname, you'll need to use the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn option for wildcards
- to be useful.
+ `Wildcards' section below), but unless the `hostname' com
+ mand on your machine returns the fully qualified hostname,
+ you'll need to use the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn option for wildcards to be
+ useful.
Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |
Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List
'!'* directory |
'!'* Cmnd_Alias
- A Cmnd_List is a list of one or more commandnames,
+ A `Cmnd_List' is a list of one or more commandnames,
directories, and other aliases. A commandname is a fully
qualified filename which may include shell-style wildcards
(see `Wildcards' section below). A simple filename allows
the user to run the command with any arguments he/she
wishes. However, you may also command line arguments
- (including wildcards). Alternately, you can specify "" to
- indicate that the command may only be run w\bw\bw\bwi\bi\bi\bit\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bho\bo\bo\bou\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bt command
- line arguments. A directory is a fully qualified pathname
- ending in a '/'. When you specify a directory in a
- Cmnd_List, the user will be able to run any file within
- that directory (but not in any subdirectories therein).
-
- If a Cmnd has associated command line arguments, then the
- arguments in the Cmnd must match exactly those given by
- the user on the command line (or match the wildcards if
+ (including wildcards). Alternately, you can specify `""'
+ to indicate that the command may only be run w\bw\bw\bwi\bi\bi\bit\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bho\bo\bo\bou\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bt com
+ mand line arguments. A directory is a fully qualified
+ pathname ending in a '/'. When you specify a directory in
+ a `Cmnd_List', the user will be able to run any file
+ within that directory (but not in any subdirectories
+ therein).
+
+ If a `Cmnd' has associated command line arguments, then
+ the arguments in the `Cmnd' must match exactly those given
+ by the user on the command line (or match the wildcards if
there are any). Note that the following characters must
- be escaped with a '\' if they are used in command
- arguments: ',', ':', '=', '\'.
+ be escaped with a '\' if they are used in command argu
+ ments: ',', ':', '=', '\'.
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 3
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 3
-
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
D\bD\bD\bDe\be\be\bef\bf\bf\bfa\ba\ba\bau\bu\bu\bul\bl\bl\blt\bt\bt\bts\bs\bs\bs
Certain configuration options may be changed from their
- default values at runtime via one or more Default_Entry
+ default values at runtime via one or more `Default_Entry'
lines. These may affect all users on any host, all users
- on a specific host, or just a specific user. When
- multiple entries match, they are applied in order. Where
- there are conflicting values, the last value on a matching
- line takes effect.
+ on a specific host, or just a specific user. When multi
+ ple entries match, they are applied in order. Where there
+ are conflicting values, the last value on a matching line
+ takes effect.
Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' ||
'Defaults' ':' User ||
Flags are implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the
'!' operator. Some integer and string parameters may also
be used in a boolean context to disable them. Values may
- be enclosed in double quotes (") when they contain
- multiple words. Special characters may be escaped with a
- backslash (\).
+ be enclosed in double quotes (`"') when they contain mul
+ tiple words. Special characters may be escaped with a
+ backslash (`\').
F\bF\bF\bFl\bl\bl\bla\ba\ba\bag\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs:
more convenient. This flag is off by default.
ignore_dot If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will ignore '.' or '' (current
- dir) in $PATH; the $PATH itself is not
+ dir) in `$PATH'; the `$PATH' itself is not
modified. This flag is off by default.
mail_always Send mail to the _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bo user every time a
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 4
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 4
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
default.
tty_tickets If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty
basis. Normally, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo uses a directory in the
- ticket dir with the same name as the user
- running it. With this flag enabled, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will
+ ticket dir with the same name as the user run
+ ning it. With this flag enabled, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will
use a file named for the tty the user is
logged in on in that directory. This flag is
off by default.
If set, users must authenticate themselves via
a password (or other means of authentication)
before they may run commands. This default
- may be overridden via the PASSWD and NOPASSWD
- tags. This flag is on by default.
+ may be overridden via the `PASSWD' and
+ `NOPASSWD' tags. This flag is on by default.
- root_sudo If set, root is allowed to run s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo too.
- Disabling this prevents users from "chaining"
+ root_sudo If set, root is allowed to run s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo too. Dis
+ abling this prevents users from "chaining"
s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo commands to get a root shell by doing
- something like "sudo sudo /bin/sh". This flag
- is on by default.
+ something like `"sudo sudo /bin/sh"'. This
+ flag is on by default.
log_host If set, the hostname will be logged in the
(non-syslog) s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo log file. This flag is off
shell_noargs
If set and s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is invoked with no arguments
- it acts as if the -s flag had been given.
+ it acts as if the `-s' flag had been given.
That is, it runs a shell as root (the shell is
- determined by the SHELL environment variable
+ determined by the `SHELL' environment variable
if it is set, falling back on the shell listed
in the invoking user's /etc/passwd entry if
not). This flag is off by default.
- set_home If set and s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is invoked with the -s flag
- the HOME environment variable will be set to
+ set_home If set and s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is invoked with the `-s' flag
+ the `HOME' environment variable will be set to
the home directory of the target user (which
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 5
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 5
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
- is root unless the -u option is used). This
- effectively makes the -s flag imply -H. This
- flag is off by default.
+ is root unless the `-u' option is used). This
+ effectively makes the `-s' flag imply `-H'.
+ This flag is off by default.
- path_info Normally, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will tell the user when a
- command could not be found in their $PATH.
+ path_info Normally, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will tell the user when a com
+ mand could not be found in their `$PATH'.
Some sites may wish to disable this as it
could be used to gather information on the
location of executables that the normal user
does not have access to. The disadvantage is
that if the executable is simply not in the
- user's $PATH, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will tell the user that
+ user's `$PATH', s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will tell the user that
they are not allowed to run it, which can be
confusing. This flag is off by default.
- fqdn Set this flag if you want to put fully
- qualified hostnames in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file. Ie:
- instead of myhost you would use
- myhost.mydomain.edu. You may still use the
- short form if you wish (and even mix the two).
- Beware that turning on _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn requires s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to
- make DNS lookups which may make s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo unusable
- if DNS stops working (for example if the
- machine is not plugged into the network).
- Also note that you must use the host's
- official name as DNS knows it. That is, you
- may not use a host alias (CNAME entry) due to
- performance issues and the fact that there is
- no way to get all aliases from DNS. If your
- machine's hostname (as returned by the
- hostname command) is already fully qualified
- you shouldn't need to set _\bf_\bq_\bf_\bn. This flag is
- off by default.
+ fqdn Set this flag if you want to put fully quali
+ fied hostnames in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file. Ie:
+ instead of myhost you would use myhost.mydo
+ main.edu. You may still use the short form if
+ you wish (and even mix the two). Beware that
+ turning on _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn requires s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to make DNS
+ lookups which may make s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo unusable if DNS
+ stops working (for example if the machine is
+ not plugged into the network). Also note that
+ you must use the host's official name as DNS
+ knows it. That is, you may not use a host
+ alias (`CNAME' entry) due to performance
+ issues and the fact that there is no way to
+ get all aliases from DNS. If your machine's
+ hostname (as returned by the `hostname' com
+ mand) is already fully qualified you shouldn't
+ need to set _\bf_\bq_\bf_\bn. This flag is off by
+ default.
insults If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will insult users when they enter
an incorrect password. This flag is off by
requiretty If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will only run when the user is
logged in to a real tty. This will disallow
- things like "rsh somehost sudo ls" since
+ things like `"rsh somehost sudo ls"' since
_\br_\bs_\bh(1) does not allocate a tty. Because it is
not possible to turn of echo when there is no
tty present, some sites may with to set this
flag to prevent a user from entering a visible
password. This flag is off by default.
- env_editor If set, v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will use the value of the
- EDITOR or VISUAL environment variables before
+ env_editor If set, v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will use the value of the EDI
+ TOR or VISUAL environment variables before
falling back on the default editor list. Note
that this may create a security hole as it
allows the user to run any arbitrary command
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 6
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 6
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
- in the editor variable. v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will then only
- use the EDITOR or VISUAL if they match a value
- specified in editor. This flag is off by
- default.
+ in the `editor' variable. v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will then
+ only use the EDITOR or VISUAL if they match a
+ value specified in `editor'. This flag is off
+ by default.
rootpw If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will prompt for the root password
instead of the password of the invoking user.
default.
targetpw If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will prompt for the password of
- the user specified by the -u flag (defaults to
- root) instead of the password of the invoking
- user. This flag is off by default.
-
- set_logname Normally, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will set the LOGNAME and USER
- environment variables to the name of the
- target user (usually root unless the -u flag
- is given). However, since some programs
+ the user specified by the `-u' flag (defaults
+ to root) instead of the password of the invok
+ ing user. This flag is off by default.
+
+ set_logname Normally, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will set the `LOGNAME' and
+ `USER' environment variables to the name of
+ the target user (usually root unless the `-u'
+ flag is given). However, since some programs
(including the RCS revision control system)
- use LOGNAME to determine the real identity of
- the user, it may be desirable to change this
- behavior. This can be done by negating the
- set_logname option.
+ use `LOGNAME' to determine the real identity
+ of the user, it may be desirable to change
+ this behavior. This can be done by negating
+ the set_logname option.
use_loginclass
If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will apply the defaults specified
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 7
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 7
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
timestamp_timeout
Number of minutes that can elapse before s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo
will ask for a passwd again. The default is
- 5, set this to 0 to always prompt for a
- password.
+ 5, set this to 0 to always prompt for a pass
+ word.
passwd_timeout
Number of minutes before the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo password
S\bS\bS\bSt\bt\bt\btr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs:
mailsub Subject of the mail sent to the _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bo user.
- The escape %h will expand to the hostname of
- the machine. Default is "*** SECURITY
- information for %h ***".
+ The escape `%h' will expand to the hostname of
+ the machine. Default is "*** SECURITY infor
+ mation for %h ***".
badpass_message
Message that is displayed if a user enters an
try again." unless insults are enabled.
timestampdir
- The directory in which s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo stores its
- timestamp files. The default is _\b@_\bT_\bI_\bM_\bE_\bD_\bI_\bR_\b@.
+ The directory in which s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo stores its times
+ tamp files. The default is _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo.
passprompt The default prompt to use when asking for a
- password; can be overridden via the -p option
- or the SUDO_PROMPT environment variable.
- Supports two escapes: "%u" expands to the
- user's login name and "%h" expands to the
- local hostname. The default value is
- "Password:".
+ password; can be overridden via the `-p'
+ option or the `SUDO_PROMPT' environment vari
+ able. Supports two escapes: "%u" expands to
+ the user's login name and "%h" expands to the
+ local hostname. The default value is "Pass
+ word:".
runas_default
- The default user to run commands as if the -u
- flag is not specified on the command line.
- This defaults to "root".
+ The default user to run commands as if the
+ `-u' flag is not specified on the command
+ line. This defaults to "root".
syslog_goodpri
Syslog priority to use when user authenticates
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 8
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 8
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
choose the editor that matches the user's USER
environment variable if possible, or the first
- editor in the list that exists and is
- executable. The default is the path to vi on
+ editor in the list that exists and is exe
+ cutable. The default is the path to vi on
your system.
S\bS\bS\bSt\bt\bt\btr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs t\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bt c\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn b\bb\bb\bbe\be\be\be u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bn a\ba\ba\ba b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bol\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bea\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn c\bc\bc\bco\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\bex\bx\bx\bxt\bt\bt\bt:
at configure time.
mailerflags Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to
- -t.
+ `-t'.
mailto Address to send warning and erorr mail to.
Defaults to "root".
secure_path Path used for every command run from s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo. If
you don't trust the people running s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to
- have a sane PATH environment variable you may
- want to use this. Another use is if you want
- to have the "root path" be separate from the
- "user path." This is not set by default.
+ have a sane `PATH' environment variable you
+ may want to use this. Another use is if you
+ want to have the "root path" be separate from
+ the "user path." This is not set by default.
verifypw This option controls when a password will be
required when a user runs s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo with the -\b-\b-\b-v\bv\bv\bv.
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 9
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 9
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
always The user must always enter a password to use
When logging via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3), s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo accepts the following
values for the syslog facility (the value of the s\bs\bs\bsy\by\by\bys\bs\bs\bsl\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\bog\bg\bg\bg
- Parameter): a\ba\ba\bau\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bhp\bp\bp\bpr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\biv\bv\bv\bv (if your OS supports it), a\ba\ba\bau\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bh,
- d\bd\bd\bda\ba\ba\bae\be\be\bem\bm\bm\bmo\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bn, u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\br, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl0\b0\b0\b0, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl1\b1\b1\b1, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl2\b2\b2\b2, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl3\b3\b3\b3, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl4\b4\b4\b4,
- l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl5\b5\b5\b5, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl6\b6\b6\b6, and l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl7\b7\b7\b7. The following syslog
- priorities are supported: a\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\ble\be\be\ber\br\br\brt\bt\bt\bt, c\bc\bc\bcr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bit\bt\bt\bt, d\bd\bd\bde\be\be\beb\bb\bb\bbu\bu\bu\bug\bg\bg\bg, e\be\be\bem\bm\bm\bme\be\be\ber\br\br\brg\bg\bg\bg, e\be\be\ber\br\br\brr\br\br\br,
- i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bnf\bf\bf\bfo\bo\bo\bo, n\bn\bn\bno\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bce\be\be\be, and w\bw\bw\bwa\ba\ba\bar\br\br\brn\bn\bn\bni\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bg.
+ Parameter): a\ba\ba\bau\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bhp\bp\bp\bpr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\biv\bv\bv\bv (if your OS supports it), a\ba\ba\bau\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bh, d\bd\bd\bda\ba\ba\bae\be\be\be\b\b\b
+ m\bm\bm\bmo\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bn, u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\br, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl0\b0\b0\b0, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl1\b1\b1\b1, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl2\b2\b2\b2, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl3\b3\b3\b3, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl4\b4\b4\b4, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl5\b5\b5\b5,
+ l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl6\b6\b6\b6, and l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl7\b7\b7\b7. The following syslog priorities are
+ supported: a\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\ble\be\be\ber\br\br\brt\bt\bt\bt, c\bc\bc\bcr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bit\bt\bt\bt, d\bd\bd\bde\be\be\beb\bb\bb\bbu\bu\bu\bug\bg\bg\bg, e\be\be\bem\bm\bm\bme\be\be\ber\br\br\brg\bg\bg\bg, e\be\be\ber\br\br\brr\br\br\br, i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bnf\bf\bf\bfo\bo\bo\bo, n\bn\bn\bno\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bce\be\be\be,
+ and w\bw\bw\bwa\ba\ba\bar\br\br\brn\bn\bn\bni\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bg.
U\bU\bU\bUs\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\br S\bS\bS\bSp\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bci\bi\bi\bif\bf\bf\bfi\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bio\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bn
-
User_Spec ::= User_list Host_List '=' User_List Cmnd_Spec_List \
(':' User_Spec)*
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 10
+
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 10
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
R\bR\bR\bRu\bu\bu\bun\bn\bn\bna\ba\ba\bas\bs\bs\bs_\b_\b_\b_S\bS\bS\bSp\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bc
- A Runas_Spec is simply a Runas_List (as defined above)
+ A `Runas_Spec' is simply a `Runas_List' (as defined above)
enclosed in a set of parentheses. If you do not specify a
- Runas_Spec in the user specification, a default Runas_Spec
- of r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt will be used. A Runas_Spec sets the default for
- commands that follow it. What this means is that for the
- entry:
+ `Runas_Spec' in the user specification, a default
+ `Runas_Spec' of r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt will be used. A `Runas_Spec' sets
+ the default for commands that follow it. What this means
+ is that for the entry:
dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who
sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
- It is also possible to override a Runas_Spec later on in
+ It is also possible to override a `Runas_Spec' later on in
an entry. If we modify the entry like so:
dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
By default, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo requires that a user authenticate him or
herself before running a command. This behavior can be
- modified via the NOPASSWD tag. Like a Runas_Spec, the
- NOPASSWD tag sets a default for the commands that follow
- it in the Cmnd_Spec_List. Conversely, the PASSWD tag can
- be used to reverse things. For example:
+ modified via the `NOPASSWD' tag. Like a `Runas_Spec', the
+ `NOPASSWD' tag sets a default for the commands that follow
+ it in the `Cmnd_Spec_List'. Conversely, the `PASSWD' tag
+ can be used to reverse things. For example:
ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
- Note however, that the PASSWD tag has no effect on users
+ Note however, that the `PASSWD' tag has no effect on users
who are in the group specified by the exempt_group option.
- By default, if the NOPASSWD tag is applied to any of the
+ By default, if the `NOPASSWD' tag is applied to any of the
entries for a user on the current host, he or she will be
- able to run sudo -l without a password. Additionally, a
- user may only run sudo -v without a password if the
- NOPASSWD tag is present for all a user's entries that
- pertain to the current host. This behavior may be
- overridden via the verifypw and listpw options.
+ able to run `sudo -l' without a password. Additionally, a
+ user may only run `sudo -v' without a password if the
+ `NOPASSWD' tag is present for all a user's entries that
+ pertain to the current host. This behavior may be over
+ ridden via the verifypw and listpw options.
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 11
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 11
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
W\bW\bW\bWi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bld\bd\bd\bdc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bar\br\br\brd\bd\bd\bds\bs\bs\bs (\b(\b(\b(a\ba\ba\bak\bk\bk\bka\ba\ba\ba m\bm\bm\bme\be\be\bet\bt\bt\bta\ba\ba\ba c\bc\bc\bch\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bar\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bct\bt\bt\bte\be\be\ber\br\br\brs\bs\bs\bs)\b)\b)\b):\b:\b:\b:
s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo allows shell-style _\bw_\bi_\bl_\bd_\bc_\ba_\br_\bd_\bs to be used in pathnames
as well as command line arguments in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.
- Wildcard matching is done via the P\bP\bP\bPO\bO\bO\bOS\bS\bS\bSI\bI\bI\bIX\bX\bX\bX fnmatch(3)
- routine. Note that these are _\bn_\bo_\bt regular expressions.
+ Wildcard matching is done via the P\bP\bP\bPO\bO\bO\bOS\bS\bS\bSI\bI\bI\bIX\bX\bX\bX `fnmatch(3)' rou
+ tine. Note that these are _\bn_\bo_\bt regular expressions.
- * Matches any set of zero or more characters.
+ `*' Matches any set of zero or more characters.
- ? Matches any single character.
+ `?' Matches any single character.
- [...] Matches any character in the specified range.
+ `[...]' Matches any character in the specified range.
- [!...] Matches any character n\bn\bn\bno\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt in the specified range.
+ `[!...]'
+ Matches any character n\bn\bn\bno\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt in the specified range.
- \x For any character "x", evaluates to "x". This is
+ `\x' For any character "x", evaluates to "x". This is
used to escape special characters such as: "*",
"?", "[", and "}".
/usr/bin/*
- match /usr/bin/who but not /usr/bin/X11/xterm.
+ match `/usr/bin/who' but not `/usr/bin/X11/xterm'.
E\bE\bE\bEx\bx\bx\bxc\bc\bc\bce\be\be\bep\bp\bp\bpt\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bio\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bns\bs\bs\bs t\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bo w\bw\bw\bwi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bld\bd\bd\bdc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bar\br\br\brd\bd\bd\bd r\br\br\bru\bu\bu\bul\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bs:\b:\b:\b:
The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
- "" If the empty string "" is the only command line
- argument in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entry it means that
- command is not allowed to be run with a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bny\by\by\by
- arguments.
+ `""""' If the empty string `""' is the only command line
+ argument in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entry it means that com
+ mand is not allowed to be run with a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bny\by\by\by arguments.
O\bO\bO\bOt\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bhe\be\be\ber\br\br\br s\bs\bs\bsp\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bci\bi\bi\bia\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl c\bc\bc\bch\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bar\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bct\bt\bt\bte\be\be\ber\br\br\brs\bs\bs\bs a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bnd\bd\bd\bd r\br\br\bre\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\brv\bv\bv\bve\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd w\bw\bw\bwo\bo\bo\bor\br\br\brd\bd\bd\bds\bs\bs\bs:\b:\b:\b:
The reserved word A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLL\bL\bL\bL is a built in _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs that always
causes a match to succeed. It can be used wherever one
- might otherwise use a Cmnd_Alias, User_Alias, Runas_Alias,
- or Host_Alias. You should not try to define your own
- _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs called A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLL\bL\bL\bL as the built in alias will be used in
- preference to your own. Please note that using A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLL\bL\bL\bL can be
- dangerous since in a command context, it allows the user
- to run a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bny\by\by\by command on the system.
+ might otherwise use a `Cmnd_Alias', `User_Alias',
+ `Runas_Alias', or `Host_Alias'. You should not try to
+ define your own _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs called A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLL\bL\bL\bL as the built in alias
+ will be used in preference to your own. Please note that
+ using A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLL\bL\bL\bL can be dangerous since in a command context, it
+ allows the user to run a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bny\by\by\by command on the system.
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 12
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 12
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical _\bn_\bo_\bt
- operator both in an _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs and in front of a Cmnd. This
+ operator both in an _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs and in front of a `Cmnd'. This
allows one to exclude certain values. Note, however, that
- using a ! in conjunction with the built in ALL alias to
- allow a user to run "all but a few" commands rarely works
- as intended (see SECURITY NOTES below).
+ using a `!' in conjunction with the built in `ALL' alias
+ to allow a user to run "all but a few" commands rarely
+ works as intended (see SECURITY NOTES below).
Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('\') as the
last character on the line.
'(', ')') is optional.
The following characters must be escaped with a backslash
- ('\') when used as part of a word (eg. a username or
- hostname): '@', '!', '=', ':', ',', '(', ')', '\'.
+ ('\') when used as part of a word (eg. a username or host
+ name): '@', '!', '=', ':', ',', '(', ')', '\'.
E\bE\bE\bEX\bX\bX\bXA\bA\bA\bAM\bM\bM\bMP\bP\bP\bPL\bL\bL\bLE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
Below are example _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entries. Admittedly, some of
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 13
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 13
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
Here we override some of the compiled in default values.
in all cases. We don't want to subject the full time
staff to the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo lecture, and user m\bm\bm\bmi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\ble\be\be\ber\br\br\brt\bt\bt\bt need not give
a password. In addition, on the machines in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS
- Host_Alias, we keep an additional local log file and make
- sure we log the year in each log line since the log
+ `Host_Alias', we keep an additional local log file and
+ make sure we log the year in each log line since the log
entries will be kept around for several years.
# Override builtin defaults
Defaults:millert !authenticate
Defaults@SERVERS log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log
- The _\bU_\bs_\be_\br _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\bf_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is the part that actually
- determines who may run what.
+ The _\bU_\bs_\be_\br _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\bf_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is the part that actually deter
+ mines who may run what.
root ALL = (ALL) ALL
%wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL
PARTTIMERS ALL = ALL
Part time sysadmins (b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\bos\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\btl\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bey\by\by\by, j\bj\bj\bjw\bw\bw\bwf\bf\bf\bfo\bo\bo\box\bx\bx\bx, and c\bc\bc\bcr\br\br\bra\ba\ba\baw\bw\bw\bwl\bl\bl\bl) may run
- any command on any host but they must authenticate
- themselves first (since the entry lacks the NOPASSWD tag).
+ any command on any host but they must authenticate them
+ selves first (since the entry lacks the `NOPASSWD' tag).
jack CSNETS = ALL
The user j\bj\bj\bja\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bck\bk\bk\bk may run any command on the machines in the
- _\bC_\bS_\bN_\bE_\bT_\bS alias (the networks 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0,
- and 128.138.242.0). Of those networks, only
- <128.138.204.0> has an explicit netmask (in CIDR notation)
- indicating it is a class C network. For the other
- networks in _\bC_\bS_\bN_\bE_\bT_\bS, the local machine's netmask will be
- used during matching.
+ _\bC_\bS_\bN_\bE_\bT_\bS alias (the networks `128.138.243.0',
+ `128.138.204.0', and `128.138.242.0'). Of those networks,
+ only <128.138.204.0> has an explicit netmask (in CIDR
+ notation) indicating it is a class C network. For the
+ other networks in _\bC_\bS_\bN_\bE_\bT_\bS, the local machine's netmask will
+ be used during matching.
lisa CUNETS = ALL
The user l\bl\bl\bli\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsa\ba\ba\ba may run any command on any host in the
- _\bC_\bU_\bN_\bE_\bT_\bS alias (the class B network 128.138.0.0).
+ _\bC_\bU_\bN_\bE_\bT_\bS alias (the class B network `128.138.0.0').
operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\
/usr/oper/bin/
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 14
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 14
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
maintenance. Here, those are commands related to backups,
bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
The user b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\bob\bb\bb\bb may run anything on the _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bR_\bC and _\bS_\bG_\bI
- machines as any user listed in the _\bO_\bP Runas_Alias (r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt
+ machines as any user listed in the _\bO_\bP `Runas_Alias' (r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt
and o\bo\bo\bop\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\ber\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bor\br\br\br).
jim +biglab = ALL
fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
The user f\bf\bf\bfr\br\br\bre\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd can run commands as any user in the _\bD_\bB
- Runas_Alias (o\bo\bo\bor\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bcl\bl\bl\ble\be\be\be or s\bs\bs\bsy\by\by\byb\bb\bb\bba\ba\ba\bas\bs\bs\bse\be\be\be) without giving a password.
+ `Runas_Alias' (o\bo\bo\bor\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bcl\bl\bl\ble\be\be\be or s\bs\bs\bsy\by\by\byb\bb\bb\bba\ba\ba\bas\bs\bs\bse\be\be\be) without giving a pass
+ word.
john ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
jen ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
The user j\bj\bj\bje\be\be\ben\bn\bn\bn may run any command on any machine except for
- those in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS Host_Alias (master, mail, www and
+ those in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS `Host_Alias' (master, mail, www and
ns).
jill SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
- For any machine in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS Host_Alias, j\bj\bj\bji\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\bl may run
+ For any machine in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS `Host_Alias', j\bj\bj\bji\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\bl may run
any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those
- commands belonging to the _\bS_\bU and _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL_\bS Cmnd_Aliases.
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 15
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 15
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ commands belonging to the _\bS_\bU and _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL_\bS `Cmnd_Aliases'.
+
steve CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
The user s\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\bte\be\be\bev\bv\bv\bve\be\be\be may run any command in the directory
WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
- On the host www, any user in the _\bW_\bE_\bB_\bM_\bA_\bS_\bT_\bE_\bR_\bS User_Alias
+ On the host www, any user in the _\bW_\bE_\bB_\bM_\bA_\bS_\bT_\bE_\bR_\bS `User_Alias'
(will, wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www
(which owns the web pages) or simply _\bs_\bu(1) to www.
/sbin/mount -o nosuid\,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM
Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in
- the CDROM Host_Alias (orion, perseus, hercules) without
+ the CDROM `Host_Alias' (orion, perseus, hercules) without
entering a password. This is a bit tedious for users to
type, so it is a prime candiate for encapsulating in a
shell script.
S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEC\bC\bC\bCU\bU\bU\bUR\bR\bR\bRI\bI\bI\bIT\bT\bT\bTY\bY\bY\bY N\bN\bN\bNO\bO\bO\bOT\bT\bT\bTE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
It is generally not effective to "subtract" commands from
- ALL using the '!' operator. A user can trivially
- circumvent this by copying the desired command to a
- different name and then executing that. For example:
+ `ALL' using the '!' operator. A user can trivially cir
+ cumvent this by copying the desired command to a different
+ name and then executing that. For example:
bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
Doesn't really prevent b\bb\bb\bbi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\bl from running the commands
- listed in _\bS_\bU or _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL_\bS since he can simply copy those
- commands to a different name, or use a shell escape from
- an editor or other program. Therefore, these kind of
+ listed in _\bS_\bU or _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL_\bS since he can simply copy those com
+ mands to a different name, or use a shell escape from an
+ editor or other program. Therefore, these kind of
restrictions should be considered advisory at best (and
reinforced by policy).
C\bC\bC\bCA\bA\bA\bAV\bV\bV\bVE\bE\bE\bEA\bA\bA\bAT\bT\bT\bTS\bS\bS\bS
The _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file should a\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\blw\bw\bw\bwa\ba\ba\bay\by\by\bys\bs\bs\bs be edited by the v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo
- command which locks the file and does grammatical
- checking. It is imperative that _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs be free of syntax
- errors since s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will not run with a syntactically
- incorrect _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.
+ command which locks the file and does grammatical check
+ ing. It is imperative that _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs be free of syntax
+ errors since s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will not run with a syntactically incor
+ rect _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.
When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if
you store fully qualified hostnames in the netgroup (as is
usually the case), you either need to have the machine's
- hostname be fully qualified as returned by the hostname
+ hostname be fully qualified as returned by the `hostname'
command or use the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn option in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs.
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 16
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 16
-
-
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
+sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
F\bF\bF\bFI\bI\bI\bIL\bL\bL\bLE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEE\bE\bE\bE A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLS\bS\bS\bSO\bO\bO\bO
- _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m), _\bv_\bi_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m), _\bs_\bu(1), _\bf_\bn_\bm_\ba_\bt_\bc_\bh(3).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 17
-
-
-
-
-
-sudoers(4) FILE FORMATS sudoers(4)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m), _\bv_\bi_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(8), _\bs_\bu(1), _\bf_\bn_\bm_\ba_\bt_\bc_\bh(3).
-1/Apr/2000 1.6.3 18
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 17
-.rn '' }`
-''' $RCSfile$$Revision$$Date$
-'''
-''' $Log$
-''' Revision 1.6 2000/04/01 21:23:28 millert
-''' Visudo now checks for the existence of an editor and gives a sensible
-''' error if it does not exist.
-'''
-''' The path to the editor for visudo is now a colon-separated list of
-''' allowable editors. If the user has $EDITOR set and it matches
-''' one of the allowed editors that editor will be used. If not,
-''' the first editor in the list that actually exists is used.
-'''
-'''
-.de Sh
+.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man version 1.02
+.\" Fri Apr 7 08:37:06 2000
+.\"
+.\" Standard preamble:
+.\" ======================================================================
+.de Sh \" Subsection heading
.br
.if t .Sp
.ne 5
\fB\\$1\fR
.PP
..
-.de Sp
+.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
-.de Ip
+.de Ip \" List item
.br
.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3
.el .ne 3
.IP "\\$1" \\$2
..
-.de Vb
+.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
-.de Ve
+.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
-'''
-'''
-''' Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash;
-''' string Tr holds user defined translation string.
-''' Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character.
-'''
+.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
+.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
+.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. | will give a
+.\" real vertical bar. \*(C+ will give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used
+.\" to do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available. \*(C` and
+.\" \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>
.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr
+.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
-.ds -- \(*W-
-.ds PI pi
-.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
-.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
-.ds L" ""
-.ds R" ""
-''' \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of
-''' \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines,
-''' such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of
-''' double-quote interpretation
-.ds M" """
-.ds S" """
-.ds N" """""
-.ds T" """""
-.ds L' '
-.ds R' '
-.ds M' '
-.ds S' '
-.ds N' '
-.ds T' '
+. ds -- \(*W-
+. ds PI pi
+. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
+. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
+. ds L" ""
+. ds R" ""
+. ds C` `
+. ds C' '
'br\}
.el\{\
-.ds -- \(em\|
-.tr \*(Tr
-.ds L" ``
-.ds R" ''
-.ds M" ``
-.ds S" ''
-.ds N" ``
-.ds T" ''
-.ds L' `
-.ds R' '
-.ds M' `
-.ds S' '
-.ds N' `
-.ds T' '
-.ds PI \(*p
+. ds -- \|\(em\|
+. ds PI \(*p
+. ds L" ``
+. ds R" ''
'br\}
-.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate
-.\" index entries out stderr for the following things:
-.\" TH Title
-.\" SH Header
-.\" Sh Subsection
-.\" Ip Item
-.\" X<> Xref (embedded
-.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself
-.\" in some meaninful fashion.
-.if \nF \{
-.de IX
-.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
-..
-.nr % 0
-.rr F
+.\"
+.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr
+.\" for titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and
+.\" index entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process
+.\" the output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
+.if \nF \{\
+. de IX
+. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
+. .
+. nr % 0
+. rr F
.\}
-.TH sudoers @mansectform@ "1.6.3" "1/Apr/2000" "FILE FORMATS"
-.UC
-.if n .hy 0
+.\"
+.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it
+.\" makes way too many mistakes in technical documents.
+.hy 0
.if n .na
-.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
-.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font
-.ft CW
-'if n "\c
-'if t \\&\\$1\c
-'if n \\&\\$1\c
-'if n \&"
-\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7
-'.ft R
-..
-.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2
-. \" AM - accent mark definitions
+.\"
+.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
+.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
.bd B 3
-. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
+. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
-. ds #H 0
-. ds #V .8m
-. ds #F .3m
-. ds #[ \f1
-. ds #] \fP
+. ds #H 0
+. ds #V .8m
+. ds #F .3m
+. ds #[ \f1
+. ds #] \fP
.\}
.if t \{\
-. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
-. ds #V .6m
-. ds #F 0
-. ds #[ \&
-. ds #] \&
+. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
+. ds #V .6m
+. ds #F 0
+. ds #[ \&
+. ds #] \&
.\}
-. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
+. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
-. ds ' \&
-. ds ` \&
-. ds ^ \&
-. ds , \&
-. ds ~ ~
-. ds ? ?
-. ds ! !
-. ds /
-. ds q
+. ds ' \&
+. ds ` \&
+. ds ^ \&
+. ds , \&
+. ds ~ ~
+. ds /
.\}
.if t \{\
-. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
-. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10'
-. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m'
-. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10'
+. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
+. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
+. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
-. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
+. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
-.ds v \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\v'-\*(#V'\*(#[\s-4v\s0\v'\*(#V'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
-.ds _ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H+(\*(#F*2/3))'\v'-.4m'\z\(hy\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
-.ds . \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)'\v'\*(#V*4/10'\z.\v'-\*(#V*4/10'\h'|\\n:u'
-.ds 3 \*(#[\v'.2m'\s-2\&3\s0\v'-.2m'\*(#]
.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
-.ds oe o\h'-(\w'o'u*4/10)'e
-.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E
-. \" corrections for vroff
+. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
-. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
+. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
-. ds : e
-. ds 8 ss
-. ds v \h'-1'\o'\(aa\(ga'
-. ds _ \h'-1'^
-. ds . \h'-1'.
-. ds 3 3
-. ds o a
-. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
-. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
-. ds th \o'bp'
-. ds Th \o'LP'
-. ds ae ae
-. ds Ae AE
-. ds oe oe
-. ds Oe OE
+. ds : e
+. ds 8 ss
+. ds o a
+. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
+. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
+. ds th \o'bp'
+. ds Th \o'LP'
+. ds ae ae
+. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
+.\" ======================================================================
+.\"
+.IX Title "sudoers @mansectform@"
+.TH sudoers @mansectform@ "1.6.3" "April 7, 2000" "MAINTENANCE COMMANDS"
+.UC
.SH "NAME"
sudoers \- list of which users may execute what
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fIsudoers\fR file is composed two types of entries:
aliases (basically variables) and user specifications
(which specify who may run what). The grammar of \fIsudoers\fR
will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF).
Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is, it is fairly
simple and the definitions below are annotated.
-.Sh "Quick guide to \s-1EBNF\s0"
-\s-1EBNF\s0 is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language.
-Each \s-1EBNF\s0 definition is made up of \fIproduction rules\fR. Eg.
+.Sh "Quick guide to EBNF"
+.IX Subsection "Quick guide to EBNF"
+EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language.
+Each EBNF definition is made up of \fIproduction rules\fR. Eg.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...
.Ve
Each \fIproduction rule\fR references others and thus makes up a
-grammar for the language. \s-1EBNF\s0 also contains the following
+grammar for the language. EBNF also contains the following
operators, which many readers will recognize from regular
expressions. Do not, however, confuse them with \*(L"wildcard\*(R"
characters, which have different meanings.
-.Ip "\f(CW?\fR" 8
+.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`?\*(C'\fR" 8
+.IX Item "?"
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional.
That is, it may appear once or not at all.
-.Ip "\f(CW*\fR" 8
+.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`*\*(C'\fR" 8
+.IX Item "*"
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
zero or more times.
-.Ip "\f(CW+\fR" 8
+.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`+\*(C'\fR" 8
+.IX Item "+"
Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
one or more times.
.PP
we will use single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character
string (as opposed to a symbol name).
.Sh "Aliases"
-There are four kinds of aliases: the \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR,
-\f(CWHost_Alias\fR and \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR.
+.IX Subsection "Aliases"
+There are four kinds of aliases: the \f(CW\*(C`User_Alias\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_Alias\*(C'\fR.
.PP
.Vb 4
\& Alias ::= 'User_Alias' = User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
.Vb 1
\& Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...
.Ve
-where \fIAlias_Type\fR is one of \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR, \f(CWHost_Alias\fR,
-or \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR. A \f(CWNAME\fR is a string of upper case letters, numbers,
-and the underscore characters ('_'). A \f(CWNAME\fR \fBmust\fR start with an
+where \fIAlias_Type\fR is one of \f(CW\*(C`User_Alias\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR,
+or \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_Alias\*(C'\fR. A \f(CW\*(C`NAME\*(C'\fR is a string of upper case letters, numbers,
+and the underscore characters ('_'). A \f(CW\*(C`NAME\*(C'\fR \fBmust\fR start with an
upper case letter. It is possible to put several alias definitions
of the same type on a single line, joined by a semicolon (':'). Eg.
.PP
\& '!'* '+'netgroup |
\& '!'* User_Alias
.Ve
-A \f(CWUser_List\fR is made up of one or more usernames, uids
-(prefixed with \*(L'#'), System groups (prefixed with \*(L'%'),
-netgroups (prefixed with \*(L'+') and other aliases. Each list
-item may be prefixed with one or more \*(L'!\*(R' operators. An odd number
-of \*(L'!\*(R' operators negates the value of the item; an even number
+A \f(CW\*(C`User_List\*(C'\fR is made up of one or more usernames, uids
+(prefixed with '#'), System groups (prefixed with '%'),
+netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases. Each list
+item may be prefixed with one or more '!' operators. An odd number
+of '!' operators negates the value of the item; an even number
just cancel each other out.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& '!'* +netgroup |
\& '!'* Runas_Alias
.Ve
-Likewise, a \f(CWRunas_List\fR has the same possible elements
-as a \f(CWUser_List\fR, except that it can include a \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR,
-instead of a \f(CWUser_Alias\fR.
+Likewise, a \f(CW\*(C`Runas_List\*(C'\fR has the same possible elements
+as a \f(CW\*(C`User_List\*(C'\fR, except that it can include a \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fR,
+instead of a \f(CW\*(C`User_Alias\*(C'\fR.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& Host_List ::= Host |
\& '!'* '+'netgroup |
\& '!'* Host_Alias
.Ve
-A \f(CWHost_List\fR is made up of one or more hostnames, \s-1IP\s0 addresses,
-network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with \*(L'+') and other aliases.
-Again, the value of an item may be negated with the \*(L'!\*(R' operator.
+A \f(CW\*(C`Host_List\*(C'\fR is made up of one or more hostnames, IP addresses,
+network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases.
+Again, the value of an item may be negated with the '!' operator.
If you do not specify a netmask with a network number, the netmask
of the host's ethernet \fIinterface\fR\|(s) will be used when matching.
The netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation (eg.
-255.255.255.0) or \s-1CIDR\s0 notation (number of bits, eg. 24). A hostname
-may include shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards\*(R' section below),
-but unless the \f(CWhostname\fR command on your machine returns the fully
+255.255.255.0) or CIDR notation (number of bits, eg. 24). A hostname
+may include shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards' section below),
+but unless the \f(CW\*(C`hostname\*(C'\fR command on your machine returns the fully
qualified hostname, you'll need to use the \fIfqdn\fR option for wildcards
to be useful.
.PP
\& '!'* directory |
\& '!'* Cmnd_Alias
.Ve
-A \f(CWCmnd_List\fR is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and other
+A \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_List\*(C'\fR is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and other
aliases. A commandname is a fully qualified filename which may include
-shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards\*(R' section below). A simple
+shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards' section below). A simple
filename allows the user to run the command with any arguments he/she
wishes. However, you may also command line arguments (including wildcards).
-Alternately, you can specify \f(CW""\fR to indicate that the command
+Alternately, you can specify \f(CW\*(C`""\*(C'\fR to indicate that the command
may only be run \fBwithout\fR command line arguments. A directory is a
-fully qualified pathname ending in a \*(L'/\*(R'. When you specify a directory
-in a \f(CWCmnd_List\fR, the user will be able to run any file within that directory
+fully qualified pathname ending in a '/'. When you specify a directory
+in a \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_List\*(C'\fR, the user will be able to run any file within that directory
(but not in any subdirectories therein).
.PP
-If a \f(CWCmnd\fR has associated command line arguments, then the arguments
-in the \f(CWCmnd\fR must match exactly those given by the user on the command line
+If a \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd\*(C'\fR has associated command line arguments, then the arguments
+in the \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd\*(C'\fR must match exactly those given by the user on the command line
(or match the wildcards if there are any). Note that the following
-characters must be escaped with a \*(L'\e\*(R' if they are used in command
-arguments: \*(L',\*(R', \*(L':\*(R', \*(L'=\*(R', \*(L'\e\*(R'.
+characters must be escaped with a '\e' if they are used in command
+arguments: ',', ':', '=', '\e'.
.Sh "Defaults"
+.IX Subsection "Defaults"
Certain configuration options may be changed from their default
-values at runtime via one or more \f(CWDefault_Entry\fR lines. These
+values at runtime via one or more \f(CW\*(C`Default_Entry\*(C'\fR lines. These
may affect all users on any host, all users on a specific host,
or just a specific user. When multiple entries match, they are
applied in order. Where there are conflicting values, the last
\& '!'* Parameter ||
.Ve
Parameters may be \fBflags\fR, \fBinteger\fR values, or \fBstrings\fR. Flags
-are implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the \*(L'!\*(R' operator.
+are implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the '!' operator.
Some integer and string parameters may also be used in a boolean
context to disable them. Values may be enclosed in double quotes
-(\f(CW"\fR) when they contain multiple words. Special characters may
-be escaped with a backslash (\f(CW\e\fR).
+(\f(CW\*(C`"\*(C'\fR) when they contain multiple words. Special characters may
+be escaped with a backslash (\f(CW\*(C`\e\*(C'\fR).
.PP
-\fBFlags\fR:
+\&\fBFlags\fR:
.Ip "long_otp_prompt" 12
-When validating with a One Time Password scheme (\fBS/Key\fR or \fB\s-1OPIE\s0\fR),
+.IX Item "long_otp_prompt"
+When validating with a One Time Password scheme (\fBS/Key\fR or \fBOPIE\fR),
a two-line prompt is used to make it easier to cut and paste the
challenge to a local window. It's not as pretty as the default but
some people find it more convenient. This flag is off by default.
.Ip "ignore_dot" 12
-If set, \fBsudo\fR will ignore \*(L'.\*(R' or \*(L'\*(R' (current dir) in \f(CW$PATH\fR;
-the \f(CW$PATH\fR itself is not modified. This flag is off by default.
+.IX Item "ignore_dot"
+If set, \fBsudo\fR will ignore '.' or '' (current dir) in \f(CW\*(C`$PATH\*(C'\fR;
+the \f(CW\*(C`$PATH\*(C'\fR itself is not modified. This flag is off by default.
.Ip "mail_always" 12
+.IX Item "mail_always"
Send mail to the \fImailto\fR user every time a users runs \fBsudo\fR.
This flag is off by default.
.Ip "mail_no_user" 12
+.IX Item "mail_no_user"
If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking
user is not in the \fIsudoers\fR file. This flag is on by default.
.Ip "mail_no_host" 12
+.IX Item "mail_no_host"
If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking
user exists in the \fIsudoers\fR file, but is not allowed to run
commands on the current host. This flag is off by default.
.Ip "mail_no_perms" 12
+.IX Item "mail_no_perms"
If set, mail will be sent to the \fImailto\fR user if the invoking
user allowed to use \fBsudo\fR but the command they are trying is not
listed in their \fIsudoers\fR file entry. This flag is off by default.
.Ip "tty_tickets" 12
+.IX Item "tty_tickets"
If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis. Normally,
-\fBsudo\fR uses a directory in the ticket dir with the same name as
+\&\fBsudo\fR uses a directory in the ticket dir with the same name as
the user running it. With this flag enabled, \fBsudo\fR will use a
file named for the tty the user is logged in on in that directory.
This flag is off by default.
.Ip "lecture" 12
+.IX Item "lecture"
If set, a user will receive a short lecture the first time he/she
runs \fBsudo\fR. This flag is on by default.
.Ip "authenticate" 12
+.IX Item "authenticate"
If set, users must authenticate themselves via a password (or other
means of authentication) before they may run commands. This default
-may be overridden via the \f(CWPASSWD\fR and \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tags.
+may be overridden via the \f(CW\*(C`PASSWD\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tags.
This flag is on by default.
.Ip "root_sudo" 12
+.IX Item "root_sudo"
If set, root is allowed to run \fBsudo\fR too. Disabling this prevents users
from \*(L"chaining\*(R" \fBsudo\fR commands to get a root shell by doing something
-like \f(CW"sudo sudo /bin/sh"\fR.
+like \f(CW\*(C`"sudo sudo /bin/sh"\*(C'\fR.
This flag is on by default.
.Ip "log_host" 12
+.IX Item "log_host"
If set, the hostname will be logged in the (non-syslog) \fBsudo\fR log file.
This flag is off by default.
.Ip "log_year" 12
+.IX Item "log_year"
If set, the four-digit year will be logged in the (non-syslog) \fBsudo\fR log file.
This flag is off by default.
.Ip "shell_noargs" 12
+.IX Item "shell_noargs"
If set and \fBsudo\fR is invoked with no arguments it acts as if the
-\f(CW-s\fR flag had been given. That is, it runs a shell as root (the
-shell is determined by the \f(CWSHELL\fR environment variable if it is
+\&\f(CW\*(C`\-s\*(C'\fR flag had been given. That is, it runs a shell as root (the
+shell is determined by the \f(CW\*(C`SHELL\*(C'\fR environment variable if it is
set, falling back on the shell listed in the invoking user's
/etc/passwd entry if not). This flag is off by default.
.Ip "set_home" 12
-If set and \fBsudo\fR is invoked with the \f(CW-s\fR flag the \f(CWHOME\fR
+.IX Item "set_home"
+If set and \fBsudo\fR is invoked with the \f(CW\*(C`\-s\*(C'\fR flag the \f(CW\*(C`HOME\*(C'\fR
environment variable will be set to the home directory of the target
-user (which is root unless the \f(CW-u\fR option is used). This effectively
-makes the \f(CW-s\fR flag imply \f(CW-H\fR. This flag is off by default.
+user (which is root unless the \f(CW\*(C`\-u\*(C'\fR option is used). This effectively
+makes the \f(CW\*(C`\-s\*(C'\fR flag imply \f(CW\*(C`\-H\*(C'\fR. This flag is off by default.
.Ip "path_info" 12
+.IX Item "path_info"
Normally, \fBsudo\fR will tell the user when a command could not be
-found in their \f(CW$PATH\fR. Some sites may wish to disable this as
+found in their \f(CW\*(C`$PATH\*(C'\fR. Some sites may wish to disable this as
it could be used to gather information on the location of executables
that the normal user does not have access to. The disadvantage is
-that if the executable is simply not in the user's \f(CW$PATH\fR, \fBsudo\fR
+that if the executable is simply not in the user's \f(CW\*(C`$PATH\*(C'\fR, \fBsudo\fR
will tell the user that they are not allowed to run it, which can
be confusing. This flag is off by default.
.Ip "fqdn" 12
+.IX Item "fqdn"
Set this flag if you want to put fully qualified hostnames in the
-\fIsudoers\fR file. Ie: instead of myhost you would use myhost.mydomain.edu.
+\&\fIsudoers\fR file. Ie: instead of myhost you would use myhost.mydomain.edu.
You may still use the short form if you wish (and even mix the two).
-Beware that turning on \fIfqdn\fR requires \fBsudo\fR to make \s-1DNS\s0 lookups
-which may make \fBsudo\fR unusable if \s-1DNS\s0 stops working (for example
+Beware that turning on \fIfqdn\fR requires \fBsudo\fR to make DNS lookups
+which may make \fBsudo\fR unusable if DNS stops working (for example
if the machine is not plugged into the network). Also note that
-you must use the host's official name as \s-1DNS\s0 knows it. That is,
-you may not use a host alias (\f(CWCNAME\fR entry) due to performance
+you must use the host's official name as DNS knows it. That is,
+you may not use a host alias (\f(CW\*(C`CNAME\*(C'\fR entry) due to performance
issues and the fact that there is no way to get all aliases from
-\s-1DNS\s0. If your machine's hostname (as returned by the \f(CWhostname\fR
+DNS. If your machine's hostname (as returned by the \f(CW\*(C`hostname\*(C'\fR
command) is already fully qualified you shouldn't need to set
-\fIfqfn\fR. This flag is off by default.
+\&\fIfqfn\fR. This flag is off by default.
.Ip "insults" 12
+.IX Item "insults"
If set, \fBsudo\fR will insult users when they enter an incorrect
password. This flag is off by default.
.Ip "requiretty" 12
+.IX Item "requiretty"
If set, \fBsudo\fR will only run when the user is logged in to a real
-tty. This will disallow things like \f(CW"rsh somehost sudo ls"\fR since
-\fIrsh\fR\|(1) does not allocate a tty. Because it is not possible to turn
+tty. This will disallow things like \f(CW\*(C`"rsh somehost sudo ls"\*(C'\fR since
+\&\fIrsh\fR\|(1) does not allocate a tty. Because it is not possible to turn
of echo when there is no tty present, some sites may with to set
this flag to prevent a user from entering a visible password. This
flag is off by default.
.Ip "env_editor" 12
-If set, \fBvisudo\fR will use the value of the \s-1EDITOR\s0 or \s-1VISUAL\s0
+.IX Item "env_editor"
+If set, \fBvisudo\fR will use the value of the EDITOR or VISUAL
environment variables before falling back on the default editor list.
Note that this may create a security hole as it allows the user to
run any arbitrary command as root without logging. A safer alternative
-is to place a colon-separated list of editors in the \f(CWeditor\fR
-variable. \fBvisudo\fR will then only use the \s-1EDITOR\s0 or \s-1VISUAL\s0 if
-they match a value specified in \f(CWeditor\fR. This flag is off by
+is to place a colon-separated list of editors in the \f(CW\*(C`editor\*(C'\fR
+variable. \fBvisudo\fR will then only use the EDITOR or VISUAL if
+they match a value specified in \f(CW\*(C`editor\*(C'\fR. This flag is off by
default.
.Ip "rootpw" 12
+.IX Item "rootpw"
If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the root password instead of the password
of the invoking user. This flag is off by default.
.Ip "runaspw" 12
+.IX Item "runaspw"
If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the password of the user defined by the
-\fIrunas_default\fR option (defaults to root) instead of the password
+\&\fIrunas_default\fR option (defaults to root) instead of the password
of the invoking user. This flag is off by default.
.Ip "targetpw" 12
+.IX Item "targetpw"
If set, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for the password of the user specified by
-the \f(CW-u\fR flag (defaults to root) instead of the password of the
+the \f(CW\*(C`\-u\*(C'\fR flag (defaults to root) instead of the password of the
invoking user. This flag is off by default.
.Ip "set_logname" 12
-Normally, \fBsudo\fR will set the \f(CWLOGNAME\fR and \f(CWUSER\fR environment variables
-to the name of the target user (usually root unless the \f(CW-u\fR flag is given).
-However, since some programs (including the \s-1RCS\s0 revision control system)
-use \f(CWLOGNAME\fR to determine the real identity of the user, it may be desirable
+.IX Item "set_logname"
+Normally, \fBsudo\fR will set the \f(CW\*(C`LOGNAME\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`USER\*(C'\fR environment variables
+to the name of the target user (usually root unless the \f(CW\*(C`\-u\*(C'\fR flag is given).
+However, since some programs (including the RCS revision control system)
+use \f(CW\*(C`LOGNAME\*(C'\fR to determine the real identity of the user, it may be desirable
to change this behavior. This can be done by negating the set_logname option.
.Ip "use_loginclass" 12
+.IX Item "use_loginclass"
If set, \fBsudo\fR will apply the defaults specified for the target user's
login class if one exists. Only available if \fBsudo\fR is configured with
-the --with-logincap option. This flag is off by default.
+the \-\-with-logincap option. This flag is off by default.
.PP
-\fBIntegers\fR:
+\&\fBIntegers\fR:
.Ip "passwd_tries" 12
+.IX Item "passwd_tries"
The number of tries a user gets to enter his/her password before
-\fBsudo\fR logs the failure and exits. The default is 3.
+\&\fBsudo\fR logs the failure and exits. The default is 3.
.PP
-\fBIntegers that can be used in a boolean context\fR:
+\&\fBIntegers that can be used in a boolean context\fR:
.Ip "loglinelen" 12
+.IX Item "loglinelen"
Number of characters per line for the file log. This value is used
to decide when to wrap lines for nicer log files. This has no
effect on the syslog log file, only the file log. The default is
80 (use 0 or negate to disable word wrap).
.Ip "timestamp_timeout" 12
+.IX Item "timestamp_timeout"
Number of minutes that can elapse before \fBsudo\fR will ask for a passwd
again. The default is 5, set this to 0 to always prompt for a password.
.Ip "passwd_timeout" 12
+.IX Item "passwd_timeout"
Number of minutes before the \fBsudo\fR password prompt times out.
The default is 5, set this to 0 for no password timeout.
.Ip "umask" 12
+.IX Item "umask"
Umask to use when running the root command. Set this to 0777 to
not override the user's umask. The default is 0022.
.PP
-\fBStrings\fR:
+\&\fBStrings\fR:
.Ip "mailsub" 12
-Subject of the mail sent to the \fImailto\fR user. The escape \f(CW%h\fR
+.IX Item "mailsub"
+Subject of the mail sent to the \fImailto\fR user. The escape \f(CW\*(C`%h\*(C'\fR
will expand to the hostname of the machine.
-Default is \*(L"*** \s-1SECURITY\s0 information for \f(CW%h\fR ***\*(R".
+Default is \*(L"*** SECURITY information for \f(CW%h\fR ***\*(R".
.Ip "badpass_message" 12
+.IX Item "badpass_message"
Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect password.
The default is \*(L"Sorry, try again.\*(R" unless insults are enabled.
.Ip "timestampdir" 12
+.IX Item "timestampdir"
The directory in which \fBsudo\fR stores its timestamp files.
-The default is \fI@\s-1TIMEDIR\s0@\fR.
+The default is \fI@TIMEDIR@\fR.
.Ip "passprompt" 12
+.IX Item "passprompt"
The default prompt to use when asking for a password; can be overridden
-via the \f(CW-p\fR option or the \f(CWSUDO_PROMPT\fR environment variable. Supports
+via the \f(CW\*(C`\-p\*(C'\fR option or the \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_PROMPT\*(C'\fR environment variable. Supports
two escapes: \*(L"%u\*(R" expands to the user's login name and \*(L"%h\*(R" expands
to the local hostname. The default value is \*(L"Password:\*(R".
.Ip "runas_default" 12
-The default user to run commands as if the \f(CW-u\fR flag is not specified
+.IX Item "runas_default"
+The default user to run commands as if the \f(CW\*(C`\-u\*(C'\fR flag is not specified
on the command line. This defaults to \*(L"root\*(R".
.Ip "syslog_goodpri" 12
+.IX Item "syslog_goodpri"
Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully.
Defaults to \*(L"notice\*(R".
.Ip "syslog_badpri" 12
+.IX Item "syslog_badpri"
Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully.
Defaults to \*(L"alert\*(R".
.Ip "editor" 12
+.IX Item "editor"
A colon (':') separated list of editors allowed to be used with
-\fBvisudo\fR. \fBvisudo\fR will choose the editor that matches the user's
-\s-1USER\s0 environment variable if possible, or the first editor in the
+\&\fBvisudo\fR. \fBvisudo\fR will choose the editor that matches the user's
+USER environment variable if possible, or the first editor in the
list that exists and is executable. The default is the path to vi
on your system.
.PP
-\fBStrings that can be used in a boolean context\fR:
+\&\fBStrings that can be used in a boolean context\fR:
.Ip "logfile" 12
+.IX Item "logfile"
Path to the \fBsudo\fR log file (not the syslog log file). Setting a path
turns on logging to a file, negating this option turns it off.
.Ip "syslog" 12
+.IX Item "syslog"
Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging (negate to
disable syslog logging). Defaults to \*(L"local2\*(R".
.Ip "mailerpath" 12
+.IX Item "mailerpath"
Path to mail program used to send warning mail.
Defaults to the path to sendmail found at configure time.
.Ip "mailerflags" 12
-Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to \f(CW-t\fR.
+.IX Item "mailerflags"
+Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to \f(CW\*(C`\-t\*(C'\fR.
.Ip "mailto" 12
+.IX Item "mailto"
Address to send warning and erorr mail to. Defaults to \*(L"root\*(R".
.Ip "exempt_group" 12
-Users in this group are exempt from password and \s-1PATH\s0 requirements.
+.IX Item "exempt_group"
+Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH requirements.
This is not set by default.
.Ip "secure_path" 12
+.IX Item "secure_path"
Path used for every command run from \fBsudo\fR. If you don't trust the
-people running \fBsudo\fR to have a sane \f(CWPATH\fR environment variable you may
+people running \fBsudo\fR to have a sane \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR environment variable you may
want to use this. Another use is if you want to have the \*(L"root path\*(R"
be separate from the \*(L"user path.\*(R" This is not set by default.
.Ip "verifypw" 12
+.IX Item "verifypw"
This option controls when a password will be required when a
user runs \fBsudo\fR with the \fB\-v\fR. It has the following possible values:
.Sp
\& always The user must always enter a password to use
\& the B<-v> flag.
.Ve
-The default value is `all\*(R'.
+The default value is `all'.
.Ip "listpw" 12
+.IX Item "listpw"
This option controls when a password will be required when a
user runs \fBsudo\fR with the \fB\-l\fR. It has the following possible values:
.Sp
\& always The user must always enter a password to use
\& the B<-l> flag.
.Ve
-The default value is `any\*(R'.
+The default value is `any'.
.PP
When logging via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3), \fBsudo\fR accepts the following values for the syslog
-facility (the value of the \fBsyslog\fR Parameter): \fBauthpriv\fR (if your \s-1OS\s0
+facility (the value of the \fBsyslog\fR Parameter): \fBauthpriv\fR (if your OS
supports it), \fBauth\fR, \fBdaemon\fR, \fBuser\fR, \fBlocal0\fR, \fBlocal1\fR, \fBlocal2\fR,
-\fBlocal3\fR, \fBlocal4\fR, \fBlocal5\fR, \fBlocal6\fR, and \fBlocal7\fR. The following
+\&\fBlocal3\fR, \fBlocal4\fR, \fBlocal5\fR, \fBlocal6\fR, and \fBlocal7\fR. The following
syslog priorities are supported: \fBalert\fR, \fBcrit\fR, \fBdebug\fR, \fBemerg\fR,
-\fBerr\fR, \fBinfo\fR, \fBnotice\fR, and \fBwarning\fR.
+\&\fBerr\fR, \fBinfo\fR, \fBnotice\fR, and \fBwarning\fR.
.Sh "User Specification"
-.PP
+.IX Subsection "User Specification"
.Vb 2
\& User_Spec ::= User_list Host_List '=' User_List Cmnd_Spec_List \e
\& (':' User_Spec)*
.PP
Let's break that down into its constituent parts:
.Sh "Runas_Spec"
-A \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR is simply a \f(CWRunas_List\fR (as defined above)
+.IX Subsection "Runas_Spec"
+A \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR is simply a \f(CW\*(C`Runas_List\*(C'\fR (as defined above)
enclosed in a set of parentheses. If you do not specify a
-\f(CWRunas_Spec\fR in the user specification, a default \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR
-of \fBroot\fR will be used. A \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR sets the default for
+\&\f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR in the user specification, a default \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR
+of \fBroot\fR will be used. A \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR sets the default for
commands that follow it. What this means is that for the entry:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who
.Ve
The user \fBdgb\fR may run \fI/bin/ls\fR, \fI/bin/kill\fR, and
-\fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR -- but only as \fBoperator\fR. Eg.
+\&\fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR \*(-- but only as \fBoperator\fR. Eg.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
.Ve
-It is also possible to override a \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR later on in an
+It is also possible to override a \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR later on in an
entry. If we modify the entry like so:
.PP
.Vb 1
.Ve
Then user \fBdgb\fR is now allowed to run \fI/bin/ls\fR as \fBoperator\fR,
but \fI/bin/kill\fR and \fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR as \fBroot\fR.
-.Sh "\s-1NOPASSWD\s0 and \s-1PASSWD\s0"
+.Sh "NOPASSWD and PASSWD"
+.IX Subsection "NOPASSWD and PASSWD"
By default, \fBsudo\fR requires that a user authenticate him or herself
before running a command. This behavior can be modified via the
-\f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag. Like a \f(CWRunas_Spec\fR, the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag sets
-a default for the commands that follow it in the \f(CWCmnd_Spec_List\fR.
-Conversely, the \f(CWPASSWD\fR tag can be used to reverse things.
+\&\f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tag. Like a \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Spec\*(C'\fR, the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tag sets
+a default for the commands that follow it in the \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_Spec_List\*(C'\fR.
+Conversely, the \f(CW\*(C`PASSWD\*(C'\fR tag can be used to reverse things.
For example:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
.Ve
would allow the user \fBray\fR to run \fI/bin/kill\fR, \fI/bin/ls\fR, and
-\fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR as root on the machine rushmore as \fBroot\fR without
+\&\fI/usr/bin/lprm\fR as root on the machine rushmore as \fBroot\fR without
authenticating himself. If we only want \fBray\fR to be able to
run \fI/bin/kill\fR without a password the entry would be:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
.Ve
-Note however, that the \f(CWPASSWD\fR tag has no effect on users who are
+Note however, that the \f(CW\*(C`PASSWD\*(C'\fR tag has no effect on users who are
in the group specified by the exempt_group option.
.PP
-By default, if the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag is applied to any of the entries
+By default, if the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tag is applied to any of the entries
for a user on the current host, he or she will be able to run
-\f(CWsudo -l\fR without a password. Additionally, a user may only run
-\f(CWsudo -v\fR without a password if the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag is present
+\&\f(CW\*(C`sudo \-l\*(C'\fR without a password. Additionally, a user may only run
+\&\f(CW\*(C`sudo \-v\*(C'\fR without a password if the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tag is present
for all a user's entries that pertain to the current host.
This behavior may be overridden via the verifypw and listpw options.
.Sh "Wildcards (aka meta characters):"
-\fBsudo\fR allows shell-style \fIwildcards\fR to be used in pathnames
+.IX Subsection "Wildcards (aka meta characters):"
+\&\fBsudo\fR allows shell-style \fIwildcards\fR to be used in pathnames
as well as command line arguments in the \fIsudoers\fR file. Wildcard
-matching is done via the \fB\s-1POSIX\s0\fR \f(CWfnmatch(3)\fR routine. Note that
+matching is done via the \fBPOSIX\fR \f(CW\*(C`fnmatch(3)\*(C'\fR routine. Note that
these are \fInot\fR regular expressions.
-.Ip "\f(CW*\fR" 8
+.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`*\*(C'\fR" 8
+.IX Item "*"
Matches any set of zero or more characters.
-.Ip "\f(CW?\fR" 8
+.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`?\*(C'\fR" 8
+.IX Item "?"
Matches any single character.
-.Ip "\f(CW[...]\fR" 8
+.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`[...]\*(C'\fR" 8
+.IX Item "[...]"
Matches any character in the specified range.
-.Ip "\f(CW[!...]\fR" 8
+.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`[!...]\*(C'\fR" 8
+.IX Item "[!...]"
Matches any character \fBnot\fR in the specified range.
-.Ip "\f(CW\ex\fR" 8
+.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\ex\*(C'\fR" 8
+.IX Item "x"
For any character \*(L"x\*(R", evaluates to \*(L"x\*(R". This is used to
escape special characters such as: \*(L"*\*(R", \*(L"?\*(R", \*(L"[\*(R", and \*(L"}\*(R".
.PP
.Vb 1
\& /usr/bin/*
.Ve
-match \f(CW/usr/bin/who\fR but not \f(CW/usr/bin/X11/xterm\fR.
+match \f(CW\*(C`/usr/bin/who\*(C'\fR but not \f(CW\*(C`/usr/bin/X11/xterm\*(C'\fR.
.Sh "Exceptions to wildcard rules:"
+.IX Subsection "Exceptions to wildcard rules:"
The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
-.Ip \f(CW""\fR 8
-If the empty string \f(CW""\fR is the only command line argument in the
-\fIsudoers\fR entry it means that command is not allowed to be run
+.if n .Ip "\f(CW\*(C`""""""""\*(C'\fR" 8
+.el .Ip "\f(CW\*(C```''\*(C'\fR" 8
+.IX Item """""
+If the empty string \f(CW\*(C`""\*(C'\fR is the only command line argument in the
+\&\fIsudoers\fR entry it means that command is not allowed to be run
with \fBany\fR arguments.
.Sh "Other special characters and reserved words:"
+.IX Subsection "Other special characters and reserved words:"
The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it
occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by one or
more digits, in which case it is treated as a uid). Both the
comment character and any text after it, up to the end of the line,
are ignored.
.PP
-The reserved word \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR is a built in \fIalias\fR that always causes
+The reserved word \fBALL\fR is a built in \fIalias\fR that always causes
a match to succeed. It can be used wherever one might otherwise
-use a \f(CWCmnd_Alias\fR, \f(CWUser_Alias\fR, \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR, or \f(CWHost_Alias\fR.
-You should not try to define your own \fIalias\fR called \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR as the
+use a \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_Alias\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`User_Alias\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fR, or \f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR.
+You should not try to define your own \fIalias\fR called \fBALL\fR as the
built in alias will be used in preference to your own. Please note
-that using \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR can be dangerous since in a command context, it
+that using \fBALL\fR can be dangerous since in a command context, it
allows the user to run \fBany\fR command on the system.
.PP
-An exclamation point (\*(R'!') can be used as a logical \fInot\fR operator
-both in an \fIalias\fR and in front of a \f(CWCmnd\fR. This allows one to
-exclude certain values. Note, however, that using a \f(CW!\fR in
-conjunction with the built in \f(CWALL\fR alias to allow a user to
-run \*(L"all but a few\*(R" commands rarely works as intended (see \s-1SECURITY\s0
-\s-1NOTES\s0 below).
+An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical \fInot\fR operator
+both in an \fIalias\fR and in front of a \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd\*(C'\fR. This allows one to
+exclude certain values. Note, however, that using a \f(CW\*(C`!\*(C'\fR in
+conjunction with the built in \f(CW\*(C`ALL\*(C'\fR alias to allow a user to
+run \*(L"all but a few\*(R" commands rarely works as intended (see SECURITY
+NOTES below).
.PP
-Long lines can be continued with a backslash (\*(R'\e') as the last
+Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('\e') as the last
character on the line.
.PP
Whitespace between elements in a list as well as specicial syntactic
-characters in a \fIUser Specification\fR ('=\*(R', \*(L':\*(R', \*(L'(\*(R', \*(L')') is optional.
+characters in a \fIUser Specification\fR ('=', ':', '(', ')') is optional.
.PP
-The following characters must be escaped with a backslash (\*(R'\e') when
+The following characters must be escaped with a backslash ('\e') when
used as part of a word (eg. a username or hostname):
-\&'@\*(R', \*(L'!\*(R', \*(L'=\*(R', \*(L':\*(R', \*(L',\*(R', \*(L'(\*(R', \*(L')\*(R', \*(L'\e\*(R'.
+\&'@', '!', '=', ':', ',', '(', ')', '\e'.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
+.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Below are example \fIsudoers\fR entries. Admittedly, some of
these are a bit contrived. First, we define our \fIaliases\fR:
.PP
\& Cmnd_Alias SU = /usr/bin/su
.Ve
Here we override some of the compiled in default values. We want
-\fBsudo\fR to log via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3) using the \fIauth\fR facility in all cases.
+\&\fBsudo\fR to log via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3) using the \fIauth\fR facility in all cases.
We don't want to subject the full time staff to the \fBsudo\fR lecture,
and user \fBmillert\fR need not give a password. In addition, on the
-machines in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CWHost_Alias\fR, we keep an additional
+machines in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR, we keep an additional
local log file and make sure we log the year in each log line since
the log entries will be kept around for several years.
.PP
.Ve
Part time sysadmins (\fBbostley\fR, \fBjwfox\fR, and \fBcrawl\fR) may run any
command on any host but they must authenticate themselves first
-(since the entry lacks the \f(CWNOPASSWD\fR tag).
+(since the entry lacks the \f(CW\*(C`NOPASSWD\*(C'\fR tag).
.PP
.Vb 1
\& jack CSNETS = ALL
.Ve
The user \fBjack\fR may run any command on the machines in the \fICSNETS\fR alias
-(the networks \f(CW128.138.243.0\fR, \f(CW128.138.204.0\fR, and \f(CW128.138.242.0\fR).
+(the networks \f(CW\*(C`128.138.243.0\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`128.138.204.0\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`128.138.242.0\*(C'\fR).
Of those networks, only <128.138.204.0> has an explicit netmask (in
CIDR notation) indicating it is a class C network. For the other
networks in \fICSNETS\fR, the local machine's netmask will be used
\& lisa CUNETS = ALL
.Ve
The user \fBlisa\fR may run any command on any host in the \fICUNETS\fR alias
-(the class B network \f(CW128.138.0.0\fR).
+(the class B network \f(CW\*(C`128.138.0.0\*(C'\fR).
.PP
.Vb 2
\& operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\e
\& bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
.Ve
The user \fBbob\fR may run anything on the \fISPARC\fR and \fISGI\fR machines
-as any user listed in the \fIOP\fR \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR (\fBroot\fR and \fBoperator\fR).
+as any user listed in the \fIOP\fR \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fR (\fBroot\fR and \fBoperator\fR).
.PP
.Vb 1
\& jim +biglab = ALL
.Ve
The user \fBjim\fR may run any command on machines in the \fIbiglab\fR netgroup.
-\fBSudo\fR knows that \*(L"biglab\*(R" is a netgroup due to the \*(L'+\*(R' prefix.
+\&\fBSudo\fR knows that \*(L"biglab\*(R" is a netgroup due to the '+' prefix.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& +secretaries ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
.Vb 1
\& fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
.Ve
-The user \fBfred\fR can run commands as any user in the \fIDB\fR \f(CWRunas_Alias\fR
+The user \fBfred\fR can run commands as any user in the \fIDB\fR \f(CW\*(C`Runas_Alias\*(C'\fR
(\fBoracle\fR or \fBsybase\fR) without giving a password.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& jen ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
.Ve
The user \fBjen\fR may run any command on any machine except for those
-in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CWHost_Alias\fR (master, mail, www and ns).
+in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR (master, mail, www and ns).
.PP
.Vb 1
\& jill SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
.Ve
-For any machine in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CWHost_Alias\fR, \fBjill\fR may run
+For any machine in the \fISERVERS\fR \f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR, \fBjill\fR may run
any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those commands
-belonging to the \fISU\fR and \fISHELLS\fR \f(CWCmnd_Aliases\fR.
+belonging to the \fISU\fR and \fISHELLS\fR \f(CW\*(C`Cmnd_Aliases\*(C'\fR.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& steve CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
.Vb 1
\& WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
.Ve
-On the host www, any user in the \fIWEBMASTERS\fR \f(CWUser_Alias\fR (will,
+On the host www, any user in the \fIWEBMASTERS\fR \f(CW\*(C`User_Alias\*(C'\fR (will,
wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www (which owns the
web pages) or simply \fIsu\fR\|(1) to www.
.PP
\& ALL CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\e
\& /sbin/mount -o nosuid\e,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM
.Ve
-Any user may mount or unmount a CD\-ROM on the machines in the CDROM
-\f(CWHost_Alias\fR (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password.
+Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in the CDROM
+\&\f(CW\*(C`Host_Alias\*(C'\fR (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password.
This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candiate
for encapsulating in a shell script.
.SH "SECURITY NOTES"
-It is generally not effective to \*(L"subtract\*(R" commands from \f(CWALL\fR
-using the \*(L'!\*(R' operator. A user can trivially circumvent this
+.IX Header "SECURITY NOTES"
+It is generally not effective to \*(L"subtract\*(R" commands from \f(CW\*(C`ALL\*(C'\fR
+using the '!' operator. A user can trivially circumvent this
by copying the desired command to a different name and then
executing that. For example:
.PP
\& bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
.Ve
Doesn't really prevent \fBbill\fR from running the commands listed in
-\fISU\fR or \fISHELLS\fR since he can simply copy those commands to a
+\&\fISU\fR or \fISHELLS\fR since he can simply copy those commands to a
different name, or use a shell escape from an editor or other
program. Therefore, these kind of restrictions should be considered
advisory at best (and reinforced by policy).
.SH "CAVEATS"
+.IX Header "CAVEATS"
The \fIsudoers\fR file should \fBalways\fR be edited by the \fBvisudo\fR
command which locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is
imperative that \fIsudoers\fR be free of syntax errors since \fBsudo\fR
When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if you
store fully qualified hostnames in the netgroup (as is usually the
case), you either need to have the machine's hostname be fully qualified
-as returned by the \f(CWhostname\fR command or use the \fIfqdn\fR option in
-\fIsudoers\fR.
+as returned by the \f(CW\*(C`hostname\*(C'\fR command or use the \fIfqdn\fR option in
+\&\fIsudoers\fR.
.SH "FILES"
-.PP
+.IX Header "FILES"
.Vb 3
\& @sysconfdir@/sudoers List of who can run what
\& /etc/group Local groups file
\& /etc/netgroup List of network groups
.Ve
.SH "SEE ALSO"
-\fIsudo\fR\|(@mansectsu@), \fIvisudo\fR\|(@mansectsu@), \fIsu\fR\|(1), \fIfnmatch\fR\|(3).
-
-.rn }` ''
-.IX Title "sudoers @mansectform@"
-.IX Name "sudoers - list of which users may execute what"
-
-.IX Header "NAME"
-
-.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
-
-.IX Subsection "Quick guide to \s-1EBNF\s0"
-
-.IX Item "\f(CW?\fR"
-
-.IX Item "\f(CW*\fR"
-
-.IX Item "\f(CW+\fR"
-
-.IX Subsection "Aliases"
-
-.IX Subsection "Defaults"
-
-.IX Item "long_otp_prompt"
-
-.IX Item "ignore_dot"
-
-.IX Item "mail_always"
-
-.IX Item "mail_no_user"
-
-.IX Item "mail_no_host"
-
-.IX Item "mail_no_perms"
-
-.IX Item "tty_tickets"
-
-.IX Item "lecture"
-
-.IX Item "authenticate"
-
-.IX Item "root_sudo"
-
-.IX Item "log_host"
-
-.IX Item "log_year"
-
-.IX Item "shell_noargs"
-
-.IX Item "set_home"
-
-.IX Item "path_info"
-
-.IX Item "fqdn"
-
-.IX Item "insults"
-
-.IX Item "requiretty"
-
-.IX Item "env_editor"
-
-.IX Item "rootpw"
-
-.IX Item "runaspw"
-
-.IX Item "targetpw"
-
-.IX Item "set_logname"
-
-.IX Item "use_loginclass"
-
-.IX Item "passwd_tries"
-
-.IX Item "loglinelen"
-
-.IX Item "timestamp_timeout"
-
-.IX Item "passwd_timeout"
-
-.IX Item "umask"
-
-.IX Item "mailsub"
-
-.IX Item "badpass_message"
-
-.IX Item "timestampdir"
-
-.IX Item "passprompt"
-
-.IX Item "runas_default"
-
-.IX Item "syslog_goodpri"
-
-.IX Item "syslog_badpri"
-
-.IX Item "editor"
-
-.IX Item "logfile"
-
-.IX Item "syslog"
-
-.IX Item "mailerpath"
-
-.IX Item "mailerflags"
-
-.IX Item "mailto"
-
-.IX Item "exempt_group"
-
-.IX Item "secure_path"
-
-.IX Item "verifypw"
-
-.IX Item "listpw"
-
-.IX Subsection "User Specification"
-
-.IX Subsection "Runas_Spec"
-
-.IX Subsection "\s-1NOPASSWD\s0 and \s-1PASSWD\s0"
-
-.IX Subsection "Wildcards (aka meta characters):"
-
-.IX Item "\f(CW*\fR"
-
-.IX Item "\f(CW?\fR"
-
-.IX Item "\f(CW[...]\fR"
-
-.IX Item "\f(CW[!...]\fR"
-
-.IX Item "\f(CW\ex\fR"
-
-.IX Subsection "Exceptions to wildcard rules:"
-
-.IX Item \f(CW""\fR
-
-.IX Subsection "Other special characters and reserved words:"
-
-.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
-
-.IX Header "SECURITY NOTES"
-
-.IX Header "CAVEATS"
-
-.IX Header "FILES"
-
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
-
+\&\fIsudo\fR\|(@mansectsu@), \fIvisudo\fR\|(8), \fIsu\fR\|(1), \fIfnmatch\fR\|(3).
D\bD\bD\bDE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bSC\bC\bC\bCR\bR\bR\bRI\bI\bI\bIP\bP\bP\bPT\bT\bT\bTI\bI\bI\bIO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bN
v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo edits the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file in a safe fashion, analogous
- to _\bv_\bi_\bp_\bw(1m). v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo locks the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file against
- multiple simultaneous edits, provides basic sanity checks,
- and checks for parse errors. If the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file is
- currently being edited you will receive a message to try
- again later. In the default configuration, the _\bv_\bi(1)
- editor is used, but there is a compile time option to
- allow use of whatever editor the environment variables
- EDITOR or VISUAL are set to.
+ to _\bv_\bi_\bp_\bw(1m). v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo locks the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file against multi
+ ple simultaneous edits, provides basic sanity checks, and
+ checks for parse errors. If the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file is currently
+ being edited you will receive a message to try again
+ later. In the default configuration, the _\bv_\bi(1) editor is
+ used, but there is a compile time option to allow use of
+ whatever editor the environment variables `EDITOR' or
+ `VISUAL' are set to.
v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo parses the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file after the edit and will not
save the changes if there is a syntax error. Upon finding
v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo accepts the following command line option:
-s Enable s\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\btr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bct\bt\bt\bt checking of the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file. If an
- alias is used before it is defined, v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will
- consider this a parse error. Note that it is not
- possible to differentiate between an alias and a
- hostname or username that consists solely of upper
- case letters, digits, and the underscore ('_')
- character.
-
- -V The -V (version) option causes v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to print the
+ alias is used before it is defined, v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will con
+ sider this a parse error. Note that it is not possi
+ ble to differentiate between an alias and a hostname
+ or username that consists solely of upper case let
+ ters, digits, and the underscore ('_') character.
+
+ -V The `-V' (version) option causes v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to print the
version number and exit.
E\bE\bE\bER\bR\bR\bRR\bR\bR\bRO\bO\bO\bOR\bR\bR\bRS\bS\bS\bS
-26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 1
+
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 1
A\bA\bA\bAU\bU\bU\bUT\bT\bT\bTH\bH\bH\bHO\bO\bO\bOR\bR\bR\bR
- Many people have worked on _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo over the years, this
- version of v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo was written by:
+ Many people have worked on _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo over the years, this ver
+ sion of v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo was written by:
Todd Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
shell if the editor used by v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo allows shell escapes.
S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEE\bE\bE\bE A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLS\bS\bS\bSO\bO\bO\bO
- _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m), _\bv_\bi_\bp_\bw(1m).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 2
-
-
-
-
-
-visudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS visudo(1m)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m), _\bv_\bi_\bp_\bw(8).
-26/Mar/2000 1.6.3 3
+April 7, 2000 1.6.3 2
-.rn '' }`
-''' $RCSfile$$Revision$$Date$
-'''
-''' $Log$
-''' Revision 1.4 2000/03/27 03:26:24 millert
-''' Use @mansectsu@ and @mansectform@ in the man page bodies as well.
-'''
-'''
-.de Sh
+.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man version 1.02
+.\" Fri Apr 7 08:37:07 2000
+.\"
+.\" Standard preamble:
+.\" ======================================================================
+.de Sh \" Subsection heading
.br
.if t .Sp
.ne 5
\fB\\$1\fR
.PP
..
-.de Sp
+.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
-.de Ip
+.de Ip \" List item
.br
.ie \\n(.$>=3 .ne \\$3
.el .ne 3
.IP "\\$1" \\$2
..
-.de Vb
+.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
-.de Ve
+.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
-'''
-'''
-''' Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash;
-''' string Tr holds user defined translation string.
-''' Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character.
-'''
+.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
+.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
+.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. | will give a
+.\" real vertical bar. \*(C+ will give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used
+.\" to do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available. \*(C` and
+.\" \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>
.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr
+.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
-.ds -- \(*W-
-.ds PI pi
-.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
-.if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
-.ds L" ""
-.ds R" ""
-''' \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of
-''' \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines,
-''' such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of
-''' double-quote interpretation
-.ds M" """
-.ds S" """
-.ds N" """""
-.ds T" """""
-.ds L' '
-.ds R' '
-.ds M' '
-.ds S' '
-.ds N' '
-.ds T' '
+. ds -- \(*W-
+. ds PI pi
+. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
+. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
+. ds L" ""
+. ds R" ""
+. ds C` `
+. ds C' '
'br\}
.el\{\
-.ds -- \(em\|
-.tr \*(Tr
-.ds L" ``
-.ds R" ''
-.ds M" ``
-.ds S" ''
-.ds N" ``
-.ds T" ''
-.ds L' `
-.ds R' '
-.ds M' `
-.ds S' '
-.ds N' `
-.ds T' '
-.ds PI \(*p
+. ds -- \|\(em\|
+. ds PI \(*p
+. ds L" ``
+. ds R" ''
'br\}
-.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate
-.\" index entries out stderr for the following things:
-.\" TH Title
-.\" SH Header
-.\" Sh Subsection
-.\" Ip Item
-.\" X<> Xref (embedded
-.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself
-.\" in some meaninful fashion.
-.if \nF \{
-.de IX
-.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
-..
-.nr % 0
-.rr F
+.\"
+.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr
+.\" for titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and
+.\" index entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process
+.\" the output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
+.if \nF \{\
+. de IX
+. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
+. .
+. nr % 0
+. rr F
.\}
-.TH visudo @mansectsu@ "1.6.3" "26/Mar/2000" "MAINTENANCE COMMANDS"
-.UC
-.if n .hy 0
+.\"
+.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it
+.\" makes way too many mistakes in technical documents.
+.hy 0
.if n .na
-.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
-.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font
-.ft CW
-'if n "\c
-'if t \\&\\$1\c
-'if n \\&\\$1\c
-'if n \&"
-\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7
-'.ft R
-..
-.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2
-. \" AM - accent mark definitions
+.\"
+.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
+.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
.bd B 3
-. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
+. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
-. ds #H 0
-. ds #V .8m
-. ds #F .3m
-. ds #[ \f1
-. ds #] \fP
+. ds #H 0
+. ds #V .8m
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+. ds #] \fP
.\}
.if t \{\
-. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
-. ds #V .6m
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-. ds #[ \&
-. ds #] \&
+. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
+. ds #V .6m
+. ds #F 0
+. ds #[ \&
+. ds #] \&
.\}
-. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
+. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
-. ds ' \&
-. ds ` \&
-. ds ^ \&
-. ds , \&
-. ds ~ ~
-. ds ? ?
-. ds ! !
-. ds /
-. ds q
+. ds ' \&
+. ds ` \&
+. ds ^ \&
+. ds , \&
+. ds ~ ~
+. ds /
.\}
.if t \{\
-. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
-. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
-. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
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-. ds ? \s-2c\h'-\w'c'u*7/10'\u\h'\*(#H'\zi\d\s+2\h'\w'c'u*8/10'
-. ds ! \s-2\(or\s+2\h'-\w'\(or'u'\v'-.8m'.\v'.8m'
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-. ds q o\h'-\w'o'u*8/10'\s-4\v'.4m'\z\(*i\v'-.4m'\s+4\h'\w'o'u*8/10'
+. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
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+. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
-. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
+. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
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-.ds Oe O\h'-(\w'O'u*4/10)'E
-. \" corrections for vroff
+. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
-. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
+. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
-. ds : e
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+. ds ae ae
+. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
+.\" ======================================================================
+.\"
+.IX Title "visudo @mansectsu@"
+.TH visudo @mansectsu@ "1.6.3" "April 7, 2000" "MAINTENANCE COMMANDS"
+.UC
.SH "NAME"
visudo \- edit the sudoers file
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBvisudo\fR [ \fB\-s\fR ] [ \fB\-V\fR ]
+.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
+\&\fBvisudo\fR [ \fB\-s\fR ] [ \fB\-V\fR ]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
-\fBvisudo\fR edits the \fIsudoers\fR file in a safe fashion, analogous to
-\fIvipw\fR\|(@mansectsu@). \fBvisudo\fR locks the \fIsudoers\fR file against multiple
+.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
+\&\fBvisudo\fR edits the \fIsudoers\fR file in a safe fashion, analogous to
+\&\fIvipw\fR\|(@mansectsu@). \fBvisudo\fR locks the \fIsudoers\fR file against multiple
simultaneous edits, provides basic sanity checks, and checks
for parse errors. If the \fIsudoers\fR file is currently being
edited you will receive a message to try again later. In the
default configuration, the \fIvi\fR\|(1) editor is used, but there is
a compile time option to allow use of whatever editor the
-environment variables \f(CWEDITOR\fR or \f(CWVISUAL\fR are set to.
+environment variables \f(CW\*(C`EDITOR\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`VISUAL\*(C'\fR are set to.
.PP
-\fBvisudo\fR parses the \fIsudoers\fR file after the edit and will
+\&\fBvisudo\fR parses the \fIsudoers\fR file after the edit and will
not save the changes if there is a syntax error. Upon finding
an error, a message will be printed stating the line \fInumber\fR\|(s)
that the error occurred on and the user will receive the
-\*(L"What now?\*(R" prompt. At this point the user may enter \*(L"e\*(R"
+\&\*(L"What now?\*(R" prompt. At this point the user may enter \*(L"e\*(R"
to re-edit the \fIsudoers\fR file, enter \*(L"x\*(R" to exit without
saving the changes, or \*(L"Q\*(R" to quit and save changes. The
-\*(L"Q\*(R" option should be used with extreme care because if \fBvisudo\fR
+\&\*(L"Q\*(R" option should be used with extreme care because if \fBvisudo\fR
believes there to be a parse error, so will \fBsudo\fR and no one
will be able to execute \fBsudo\fR again until the error is fixed.
Any other command at this prompt will print a short help message.
detected the cursor will be placed on the line where the error
occurred (if the editor supports this feature).
.SH "OPTIONS"
-\fBvisudo\fR accepts the following command line option:
-.Ip "-s" 4
+.IX Header "OPTIONS"
+\&\fBvisudo\fR accepts the following command line option:
+.Ip "\-s" 4
+.IX Item "-s"
Enable \fBstrict\fR checking of the \fIsudoers\fR file. If an alias is
used before it is defined, \fBvisudo\fR will consider this a parse
error. Note that it is not possible to differentiate between an
alias and a hostname or username that consists solely of upper case
letters, digits, and the underscore ('_') character.
-.Ip "-V" 4
-The \f(CW-V\fR (version) option causes \fBvisudo\fR to print the version number
+.Ip "\-V" 4
+.IX Item "-V"
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-V\*(C'\fR (version) option causes \fBvisudo\fR to print the version number
and exit.
.SH "ERRORS"
+.IX Header "ERRORS"
.Ip "sudoers file busy, try again later." 4
+.IX Item "sudoers file busy, try again later."
Someone else is currently editing the \fIsudoers\fR file.
.Ip "@sysconfdir@/sudoers.tmp: Permission denied" 4
+.IX Item "@sysconfdir@/sudoers.tmp: Permission denied"
You didn't run \fBvisudo\fR as root.
.Ip "Can't find you in the passwd database" 4
+.IX Item "Can't find you in the passwd database"
Your userid does not appear in the system passwd file.
.Ip "Warning: undeclared Alias referenced near ..." 4
+.IX Item "Warning: undeclared Alias referenced near ..."
Either you are using a {User,Runas,Host,Cmnd}_Alias before
defining it or you have a user or hostname listed that
consists solely of upper case letters, digits, and the
the warnings (\fBsudo\fR will not complain). In \fB\-s\fR (strict)
mode these are errors not warnings.
.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
+.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
The following environment variables are used only if \fBvisudo\fR
-was configured with the \fI--with-env-editor\fR option:
+was configured with the \fI\*(--with-env-editor\fR option:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& EDITOR Used by visudo as the editor to use
\& VISUAL Used by visudo if EDITOR is not set
.Ve
.SH "FILES"
-.PP
+.IX Header "FILES"
.Vb 2
\& @sysconfdir@/sudoers List of who can run what
\& @sysconfdir@/sudoers.tmp Lock file for visudo
.Ve
.SH "AUTHOR"
+.IX Header "AUTHOR"
Many people have worked on \fIsudo\fR over the years, this version of
-\fBvisudo\fR was written by:
+\&\fBvisudo\fR was written by:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& Todd Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
.Ve
See the HISTORY file in the sudo distribution for more details.
.SH "BUGS"
+.IX Header "BUGS"
If you feel you have found a bug in sudo, please submit a bug report
at http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/bugs/
.SH "DISCLAIMER"
-\fBVisudo\fR is provided ``AS IS'\*(R' and any express or implied warranties,
+.IX Header "DISCLAIMER"
+\&\fBVisudo\fR is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties,
including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability
and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.
See the LICENSE file distributed with \fBsudo\fR for complete details.
.SH "CAVEATS"
+.IX Header "CAVEATS"
There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell if
the editor used by \fBvisudo\fR allows shell escapes.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
-\fIsudo\fR\|(@mansectsu@), \fIvipw\fR\|(@mansectsu@).
-
-.rn }` ''
-.IX Title "visudo @mansectsu@"
-.IX Name "visudo - edit the sudoers file"
-
-.IX Header "NAME"
-
-.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
-
-.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
-
-.IX Header "OPTIONS"
-
-.IX Item "-s"
-
-.IX Item "-V"
-
-.IX Header "ERRORS"
-
-.IX Item "sudoers file busy, try again later."
-
-.IX Item "@sysconfdir@/sudoers.tmp: Permission denied"
-
-.IX Item "Can't find you in the passwd database"
-
-.IX Item "Warning: undeclared Alias referenced near ..."
-
-.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
-
-.IX Header "FILES"
-
-.IX Header "AUTHOR"
-
-.IX Header "BUGS"
-
-.IX Header "DISCLAIMER"
-
-.IX Header "CAVEATS"
-
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
-
+\&\fIsudo\fR\|(@mansectsu@), \fIvipw\fR\|(8).
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