+++ /dev/null
-From vadim@krs.ru Fri Aug 6 00:02:02 1999
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-Date: Fri, 06 Aug 1999 12:01:57 +0800
-From: Vadim Mikheev <vadim@krs.ru>
-Organization: OJSC Rostelecom (Krasnoyarsk)
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>, pgsql-hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Idea for speeding up uncorrelated subqueries
-References: <199908060331.XAA22277@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-Status: RO
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> Isn't it something that takes only a few hours to implement. We can't
-> keep telling people to us EXISTS, especially because most SQL people
-> think correlated queries are slower that non-correlated ones. Can we
-> just on-the-fly rewrite the query to use exists?
-
-This seems easy to implement. We could look does subquery have
-aggregates or not before calling union_planner() in
-subselect.c:_make_subplan() and rewrite it (change
-slink->subLinkType from IN to EXISTS and add quals).
-
-Without caching implemented IN-->EXISTS rewriting always
-has sence.
-
-After implementation of caching we probably should call union_planner()
-for both original/modified subqueries and compare costs/sizes
-of EXISTS/IN_with_caching plans and maybe even make
-decision what plan to use after parent query is planned
-and we know for how many parent rows subplan will be executed.
-
-Vadim
-
-From tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us Fri Aug 6 00:15:23 1999
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-cc: Vadim Mikheev <vadim@krs.ru>, pgsql-hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Idea for speeding up uncorrelated subqueries
-In-reply-to: Your message of Thu, 5 Aug 1999 23:31:01 -0400 (EDT)
- <199908060331.XAA22277@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Date: Fri, 06 Aug 1999 00:14:50 -0400
-Message-ID: <6783.933912890@sss.pgh.pa.us>
-From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
-Status: RO
-
-Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us> writes:
-> Isn't it something that takes only a few hours to implement. We can't
-> keep telling people to us EXISTS, especially because most SQL people
-> think correlated queries are slower that non-correlated ones. Can we
-> just on-the-fly rewrite the query to use exists?
-
-I was just about to suggest exactly that. The "IN (subselect)"
-notation seems to be a lot more intuitive --- at least, people
-keep coming up with it --- so why not rewrite it to the EXISTS
-form, if we can handle that more efficiently?
-
- regards, tom lane
-
-From aixssd!darrenk@abs.net Thu Dec 5 10:30:53 1996
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-Date: Thu, 5 Dec 1996 10:07:56 -0500
-From: aixssd!darrenk@abs.net (Darren King)
-Message-Id: <9612051507.AA34942@ceodev>
-To: maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-Subject: Subselect info.
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-
-> Any of them deal with implementing subselects?
-
-There's a white paper at the www.sybase.com that might
-help a little. It's just a copy of a presentation
-given by the optimizer guru there. Nothing code-wise,
-but he gives a few ways of flattening them with temp
-tables, etc...
-
-Darren
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Thu Aug 21 23:42:50 1997
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-Sender: root@www.krasnet.ru
-Message-ID: <33FD0FCF.4DAA423A@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 12:04:31 +0800
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.01 (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.1.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199708220219.WAA23745@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> Considering the complexity of the primary/secondary changes you are
-> making, I believe subselects will be easier than that.
-
-I don't do changes for P/F keys - just thinking...
-Yes, I think that impl of referential integrity is
-more complex work.
-
-As for subselects:
-
-in plannodes.h
-
-typedef struct Plan {
-...
- struct Plan *lefttree;
- struct Plan *righttree;
-} Plan;
-
-/* ----------------
- * these are are defined to avoid confusion problems with "left"
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- * and "right" and "inner" and "outer". The convention is that
- * the "left" plan is the "outer" plan and the "right" plan is
- * the inner plan, but these make the code more readable.
- * ----------------
- */
-#define innerPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->righttree)
-#define outerPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->lefttree)
-
-First thought is avoid any confusions by re-defining
-
-#define rightPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->righttree)
-#define leftPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->lefttree)
-
-and change all occurrences of 'outer' & 'inner' in code
-to 'left' & 'inner' ones:
-
-this will allow to use 'outer' & 'inner' things for subselects
-latter, without confusion. My hope is that we may change Executor
-very easy by adding outer/inner plans/TupleSlots to
-EState, CommonState, JoinState, etc and by doing node
-processing in right order.
-
-Subselects are mostly Planner problem.
-
-Unfortunately, I havn't time at the moment: CHECK/DEFAULT...
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Fri Aug 22 00:00:59 1997
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-Message-ID: <33FD140D.64880EEB@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 12:22:37 +0800
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.01 (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.1.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199708220219.WAA23745@candle.pha.pa.us> <33FD0FCF.4DAA423A@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
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-Status: OR
-
-Vadim B. Mikheev wrote:
->
-> this will allow to use 'outer' & 'inner' things for subselects
-> latter, without confusion. My hope is that we may change Executor
-
-Or may be use 'high' & 'low' for subselecs (to avoid confusion
-with outter hoins).
-
-> very easy by adding outer/inner plans/TupleSlots to
-> EState, CommonState, JoinState, etc and by doing node
-> processing in right order.
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Rule is easy:
-1. Uncorrelated subselect - do 'low' plan node first
-2. Correlated - do left/right first
-
-- just some flag in structures.
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Thu Oct 30 17:02:30 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199710302150.QAA07726@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] subselects
-To: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
-Date: Thu, 30 Oct 1997 16:50:29 -0500 (EST)
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-Status: OR
-
-The only thing I have to add to what I had written earlier is that I
-think it is best to have these subqueries executed as early in query
-execution as possible.
-
-Every piece of the backend: parser, optimizer, executor, is designed to
-work on a single query. The earlier we can split up the queries, the
-better those pieces will work at doing their job. You want to be able
-to use the parser and optimizer on each part of the query separately, if
-you can.
-
-
-Forwarded message:
-> I have done some thinking about subselects. There are basically two
-> issues:
- >
-> Does the query return one row or several rows? This can be
-> determined by seeing if the user uses equals on 'IN' to join the
-> subquery.
->
-> Is the query correlated, meaning "Does the subquery reference
-> values from the outer query?"
->
-> (We already have the third type of subquery, the INSERT...SELECT query.)
->
-> So we have these four combinations:
->
-> 1) one row, no correlation
-> 2) multiple rows, no correlation
-> 3) one row, correlated
-> 4) multiple rows, correlated
->
->
-> With #1, we can execute the subquery, get the value, replace the
-> subquery with the constant returned from the subquery, and execute the
-> outer query.
->
-> With #2, we can execute the subquery and put the result into a temporary
-> table. We then rewrite the outer query to access the temporary table
-> and replace the subquery with the column name from the temporary table.
-> We probabally put an index on the temp. table, which has only one
-> column, because a subquery can only return one column. We remove the
-> temp. table after query execution.
->
-> With #3 and #4, we potentially need to execute the subquery for every
-> row returned by the outer query. Performance would be horrible for
-> anything but the smallest query. Another way to handle this is to
-> execute the subquery WITHOUT using any of the outer-query columns to
-> restrict the WHERE clause, and add those columns used to join the outer
-> variables into the target list of the subquery. So for query:
->
-> select t1.name
-> from tab t1
-> where t1.age = (select max(t2.age)
-> from tab2
-> where tab2.name = t1.name)
->
-> Execute the subquery and put it in a temporary table:
->
-> select t2.name, max(t2.age)
-> into table temp999
-> from tab2
-> where tab2.name = t1.name
->
-> create index i_temp999 on temp999 (name)
->
-> Then re-write the outer query:
->
-> select t1.name
-> from tab t1, temp999
-> where t1.age = temp999.age and
-> t1.name = temp999.name
->
-> The only problem here is that the subselect is running for all entries
-> in tab2, even if the outer query is only going to need a few rows.
-> Determining whether to execute the subquery each time, or create a temp.
-> table is often difficult to determine. Even some non-correlated
-> subqueries are better to execute for each row rather the pre-execute the
-> entire subquery, expecially if the outer query returns few rows.
->
-> One requirement to handle these issues is better column statistics,
-> which I am working on.
->
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Fri Oct 31 22:30:58 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199711010237.VAA14566@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-To: maillist@candle.pha.pa.us (Bruce Momjian)
-Date: Fri, 31 Oct 1997 21:37:06 +1900 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <199710302150.QAA07726@candle.pha.pa.us> from "Bruce Momjian" at Oct 30, 97 04:50:29 pm
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-Status: OR
-
-One more issue I thought of. You can have multiple subselects in a
-single query, and subselects can have their own subselects.
-
-This makes it particularly important that we define a system that always
-is able to process the subselect BEFORE the upper select. This will
-allow use to handle all these cases without limitations.
-
->
-> The only thing I have to add to what I had written earlier is that I
-> think it is best to have these subqueries executed as early in query
-> execution as possible.
->
-> Every piece of the backend: parser, optimizer, executor, is designed to
-> work on a single query. The earlier we can split up the queries, the
-> better those pieces will work at doing their job. You want to be able
-> to use the parser and optimizer on each part of the query separately, if
-> you can.
->
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From hannu@trust.ee Sun Nov 2 10:33:33 1997
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-To: hackers-digest@postgresql.org
-CC: maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-References: <199711010401.XAA09216@hub.org>
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-Status: OR
-
-> Date: Fri, 31 Oct 1997 21:37:06 +1900 (EST)
-> From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-> Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
->
-> One more issue I thought of. You can have multiple subselects in a
-> single query, and subselects can have their own subselects.
->
-> This makes it particularly important that we define a system that always
-> is able to process the subselect BEFORE the upper select. This will
-> allow use to handle all these cases without limitations.
-
-This would severely limit what subselects can be used for as you can't useany of the fields in the upper select in a
-search criteria for the subselect,
-for example you can't do
-
-update parts p1
-set parts.current_id = (
- select new_id
- from parts p2
- where p1.old_id = p2.new_id);or
-
-select id, price, (select sum(price) from parts p2 where p1.id=p2.id) as totalprice
-from parts p1;
-
-there may be of course ways to rewrite these queries (which the optimiser should do
-if it can) but IMHO, these kinds of subselects should still be allowed
-
-> > The only thing I have to add to what I had written earlier is that I
-> > think it is best to have these subqueries executed as early in query
-> > execution as possible.
-> >
-> > Every piece of the backend: parser, optimizer, executor, is designed to
-> > work on a single query. The earlier we can split up the queries, the
-> > better those pieces will work at doing their job. You want to be able
-> > to use the parser and optimizer on each part of the query separately, if
-> > you can.
-> >
->
-
-Hannu
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sun Nov 2 21:30:59 1997
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-Message-ID: <345D356E.353C51DE@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Mon, 03 Nov 1997 09:22:38 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.01 (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-References: <199711021848.NAA08319@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > > One more issue I thought of. You can have multiple subselects in a
-> > > single query, and subselects can have their own subselects.
-> > >
-> > > This makes it particularly important that we define a system that always
-> > > is able to process the subselect BEFORE the upper select. This will
-> > > allow use to handle all these cases without limitations.
-> >
-> > This would severely limit what subselects can be used for as you can't useany of the fields in the upper select in a
-> > search criteria for the subselect,
-> > for example you can't do
-> >
-> > update parts p1
-> > set parts.current_id = (
-> > select new_id
-> > from parts p2
-> > where p1.old_id = p2.new_id);or
-> >
-> > select id, price, (select sum(price) from parts p2 where p1.id=p2.id) as totalprice
-> > from parts p1;
-> >
-> > there may be of course ways to rewrite these queries (which the optimiser should do
-> > if it can) but IMHO, these kinds of subselects should still be allowed
->
-> I hadn't even gotten to this point yet, but it is a good thing to keep
-> in mind.
->
-> In these cases, as in correlated subqueries in the where clause, we will
-> create a temporary table, and add the proper join fields and tables to
-> the clauses. Our version of UPDATE accepts a FROM section, and we will
-> certainly use this for this purpose.
-
-We can't replace subselect with join if there is aggregate
-in subselect.
-
-Actually, I don't see any problems if we going to process subselect
-like sql-funcs: non-correlated subselects can be emulated by
-funcs without args, for correlated subselects parser (analyze.c)
-has to change all upper query references to $1, $2,...
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Nov 3 06:07:12 1997
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-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-References: <199711030316.WAA15401@candle.pha.pa.us>
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-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> >
-> > > In these cases, as in correlated subqueries in the where clause, we will
-> > > create a temporary table, and add the proper join fields and tables to
-> > > the clauses. Our version of UPDATE accepts a FROM section, and we will
-> > > certainly use this for this purpose.
-> >
-> > We can't replace subselect with join if there is aggregate
-> > in subselect.
->
-> I got lost here. Why can't we handle aggregates?
-
-Sorry, I missed using of temp tables. Sybase uses joins (without
-temp tables) for non-correlated subqueries:
-
- A noncorrelated subquery can be evaluated as if it were an independent query.
- Conceptually, the results of the subquery are substituted in the main statement, or
- outer query. This is not how SQL Server actually processes statements with
- subqueries. Noncorrelated subqueries can be alternatively stated as joins and
- are processed as joins by SQL Server.
-
-but this is not possible if there are aggregates in subquery.
-
->
-> My idea was this. This is a non-correlated subquery.
-...
-No problems with it...
-
->
-> Here is a correlated example:
->
-> select *
-> from table_a
-> where table_a.col_a in (select table_b.col_b
-> from table_b
-> where table_b.col_b = table_a.col_c)
->
-> rewrite as:
->
-> select distinct table_b.col_b, table_a.col_c -- the distinct is needed
-> into table_sub
-> from table_a, table_b
-
-First, could we add 'where table_b.col_b = table_a.col_c' here ?
-Just to avoid Cartesian results ? I hope we can.
-
-Note that for query
-
- select *
- from table_a
- where table_a.col_a in (select table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c
- from table_b)
-
-it's better to do
-
- select distinct table_a.col_a
- into table table_sub
- from table_b, table_a
- where table_a.col_a = table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c
-
-once again - to avoid Cartesians.
-
-But what could we do for
-
- select *
- from table_a
- where table_a.col_a = (select max(table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c)
- from table_b)
-???
- select max(table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c), table_a.col_a
- into table table_sub
- from table_b, table_a
- group by table_a.col_a
-
-first tries to sort sizeof(table_a) * sizeof(table_b) tuples...
-For tables big and small with 100 000 and 1000 tuples
-
-select max(x*y), x from big, small group by x
-
-"ate" all free 140M in my file system after 20 minutes (just for
-sorting - nothing more) and was killed...
-
-select x from big where x = cor(x);
-(cor(int4) is 'select max($1*y) from small') takes 20 minutes -
-this is bad too.
-
-> >
-> > Actually, I don't see any problems if we going to process subselect
-> > like sql-funcs: non-correlated subselects can be emulated by
-> > funcs without args, for correlated subselects parser (analyze.c)
-> > has to change all upper query references to $1, $2,...
->
-> Yes, logically, they are SQL functions, but aren't we going to see
-> terrible performance in such circumstances. My experience is that when
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-You're right.
-
-> people are given subselects, they start to do huge jobs with them.
->
-> In fact, the final solution may be to have both methods available, and
-> switch between them depending on the size of the query sets. Each
-> method has its advantages. The function example lets the outside query
-> be executed, and only calls the subquery when needed.
->
-> For large tables where the subselect is small and is the entire WHERE
-> restriction, the SQL function gets call much too often. A simple join
-> of the subquery result and the large table would be much better. This
-> method also allows for sort/merge join of the subquery results, and
-> index use.
-
-...keep thinking...
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Nov 3 11:01:01 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199711031525.KAA02262@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Mon, 3 Nov 1997 10:25:34 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <345DB0F7.5E652F78@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Nov 3, 97 06:09:43 pm
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-
-> Sorry, I missed using of temp tables. Sybase uses joins (without
-> temp tables) for non-correlated subqueries:
->
-> A noncorrelated subquery can be evaluated as if it were an independent query.
-> Conceptually, the results of the subquery are substituted in the main statement, or
-> outer query. This is not how SQL Server actually processes statements with
-> subqueries. Noncorrelated subqueries can be alternatively stated as joins and
-> are processed as joins by SQL Server.
->
-> but this is not possible if there are aggregates in subquery.
->
-> >
-> > My idea was this. This is a non-correlated subquery.
-> ...
-> No problems with it...
->
-> >
-> > Here is a correlated example:
-> >
-> > select *
-> > from table_a
-> > where table_a.col_a in (select table_b.col_b
-> > from table_b
-> > where table_b.col_b = table_a.col_c)
-> >
-> > rewrite as:
-> >
-> > select distinct table_b.col_b, table_a.col_c -- the distinct is needed
-> > into table_sub
-> > from table_a, table_b
->
-> First, could we add 'where table_b.col_b = table_a.col_c' here ?
-> Just to avoid Cartesian results ? I hope we can.
-
-Yes, of course. I forgot that line here. We can also be fancy and move
-some of the outer where restrictions on table_a into the subquery.
-
-I think the classic subquery for this would be if someone wanted all
-customer names that had invoices in the past month:
-
-select custname
-from customer
-where custid in (select order.custid
- from order
- where order.date >= "09/01/97" and
- order.date <= "09/30/97"
-
-In this case, the subquery can use an index on 'date' to quickly
-evaluate the query, and the resulting temp table can quickly be joined
-to the customer table. If we used SQL functions, every customer would
-have an order query evaluated for it, and there may be no multi-column
-index on customer and date, or even if there is, this could be many
-query executions.
-
-
->
-> Note that for query
->
-> select *
-> from table_a
-> where table_a.col_a in (select table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c
-> from table_b)
->
-> it's better to do
->
-> select distinct table_a.col_a
-> into table table_sub
-> from table_b, table_a
-> where table_a.col_a = table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c
-
-Yes, I had not thought of cases where they are doing correlated column
-arithmetic, but it looks like this would work.
-
->
-> once again - to avoid Cartesians.
->
-> But what could we do for
->
-> select *
-> from table_a
-> where table_a.col_a = (select max(table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c)
-> from table_b)
-
-OK, who wrote this horrible query. :-)
-
-Without a join of table_b and table_a, even an SQL function would die on
-this. You have to take the current value table_a.col_c, and multiply by
-every value of table_b.col_b to get the maximum.
-
-Trying to do a temp table on this is certainly going to be a cartesian
-product, but using an SQL function is also going to be a cartesian
-product, except that the product is generated in small pieces instead of
-in one big query. The SQL function example may eventually complete, but
-it will take forever to do so in cases where the temp table would bomb.
-
-I can recommend some SQL books for anyone go sends in a bug report on
-this query. :-)
-
-
-
-> ???
-> select max(table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c), table_a.col_a
-> into table table_sub
-> from table_b, table_a
-> group by table_a.col_a
->
-> first tries to sort sizeof(table_a) * sizeof(table_b) tuples...
-> For tables big and small with 100 000 and 1000 tuples
->
-> select max(x*y), x from big, small group by x
->
-> "ate" all free 140M in my file system after 20 minutes (just for
-> sorting - nothing more) and was killed...
->
-> select x from big where x = cor(x);
-> (cor(int4) is 'select max($1*y) from small') takes 20 minutes -
-> this is bad too.
-
-Again, my feeling is that in cases where the temp table would bomb, the
-SQL function will be so slow that neither will be acceptable.
-
->
-> > >
-> > > Actually, I don't see any problems if we going to process subselect
-> > > like sql-funcs: non-correlated subselects can be emulated by
-> > > funcs without args, for correlated subselects parser (analyze.c)
-> > > has to change all upper query references to $1, $2,...
-> >
-> > Yes, logically, they are SQL functions, but aren't we going to see
-> > terrible performance in such circumstances. My experience is that when
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> You're right.
->
-> > people are given subselects, they start to do huge jobs with them.
-> >
-> > In fact, the final solution may be to have both methods available, and
-> > switch between them depending on the size of the query sets. Each
-> > method has its advantages. The function example lets the outside query
-> > be executed, and only calls the subquery when needed.
-> >
-> > For large tables where the subselect is small and is the entire WHERE
-> > restriction, the SQL function gets call much too often. A simple join
-> > of the subquery result and the large table would be much better. This
-> > method also allows for sort/merge join of the subquery results, and
-> > index use.
->
-> ...keep thinking...
->
-> Vadim
->
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199711200457.XAA03103@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] subselect
-To: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
-Date: Wed, 19 Nov 1997 23:57:44 -0500 (EST)
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-
-I am going to overhaul all the /parser files, and I may give subselects
-a try while I am in there. This is where it going to have to be done.
-
-Two things I think I need are:
-
- temp tables that go away at the end of a statement, so if the
-query elog's out, the temp file gets destroyed
-
- how do I implement "not in":
-
- select * from a where x not in (select y from b)
-
-Using <> is not going to work because that returns multiple copies of a,
-one for every one that doesn't equal. It is like we need not equals,
-but don't return multiple rows.
-
-Any ideas?
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Thu Nov 20 10:00:59 1997
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-From: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgresql.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
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-
-> I am going to overhaul all the /parser files
-
-??
-
-> , and I may give subselects
-> a try while I am in there. This is where it going to have to be done.
-
-A first cut at the subselect syntax is already in gram.y. I'm sure that the
-e-mail you had sent which collected several items regarding subselects
-covers some of this topic. I've been thinking about subselects also, and
-had thought that there must be some existing mechanisms in the backend
-which can be used to help implement subselects. It seems to me that UNION
-might be a good thing to implement first, because it has a fairly
-well-defined set of behaviors:
-
- select a union select b;
-
-chooses elements from a and from b and then sorts/uniques the result.
-
- select a union all select b;
-
-chooses elements from a, sorts/uniques, and then adds all elements from b.
-
- select a union select b union all select c;
-
-evaluates left to right, and first evaluates a union b, sorts/uniques, and
-then evaluates
-
- (result) union all select c;
-
-There are several types of subselects. Examples of some are:
-
-1) select a.f from a union select b.f from b order by 1;
-Needs temporary table(s), optional sort/unique, final order by.
-
-2) select a.f from a where a.f in (select b.f from b);
-Needs temporary table(s). "in" can be first implemented by count(*) > 0 but
-would be better performance to have the backend return after the first
-match.
-
-3) select a.f from a where exists (select b.f from b where b.f = a);
-Need to do the select and do a subselect on _each_ of the returned values?
-Again could use count(*) to help implement.
-
-This brings up the point that perhaps the backend needs a row-counting
-atomic operation and count(*) could be re-implemented using that. At the
-moment count(*) is transformed to a select of OID columns and does not
-quite work on table joins.
-
-I would think that outer joins could use some of these support routines
-also.
-
- - Tom
-
-> Two things I think I need are:
->
-> temp tables that go away at the end of a statement, so if the
-> query elog's out, the temp file gets destroyed
->
-> how do I implement "not in":
->
-> select * from a where x not in (select y from b)
->
-> Using <> is not going to work because that returns multiple copies of a,
-> one for every one that doesn't equal. It is like we need not equals,
-> but don't return multiple rows.
->
-> Any ideas?
->
-> --
-> Bruce Momjian
-> maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Dec 22 00:49:03 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199712220545.AAA11605@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] subselects
-To: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
-Date: Mon, 22 Dec 1997 00:45:23 -0500 (EST)
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-
-OK, a few questions:
-
- Should we use sortmerge, so we can use our psort as temp tables,
-or do we use hashunique?
-
- How do we pass the query to the optimizer? How do we represent
-the range table for each, and the links between them in correlated
-subqueries?
-
-I have to think about this. Comments are welcome.
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Dec 22 02:01:27 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199712220605.BAA17354@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] subselects (fwd)
-To: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
-Date: Mon, 22 Dec 1997 01:05:03 -0500 (EST)
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-Forwarded message:
-> OK, a few questions:
->
-> Should we use sortmerge, so we can use our psort as temp tables,
-> or do we use hashunique?
->
-> How do we pass the query to the optimizer? How do we represent
-> the range table for each, and the links between them in correlated
-> subqueries?
->
-> I have to think about this. Comments are welcome.
-
-One more thing. I guess I am seeing subselects as a different thing
-that temp tables. I can see people wanting to put indexes on their temp
-tables, so I think they will need more system catalog support. For
-subselects, I think we can just stuff them into psort, perhaps, and do
-the unique as we unload them.
-
-Seems like a natural to me.
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Tue Dec 23 04:01:07 1997
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-Date: Tue, 23 Dec 1997 16:08:56 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects (fwd)
-References: <199712220605.BAA17354@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> Forwarded message:
-> > OK, a few questions:
-> >
-> > Should we use sortmerge, so we can use our psort as temp tables,
-> > or do we use hashunique?
-> >
-> > How do we pass the query to the optimizer? How do we represent
-> > the range table for each, and the links between them in correlated
-> > subqueries?
-> >
-> > I have to think about this. Comments are welcome.
->
-> One more thing. I guess I am seeing subselects as a different thing
-> that temp tables. I can see people wanting to put indexes on their temp
-> tables, so I think they will need more system catalog support. For
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-What's the difference between temp tables and temp indices ?
-Both of them are handled via catalog cache...
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sat Jan 3 04:01:00 1998
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- Sat, 3 Jan 1998 16:08:55 +0700 (KRS)
- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
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-Message-ID: <34AE0023.A477AEC5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Sat, 03 Jan 1998 16:08:51 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>,
- "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199712290516.AAA12579@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> With UNIONs done, how are things going with you on subselects? UNIONs
-> are much easier that subselects.
->
-> I am stumped on how to record the subselect query information in the
-> parser and stuff.
-
- And I'm too. We definitely need in EXISTS node and may be in IN one.
-Also, we have to support ANY and ALL modifiers of comparison operators
-(it would be nice to support ANY and ALL for all operators returning
-bool: >, =, ..., like, ~ and so on). Note, that IN is the same as
-= ANY (NOT IN ==> <> ALL) assuming that '=' means EQUAL for all data types,
-and so, we could avoid IN node, but I'm not sure that I like such
-assumption: postgres is OO-like system allowing operators to be overriden
-and so, '=' can, in theory, mean not EQUAL but something else (someday
-we could allow to specify "meaning" of operator in CREATE OPERATOR) -
-in short, I would like IN node.
- Also, I would suggest nodes for ANY and ALL.
- (I need in few days to think more about recording of this stuff...)
-
->
-> Please let me know what I can do to help, if anything.
-
-Thanks. As I remember, Tom also wished to work here. Tom ?
-
-Bye,
- Vadim
-
-P.S. I'll be "on-line" Jan 5.
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 5 07:30:51 1998
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-Message-ID: <34B0D3AF.F31338B3@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Mon, 05 Jan 1998 19:35:59 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801050516.AAA28005@candle.pha.pa.us>
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-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> I was thinking about subselects, and how to attach the two queries.
->
-> What if the subquery makes a range table entry in the outer query, and
-> the query is set up like the UNION queries where we put the scans in a
-> row, but in the case we put them over/under each other.
->
-> And we push a temp table into the catalog cache that represents the
-> result of the subquery, then we could join to it in the outer query as
-> though it was a real table.
->
-> Also, can't we do the correlated subqueries by adding the proper
-> target/output columns to the subquery, and have the outer query
-> reference those columns in the subquery range table entry.
-
-Yes, this is a way to handle subqueries by joining to temp table.
-After getting plan we could change temp table access path to
-node material. On the other hand, it could be useful to let optimizer
-know about cost of temp table creation (have to think more about it)...
-Unfortunately, not all subqueries can be handled by "normal" joins: NOT IN
-is one example of this - joining by <> will give us invalid results.
-Setting special NOT EQUAL flag is not enough: subquery plan must be
-always inner one in this case. The same for handling ALL modifier.
-Note, that we generaly can't use aggregates here: we can't add MAX to
-subquery in the case of > ALL (subquery), because of > ALL should return FALSE
-if subquery returns NULL(s) but aggregates don't take NULLs into account.
-
->
-> Maybe I can write up a sample of this? Vadim, would this help? Is this
-> the point we are stuck at?
-
-Personally, I was stuck by holydays -:)
-Now I can spend ~ 8 hours ~ each day for development...
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 5 10:45:30 1998
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801051528.KAA10375@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Mon, 5 Jan 1998 10:28:48 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <34B0D3AF.F31338B3@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Jan 5, 98 07:35:59 pm
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-
-> Yes, this is a way to handle subqueries by joining to temp table.
-> After getting plan we could change temp table access path to
-> node material. On the other hand, it could be useful to let optimizer
-> know about cost of temp table creation (have to think more about it)...
-> Unfortunately, not all subqueries can be handled by "normal" joins: NOT IN
-> is one example of this - joining by <> will give us invalid results.
-> Setting special NOT EQUAL flag is not enough: subquery plan must be
-> always inner one in this case. The same for handling ALL modifier.
-> Note, that we generaly can't use aggregates here: we can't add MAX to
-> subquery in the case of > ALL (subquery), because of > ALL should return FALSE
-> if subquery returns NULL(s) but aggregates don't take NULLs into account.
-
-OK, here are my ideas. First, I think you have to handle subselects in
-the outer node because a subquery could have its own subquery. Also, we
-now have a field in Aggreg to all us to 'usenulls'.
-
-OK, here it is. I recommend we pass the outer and subquery through
-the parser and optimizer separately.
-
-We parse the subquery first. If the subquery is not correlated, it
-should parse fine. If it is correlated, any columns we find in the
-subquery that are not already in the FROM list, we add the table to the
-subquery FROM list, and add the referenced column to the target list of
-the subquery.
-
-When we are finished parsing the subquery, we create a catalog cache
-entry for it called 'sub1' and make its fields match the target
-list of the subquery.
-
-In the outer query, we add 'sub1' to its target list, and change
-the subquery reference to point to the new range table. We also add
-WHERE clauses to do any correlated joins.
-
-Here is a simple example:
-
- select *
- from taba
- where col1 = (select col2
- from tabb)
-
-This is not correlated, and the subquery parser easily. We create a
-'sub1' catalog cache entry, and add 'sub1' to the outer query FROM
-clause. We also replace 'col1 = (subquery)' with 'col1 = sub1.col2'.
-
-Here is a more complex correlated subquery:
-
- select *
- from taba
- where col1 = (select col2
- from tabb
- where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-
-Here we must add 'taba' to the subquery's FROM list, and add col3 to the
-target list of the subquery. After we parse the subquery, add 'sub1' to
-the FROM list of the outer query, change 'col1 = (subquery)' to 'col1 =
-sub1.col2', and add to the outer WHERE clause 'AND taba.col3 = sub1.col3'.
-THe optimizer will do the correlation for us.
-
-In the optimizer, we can parse the subquery first, then the outer query,
-and then replace all 'sub1' references in the outer query to use the
-subquery plan.
-
-I realize making merging the two plans and doing IN and NOT IN is the
-real challenge, but I hoped this would give us a start.
-
-What do you think?
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 5 15:02:46 1998
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-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 02:55:57 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801051528.KAA10375@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > always inner one in this case. The same for handling ALL modifier.
-> > Note, that we generaly can't use aggregates here: we can't add MAX to
-> > subquery in the case of > ALL (subquery), because of > ALL should return FALSE
-> > if subquery returns NULL(s) but aggregates don't take NULLs into account.
->
-> OK, here are my ideas. First, I think you have to handle subselects in
-> the outer node because a subquery could have its own subquery. Also, we
-
-I hope that this is no matter: if results of subquery (with/without sub-subqueries)
-will go into temp table then this table will be re-scanned for each outer tuple.
-
-> now have a field in Aggreg to all us to 'usenulls'.
- ^^^^^^^^
- This can't help:
-
-vac=> select * from x;
-y
--
-1
-2
-3
- <<< this is NULL
-(4 rows)
-
-vac=> select max(y) from x;
-max
----
- 3
-
-==> we can't replace
-
-select * from A where A.a > ALL (select y from x);
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- (NULL will be returned and so A.a > ALL is FALSE - this is what
- Sybase does, is it right ?)
-with
-
-select * from A where A.a > (select max(y) from x);
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-just because of we lose knowledge about NULLs here.
-
-Also, I would like to handle ANY and ALL modifiers for all bool
-operators, either built-in or user-defined, for all data types -
-isn't PostgreSQL OO-like RDBMS -:)
-
-> OK, here it is. I recommend we pass the outer and subquery through
-> the parser and optimizer separately.
-
-I don't like this. I would like to get parse-tree from parser for
-entire query and let optimizer (on upper level) decide how to rewrite
-parse-tree and what plans to produce and how these plans should be
-merged. Note, that I don't object your methods below, but only where
-to place handling of this. I don't understand why should we add
-new part to the system which will do optimizer' work (parse-tree -->
-execution plan) and deal with optimizer nodes. Imho, upper optimizer
-level is nice place to do this.
-
->
-> We parse the subquery first. If the subquery is not correlated, it
-> should parse fine. If it is correlated, any columns we find in the
-> subquery that are not already in the FROM list, we add the table to the
-> subquery FROM list, and add the referenced column to the target list of
-> the subquery.
->
-> When we are finished parsing the subquery, we create a catalog cache
-> entry for it called 'sub1' and make its fields match the target
-> list of the subquery.
->
-> In the outer query, we add 'sub1' to its target list, and change
-> the subquery reference to point to the new range table. We also add
-> WHERE clauses to do any correlated joins.
-...
-> Here is a more complex correlated subquery:
->
-> select *
-> from taba
-> where col1 = (select col2
-> from tabb
-> where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
->
-> Here we must add 'taba' to the subquery's FROM list, and add col3 to the
-> target list of the subquery. After we parse the subquery, add 'sub1' to
-> the FROM list of the outer query, change 'col1 = (subquery)' to 'col1 =
-> sub1.col2', and add to the outer WHERE clause 'AND taba.col3 = sub1.col3'.
-> THe optimizer will do the correlation for us.
->
-> In the optimizer, we can parse the subquery first, then the outer query,
-> and then replace all 'sub1' references in the outer query to use the
-> subquery plan.
->
-> I realize making merging the two plans and doing IN and NOT IN is the
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-This is very easy to do! As I already said we have just change sub1
-access path (SeqScan of sub1) with SeqScan of Material node with
-subquery plan.
-
-> real challenge, but I hoped this would give us a start.
-
-Decision about how to record subquery stuff in to parse-tree
-would be very good start -:)
-
-BTW, note that for _expression_ subqueries (which are introduced without
-IN, EXISTS, ALL, ANY - this follows Sybase' naming) - as in your examples -
-we have to check that subquery returns single tuple...
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 5 20:31:03 1998
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801052216.RAA02675@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Mon, 5 Jan 1998 17:16:40 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <34B15C23.B24D5CC@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Jan 6, 98 05:18:11 am
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-
-> > I am confused. Do you want one flat query and want to pass the whole
-> > thing into the optimizer? That brings up some questions:
->
-> No. I just want to follow Tom's way: I would like to see new
-> SubSelect node as shortened version of struct Query (or use
-> Query structure for each subquery - no matter for me), some
-> subquery-related stuff added to Query (and SubSelect) to help
-> optimizer to start, and see
-
-OK, so you want the subquery to actually be INSIDE the outer query
-expression. Do they share a common range table? If they don't, we
-could very easily just fly through when processing the WHERE clause, and
-start a new query using a new query structure for the subquery. Believe
-me, you don't want a separate SubQuery-type, just re-use Query for it.
-It allows you to call all the normal query stuff with a consistent
-structure.
-
-The parser will need to know it is in a subquery, so it can add the
-proper target columns to the subquery, or are you going to do that in
-the optimizer. You can do it in the optimizer, and join the range table
-references there too.
-
->
-> typedef struct A_Expr
-> {
-> NodeTag type;
-> int oper; /* type of operation
-> * {OP,OR,AND,NOT,ISNULL,NOTNULL} */
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> IN, NOT IN, ANY, ALL, EXISTS here,
->
-> char *opname; /* name of operator/function */
-> Node *lexpr; /* left argument */
-> Node *rexpr; /* right argument */
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> and SubSelect (Query) here (as possible case).
->
-> One thought to follow this way: RULEs (and so - VIEWs) are handled by using
-> Query - how else can we implement VIEWs on selects with subqueries ?
-
-Views are stored as nodeout structures, and are merged into the query's
-from list, target list, and where clause. I am working out
-readfunc,outfunc now to make sure they are up-to-date with all the
-current fields.
-
->
-> BTW, is
->
-> select * from A where (select TRUE from B);
->
-> valid syntax ?
-
-I don't think so.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 5 17:01:54 1998
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-Message-ID: <34B15C23.B24D5CC@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 05:18:11 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801052051.PAA29341@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > > OK, here it is. I recommend we pass the outer and subquery through
-> > > the parser and optimizer separately.
-> >
-> > I don't like this. I would like to get parse-tree from parser for
-> > entire query and let optimizer (on upper level) decide how to rewrite
-> > parse-tree and what plans to produce and how these plans should be
-> > merged. Note, that I don't object your methods below, but only where
-> > to place handling of this. I don't understand why should we add
-> > new part to the system which will do optimizer' work (parse-tree -->
-> > execution plan) and deal with optimizer nodes. Imho, upper optimizer
-> > level is nice place to do this.
->
-> I am confused. Do you want one flat query and want to pass the whole
-> thing into the optimizer? That brings up some questions:
-
-No. I just want to follow Tom's way: I would like to see new
-SubSelect node as shortened version of struct Query (or use
-Query structure for each subquery - no matter for me), some
-subquery-related stuff added to Query (and SubSelect) to help
-optimizer to start, and see
-
-typedef struct A_Expr
-{
- NodeTag type;
- int oper; /* type of operation
- * {OP,OR,AND,NOT,ISNULL,NOTNULL} */
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- IN, NOT IN, ANY, ALL, EXISTS here,
-
- char *opname; /* name of operator/function */
- Node *lexpr; /* left argument */
- Node *rexpr; /* right argument */
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- and SubSelect (Query) here (as possible case).
-
-One thought to follow this way: RULEs (and so - VIEWs) are handled by using
-Query - how else can we implement VIEWs on selects with subqueries ?
-
-BTW, is
-
-select * from A where (select TRUE from B);
-
-valid syntax ?
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 5 18:00:57 1998
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-Message-ID: <34B1635A.94A172AD@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 05:48:58 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Goran Thyni <goran@bildbasen.se>
-CC: maillist@candle.pha.pa.us, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801050516.AAA28005@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B0D3AF.F31338B3@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> <19980105132825.28962.qmail@guevara.bildbasen.se>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-Status: OR
-
-Goran Thyni wrote:
->
-> Vadim,
->
-> Unfortunately, not all subqueries can be handled by "normal" joins: NOT IN
-> is one example of this - joining by <> will give us invalid results.
->
-> What is you approach towards this problem?
-
-Actually, this is problem of ALL modifier (NOT IN is _not_equal_ ALL)
-and so, we have to have not just NOT EQUAL flag but some ALL node
-with modified operator.
-
-After that, one way is put subquery into inner plan of an join node
-to be sure that for an outer tuple all corresponding subquery tuples
-will be tested with modified operator (this will require either
-changing code of all join nodes or addition of new plan type - we'll see)
-and another way is ... suggested by you:
-
-> I got an idea that one could reverse the order,
-> that is execute the outer first into a temptable
-> and delete from that according to the result of the
-> subquery and then return it.
-> Probably this is too raw and slow. ;-)
-
-This will be faster in some cases (when subquery returns many results
-and there are "not so many" results from outer query) - thanks for idea!
-
->
-> Personally, I was stuck by holydays -:)
-> Now I can spend ~ 8 hours ~ each day for development...
->
-> Oh, isn't it christmas eve right now in Russia?
-
-Due to historic reasons New Year is mu-u-u-uch popular
-holiday in Russia -:)
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 5 19:32:59 1998
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- Tue, 6 Jan 1998 05:49:02 +0700 (KRS)
- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
-Message-ID: <34B1635A.94A172AD@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 05:48:58 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Goran Thyni <goran@bildbasen.se>
-CC: maillist@candle.pha.pa.us, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801050516.AAA28005@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B0D3AF.F31338B3@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> <19980105132825.28962.qmail@guevara.bildbasen.se>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Sender: owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org
-Precedence: bulk
-Status: OR
-
-Goran Thyni wrote:
->
-> Vadim,
->
-> Unfortunately, not all subqueries can be handled by "normal" joins: NOT IN
-> is one example of this - joining by <> will give us invalid results.
->
-> What is you approach towards this problem?
-
-Actually, this is problem of ALL modifier (NOT IN is _not_equal_ ALL)
-and so, we have to have not just NOT EQUAL flag but some ALL node
-with modified operator.
-
-After that, one way is put subquery into inner plan of an join node
-to be sure that for an outer tuple all corresponding subquery tuples
-will be tested with modified operator (this will require either
-changing code of all join nodes or addition of new plan type - we'll see)
-and another way is ... suggested by you:
-
-> I got an idea that one could reverse the order,
-> that is execute the outer first into a temptable
-> and delete from that according to the result of the
-> subquery and then return it.
-> Probably this is too raw and slow. ;-)
-
-This will be faster in some cases (when subquery returns many results
-and there are "not so many" results from outer query) - thanks for idea!
-
->
-> Personally, I was stuck by holydays -:)
-> Now I can spend ~ 8 hours ~ each day for development...
->
-> Oh, isn't it christmas eve right now in Russia?
-
-Due to historic reasons New Year is mu-u-u-uch popular
-holiday in Russia -:)
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 5 18:00:59 1998
-Received: from renoir.op.net (root@renoir.op.net [209.152.193.4])
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- for <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>; Mon, 5 Jan 1998 18:00:57 -0500 (EST)
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- Tue, 6 Jan 1998 06:10:05 +0700 (KRS)
- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
-Sender: root@www.krasnet.ru
-Message-ID: <34B16844.B4F4BA92@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 06:09:56 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801052216.RAA02675@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > > I am confused. Do you want one flat query and want to pass the whole
-> > > thing into the optimizer? That brings up some questions:
-> >
-> > No. I just want to follow Tom's way: I would like to see new
-> > SubSelect node as shortened version of struct Query (or use
-> > Query structure for each subquery - no matter for me), some
-> > subquery-related stuff added to Query (and SubSelect) to help
-> > optimizer to start, and see
->
-> OK, so you want the subquery to actually be INSIDE the outer query
-> expression. Do they share a common range table? If they don't, we
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-No.
-
-> could very easily just fly through when processing the WHERE clause, and
-> start a new query using a new query structure for the subquery. Believe
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-... and filling some subquery-related stuff in upper query structure -
-still don't know what exactly this could be -:)
-
-> me, you don't want a separate SubQuery-type, just re-use Query for it.
-> It allows you to call all the normal query stuff with a consistent
-> structure.
-
-No objections.
-
->
-> The parser will need to know it is in a subquery, so it can add the
-> proper target columns to the subquery, or are you going to do that in
-
-I don't think that we need in it, but list of correlation clauses
-could be good thing - all in all parser has to check all column
-references...
-
-> the optimizer. You can do it in the optimizer, and join the range table
-> references there too.
-
-Yes.
-
-> > typedef struct A_Expr
-> > {
-> > NodeTag type;
-> > int oper; /* type of operation
-> > * {OP,OR,AND,NOT,ISNULL,NOTNULL} */
-> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > IN, NOT IN, ANY, ALL, EXISTS here,
-> >
-> > char *opname; /* name of operator/function */
-> > Node *lexpr; /* left argument */
-> > Node *rexpr; /* right argument */
-> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > and SubSelect (Query) here (as possible case).
-> >
-> > One thought to follow this way: RULEs (and so - VIEWs) are handled by using
-> > Query - how else can we implement VIEWs on selects with subqueries ?
->
-> Views are stored as nodeout structures, and are merged into the query's
-> from list, target list, and where clause. I am working out
-> readfunc,outfunc now to make sure they are up-to-date with all the
-> current fields.
-
-Nice! This stuff was out-of-date for too long time.
-
-> > BTW, is
-> >
-> > select * from A where (select TRUE from B);
-> >
-> > valid syntax ?
->
-> I don't think so.
-
-And so, *rexpr can be of Query type only for oper "in" OP, IN, NOT IN,
-ANY, ALL, EXISTS - well.
-
-(Time to sleep -:)
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 5 20:31:08 1998
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- by www.krasnet.ru (8.8.7/8.8.7) with ESMTP id GAA25129;
- Tue, 6 Jan 1998 06:10:05 +0700 (KRS)
- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
-Message-ID: <34B16844.B4F4BA92@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 06:09:56 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801052216.RAA02675@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Sender: owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org
-Precedence: bulk
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > > I am confused. Do you want one flat query and want to pass the whole
-> > > thing into the optimizer? That brings up some questions:
-> >
-> > No. I just want to follow Tom's way: I would like to see new
-> > SubSelect node as shortened version of struct Query (or use
-> > Query structure for each subquery - no matter for me), some
-> > subquery-related stuff added to Query (and SubSelect) to help
-> > optimizer to start, and see
->
-> OK, so you want the subquery to actually be INSIDE the outer query
-> expression. Do they share a common range table? If they don't, we
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-No.
-
-> could very easily just fly through when processing the WHERE clause, and
-> start a new query using a new query structure for the subquery. Believe
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-... and filling some subquery-related stuff in upper query structure -
-still don't know what exactly this could be -:)
-
-> me, you don't want a separate SubQuery-type, just re-use Query for it.
-> It allows you to call all the normal query stuff with a consistent
-> structure.
-
-No objections.
-
->
-> The parser will need to know it is in a subquery, so it can add the
-> proper target columns to the subquery, or are you going to do that in
-
-I don't think that we need in it, but list of correlation clauses
-could be good thing - all in all parser has to check all column
-references...
-
-> the optimizer. You can do it in the optimizer, and join the range table
-> references there too.
-
-Yes.
-
-> > typedef struct A_Expr
-> > {
-> > NodeTag type;
-> > int oper; /* type of operation
-> > * {OP,OR,AND,NOT,ISNULL,NOTNULL} */
-> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > IN, NOT IN, ANY, ALL, EXISTS here,
-> >
-> > char *opname; /* name of operator/function */
-> > Node *lexpr; /* left argument */
-> > Node *rexpr; /* right argument */
-> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > and SubSelect (Query) here (as possible case).
-> >
-> > One thought to follow this way: RULEs (and so - VIEWs) are handled by using
-> > Query - how else can we implement VIEWs on selects with subqueries ?
->
-> Views are stored as nodeout structures, and are merged into the query's
-> from list, target list, and where clause. I am working out
-> readfunc,outfunc now to make sure they are up-to-date with all the
-> current fields.
-
-Nice! This stuff was out-of-date for too long time.
-
-> > BTW, is
-> >
-> > select * from A where (select TRUE from B);
-> >
-> > valid syntax ?
->
-> I don't think so.
-
-And so, *rexpr can be of Query type only for oper "in" OP, IN, NOT IN,
-ANY, ALL, EXISTS - well.
-
-(Time to sleep -:)
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Thu Jan 8 23:10:50 1998
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801090355.WAA09243@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Thu, 8 Jan 1998 22:55:03 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
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-Status: OR
-
-Vadim, I know you are still thinking about subselects, but I have some
-more clarification that may help.
-
-We have to add phantom range table entries to correlated subselects so
-they will pass the parser. We might as well add those fields to the
-target list of the subquery at the same time:
-
- select *
- from taba
- where col1 = (select col2
- from tabb
- where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-
-becomes:
-
- select *
- from taba
- where col1 = (select col2, tabb.col4 <---
- from tabb, taba <---
- where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-
-We add a field to TargetEntry and RangeTblEntry to mark the fact that it
-was entered as a correlation entry:
-
- bool isCorrelated;
-
-Second, we need to hook the subselect to the main query. I recommend we
-add two fields to Query for this:
-
- Query *parentQuery;
- List *subqueries;
-
-The parentQuery pointer is used to resolve field names in the correlated
-subquery.
-
- select *
- from taba
- where col1 = (select col2, tabb.col4 <---
- from tabb, taba <---
- where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-
-In the query above, the subquery can be easily parsed, and we add the
-subquery to the parsent's parentQuery list.
-
-In the parent query, to parse the WHERE clause, we create a new operator
-type, called IN or NOT_IN, or ALL, where the left side is a Var, and the
-right side is an index to a slot in the subqueries List.
-
-We can then do the rest in the upper optimizer.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Fri Jan 9 10:01:01 1998
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-Date: Fri, 09 Jan 1998 22:10:06 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgresql.org>
-Subject: Re: subselects
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-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> Vadim, I know you are still thinking about subselects, but I have some
-> more clarification that may help.
->
-> We have to add phantom range table entries to correlated subselects so
-> they will pass the parser. We might as well add those fields to the
-> target list of the subquery at the same time:
->
-> select *
-> from taba
-> where col1 = (select col2
-> from tabb
-> where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
->
-> becomes:
->
-> select *
-> from taba
-> where col1 = (select col2, tabb.col4 <---
-> from tabb, taba <---
-> where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
->
-> We add a field to TargetEntry and RangeTblEntry to mark the fact that it
-> was entered as a correlation entry:
->
-> bool isCorrelated;
-
-No, I don't like to add anything in parser. Example:
-
- select *
- from tabA
- where col1 = (select col2
- from tabB
- where tabA.col3 = tabB.col4
- and exists (select *
- from tabC
- where tabB.colX = tabC.colX and
- tabC.colY = tabA.col2)
- )
-
-: a column of tabA is referenced in sub-subselect
-(is it allowable by standards ?) - in this case it's better
-to don't add tabA to 1st subselect but add tabA to second one
-and change tabA.col3 in 1st to reference col3 in 2nd subquery temp table -
-this gives us 2-tables join in 1st subquery instead of 3-tables join.
-(And I'm still not sure that using temp tables is best of what can be
-done in all cases...)
-
-Instead of using isCorrelated in TE & RTE we can add
-
-Index varlevel;
-
-to Var node to reflect (sub)query from where this Var is come
-(where is range table to find var's relation using varno). Upmost query
-will have varlevel = 0, all its (dirrect) children - varlevel = 1 and so on.
- ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^
-(I don't see problems with distinguishing Vars of different children
-on the same level...)
-
->
-> Second, we need to hook the subselect to the main query. I recommend we
-> add two fields to Query for this:
->
-> Query *parentQuery;
-> List *subqueries;
-
-Agreed. And maybe Index queryLevel.
-
-> In the parent query, to parse the WHERE clause, we create a new operator
-> type, called IN or NOT_IN, or ALL, where the left side is a Var, and the
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-No. We have to handle (a,b,c) OP (select x, y, z ...) and
-'_a_constant_' OP (select ...) - I don't know is last in standards,
-Sybase has this.
-
-Well,
-
-typedef enum OpType
-{
- OP_EXPR, FUNC_EXPR, OR_EXPR, AND_EXPR, NOT_EXPR
-
-+ OP_EXISTS, OP_ALL, OP_ANY
-
-} OpType;
-
-typedef struct Expr
-{
- NodeTag type;
- Oid typeOid; /* oid of the type of this expr */
- OpType opType; /* type of the op */
- Node *oper; /* could be Oper or Func */
- List *args; /* list of argument nodes */
-} Expr;
-
-OP_EXISTS: oper is NULL, lfirst(args) is SubSelect (index in subqueries
- List, following your suggestion)
-
-OP_ALL, OP_ANY:
-
-oper is List of Oper nodes. We need in list because of data types of
-a, b, c (above) can be different and so Oper nodes will be different too.
-
-lfirst(args) is List of expression nodes (Const, Var, Func ?, a + b ?) -
-left side of subquery' operator.
-lsecond(args) is SubSelect.
-
-Note, that there are no OP_IN, OP_NOTIN in OpType-s for Expr. We need in
-IN, NOTIN in A_Expr (parser node), but both of them have to be transferred
-by parser into corresponding ANY and ALL. At the moment we can do:
-
-IN --> = ANY, NOT IN --> <> ALL
-
-but this will be "known bug": this breaks OO-nature of Postgres, because of
-operators can be overrided and '=' can mean s o m e t h i n g (not equality).
-Example: box data type. For boxes, = means equality of _areas_ and =~
-means that boxes are the same ==> =~ ANY should be used for IN.
-
-> right side is an index to a slot in the subqueries List.
-
-Vadim
-
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Fri, 9 Jan 1998 17:31:41 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <34B63DCD.73AA70C7@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Jan 9, 98 10:10:06 pm
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-
->
-> Bruce Momjian wrote:
-> >
-> > Vadim, I know you are still thinking about subselects, but I have some
-> > more clarification that may help.
-> >
-> > We have to add phantom range table entries to correlated subselects so
-> > they will pass the parser. We might as well add those fields to the
-> > target list of the subquery at the same time:
-> >
-> > select *
-> > from taba
-> > where col1 = (select col2
-> > from tabb
-> > where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-> >
-> > becomes:
-> >
-> > select *
-> > from taba
-> > where col1 = (select col2, tabb.col4 <---
-> > from tabb, taba <---
-> > where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-> >
-> > We add a field to TargetEntry and RangeTblEntry to mark the fact that it
-> > was entered as a correlation entry:
-> >
-> > bool isCorrelated;
->
-> No, I don't like to add anything in parser. Example:
->
-> select *
-> from tabA
-> where col1 = (select col2
-> from tabB
-> where tabA.col3 = tabB.col4
-> and exists (select *
-> from tabC
-> where tabB.colX = tabC.colX and
-> tabC.colY = tabA.col2)
-> )
->
-> : a column of tabA is referenced in sub-subselect
-
-This is a strange case that I don't think we need to handle in our first
-implementation.
-
-> (is it allowable by standards ?) - in this case it's better
-> to don't add tabA to 1st subselect but add tabA to second one
-> and change tabA.col3 in 1st to reference col3 in 2nd subquery temp table -
-> this gives us 2-tables join in 1st subquery instead of 3-tables join.
-> (And I'm still not sure that using temp tables is best of what can be
-> done in all cases...)
-
-I don't see any use for temp tables in subselects anymore. After having
-implemented UNIONS, I now see how much can be done in the upper
-optimizer. I see you just putting the subquery PLAN into the proper
-place in the plan tree, with some proper JOIN nodes for IN, NOT IN.
-
->
-> Instead of using isCorrelated in TE & RTE we can add
->
-> Index varlevel;
-
-OK. Sounds good.
-
->
-> to Var node to reflect (sub)query from where this Var is come
-> (where is range table to find var's relation using varno). Upmost query
-> will have varlevel = 0, all its (dirrect) children - varlevel = 1 and so on.
-> ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> (I don't see problems with distinguishing Vars of different children
-> on the same level...)
->
-> >
-> > Second, we need to hook the subselect to the main query. I recommend we
-> > add two fields to Query for this:
-> >
-> > Query *parentQuery;
-> > List *subqueries;
->
-> Agreed. And maybe Index queryLevel.
-
-Sure. If it helps.
-
->
-> > In the parent query, to parse the WHERE clause, we create a new operator
-> > type, called IN or NOT_IN, or ALL, where the left side is a Var, and the
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> No. We have to handle (a,b,c) OP (select x, y, z ...) and
-> '_a_constant_' OP (select ...) - I don't know is last in standards,
-> Sybase has this.
-
-I have never seen this in my eight years of SQL. Perhaps we can leave
-this for later, maybe much later.
-
->
-> Well,
->
-> typedef enum OpType
-> {
-> OP_EXPR, FUNC_EXPR, OR_EXPR, AND_EXPR, NOT_EXPR
->
-> + OP_EXISTS, OP_ALL, OP_ANY
->
-> } OpType;
->
-> typedef struct Expr
-> {
-> NodeTag type;
-> Oid typeOid; /* oid of the type of this expr */
-> OpType opType; /* type of the op */
-> Node *oper; /* could be Oper or Func */
-> List *args; /* list of argument nodes */
-> } Expr;
->
-> OP_EXISTS: oper is NULL, lfirst(args) is SubSelect (index in subqueries
-> List, following your suggestion)
->
-> OP_ALL, OP_ANY:
->
-> oper is List of Oper nodes. We need in list because of data types of
-> a, b, c (above) can be different and so Oper nodes will be different too.
->
-> lfirst(args) is List of expression nodes (Const, Var, Func ?, a + b ?) -
-> left side of subquery' operator.
-> lsecond(args) is SubSelect.
->
-> Note, that there are no OP_IN, OP_NOTIN in OpType-s for Expr. We need in
-> IN, NOTIN in A_Expr (parser node), but both of them have to be transferred
-> by parser into corresponding ANY and ALL. At the moment we can do:
->
-> IN --> = ANY, NOT IN --> <> ALL
->
-> but this will be "known bug": this breaks OO-nature of Postgres, because of
-> operators can be overrided and '=' can mean s o m e t h i n g (not equality).
-> Example: box data type. For boxes, = means equality of _areas_ and =~
-> means that boxes are the same ==> =~ ANY should be used for IN.
-
-That is interesting, to use =~ for ANY.
-
-Yes, but how many operators take a SUBQUERY as an operand. This is a
-special case to me.
-
-I think I see where you are trying to go. You want subselects to behave
-like any other operator, with a subselect type, and you do all the
-subselect handling in the optimizer, with special Nodes and actions.
-
-I think this may be just too much of a leap. We have such clean query
-logic for single queries, I can't imagine having an operator that has a
-Query operand, and trying to get everything to properly handle it.
-UNIONS were very easy to implement as a List off of Query, with some
-foreach()'s in rewrite and the high optimizer.
-
-Subselects are SQL standard, and are never going to be over-ridden by a
-user. Same with UNION. They want UNION, they get UNION. They want
-Subselect, we are going to spin through the Query structure and give
-them what they want.
-
-The complexities of subselects and correlated queries and range tables
-and stuff is so bizarre that trying to get it to work inside the type
-system could be a huge project.
-
->
-> > right side is an index to a slot in the subqueries List.
-
-I guess the question is what can we have by February 1?
-
-I have been reading some postings, and it seems to me that subselects
-are the litmus test for many evaluators when deciding if a database
-engine is full-featured.
-
-Sorry to be so straightforward, but I want to keep hashing this around
-until we get a conclusion, so coding can start.
-
-My suggestions have been, I believe, trying to get subselects working
-with the fullest functionality by adding the least amount of code, and
-keeping the logic clean.
-
-Have you checked out the UNION code? It is very small, but it works. I
-think it could make a good sample for subselects.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sat Jan 10 12:00:51 1998
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-Date: Sun, 11 Jan 1998 00:19:08 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgresql.org, "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > No, I don't like to add anything in parser. Example:
-> >
-> > select *
-> > from tabA
-> > where col1 = (select col2
-> > from tabB
-> > where tabA.col3 = tabB.col4
-> > and exists (select *
-> > from tabC
-> > where tabB.colX = tabC.colX and
-> > tabC.colY = tabA.col2)
-> > )
-> >
-> > : a column of tabA is referenced in sub-subselect
->
-> This is a strange case that I don't think we need to handle in our first
-> implementation.
-
-I don't know is this strange case or not :)
-But I would like to know is this allowed by standards - can someone
-comment on this ?
-And I don't see problems with handling this...
-
->
-> > (is it allowable by standards ?) - in this case it's better
-> > to don't add tabA to 1st subselect but add tabA to second one
-> > and change tabA.col3 in 1st to reference col3 in 2nd subquery temp table -
-> > this gives us 2-tables join in 1st subquery instead of 3-tables join.
-> > (And I'm still not sure that using temp tables is best of what can be
-> > done in all cases...)
->
-> I don't see any use for temp tables in subselects anymore. After having
-> implemented UNIONS, I now see how much can be done in the upper
-> optimizer. I see you just putting the subquery PLAN into the proper
-> place in the plan tree, with some proper JOIN nodes for IN, NOT IN.
-
-When saying about temp tables, I meant tables created by node Material
-for subquery plan. This is one of two ways - run subquery once for all
-possible upper plan tuples and then just join result table with upper
-query. Another way is re-run subquery for each upper query tuple,
-without temp table but may be with caching results by some ways.
-Actually, there is special case - when subquery can be alternatively
-formulated as joins, - but this is just special case.
-
-> > > In the parent query, to parse the WHERE clause, we create a new operator
-> > > type, called IN or NOT_IN, or ALL, where the left side is a Var, and the
-> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > No. We have to handle (a,b,c) OP (select x, y, z ...) and
-> > '_a_constant_' OP (select ...) - I don't know is last in standards,
-> > Sybase has this.
->
-> I have never seen this in my eight years of SQL. Perhaps we can leave
-> this for later, maybe much later.
-
-Are you saying about (a, b, c) or about 'a_constant' ?
-Again, can someone comment on are they in standards or not ?
-Tom ?
-If yes then please add parser' support for them now...
-
-> > Note, that there are no OP_IN, OP_NOTIN in OpType-s for Expr. We need in
-> > IN, NOTIN in A_Expr (parser node), but both of them have to be transferred
-> > by parser into corresponding ANY and ALL. At the moment we can do:
-> >
-> > IN --> = ANY, NOT IN --> <> ALL
-> >
-> > but this will be "known bug": this breaks OO-nature of Postgres, because of
-> > operators can be overrided and '=' can mean s o m e t h i n g (not equality).
-> > Example: box data type. For boxes, = means equality of _areas_ and =~
-> > means that boxes are the same ==> =~ ANY should be used for IN.
->
-> That is interesting, to use =~ for ANY.
->
-> Yes, but how many operators take a SUBQUERY as an operand. This is a
-> special case to me.
->
-> I think I see where you are trying to go. You want subselects to behave
-> like any other operator, with a subselect type, and you do all the
-> subselect handling in the optimizer, with special Nodes and actions.
->
-> I think this may be just too much of a leap. We have such clean query
-> logic for single queries, I can't imagine having an operator that has a
-> Query operand, and trying to get everything to properly handle it.
-> UNIONS were very easy to implement as a List off of Query, with some
-> foreach()'s in rewrite and the high optimizer.
->
-> Subselects are SQL standard, and are never going to be over-ridden by a
-> user. Same with UNION. They want UNION, they get UNION. They want
-> Subselect, we are going to spin through the Query structure and give
-> them what they want.
->
-> The complexities of subselects and correlated queries and range tables
-> and stuff is so bizarre that trying to get it to work inside the type
-> system could be a huge project.
-
-PostgreSQL is a robust, next-generation, Object-Relational DBMS (ORDBMS),
-derived from the Berkeley Postgres database management system. While
-PostgreSQL retains the powerful object-relational data model, rich data types and
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-easy extensibility of Postgres, it replaces the PostQuel query language with an
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-extended subset of SQL.
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Should we say users that subselect will work for standard data types only ?
-I don't see why subquery can't be used with ~, ~*, @@, ... operators, do you ?
-Is there difference between handling = ANY and ~ ANY ? I don't see any.
-Currently we can't get IN working properly for boxes (and may be for others too)
-and I don't like to try to resolve these problems now, but hope that someday
-we'll be able to do this. At the moment - just convert IN into = ANY and
-NOT IN into <> ALL in parser.
-
-(BTW, do you know how DISTINCT is implemented ? It doesn't use = but
-use type_out funcs and uses strcmp()... DISTINCT is standard SQL thing...)
-
-> >
-> > > right side is an index to a slot in the subqueries List.
->
-> I guess the question is what can we have by February 1?
->
-> I have been reading some postings, and it seems to me that subselects
-> are the litmus test for many evaluators when deciding if a database
-> engine is full-featured.
->
-> Sorry to be so straightforward, but I want to keep hashing this around
-> until we get a conclusion, so coding can start.
->
-> My suggestions have been, I believe, trying to get subselects working
-> with the fullest functionality by adding the least amount of code, and
-> keeping the logic clean.
->
-> Have you checked out the UNION code? It is very small, but it works. I
-> think it could make a good sample for subselects.
-
-There is big difference between subqueries and queries in UNION -
-there are not dependences between UNION queries.
-
-Ok, opened issues:
-
-1. Is using upper query' vars in all subquery levels in standard ?
-2. Is (a, b, c) OP (subselect) in standard ?
-3. What types of expressions (Var, Const, ...) are allowed on the left
- side of operator with subquery on the right ?
-4. What types of operators should we support (=, >, ..., like, ~, ...) ?
- (My vote for all boolean operators).
-
-And - did we get consensus on presentation subqueries stuff in Query,
-Expr and Var ?
-I would like to have something done in parser near Jan 17 to get
-subqueries working by Feb 1. I vote for support of all standard
-things (1. - 3.) in parser right now - if there will be no time
-to implement something like (a, b, c) then optimizer will call
-elog(WARN) (oh, sorry, - elog(ERROR)).
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sat Jan 10 12:31:05 1998
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-Date: Sun, 11 Jan 1998 00:41:19 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-References: <199712220545.AAA11605@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> OK, a few questions:
->
-> Should we use sortmerge, so we can use our psort as temp tables,
-> or do we use hashunique?
->
-> How do we pass the query to the optimizer? How do we represent
-> the range table for each, and the links between them in correlated
-> subqueries?
-
-My suggestion is just use varlevel in Var and don't put upper query'
-relations into subquery range table.
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sat Jan 10 13:01:00 1998
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-Date: Sun, 11 Jan 1998 00:58:52 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>,
- PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-References: <199712220545.AAA11605@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B7B2BF.44FE7252@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
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-Status: OR
-
-Vadim B. Mikheev wrote:
->
-> Bruce Momjian wrote:
-> >
-> > OK, a few questions:
-> >
-> > Should we use sortmerge, so we can use our psort as temp tables,
-> > or do we use hashunique?
-> >
-> > How do we pass the query to the optimizer? How do we represent
-> > the range table for each, and the links between them in correlated
-> > subqueries?
->
-> My suggestion is just use varlevel in Var and don't put upper query'
-> relations into subquery range table.
-
-Hmm... Sorry, it seems that I did reply to very old message - forget it.
-
-Vadim
-
-From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Sat Jan 10 13:30:59 1998
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-Date: Sat, 10 Jan 1998 18:01:03 +0000
-From: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Organization: Caltech/JPL
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-To: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>, hackers@postgresql.org
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
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-
-> > > Note, that there are no OP_IN, OP_NOTIN in OpType-s for Expr. We need in
-> > > IN, NOTIN in A_Expr (parser node), but both of them have to be transferred
-> > > by parser into corresponding ANY and ALL. At the moment we can do:
-> > >
-> > > IN --> = ANY, NOT IN --> <> ALL
-> > >
-> > > but this will be "known bug": this breaks OO-nature of Postgres, because of
-> > > operators can be overrided and '=' can mean s o m e t h i n g (not equality).
-> > > Example: box data type. For boxes, = means equality of _areas_ and =~
-> > > means that boxes are the same ==> =~ ANY should be used for IN.
-> >
-> > That is interesting, to use =~ for ANY.
-
-If I understand the discussion, I would think is is fine to make an assumption about
-which operator is used to implement a subselect expression. If someone remaps an
-operator to mean something different, then they will get a different result (or a
-nonsensical one) from a subselect.
-
-I'd be happy to remap existing operators to fit into a convention which would work
-with subselects (especially if I got to help choose :).
-
-> > Subselects are SQL standard, and are never going to be over-ridden by a
-> > user. Same with UNION. They want UNION, they get UNION. They want
-> > Subselect, we are going to spin through the Query structure and give
-> > them what they want.
->
-> PostgreSQL is a robust, next-generation, Object-Relational DBMS (ORDBMS),
-> derived from the Berkeley Postgres database management system. While
-> PostgreSQL retains the powerful object-relational data model, rich data types and
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> easy extensibility of Postgres, it replaces the PostQuel query language with an
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> extended subset of SQL.
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
->
-> Should we say users that subselect will work for standard data types only ?
-> I don't see why subquery can't be used with ~, ~*, @@, ... operators, do you ?
-> Is there difference between handling = ANY and ~ ANY ? I don't see any.
-> Currently we can't get IN working properly for boxes (and may be for others too)
-> and I don't like to try to resolve these problems now, but hope that someday
-> we'll be able to do this. At the moment - just convert IN into = ANY and
-> NOT IN into <> ALL in parser.
->
-> (BTW, do you know how DISTINCT is implemented ? It doesn't use = but
-> use type_out funcs and uses strcmp()... DISTINCT is standard SQL thing...)
-
-?? I didn't know that. Wouldn't we want it to eventually use "=" through a sorted
-list? That would give more consistant behavior...
-
-> > I have been reading some postings, and it seems to me that subselects
-> > are the litmus test for many evaluators when deciding if a database
-> > engine is full-featured.
-> >
-> > Sorry to be so straightforward, but I want to keep hashing this around
-> > until we get a conclusion, so coding can start.
-> >
-> > My suggestions have been, I believe, trying to get subselects working
-> > with the fullest functionality by adding the least amount of code, and
-> > keeping the logic clean.
-> >
-> > Have you checked out the UNION code? It is very small, but it works. I
-> > think it could make a good sample for subselects.
->
-> There is big difference between subqueries and queries in UNION -
-> there are not dependences between UNION queries.
->
-> Ok, opened issues:
->
-> 1. Is using upper query' vars in all subquery levels in standard ?
-
-I'm not certain. Let me know if you do not get an answer from someone else and I will
-research it.
-
-> 2. Is (a, b, c) OP (subselect) in standard ?
-
-Yes. In fact, it _is_ the standard, and "a OP (subselect)" is a special case where
-the parens are allowed to be omitted from a one element list.
-
-> 3. What types of expressions (Var, Const, ...) are allowed on the left
-> side of operator with subquery on the right ?
-
-I think most expressions are allowed. The "constant OP (subselect)" case you were
-asking about is just a simplified case since "(a, b, constant) OP (subselect)" where
-a and b are column references should be allowed. Of course, our optimizer could
-perhaps change this to "(a, b) OP (subselect where x = constant)", or for the first
-example "EXISTS (subselect where x = constant)".
-
-> 4. What types of operators should we support (=, >, ..., like, ~, ...) ?
-> (My vote for all boolean operators).
-
-Sounds good. But I'll vote with Bruce (and I'll bet you already agree) that it is
-important to get an initial implementation for v6.3 which covers a little, some, or
-all of the usual SQL subselect constructs. If we have to revisit this for v6.4 then
-we will have the benefit of feedback from others in practical applications which
-always uncovers new things to consider.
-
-> And - did we get consensus on presentation subqueries stuff in Query,
-> Expr and Var ?
-> I would like to have something done in parser near Jan 17 to get
-> subqueries working by Feb 1. I vote for support of all standard
-> things (1. - 3.) in parser right now - if there will be no time
-> to implement something like (a, b, c) then optimizer will callelog(WARN) (oh,
-> sorry, - elog(ERROR)).
-
-Great. I'd like to help with the remaining parser issues; at the moment "row_expr"
-does the right thing with expression comparisions but just parses then ignores
-subselect expressions. Let me know what structures you want passed back and I'll put
-them in, or if you prefer put in the first one and I'll go through and clean up and
-add the rest.
-
- - Tom
-
-
-From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Sat Jan 10 15:00:58 1998
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-Date: Sat, 10 Jan 1998 19:31:29 +0000
-From: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Organization: Caltech/JPL
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.03 [en] (X11; I; Linux 2.0.30 i686)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>, hackers@postgresql.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
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-Status: OR
-
-> Are you saying about (a, b, c) or about 'a_constant' ?
-> Again, can someone comment on are they in standards or not ?
-> Tom ?
-> If yes then please add parser' support for them now...
-
-As I mentioned a few minutes ago in my last message, I parse the row descriptors and
-the subselects but for subselect expressions (e.g. "(a,b) OP (subselect)" I currently
-ignore the result. I didn't want to pass things back as lists until something in the
-backend was ready to receive them.
-
-If it is OK, I'll go ahead and start passing back a list of expressions when a row
-descriptor is present. So, what you will find is lexpr or rexpr in the A_Expr node
-being a list rather than an atomic node.
-
-Also, I can start passing back the subselect expression as the rexpr; right now the
-parser calls elog() and quits.
-
-btw, to implement "(a,b,c) OP (d,e,f)" I made a new routine in the parser called
-makeRowExpr() which breaks this up into a sequence of "and" and/or "or" expressions.
-If lists are handled farther back, this routine should move to there also and the
-parser will just pass the lists. Note that some assumptions have to be made about the
-meaning of "(a,b) OP (c,d)", since usually we only have knowledge of the behavior of
-"a OP c". Easy for the standard SQL operators, unknown for others, but maybe it is OK
-to disallow those cases or to look for specific appearance of the operator to guess
-the behavior (e.g. if the operator has "<" or "=" or ">" then build as "and"s and if
-it has "<>" or "!" then build as "or"s.
-
-Let me know what you want...
-
- - Tom
-
-
-From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Sun Jan 11 01:01:55 1998
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-Date: Sun, 11 Jan 1998 05:58:01 +0000
-From: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Organization: Caltech/JPL
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.03 [en] (X11; I; Linux 2.0.30 i686)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>, hackers@postgresql.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------D8B38A0D1F78A10C0023F702"
-Status: OR
-
-This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
---------------D8B38A0D1F78A10C0023F702
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-
-Here are context diffs of gram.y and keywords.c; sorry about sending the full files.
-These start sending lists of arguments toward the backend from the parser to
-implement row descriptors and subselects.
-
-They should apply OK even over Bruce's recent changes...
-
- - Tom
-
---------------D8B38A0D1F78A10C0023F702
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; name="gram.y.patch"
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Content-Disposition: inline; filename="gram.y.patch"
-
-*** ../src/backend/parser/gram.y.orig Sat Jan 10 05:44:36 1998
---- ../src/backend/parser/gram.y Sat Jan 10 19:29:37 1998
-***************
-*** 195,200 ****
---- 195,201 ----
- having_clause
- %type <list> row_descriptor, row_list
- %type <node> row_expr
-+ %type <str> RowOp, row_opt
- %type <list> OptCreateAs, CreateAsList
- %type <node> CreateAsElement
- %type <value> NumConst
-***************
-*** 242,248 ****
- */
-
- /* Keywords (in SQL92 reserved words) */
-! %token ACTION, ADD, ALL, ALTER, AND, AS, ASC,
- BEGIN_TRANS, BETWEEN, BOTH, BY,
- CASCADE, CAST, CHAR, CHARACTER, CHECK, CLOSE, COLLATE, COLUMN, COMMIT,
- CONSTRAINT, CREATE, CROSS, CURRENT, CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME,
---- 243,249 ----
- */
-
- /* Keywords (in SQL92 reserved words) */
-! %token ACTION, ADD, ALL, ALTER, AND, ANY, AS, ASC,
- BEGIN_TRANS, BETWEEN, BOTH, BY,
- CASCADE, CAST, CHAR, CHARACTER, CHECK, CLOSE, COLLATE, COLUMN, COMMIT,
- CONSTRAINT, CREATE, CROSS, CURRENT, CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME,
-***************
-*** 258,264 ****
- ON, OPTION, OR, ORDER, OUTER_P,
- PARTIAL, POSITION, PRECISION, PRIMARY, PRIVILEGES, PROCEDURE, PUBLIC,
- REFERENCES, REVOKE, RIGHT, ROLLBACK,
-! SECOND_P, SELECT, SET, SUBSTRING,
- TABLE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, TO, TRAILING, TRANSACTION, TRIM,
- UNION, UNIQUE, UPDATE, USING,
- VALUES, VARCHAR, VARYING, VERBOSE, VERSION, VIEW,
---- 259,265 ----
- ON, OPTION, OR, ORDER, OUTER_P,
- PARTIAL, POSITION, PRECISION, PRIMARY, PRIVILEGES, PROCEDURE, PUBLIC,
- REFERENCES, REVOKE, RIGHT, ROLLBACK,
-! SECOND_P, SELECT, SET, SOME, SUBSTRING,
- TABLE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, TO, TRAILING, TRANSACTION, TRIM,
- UNION, UNIQUE, UPDATE, USING,
- VALUES, VARCHAR, VARYING, VERBOSE, VERSION, VIEW,
-***************
-*** 2853,2866 ****
- /* Expressions using row descriptors
- * Define row_descriptor to allow yacc to break the reduce/reduce conflict
- * with singleton expressions.
- */
- row_expr: '(' row_descriptor ')' IN '(' SubSelect ')'
- {
-! $$ = NULL;
- }
- | '(' row_descriptor ')' NOT IN '(' SubSelect ')'
- {
-! $$ = NULL;
- }
- | '(' row_descriptor ')' '=' '(' row_descriptor ')'
- {
---- 2854,2878 ----
- /* Expressions using row descriptors
- * Define row_descriptor to allow yacc to break the reduce/reduce conflict
- * with singleton expressions.
-+ *
-+ * Note that "SOME" is the same as "ANY" in syntax.
-+ * - thomas 1998-01-10
- */
- row_expr: '(' row_descriptor ')' IN '(' SubSelect ')'
- {
-! $$ = makeA_Expr(OP, "=any", (Node *)$2, (Node *)$6);
- }
- | '(' row_descriptor ')' NOT IN '(' SubSelect ')'
- {
-! $$ = makeA_Expr(OP, "<>any", (Node *)$2, (Node *)$7);
-! }
-! | '(' row_descriptor ')' RowOp row_opt '(' SubSelect ')'
-! {
-! char *opr;
-! opr = palloc(strlen($4)+strlen($5)+1);
-! strcpy(opr, $4);
-! strcat(opr, $5);
-! $$ = makeA_Expr(OP, opr, (Node *)$2, (Node *)$7);
- }
- | '(' row_descriptor ')' '=' '(' row_descriptor ')'
- {
-***************
-*** 2880,2885 ****
---- 2892,2907 ----
- }
- ;
-
-+ RowOp: '=' { $$ = "="; }
-+ | '<' { $$ = "<"; }
-+ | '>' { $$ = ">"; }
-+ ;
-+
-+ row_opt: ALL { $$ = "all"; }
-+ | ANY { $$ = "any"; }
-+ | SOME { $$ = "any"; }
-+ ;
-+
- row_descriptor: row_list ',' a_expr
- {
- $$ = lappend($1, $3);
-***************
-*** 3432,3441 ****
- ;
-
- in_expr: SubSelect
-! {
-! elog(ERROR,"IN (SUBSELECT) not yet implemented");
-! $$ = $1;
-! }
- | in_expr_nodes
- { $$ = $1; }
- ;
---- 3454,3460 ----
- ;
-
- in_expr: SubSelect
-! { $$ = makeA_Expr(OP, "=", saved_In_Expr, (Node *)$1); }
- | in_expr_nodes
- { $$ = $1; }
- ;
-***************
-*** 3449,3458 ****
- ;
-
- not_in_expr: SubSelect
-! {
-! elog(ERROR,"NOT IN (SUBSELECT) not yet implemented");
-! $$ = $1;
-! }
- | not_in_expr_nodes
- { $$ = $1; }
- ;
---- 3468,3474 ----
- ;
-
- not_in_expr: SubSelect
-! { $$ = makeA_Expr(OP, "<>", saved_In_Expr, (Node *)$1); }
- | not_in_expr_nodes
- { $$ = $1; }
- ;
-
---------------D8B38A0D1F78A10C0023F702
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; name="keywords.c.patch"
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Content-Disposition: inline; filename="keywords.c.patch"
-
-*** ../src/backend/parser/keywords.c.orig Mon Jan 5 07:51:33 1998
---- ../src/backend/parser/keywords.c Sat Jan 10 19:22:07 1998
-***************
-*** 39,44 ****
---- 39,45 ----
- {"alter", ALTER},
- {"analyze", ANALYZE},
- {"and", AND},
-+ {"any", ANY},
- {"append", APPEND},
- {"archive", ARCHIVE},
- {"as", AS},
-***************
-*** 178,183 ****
---- 179,185 ----
- {"set", SET},
- {"setof", SETOF},
- {"show", SHOW},
-+ {"some", SOME},
- {"stdin", STDIN},
- {"stdout", STDOUT},
- {"substring", SUBSTRING},
-
---------------D8B38A0D1F78A10C0023F702--
-
-
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801110559.AAA11801@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Sun, 11 Jan 1998 00:59:23 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgresql.org, lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu
-In-Reply-To: <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Jan 11, 98 00:19:08 am
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-
-> I would like to have something done in parser near Jan 17 to get
-> subqueries working by Feb 1. I vote for support of all standard
-> things (1. - 3.) in parser right now - if there will be no time
-> to implement something like (a, b, c) then optimizer will call
-> elog(WARN) (oh, sorry, - elog(ERROR)).
-
-First, let me say I am glad we are still on schedule for Feb 1. I was
-panicking because I thought we wouldn't make it in time.
-
-
-> > > (is it allowable by standards ?) - in this case it's better
-> > > to don't add tabA to 1st subselect but add tabA to second one
-> > > and change tabA.col3 in 1st to reference col3 in 2nd subquery temp table -
-> > > this gives us 2-tables join in 1st subquery instead of 3-tables join.
-> > > (And I'm still not sure that using temp tables is best of what can be
-> > > done in all cases...)
-> >
-> > I don't see any use for temp tables in subselects anymore. After having
-> > implemented UNIONS, I now see how much can be done in the upper
-> > optimizer. I see you just putting the subquery PLAN into the proper
-> > place in the plan tree, with some proper JOIN nodes for IN, NOT IN.
->
-> When saying about temp tables, I meant tables created by node Material
-> for subquery plan. This is one of two ways - run subquery once for all
-> possible upper plan tuples and then just join result table with upper
-> query. Another way is re-run subquery for each upper query tuple,
-> without temp table but may be with caching results by some ways.
-> Actually, there is special case - when subquery can be alternatively
-> formulated as joins, - but this is just special case.
-
-This is interesting. It really only applies for correlated subqueries,
-and certainly it may help sometimes to just evaluate the subquery for
-valid values that are going to come from the upper query than for all
-possible values. Perhaps we can use the 'cost' value of each query to
-decide how to handle this.
-
->
-> > > > In the parent query, to parse the WHERE clause, we create a new operator
-> > > > type, called IN or NOT_IN, or ALL, where the left side is a Var, and the
-> > > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > > No. We have to handle (a,b,c) OP (select x, y, z ...) and
-> > > '_a_constant_' OP (select ...) - I don't know is last in standards,
-> > > Sybase has this.
-> >
-> > I have never seen this in my eight years of SQL. Perhaps we can leave
-> > this for later, maybe much later.
->
-> Are you saying about (a, b, c) or about 'a_constant' ?
-> Again, can someone comment on are they in standards or not ?
-> Tom ?
-> If yes then please add parser' support for them now...
-
-OK, Thomas says it is, so we will put in as much code as we can to handle
-it.
-
-> Should we say users that subselect will work for standard data types only ?
-> I don't see why subquery can't be used with ~, ~*, @@, ... operators, do you ?
-> Is there difference between handling = ANY and ~ ANY ? I don't see any.
-> Currently we can't get IN working properly for boxes (and may be for others too)
-> and I don't like to try to resolve these problems now, but hope that someday
-> we'll be able to do this. At the moment - just convert IN into = ANY and
-> NOT IN into <> ALL in parser.
-
-OK.
-
->
-> (BTW, do you know how DISTINCT is implemented ? It doesn't use = but
-> use type_out funcs and uses strcmp()... DISTINCT is standard SQL thing...)
-
-I did not know that either.
-
-> There is big difference between subqueries and queries in UNION -
-> there are not dependences between UNION queries.
-
-Yes, I know UNIONS are trivial compared to subselects.
-
->
-> Ok, opened issues:
->
-> 1. Is using upper query' vars in all subquery levels in standard ?
-> 2. Is (a, b, c) OP (subselect) in standard ?
-> 3. What types of expressions (Var, Const, ...) are allowed on the left
-> side of operator with subquery on the right ?
-> 4. What types of operators should we support (=, >, ..., like, ~, ...) ?
-> (My vote for all boolean operators).
->
-> And - did we get consensus on presentation subqueries stuff in Query,
-> Expr and Var ?
-
-OK, here are my concrete ideas on changes and structures.
-
-I think we all agreed that Query needs new fields:
-
- Query *parentQuery;
- List *subqueries;
-
-Maybe query level too, but I don't think so (see later ideas on Var).
-
-We need a new Node structure, call it Sublink:
-
- int linkType (IN, NOTIN, ANY, EXISTS, OPERATOR...)
- Oid operator /* subquery must return single row */
- List *lefthand; /* parent stuff */
- Node *subquery; /* represents nodes from parser */
- Index Subindex; /* filled in to index Query->subqueries */
-
-Of course, the names are just suggestions. Every time we run through
-the parsenodes of a query to create a Query* structure, when we do the
-WHERE clause, if we come upon one of these Sublink nodes (created in the
-parser), we move the supplied Query* in Sublink->subquery to a local
-List variable, and we set Subquery->subindex to equal the index of the
-new query, i.e. is it the first subquery we found, 1, or the second, 2,
-etc.
-
-After we have created the parent Query structure, we run through our
-local List variable of subquery parsenodes we created above, and add
-Query* entries to Query->subqueries. In each subquery Query*, we set
-the parentQuery pointer.
-
-Also, when parsing the subqueries, we need to keep track of correlated
-references. I recommend we add a field to the Var structure:
-
- Index sublevel; /* range table reference:
- = 0 current level of query
- < 0 parent above this many levels
- > 0 index into subquery list
- */
-
-This way, a Var node with sublevel 0 is the current level, and is true
-in most cases. This helps us not have to change much code. sublevel =
--1 means it references the range table in the parent query. sublevel =
--2 means the parent's parent. sublevel = 2 means it references the range
-table of the second entry in Query->subqueries. Varno and varattno are
-still meaningful. Of course, we can't reference variables in the
-subqueries from the parent in the parser code, but Vadim may want to.
-
-When doing a Var lookup in the parser, we look in the current level
-first, but if not found, if it is a subquery, we can look at the parent
-and parent's parent to set the sublevel, varno, and varatno properly.
-
-We create no phantom range table entries in the subquery, and no phantom
-target list entries. We can leave that all for the upper optimizer.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199712091705.MAA15973@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Items for 6.3
-To: lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu (Thomas G. Lockhart)
-Date: Tue, 9 Dec 1997 12:05:03 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org, vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su
-In-Reply-To: <348CE8BE.FE0F8AA1@alumni.caltech.edu> from "Thomas G. Lockhart" at Dec 9, 97 06:44:14 am
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->
-> Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > Here are the items I think would make 6.3 a truly great release:
-> >
-> > subselects
-> > outer joins
->
-> These two would be sufficient (along with the changes already in the
-> tree) to address the most visible deficiencies in SQL functionality.
->
-> > temp tables
-> > fix "Reliability" items attached to specific queries
->
-> Sure, why not?
-
-We will need temp tables for subselects anyway.
-
-I could implement them, but again we come up against the problem of
-storing these plans and executing them later. We need to do some of the
-temp table stuff in the optimizer because the plan could be passed with
-a temp table, and we can't bind the temp name to a real name in the
-parser, especially if we save those plans in system tables that other
-backends can execute. Multiple backends would be using the same temp
-name.
-
-At the same time, we need some temp stuff in the parser so the parser
-can recognize the temp table and its fields when it sees it.
-
-The hardest part is:
-
-select * into tmp mytmp from z where x=y;
-select * from mytmp;
-
-If they are passed together, and we have to plan them both, before
-either is executed, you have to make the parser aware of the fields in
-mytmp, even though you have not executed the select yet, you are just
-storing the plan.
-
-This was Vadim's point about not doing subselects in the parser.
-
->
-> > postmaster sync's pglog, giving almost fsync reliability with
-> > no-fsync performance
->
-> OK to save for v6.4.
->
-> Could we try to do the subselect/join/union features for 6.3? I know you
-> have been looking at it, and found the deepest parts of the backend to
-> be a bit murky. I'm not familiar with that area at all, but perhaps we
-> could divert Vadim for a week or two or three when he has some time.
-> Especially if we trade him for help on his favorite topics for v6.4??
->
-
-Sure. I may be able to do some of the pglog change myself, though Vadim
-has some definite ideas on this.
-
-As for Vadim, trading help is a good idea, but what trade can we make?
-He can do most of these tough things without us, and in 1/4 the time.
-We can't even see where to start them.
-
-Basically, without Vadim, this project would have really major problems.
-
-He certainly likes working on PostgreSQL, so he must be busy with other
-things.
-
-It is not fair to keep counting on Vadim to do all these tough jobs. We
-really need to get other people up to Vadim's level of ability.
-Unfortunately, the odds of this happening are very slim.
-
-This leaves me scratching my head.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Fri Dec 19 00:08:21 1997
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-To: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>,
- PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgresql.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Items for 6.3
-References: <199712090506.AAA05538@candle.pha.pa.us> <348CE8BE.FE0F8AA1@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-
-Thomas G. Lockhart wrote:
->
-> Could we try to do the subselect/join/union features for 6.3? I know you
-> have been looking at it, and found the deepest parts of the backend to
-> be a bit murky. I'm not familiar with that area at all, but perhaps we
-> could divert Vadim for a week or two or three when he has some time.
- ^^^^^
-More realistic... And this is for initial release only: tuning performance
-of subselects is very hard, long work.
-
-Ok - I'm ready to do subselects for 6.3 but this means that foreign keys
-may appear in 6.4 only. And I'll need in help: could someone add support
-for them in parser ? Not handling - but parsing and common checking.
-Also, it would be nice to have better temp tables implementation
-(without affecting pg_class etc) - node material need in query-level
-temp tables anyway. I'd really like to see temp table files created
-only when its data must go to disk due to local buffer pool is full
-and can't more keep table data in memory. Also, local buffer manager
-should be re-written to use hash table (like shared bufmgr) for buffer search,
-not sequential scan as now (this is item for TODO) - this will speed up
-things and allow to use more than 64 local buffers.
-
-I'm still sure that handling subselects in parser is not right way.
-And the main problem is not in execution plans (we could use tricks
-to resolve this) but in performance. Example:
-
-select b from big where b in (select s from small);
-
-If there is no duplicates in small then this is the same as
-
-select b from big, small where b = s;
-
-Without index on big postgres does seq scan of big and uses hashjoin with
-hash on small. Using temp table makes query only 20% slower (in my test).
-But with index on big postgres uses nestloop with seq scan of small and
-index scan of big => select run faster and temp table stuff makes query
-2.5 times slower! In the case of duplicates in small, handling in parser
-will use distinct (and so - sorting). But using hashjoin plan distinct
-may be avoided! Who can analize this ? Optimizer only. He can be smart
-to check is there unique index on small or not. If not - what is more
-costless: nestloop with sorting or slower hashjoin without sorting.
-Only optimizer can find best way to execute query, parser can't.
-
-> Especially if we trade him for help on his favorite topics for v6.4??
-
-Ok, I'd like to see shared catalog cache implemeted in 6.4... -:)
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Fri Dec 19 00:58:54 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199712190553.AAA25415@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Items for 6.3
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Fri, 19 Dec 1997 00:53:15 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <349A0265.7329D4EE@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Dec 19, 97 12:13:09 pm
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-
->
-> Thomas G. Lockhart wrote:
-> >
-> > Could we try to do the subselect/join/union features for 6.3? I know you
-> > have been looking at it, and found the deepest parts of the backend to
-> > be a bit murky. I'm not familiar with that area at all, but perhaps we
-> > could divert Vadim for a week or two or three when he has some time.
-> ^^^^^
-> More realistic... And this is for initial release only: tuning performance
-> of subselects is very hard, long work.
->
-> Ok - I'm ready to do subselects for 6.3 but this means that foreign keys
-
-Great.
-
-> may appear in 6.4 only. And I'll need in help: could someone add support
-> for them in parser ? Not handling - but parsing and common checking.
-> Also, it would be nice to have better temp tables implementation
-> (without affecting pg_class etc) - node material need in query-level
-> temp tables anyway. I'd really like to see temp table files created
-> only when its data must go to disk due to local buffer pool is full
-> and can't more keep table data in memory. Also, local buffer manager
-> should be re-written to use hash table (like shared bufmgr) for buffer search,
-> not sequential scan as now (this is item for TODO) - this will speed up
-> things and allow to use more than 64 local buffers.
->
-> I'm still sure that handling subselects in parser is not right way.
-> And the main problem is not in execution plans (we could use tricks
-> to resolve this) but in performance. Example:
->
-> select b from big where b in (select s from small);
->
-> If there is no duplicates in small then this is the same as
->
-> select b from big, small where b = s;
->
-> Without index on big postgres does seq scan of big and uses hashjoin with
-> hash on small. Using temp table makes query only 20% slower (in my test).
-> But with index on big postgres uses nestloop with seq scan of small and
-> index scan of big => select run faster and temp table stuff makes query
-> 2.5 times slower! In the case of duplicates in small, handling in parser
-> will use distinct (and so - sorting). But using hashjoin plan distinct
-> may be avoided! Who can analize this ? Optimizer only. He can be smart
-> to check is there unique index on small or not. If not - what is more
-> costless: nestloop with sorting or slower hashjoin without sorting.
-> Only optimizer can find best way to execute query, parser can't.
->
-
-OK, let me comment on this. Let's take your example:
-
-> select b from big where b in (select s from small);
->
-> If there is no duplicates in small then this is the same as
->
-> select b from big, small where b = s;
-
-My idea was to do this:
-
- select distinct s into temp table small2 from small;
- select b from big,small2 where b = s;
-
-And let the optimizer decide how to do the join. Is this what you are
-saying?
-
-The problem I see is that the temp table is already distinct, and was
-sorted to do that, but you can't pass that information into the
-optimizer. Is that the problem with using the parser?
-
-But you want the temp table never to hit disk unless it has to, but that
-will not work unless we do a really good job with temp tables.
-
-Also NOT IN will need some type of non-join operator, perhaps a flag in
-the Plan to say "look for a match, but only output if you find it." How
-do we do that?
-
-We definately need temp tables, and I think we can stuff it into the
-cache as LOCAL, which will make it usable without adding to pg_class.
-
-Perhaps if we create a special Plan in the optimizer called IN, and we
-have the outer and inner queries as plans, and work that plan into the
-executor.
-
-The problem with that is we need to specify a way to join the two plans,
-and the same logic that determines what type of join to do can this too.
-Maybe that's why you wanted stuff done in the optimizer and not the
-parser.
-
-At least now, I understand enough to come up with ideas, and can
-understand what you are saying.
-
-> > Especially if we trade him for help on his favorite topics for v6.4??
->
-> Ok, I'd like to see shared catalog cache implemeted in 6.4... -:)
->
-> Vadim
->
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199712190555.AAA25436@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Items for 6.3
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Fri, 19 Dec 1997 00:55:56 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <349A0265.7329D4EE@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Dec 19, 97 12:13:09 pm
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-
-> select b from big where b in (select s from small);
->
-> If there is no duplicates in small then this is the same as
->
-> select b from big, small where b = s;
-
-I think I see the problem you are describing now. If we put the
-subselect into a temp table, we can't use the existing index on small.s,
-even if there is one, or if sorting was involved in creating the temp
-table.
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Fri Dec 19 01:34:26 1997
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-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>,
- PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgresql.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Items for 6.3
-References: <199712090506.AAA05538@candle.pha.pa.us> <348CE8BE.FE0F8AA1@alumni.caltech.edu> <349A0265.7329D4EE@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
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-
-> > Could we try to do the subselect/join/union features for 6.3? I know you
-> > have been looking at it, and found the deepest parts of the backend to
-> > be a bit murky. I'm not familiar with that area at all, but perhaps we
-> > could divert Vadim for a week or two or three when he has some time.
-> ^^^^^
-> More realistic... And this is for initial release only: tuning performance
-> of subselects is very hard, long work.
->
-> Ok - I'm ready to do subselects for 6.3 but this means that foreign keys
-> may appear in 6.4 only. And I'll need in help: could someone add support
-> for them in parser ? Not handling - but parsing and common checking.
-
-Yes, I've already added subselect syntax in the parser, but we will need to
-modify or add to the parse tree nodes to push that past the parser into the
-backend. I'm happy to focus on that, since I understand those pieces pretty well.
-There are several places where "subselect syntax" is used: subselects and unions
-come to mind right away. If you have an opinion on how the parse nodes should be
-structured I can start with that, or I can just put something in and then modify
-it as you need later. Do you see unions as being similar to subselects, or are
-they a separate problem? To me, they seem like a simpler case since (perhaps) not
-as much optimization and internal reorganizing needs to happen.
-
-> Also, it would be nice to have better temp tables implementation
-> (without affecting pg_class etc) - node material need in query-level
-> temp tables anyway. I'd really like to see temp table files created
-> only when its data must go to disk due to local buffer pool is full
-> and can't more keep table data in memory.
-
-This sounds very desirable. I noticed that there are, or used to be, multiple
-storage managers. Could a manager for temporary storage be written which stores
-things in memory until it gets too big and then go to disk? Could that manager
-use the mm and md managers internally? Or is all of that at too low a level to be
-helpful for this problem?
-
-SQL92 has the concept of transaction-only and session-only tables and variables.
-Could an implementation of "temporary tables" be used to implement this feature
-at the same time (or form the basis for it later)? It seems like none of these
-non-permanent tables need to go to any of the pg_ tables, since other backends do
-not need to see them and they are allowed to disappear at the end of the session
-(or at a crash). We would just need the "table manager" to cache information on
-temporary stuff before looking at the permanent tables (??).
-
-> Also, local buffer manager
-> should be re-written to use hash table (like shared bufmgr) for buffer search,
-> not sequential scan as now (this is item for TODO) - this will speed up
-> things and allow to use more than 64 local buffers.
->
-> I'm still sure that handling subselects in parser is not right way.
-> And the main problem is not in execution plans (we could use tricks
-> to resolve this) but in performance.
-
-Seems to me that the subselect needs to stay untransformed (i.e. executable but
-non-optimized) so that an optimizer can independently decide how to transform for
-faster execution. That way, in the first implementation we have reliable but
-stupid execution, but then can add a subselect optimizer which looks for cases
-which can be transformed to run faster.
-
-> > Especially if we trade him for help on his favorite topics for v6.4??
->
-> Ok, I'd like to see shared catalog cache implemeted in 6.4... -:)
-
-Sure. (Tell me what it is later :)
-
- - Tom
-
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Fri Dec 19 06:23:14 1997
-Received: from www.krasnet.ru (www.krasnet.ru [193.125.44.86])
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- for <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>; Fri, 19 Dec 1997 06:22:46 -0500 (EST)
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-Message-ID: <349A5A4C.DA366B47@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Fri, 19 Dec 1997 18:28:12 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu, hackers@postgresql.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Items for 6.3
-References: <199712190553.AAA25415@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> OK, let me comment on this. Let's take your example:
->
-> > select b from big where b in (select s from small);
-> >
-> > If there is no duplicates in small then this is the same as
-> >
-> > select b from big, small where b = s;
->
-> My idea was to do this:
->
-> select distinct s into temp table small2 from small;
-> select b from big,small2 where b = s;
->
-> And let the optimizer decide how to do the join. Is this what you are
-> saying?
->
-> The problem I see is that the temp table is already distinct, and was
-> sorted to do that, but you can't pass that information into the
-> optimizer. Is that the problem with using the parser?
-
-No. I said that in some cases we can avoid distinct at all: if either
-unique index on small exists or by using hashjoin plans with !new!
-HashUnique node (there was mistake in my prev description - not Hash,
-but HashUnique on small should be used, - HashUnique is hash table
-without duplicates, just another way to implement distinct, without
-sorting). This new node can be usefull and for "normal" queries
-(without subselects).
-
-My example is very simple. I just want to say that by handling subqueries
-in optimizer we will have more chances to do better optimization. Maybe not
-now, but latter. I'm sure that subqueries require some specific optimization
-and this is not task of parser.
-
->
-> But you want the temp table never to hit disk unless it has to, but that
-> will not work unless we do a really good job with temp tables.
-
-Of 'course.
-
->
-> Also NOT IN will need some type of non-join operator, perhaps a flag in
-> the Plan to say "look for a match, but only output if you find it." How
- ^^
- don't ?
-> do we do that?
-
-Just as you said - by using of some flag.
-
->
-> We definately need temp tables, and I think we can stuff it into the
-> cache as LOCAL, which will make it usable without adding to pg_class.
-
-We have Relation->rd_istemp flag... Just change it from bool to int:
-0 -> is not temp, 1 -> session level temp table, etc...
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Fri Dec 19 08:09:11 1997
-Received: from www.krasnet.ru (www.krasnet.ru [193.125.44.86])
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- for <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>; Fri, 19 Dec 1997 08:09:05 -0500 (EST)
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- by www.krasnet.ru (8.8.7/8.8.7) with ESMTP id UAA12377;
- Fri, 19 Dec 1997 20:14:25 +0700 (KRS)
- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
-Sender: root@www.krasnet.ru
-Message-ID: <349A7327.9A484B74@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Fri, 19 Dec 1997 20:14:15 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>,
- PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgresql.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Items for 6.3
-References: <199712090506.AAA05538@candle.pha.pa.us> <348CE8BE.FE0F8AA1@alumni.caltech.edu> <349A0265.7329D4EE@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> <349A1459.EBFE2C84@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Thomas G. Lockhart wrote:
->
-> > Ok - I'm ready to do subselects for 6.3 but this means that foreign keys
-> > may appear in 6.4 only. And I'll need in help: could someone add support
-> > for them in parser ? Not handling - but parsing and common checking.
->
-> Yes, I've already added subselect syntax in the parser, but we will need to
-> modify or add to the parse tree nodes to push that past the parser into the
-> backend. I'm happy to focus on that, since I understand those pieces pretty well.
-
-Nice!
-
-> There are several places where "subselect syntax" is used: subselects and unions
-> come to mind right away. If you have an opinion on how the parse nodes should be
-> structured I can start with that, or I can just put something in and then modify
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-It's ok for me.
-
-> it as you need later. Do you see unions as being similar to subselects, or are
-> they a separate problem? To me, they seem like a simpler case since (perhaps) not
-> as much optimization and internal reorganizing needs to happen.
-
-I didn't think about unions at all... Yes, it's simpler to implement.
-BTW, I recall Bruce mentioned that unions are used for selects from
-superclass and all descendant classes (select ... from table* ) - maybe
-something is already implemented ? Bruce ?
-
->
-> > Also, it would be nice to have better temp tables implementation
-> > (without affecting pg_class etc) - node material need in query-level
-> > temp tables anyway. I'd really like to see temp table files created
-> > only when its data must go to disk due to local buffer pool is full
-> > and can't more keep table data in memory.
->
-> This sounds very desirable. I noticed that there are, or used to be, multiple
-> storage managers. Could a manager for temporary storage be written which stores
-> things in memory until it gets too big and then go to disk? Could that manager
-> use the mm and md managers internally? Or is all of that at too low a level to be
-> helpful for this problem?
-
-mm uses shmem... This feature could be implemented in local bufmgr
-directly: when requested buffer is not found in pool and there is no free,
-!dirty buffer then try to find some dirty buffer of created relation, flush
-it to disk and use (exception below); if no such buffer -> create some relation
-(and flush 1st block); exception: also create some relation if # of buffers
-occupied by already created relations is too small (just to do not break
-buffering of created relations).
-(Note, that using some additional in-memory storage manager will cause
-keeping some buffers in-memory twice - in local pool and in manager.
-The way above is using local bufmgr as storage manager).
-
-> >
-> > I'm still sure that handling subselects in parser is not right way.
-> > And the main problem is not in execution plans (we could use tricks
-> > to resolve this) but in performance.
->
-> Seems to me that the subselect needs to stay untransformed (i.e. executable but
-> non-optimized) so that an optimizer can independently decide how to transform for
-> faster execution. That way, in the first implementation we have reliable but
-> stupid execution, but then can add a subselect optimizer which looks for cases
-> which can be transformed to run faster.
-
-Yes, I believe that this is right way.
-
->
-> > > Especially if we trade him for help on his favorite topics for v6.4??
-> >
-> > Ok, I'd like to see shared catalog cache implemeted in 6.4... -:)
->
-> Sure. (Tell me what it is later :)
-
-Ok -:)
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Tue Dec 23 04:01:21 1997
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- Tue, 23 Dec 1997 16:04:25 +0700 (KRS)
- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
-Sender: root@www.krasnet.ru
-Message-ID: <349F7E97.48C63F17@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 23 Dec 1997 16:04:23 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu, hackers@postgresql.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Items for 6.3
-References: <199712191607.LAA02362@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
-> >
-> > I didn't think about unions at all... Yes, it's simpler to implement.
-> > BTW, I recall Bruce mentioned that unions are used for selects from
-> > superclass and all descendant classes (select ... from table* ) - maybe
-> > something is already implemented ? Bruce ?
->
-> Yes, it is already there. See optimizer/prep/prepunion.c, and see the
-> call to it from optimizer/plan/planner.c. The current source tree has a
-> cleaned up version that will be easier to understand. Basically, if
-> there are any inherited tables, it calls prepunion, and and cycles
-> through each inherited table, copying the Query plan, and calling the
-> planner() for each one, then it returns to the planner() to so sorting
-> and uniqueness. I am working on fixing aggregates.
-
-Could you try with unions ?
-I would like to concentrate on single thing - subqueries.
-
->
-> > mm uses shmem... This feature could be implemented in local bufmgr
-> > directly: when requested buffer is not found in pool and there is no free,
-> > !dirty buffer then try to find some dirty buffer of created relation, flush
-> > it to disk and use (exception below); if no such buffer -> create some relation
-> > (and flush 1st block); exception: also create some relation if # of buffers
-> > occupied by already created relations is too small (just to do not break
-> > buffering of created relations).
-> > (Note, that using some additional in-memory storage manager will cause
-> > keeping some buffers in-memory twice - in local pool and in manager.
-> > The way above is using local bufmgr as storage manager).
->
-> In the psort code, we do a nice job of keeping the stuff in files or
-> memory. Seems to work well. Can we use that somehow? Perhaps make it
-> a separate module, or just force a psort rather than a hash!
-
-I would like to be not restricted to psort only, but use what is better
-in each case. I even can foresee using indices on temp tables: we could
-put data in index without putting data in table itself!
-In any case, we can leave in-memory tables for future.
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Tue Dec 23 04:31:23 1997
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- Tue, 23 Dec 1997 16:04:25 +0700 (KRS)
- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
-Message-ID: <349F7E97.48C63F17@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 23 Dec 1997 16:04:23 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Items for 6.3
-References: <199712191607.LAA02362@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Sender: owner-hackers@hub.org
-Precedence: bulk
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
-> >
-> > I didn't think about unions at all... Yes, it's simpler to implement.
-> > BTW, I recall Bruce mentioned that unions are used for selects from
-> > superclass and all descendant classes (select ... from table* ) - maybe
-> > something is already implemented ? Bruce ?
->
-> Yes, it is already there. See optimizer/prep/prepunion.c, and see the
-> call to it from optimizer/plan/planner.c. The current source tree has a
-> cleaned up version that will be easier to understand. Basically, if
-> there are any inherited tables, it calls prepunion, and and cycles
-> through each inherited table, copying the Query plan, and calling the
-> planner() for each one, then it returns to the planner() to so sorting
-> and uniqueness. I am working on fixing aggregates.
-
-Could you try with unions ?
-I would like to concentrate on single thing - subqueries.
-
->
-> > mm uses shmem... This feature could be implemented in local bufmgr
-> > directly: when requested buffer is not found in pool and there is no free,
-> > !dirty buffer then try to find some dirty buffer of created relation, flush
-> > it to disk and use (exception below); if no such buffer -> create some relation
-> > (and flush 1st block); exception: also create some relation if # of buffers
-> > occupied by already created relations is too small (just to do not break
-> > buffering of created relations).
-> > (Note, that using some additional in-memory storage manager will cause
-> > keeping some buffers in-memory twice - in local pool and in manager.
-> > The way above is using local bufmgr as storage manager).
->
-> In the psort code, we do a nice job of keeping the stuff in files or
-> memory. Seems to work well. Can we use that somehow? Perhaps make it
-> a separate module, or just force a psort rather than a hash!
-
-I would like to be not restricted to psort only, but use what is better
-in each case. I even can foresee using indices on temp tables: we could
-put data in index without putting data in table itself!
-In any case, we can leave in-memory tables for future.
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From aixssd!darrenk@abs.net Thu Dec 5 10:30:53 1996
-Received: from abs.net (root@u1.abs.net [207.114.0.130]) by candle.pha.pa.us (8.8.3/8.7.3) with ESMTP id KAA06591 for <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>; Thu, 5 Dec 1996 10:30:43 -0500 (EST)
-Received: from aixssd.UUCP (nobody@localhost) by abs.net (8.8.3/8.7.3) with UUCP id KAA01387 for maillist@candle.pha.pa.us; Thu, 5 Dec 1996 10:13:56 -0500 (EST)
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- id AA34942; Thu, 5 Dec 1996 10:07:56 -0500
-Date: Thu, 5 Dec 1996 10:07:56 -0500
-From: aixssd!darrenk@abs.net (Darren King)
-Message-Id: <9612051507.AA34942@ceodev>
-To: maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-Subject: Subselect info.
-Mime-Version: 1.0
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Content-Md5: jaWdPH2KYtdr7ESzqcOp5g==
-Status: OR
-
-> Any of them deal with implementing subselects?
-
-There's a white paper at the www.sybase.com that might
-help a little. It's just a copy of a presentation
-given by the optimizer guru there. Nothing code-wise,
-but he gives a few ways of flattening them with temp
-tables, etc...
-
-Darren
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Thu Aug 21 23:42:50 1997
-Received: from www.krasnet.ru (www.krasnet.ru [193.125.44.86])
- by candle.pha.pa.us (8.8.5/8.8.5) with ESMTP id XAA04109
- for <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>; Thu, 21 Aug 1997 23:42:43 -0400 (EDT)
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-Sender: root@www.krasnet.ru
-Message-ID: <33FD0FCF.4DAA423A@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 12:04:31 +0800
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.01 (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.1.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199708220219.WAA23745@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> Considering the complexity of the primary/secondary changes you are
-> making, I believe subselects will be easier than that.
-
-I don't do changes for P/F keys - just thinking...
-Yes, I think that impl of referential integrity is
-more complex work.
-
-As for subselects:
-
-in plannodes.h
-
-typedef struct Plan {
-...
- struct Plan *lefttree;
- struct Plan *righttree;
-} Plan;
-
-/* ----------------
- * these are are defined to avoid confusion problems with "left"
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- * and "right" and "inner" and "outer". The convention is that
- * the "left" plan is the "outer" plan and the "right" plan is
- * the inner plan, but these make the code more readable.
- * ----------------
- */
-#define innerPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->righttree)
-#define outerPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->lefttree)
-
-First thought is avoid any confusions by re-defining
-
-#define rightPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->righttree)
-#define leftPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->lefttree)
-
-and change all occurrences of 'outer' & 'inner' in code
-to 'left' & 'inner' ones:
-
-this will allow to use 'outer' & 'inner' things for subselects
-latter, without confusion. My hope is that we may change Executor
-very easy by adding outer/inner plans/TupleSlots to
-EState, CommonState, JoinState, etc and by doing node
-processing in right order.
-
-Subselects are mostly Planner problem.
-
-Unfortunately, I havn't time at the moment: CHECK/DEFAULT...
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Fri Aug 22 00:00:59 1997
-Received: from www.krasnet.ru (www.krasnet.ru [193.125.44.86])
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-Sender: root@www.krasnet.ru
-Message-ID: <33FD140D.64880EEB@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 12:22:37 +0800
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.01 (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.1.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199708220219.WAA23745@candle.pha.pa.us> <33FD0FCF.4DAA423A@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Vadim B. Mikheev wrote:
->
-> this will allow to use 'outer' & 'inner' things for subselects
-> latter, without confusion. My hope is that we may change Executor
-
-Or may be use 'high' & 'low' for subselecs (to avoid confusion
-with outter hoins).
-
-> very easy by adding outer/inner plans/TupleSlots to
-> EState, CommonState, JoinState, etc and by doing node
-> processing in right order.
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Rule is easy:
-1. Uncorrelated subselect - do 'low' plan node first
-2. Correlated - do left/right first
-
-- just some flag in structures.
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Thu Oct 30 17:02:30 1997
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- for hackers@postgreSQL.org; Thu, 30 Oct 1997 16:50:29 -0500 (EST)
-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199710302150.QAA07726@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] subselects
-To: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
-Date: Thu, 30 Oct 1997 16:50:29 -0500 (EST)
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-
-The only thing I have to add to what I had written earlier is that I
-think it is best to have these subqueries executed as early in query
-execution as possible.
-
-Every piece of the backend: parser, optimizer, executor, is designed to
-work on a single query. The earlier we can split up the queries, the
-better those pieces will work at doing their job. You want to be able
-to use the parser and optimizer on each part of the query separately, if
-you can.
-
-
-Forwarded message:
-> I have done some thinking about subselects. There are basically two
-> issues:
- >
-> Does the query return one row or several rows? This can be
-> determined by seeing if the user uses equals on 'IN' to join the
-> subquery.
->
-> Is the query correlated, meaning "Does the subquery reference
-> values from the outer query?"
->
-> (We already have the third type of subquery, the INSERT...SELECT query.)
->
-> So we have these four combinations:
->
-> 1) one row, no correlation
-> 2) multiple rows, no correlation
-> 3) one row, correlated
-> 4) multiple rows, correlated
->
->
-> With #1, we can execute the subquery, get the value, replace the
-> subquery with the constant returned from the subquery, and execute the
-> outer query.
->
-> With #2, we can execute the subquery and put the result into a temporary
-> table. We then rewrite the outer query to access the temporary table
-> and replace the subquery with the column name from the temporary table.
-> We probabally put an index on the temp. table, which has only one
-> column, because a subquery can only return one column. We remove the
-> temp. table after query execution.
->
-> With #3 and #4, we potentially need to execute the subquery for every
-> row returned by the outer query. Performance would be horrible for
-> anything but the smallest query. Another way to handle this is to
-> execute the subquery WITHOUT using any of the outer-query columns to
-> restrict the WHERE clause, and add those columns used to join the outer
-> variables into the target list of the subquery. So for query:
->
-> select t1.name
-> from tab t1
-> where t1.age = (select max(t2.age)
-> from tab2
-> where tab2.name = t1.name)
->
-> Execute the subquery and put it in a temporary table:
->
-> select t2.name, max(t2.age)
-> into table temp999
-> from tab2
-> where tab2.name = t1.name
->
-> create index i_temp999 on temp999 (name)
->
-> Then re-write the outer query:
->
-> select t1.name
-> from tab t1, temp999
-> where t1.age = temp999.age and
-> t1.name = temp999.name
->
-> The only problem here is that the subselect is running for all entries
-> in tab2, even if the outer query is only going to need a few rows.
-> Determining whether to execute the subquery each time, or create a temp.
-> table is often difficult to determine. Even some non-correlated
-> subqueries are better to execute for each row rather the pre-execute the
-> entire subquery, expecially if the outer query returns few rows.
->
-> One requirement to handle these issues is better column statistics,
-> which I am working on.
->
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199711010237.VAA14566@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-To: maillist@candle.pha.pa.us (Bruce Momjian)
-Date: Fri, 31 Oct 1997 21:37:06 +1900 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <199710302150.QAA07726@candle.pha.pa.us> from "Bruce Momjian" at Oct 30, 97 04:50:29 pm
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-Status: OR
-
-One more issue I thought of. You can have multiple subselects in a
-single query, and subselects can have their own subselects.
-
-This makes it particularly important that we define a system that always
-is able to process the subselect BEFORE the upper select. This will
-allow use to handle all these cases without limitations.
-
->
-> The only thing I have to add to what I had written earlier is that I
-> think it is best to have these subqueries executed as early in query
-> execution as possible.
->
-> Every piece of the backend: parser, optimizer, executor, is designed to
-> work on a single query. The earlier we can split up the queries, the
-> better those pieces will work at doing their job. You want to be able
-> to use the parser and optimizer on each part of the query separately, if
-> you can.
->
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From hannu@trust.ee Sun Nov 2 10:33:33 1997
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-Date: Sun, 02 Nov 1997 17:27:57 +0200
-From: Hannu Krosing <hannu@trust.ee>
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-To: hackers-digest@postgresql.org
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-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
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-
-> Date: Fri, 31 Oct 1997 21:37:06 +1900 (EST)
-> From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-> Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
->
-> One more issue I thought of. You can have multiple subselects in a
-> single query, and subselects can have their own subselects.
->
-> This makes it particularly important that we define a system that always
-> is able to process the subselect BEFORE the upper select. This will
-> allow use to handle all these cases without limitations.
-
-This would severely limit what subselects can be used for as you can't useany of the fields in the upper select in a
-search criteria for the subselect,
-for example you can't do
-
-update parts p1
-set parts.current_id = (
- select new_id
- from parts p2
- where p1.old_id = p2.new_id);or
-
-select id, price, (select sum(price) from parts p2 where p1.id=p2.id) as totalprice
-from parts p1;
-
-there may be of course ways to rewrite these queries (which the optimiser should do
-if it can) but IMHO, these kinds of subselects should still be allowed
-
-> > The only thing I have to add to what I had written earlier is that I
-> > think it is best to have these subqueries executed as early in query
-> > execution as possible.
-> >
-> > Every piece of the backend: parser, optimizer, executor, is designed to
-> > work on a single query. The earlier we can split up the queries, the
-> > better those pieces will work at doing their job. You want to be able
-> > to use the parser and optimizer on each part of the query separately, if
-> > you can.
-> >
->
-
-Hannu
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sun Nov 2 21:30:59 1997
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-Sender: root@www.krasnet.ru
-Message-ID: <345D356E.353C51DE@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Mon, 03 Nov 1997 09:22:38 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.01 (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-References: <199711021848.NAA08319@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > > One more issue I thought of. You can have multiple subselects in a
-> > > single query, and subselects can have their own subselects.
-> > >
-> > > This makes it particularly important that we define a system that always
-> > > is able to process the subselect BEFORE the upper select. This will
-> > > allow use to handle all these cases without limitations.
-> >
-> > This would severely limit what subselects can be used for as you can't useany of the fields in the upper select in a
-> > search criteria for the subselect,
-> > for example you can't do
-> >
-> > update parts p1
-> > set parts.current_id = (
-> > select new_id
-> > from parts p2
-> > where p1.old_id = p2.new_id);or
-> >
-> > select id, price, (select sum(price) from parts p2 where p1.id=p2.id) as totalprice
-> > from parts p1;
-> >
-> > there may be of course ways to rewrite these queries (which the optimiser should do
-> > if it can) but IMHO, these kinds of subselects should still be allowed
->
-> I hadn't even gotten to this point yet, but it is a good thing to keep
-> in mind.
->
-> In these cases, as in correlated subqueries in the where clause, we will
-> create a temporary table, and add the proper join fields and tables to
-> the clauses. Our version of UPDATE accepts a FROM section, and we will
-> certainly use this for this purpose.
-
-We can't replace subselect with join if there is aggregate
-in subselect.
-
-Actually, I don't see any problems if we going to process subselect
-like sql-funcs: non-correlated subselects can be emulated by
-funcs without args, for correlated subselects parser (analyze.c)
-has to change all upper query references to $1, $2,...
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Nov 3 06:07:12 1997
-Received: from www.krasnet.ru (www.krasnet.ru [193.125.44.86])
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-Message-ID: <345DB0F7.5E652F78@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Mon, 03 Nov 1997 18:09:43 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-References: <199711030316.WAA15401@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> >
-> > > In these cases, as in correlated subqueries in the where clause, we will
-> > > create a temporary table, and add the proper join fields and tables to
-> > > the clauses. Our version of UPDATE accepts a FROM section, and we will
-> > > certainly use this for this purpose.
-> >
-> > We can't replace subselect with join if there is aggregate
-> > in subselect.
->
-> I got lost here. Why can't we handle aggregates?
-
-Sorry, I missed using of temp tables. Sybase uses joins (without
-temp tables) for non-correlated subqueries:
-
- A noncorrelated subquery can be evaluated as if it were an independent query.
- Conceptually, the results of the subquery are substituted in the main statement, or
- outer query. This is not how SQL Server actually processes statements with
- subqueries. Noncorrelated subqueries can be alternatively stated as joins and
- are processed as joins by SQL Server.
-
-but this is not possible if there are aggregates in subquery.
-
->
-> My idea was this. This is a non-correlated subquery.
-...
-No problems with it...
-
->
-> Here is a correlated example:
->
-> select *
-> from table_a
-> where table_a.col_a in (select table_b.col_b
-> from table_b
-> where table_b.col_b = table_a.col_c)
->
-> rewrite as:
->
-> select distinct table_b.col_b, table_a.col_c -- the distinct is needed
-> into table_sub
-> from table_a, table_b
-
-First, could we add 'where table_b.col_b = table_a.col_c' here ?
-Just to avoid Cartesian results ? I hope we can.
-
-Note that for query
-
- select *
- from table_a
- where table_a.col_a in (select table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c
- from table_b)
-
-it's better to do
-
- select distinct table_a.col_a
- into table table_sub
- from table_b, table_a
- where table_a.col_a = table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c
-
-once again - to avoid Cartesians.
-
-But what could we do for
-
- select *
- from table_a
- where table_a.col_a = (select max(table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c)
- from table_b)
-???
- select max(table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c), table_a.col_a
- into table table_sub
- from table_b, table_a
- group by table_a.col_a
-
-first tries to sort sizeof(table_a) * sizeof(table_b) tuples...
-For tables big and small with 100 000 and 1000 tuples
-
-select max(x*y), x from big, small group by x
-
-"ate" all free 140M in my file system after 20 minutes (just for
-sorting - nothing more) and was killed...
-
-select x from big where x = cor(x);
-(cor(int4) is 'select max($1*y) from small') takes 20 minutes -
-this is bad too.
-
-> >
-> > Actually, I don't see any problems if we going to process subselect
-> > like sql-funcs: non-correlated subselects can be emulated by
-> > funcs without args, for correlated subselects parser (analyze.c)
-> > has to change all upper query references to $1, $2,...
->
-> Yes, logically, they are SQL functions, but aren't we going to see
-> terrible performance in such circumstances. My experience is that when
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-You're right.
-
-> people are given subselects, they start to do huge jobs with them.
->
-> In fact, the final solution may be to have both methods available, and
-> switch between them depending on the size of the query sets. Each
-> method has its advantages. The function example lets the outside query
-> be executed, and only calls the subquery when needed.
->
-> For large tables where the subselect is small and is the entire WHERE
-> restriction, the SQL function gets call much too often. A simple join
-> of the subquery result and the large table would be much better. This
-> method also allows for sort/merge join of the subquery results, and
-> index use.
-
-...keep thinking...
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Nov 3 11:01:01 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199711031525.KAA02262@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Mon, 3 Nov 1997 10:25:34 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <345DB0F7.5E652F78@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Nov 3, 97 06:09:43 pm
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-
-> Sorry, I missed using of temp tables. Sybase uses joins (without
-> temp tables) for non-correlated subqueries:
->
-> A noncorrelated subquery can be evaluated as if it were an independent query.
-> Conceptually, the results of the subquery are substituted in the main statement, or
-> outer query. This is not how SQL Server actually processes statements with
-> subqueries. Noncorrelated subqueries can be alternatively stated as joins and
-> are processed as joins by SQL Server.
->
-> but this is not possible if there are aggregates in subquery.
->
-> >
-> > My idea was this. This is a non-correlated subquery.
-> ...
-> No problems with it...
->
-> >
-> > Here is a correlated example:
-> >
-> > select *
-> > from table_a
-> > where table_a.col_a in (select table_b.col_b
-> > from table_b
-> > where table_b.col_b = table_a.col_c)
-> >
-> > rewrite as:
-> >
-> > select distinct table_b.col_b, table_a.col_c -- the distinct is needed
-> > into table_sub
-> > from table_a, table_b
->
-> First, could we add 'where table_b.col_b = table_a.col_c' here ?
-> Just to avoid Cartesian results ? I hope we can.
-
-Yes, of course. I forgot that line here. We can also be fancy and move
-some of the outer where restrictions on table_a into the subquery.
-
-I think the classic subquery for this would be if someone wanted all
-customer names that had invoices in the past month:
-
-select custname
-from customer
-where custid in (select order.custid
- from order
- where order.date >= "09/01/97" and
- order.date <= "09/30/97"
-
-In this case, the subquery can use an index on 'date' to quickly
-evaluate the query, and the resulting temp table can quickly be joined
-to the customer table. If we used SQL functions, every customer would
-have an order query evaluated for it, and there may be no multi-column
-index on customer and date, or even if there is, this could be many
-query executions.
-
-
->
-> Note that for query
->
-> select *
-> from table_a
-> where table_a.col_a in (select table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c
-> from table_b)
->
-> it's better to do
->
-> select distinct table_a.col_a
-> into table table_sub
-> from table_b, table_a
-> where table_a.col_a = table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c
-
-Yes, I had not thought of cases where they are doing correlated column
-arithmetic, but it looks like this would work.
-
->
-> once again - to avoid Cartesians.
->
-> But what could we do for
->
-> select *
-> from table_a
-> where table_a.col_a = (select max(table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c)
-> from table_b)
-
-OK, who wrote this horrible query. :-)
-
-Without a join of table_b and table_a, even an SQL function would die on
-this. You have to take the current value table_a.col_c, and multiply by
-every value of table_b.col_b to get the maximum.
-
-Trying to do a temp table on this is certainly going to be a cartesian
-product, but using an SQL function is also going to be a cartesian
-product, except that the product is generated in small pieces instead of
-in one big query. The SQL function example may eventually complete, but
-it will take forever to do so in cases where the temp table would bomb.
-
-I can recommend some SQL books for anyone go sends in a bug report on
-this query. :-)
-
-
-
-> ???
-> select max(table_b.col_b * table_a.col_c), table_a.col_a
-> into table table_sub
-> from table_b, table_a
-> group by table_a.col_a
->
-> first tries to sort sizeof(table_a) * sizeof(table_b) tuples...
-> For tables big and small with 100 000 and 1000 tuples
->
-> select max(x*y), x from big, small group by x
->
-> "ate" all free 140M in my file system after 20 minutes (just for
-> sorting - nothing more) and was killed...
->
-> select x from big where x = cor(x);
-> (cor(int4) is 'select max($1*y) from small') takes 20 minutes -
-> this is bad too.
-
-Again, my feeling is that in cases where the temp table would bomb, the
-SQL function will be so slow that neither will be acceptable.
-
->
-> > >
-> > > Actually, I don't see any problems if we going to process subselect
-> > > like sql-funcs: non-correlated subselects can be emulated by
-> > > funcs without args, for correlated subselects parser (analyze.c)
-> > > has to change all upper query references to $1, $2,...
-> >
-> > Yes, logically, they are SQL functions, but aren't we going to see
-> > terrible performance in such circumstances. My experience is that when
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> You're right.
->
-> > people are given subselects, they start to do huge jobs with them.
-> >
-> > In fact, the final solution may be to have both methods available, and
-> > switch between them depending on the size of the query sets. Each
-> > method has its advantages. The function example lets the outside query
-> > be executed, and only calls the subquery when needed.
-> >
-> > For large tables where the subselect is small and is the entire WHERE
-> > restriction, the SQL function gets call much too often. A simple join
-> > of the subquery result and the large table would be much better. This
-> > method also allows for sort/merge join of the subquery results, and
-> > index use.
->
-> ...keep thinking...
->
-> Vadim
->
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199711200457.XAA03103@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] subselect
-To: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
-Date: Wed, 19 Nov 1997 23:57:44 -0500 (EST)
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-Status: OR
-
-I am going to overhaul all the /parser files, and I may give subselects
-a try while I am in there. This is where it going to have to be done.
-
-Two things I think I need are:
-
- temp tables that go away at the end of a statement, so if the
-query elog's out, the temp file gets destroyed
-
- how do I implement "not in":
-
- select * from a where x not in (select y from b)
-
-Using <> is not going to work because that returns multiple copies of a,
-one for every one that doesn't equal. It is like we need not equals,
-but don't return multiple rows.
-
-Any ideas?
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Thu Nov 20 10:00:59 1997
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-Date: Thu, 20 Nov 1997 06:27:21 +0000
-From: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Organization: Caltech/JPL
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-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgresql.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199711200457.XAA03103@candle.pha.pa.us>
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-Status: OR
-
-> I am going to overhaul all the /parser files
-
-??
-
-> , and I may give subselects
-> a try while I am in there. This is where it going to have to be done.
-
-A first cut at the subselect syntax is already in gram.y. I'm sure that the
-e-mail you had sent which collected several items regarding subselects
-covers some of this topic. I've been thinking about subselects also, and
-had thought that there must be some existing mechanisms in the backend
-which can be used to help implement subselects. It seems to me that UNION
-might be a good thing to implement first, because it has a fairly
-well-defined set of behaviors:
-
- select a union select b;
-
-chooses elements from a and from b and then sorts/uniques the result.
-
- select a union all select b;
-
-chooses elements from a, sorts/uniques, and then adds all elements from b.
-
- select a union select b union all select c;
-
-evaluates left to right, and first evaluates a union b, sorts/uniques, and
-then evaluates
-
- (result) union all select c;
-
-There are several types of subselects. Examples of some are:
-
-1) select a.f from a union select b.f from b order by 1;
-Needs temporary table(s), optional sort/unique, final order by.
-
-2) select a.f from a where a.f in (select b.f from b);
-Needs temporary table(s). "in" can be first implemented by count(*) > 0 but
-would be better performance to have the backend return after the first
-match.
-
-3) select a.f from a where exists (select b.f from b where b.f = a);
-Need to do the select and do a subselect on _each_ of the returned values?
-Again could use count(*) to help implement.
-
-This brings up the point that perhaps the backend needs a row-counting
-atomic operation and count(*) could be re-implemented using that. At the
-moment count(*) is transformed to a select of OID columns and does not
-quite work on table joins.
-
-I would think that outer joins could use some of these support routines
-also.
-
- - Tom
-
-> Two things I think I need are:
->
-> temp tables that go away at the end of a statement, so if the
-> query elog's out, the temp file gets destroyed
->
-> how do I implement "not in":
->
-> select * from a where x not in (select y from b)
->
-> Using <> is not going to work because that returns multiple copies of a,
-> one for every one that doesn't equal. It is like we need not equals,
-> but don't return multiple rows.
->
-> Any ideas?
->
-> --
-> Bruce Momjian
-> maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Dec 22 00:49:03 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199712220545.AAA11605@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] subselects
-To: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
-Date: Mon, 22 Dec 1997 00:45:23 -0500 (EST)
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-
-OK, a few questions:
-
- Should we use sortmerge, so we can use our psort as temp tables,
-or do we use hashunique?
-
- How do we pass the query to the optimizer? How do we represent
-the range table for each, and the links between them in correlated
-subqueries?
-
-I have to think about this. Comments are welcome.
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Dec 22 02:01:27 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199712220605.BAA17354@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] subselects (fwd)
-To: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
-Date: Mon, 22 Dec 1997 01:05:03 -0500 (EST)
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-
-Forwarded message:
-> OK, a few questions:
->
-> Should we use sortmerge, so we can use our psort as temp tables,
-> or do we use hashunique?
->
-> How do we pass the query to the optimizer? How do we represent
-> the range table for each, and the links between them in correlated
-> subqueries?
->
-> I have to think about this. Comments are welcome.
-
-One more thing. I guess I am seeing subselects as a different thing
-that temp tables. I can see people wanting to put indexes on their temp
-tables, so I think they will need more system catalog support. For
-subselects, I think we can just stuff them into psort, perhaps, and do
-the unique as we unload them.
-
-Seems like a natural to me.
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Tue Dec 23 04:01:07 1997
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-Date: Tue, 23 Dec 1997 16:08:56 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects (fwd)
-References: <199712220605.BAA17354@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> Forwarded message:
-> > OK, a few questions:
-> >
-> > Should we use sortmerge, so we can use our psort as temp tables,
-> > or do we use hashunique?
-> >
-> > How do we pass the query to the optimizer? How do we represent
-> > the range table for each, and the links between them in correlated
-> > subqueries?
-> >
-> > I have to think about this. Comments are welcome.
->
-> One more thing. I guess I am seeing subselects as a different thing
-> that temp tables. I can see people wanting to put indexes on their temp
-> tables, so I think they will need more system catalog support. For
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-What's the difference between temp tables and temp indices ?
-Both of them are handled via catalog cache...
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sat Jan 3 04:01:00 1998
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-Date: Sat, 03 Jan 1998 16:08:51 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>,
- "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199712290516.AAA12579@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> With UNIONs done, how are things going with you on subselects? UNIONs
-> are much easier that subselects.
->
-> I am stumped on how to record the subselect query information in the
-> parser and stuff.
-
- And I'm too. We definitely need in EXISTS node and may be in IN one.
-Also, we have to support ANY and ALL modifiers of comparison operators
-(it would be nice to support ANY and ALL for all operators returning
-bool: >, =, ..., like, ~ and so on). Note, that IN is the same as
-= ANY (NOT IN ==> <> ALL) assuming that '=' means EQUAL for all data types,
-and so, we could avoid IN node, but I'm not sure that I like such
-assumption: postgres is OO-like system allowing operators to be overriden
-and so, '=' can, in theory, mean not EQUAL but something else (someday
-we could allow to specify "meaning" of operator in CREATE OPERATOR) -
-in short, I would like IN node.
- Also, I would suggest nodes for ANY and ALL.
- (I need in few days to think more about recording of this stuff...)
-
->
-> Please let me know what I can do to help, if anything.
-
-Thanks. As I remember, Tom also wished to work here. Tom ?
-
-Bye,
- Vadim
-
-P.S. I'll be "on-line" Jan 5.
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 5 07:30:51 1998
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-Date: Mon, 05 Jan 1998 19:35:59 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801050516.AAA28005@candle.pha.pa.us>
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-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> I was thinking about subselects, and how to attach the two queries.
->
-> What if the subquery makes a range table entry in the outer query, and
-> the query is set up like the UNION queries where we put the scans in a
-> row, but in the case we put them over/under each other.
->
-> And we push a temp table into the catalog cache that represents the
-> result of the subquery, then we could join to it in the outer query as
-> though it was a real table.
->
-> Also, can't we do the correlated subqueries by adding the proper
-> target/output columns to the subquery, and have the outer query
-> reference those columns in the subquery range table entry.
-
-Yes, this is a way to handle subqueries by joining to temp table.
-After getting plan we could change temp table access path to
-node material. On the other hand, it could be useful to let optimizer
-know about cost of temp table creation (have to think more about it)...
-Unfortunately, not all subqueries can be handled by "normal" joins: NOT IN
-is one example of this - joining by <> will give us invalid results.
-Setting special NOT EQUAL flag is not enough: subquery plan must be
-always inner one in this case. The same for handling ALL modifier.
-Note, that we generaly can't use aggregates here: we can't add MAX to
-subquery in the case of > ALL (subquery), because of > ALL should return FALSE
-if subquery returns NULL(s) but aggregates don't take NULLs into account.
-
->
-> Maybe I can write up a sample of this? Vadim, would this help? Is this
-> the point we are stuck at?
-
-Personally, I was stuck by holydays -:)
-Now I can spend ~ 8 hours ~ each day for development...
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 5 10:45:30 1998
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801051528.KAA10375@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Mon, 5 Jan 1998 10:28:48 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <34B0D3AF.F31338B3@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Jan 5, 98 07:35:59 pm
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-
-> Yes, this is a way to handle subqueries by joining to temp table.
-> After getting plan we could change temp table access path to
-> node material. On the other hand, it could be useful to let optimizer
-> know about cost of temp table creation (have to think more about it)...
-> Unfortunately, not all subqueries can be handled by "normal" joins: NOT IN
-> is one example of this - joining by <> will give us invalid results.
-> Setting special NOT EQUAL flag is not enough: subquery plan must be
-> always inner one in this case. The same for handling ALL modifier.
-> Note, that we generaly can't use aggregates here: we can't add MAX to
-> subquery in the case of > ALL (subquery), because of > ALL should return FALSE
-> if subquery returns NULL(s) but aggregates don't take NULLs into account.
-
-OK, here are my ideas. First, I think you have to handle subselects in
-the outer node because a subquery could have its own subquery. Also, we
-now have a field in Aggreg to all us to 'usenulls'.
-
-OK, here it is. I recommend we pass the outer and subquery through
-the parser and optimizer separately.
-
-We parse the subquery first. If the subquery is not correlated, it
-should parse fine. If it is correlated, any columns we find in the
-subquery that are not already in the FROM list, we add the table to the
-subquery FROM list, and add the referenced column to the target list of
-the subquery.
-
-When we are finished parsing the subquery, we create a catalog cache
-entry for it called 'sub1' and make its fields match the target
-list of the subquery.
-
-In the outer query, we add 'sub1' to its target list, and change
-the subquery reference to point to the new range table. We also add
-WHERE clauses to do any correlated joins.
-
-Here is a simple example:
-
- select *
- from taba
- where col1 = (select col2
- from tabb)
-
-This is not correlated, and the subquery parser easily. We create a
-'sub1' catalog cache entry, and add 'sub1' to the outer query FROM
-clause. We also replace 'col1 = (subquery)' with 'col1 = sub1.col2'.
-
-Here is a more complex correlated subquery:
-
- select *
- from taba
- where col1 = (select col2
- from tabb
- where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-
-Here we must add 'taba' to the subquery's FROM list, and add col3 to the
-target list of the subquery. After we parse the subquery, add 'sub1' to
-the FROM list of the outer query, change 'col1 = (subquery)' to 'col1 =
-sub1.col2', and add to the outer WHERE clause 'AND taba.col3 = sub1.col3'.
-THe optimizer will do the correlation for us.
-
-In the optimizer, we can parse the subquery first, then the outer query,
-and then replace all 'sub1' references in the outer query to use the
-subquery plan.
-
-I realize making merging the two plans and doing IN and NOT IN is the
-real challenge, but I hoped this would give us a start.
-
-What do you think?
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 5 15:02:46 1998
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-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 02:55:57 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801051528.KAA10375@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > always inner one in this case. The same for handling ALL modifier.
-> > Note, that we generaly can't use aggregates here: we can't add MAX to
-> > subquery in the case of > ALL (subquery), because of > ALL should return FALSE
-> > if subquery returns NULL(s) but aggregates don't take NULLs into account.
->
-> OK, here are my ideas. First, I think you have to handle subselects in
-> the outer node because a subquery could have its own subquery. Also, we
-
-I hope that this is no matter: if results of subquery (with/without sub-subqueries)
-will go into temp table then this table will be re-scanned for each outer tuple.
-
-> now have a field in Aggreg to all us to 'usenulls'.
- ^^^^^^^^
- This can't help:
-
-vac=> select * from x;
-y
--
-1
-2
-3
- <<< this is NULL
-(4 rows)
-
-vac=> select max(y) from x;
-max
----
- 3
-
-==> we can't replace
-
-select * from A where A.a > ALL (select y from x);
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- (NULL will be returned and so A.a > ALL is FALSE - this is what
- Sybase does, is it right ?)
-with
-
-select * from A where A.a > (select max(y) from x);
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-just because of we lose knowledge about NULLs here.
-
-Also, I would like to handle ANY and ALL modifiers for all bool
-operators, either built-in or user-defined, for all data types -
-isn't PostgreSQL OO-like RDBMS -:)
-
-> OK, here it is. I recommend we pass the outer and subquery through
-> the parser and optimizer separately.
-
-I don't like this. I would like to get parse-tree from parser for
-entire query and let optimizer (on upper level) decide how to rewrite
-parse-tree and what plans to produce and how these plans should be
-merged. Note, that I don't object your methods below, but only where
-to place handling of this. I don't understand why should we add
-new part to the system which will do optimizer' work (parse-tree -->
-execution plan) and deal with optimizer nodes. Imho, upper optimizer
-level is nice place to do this.
-
->
-> We parse the subquery first. If the subquery is not correlated, it
-> should parse fine. If it is correlated, any columns we find in the
-> subquery that are not already in the FROM list, we add the table to the
-> subquery FROM list, and add the referenced column to the target list of
-> the subquery.
->
-> When we are finished parsing the subquery, we create a catalog cache
-> entry for it called 'sub1' and make its fields match the target
-> list of the subquery.
->
-> In the outer query, we add 'sub1' to its target list, and change
-> the subquery reference to point to the new range table. We also add
-> WHERE clauses to do any correlated joins.
-...
-> Here is a more complex correlated subquery:
->
-> select *
-> from taba
-> where col1 = (select col2
-> from tabb
-> where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
->
-> Here we must add 'taba' to the subquery's FROM list, and add col3 to the
-> target list of the subquery. After we parse the subquery, add 'sub1' to
-> the FROM list of the outer query, change 'col1 = (subquery)' to 'col1 =
-> sub1.col2', and add to the outer WHERE clause 'AND taba.col3 = sub1.col3'.
-> THe optimizer will do the correlation for us.
->
-> In the optimizer, we can parse the subquery first, then the outer query,
-> and then replace all 'sub1' references in the outer query to use the
-> subquery plan.
->
-> I realize making merging the two plans and doing IN and NOT IN is the
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-This is very easy to do! As I already said we have just change sub1
-access path (SeqScan of sub1) with SeqScan of Material node with
-subquery plan.
-
-> real challenge, but I hoped this would give us a start.
-
-Decision about how to record subquery stuff in to parse-tree
-would be very good start -:)
-
-BTW, note that for _expression_ subqueries (which are introduced without
-IN, EXISTS, ALL, ANY - this follows Sybase' naming) - as in your examples -
-we have to check that subquery returns single tuple...
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 5 20:31:03 1998
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- Mon, 5 Jan 1998 17:16:40 -0500 (EST)
-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801052216.RAA02675@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Mon, 5 Jan 1998 17:16:40 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <34B15C23.B24D5CC@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Jan 6, 98 05:18:11 am
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-
-> > I am confused. Do you want one flat query and want to pass the whole
-> > thing into the optimizer? That brings up some questions:
->
-> No. I just want to follow Tom's way: I would like to see new
-> SubSelect node as shortened version of struct Query (or use
-> Query structure for each subquery - no matter for me), some
-> subquery-related stuff added to Query (and SubSelect) to help
-> optimizer to start, and see
-
-OK, so you want the subquery to actually be INSIDE the outer query
-expression. Do they share a common range table? If they don't, we
-could very easily just fly through when processing the WHERE clause, and
-start a new query using a new query structure for the subquery. Believe
-me, you don't want a separate SubQuery-type, just re-use Query for it.
-It allows you to call all the normal query stuff with a consistent
-structure.
-
-The parser will need to know it is in a subquery, so it can add the
-proper target columns to the subquery, or are you going to do that in
-the optimizer. You can do it in the optimizer, and join the range table
-references there too.
-
->
-> typedef struct A_Expr
-> {
-> NodeTag type;
-> int oper; /* type of operation
-> * {OP,OR,AND,NOT,ISNULL,NOTNULL} */
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> IN, NOT IN, ANY, ALL, EXISTS here,
->
-> char *opname; /* name of operator/function */
-> Node *lexpr; /* left argument */
-> Node *rexpr; /* right argument */
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> and SubSelect (Query) here (as possible case).
->
-> One thought to follow this way: RULEs (and so - VIEWs) are handled by using
-> Query - how else can we implement VIEWs on selects with subqueries ?
-
-Views are stored as nodeout structures, and are merged into the query's
-from list, target list, and where clause. I am working out
-readfunc,outfunc now to make sure they are up-to-date with all the
-current fields.
-
->
-> BTW, is
->
-> select * from A where (select TRUE from B);
->
-> valid syntax ?
-
-I don't think so.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 5 17:01:54 1998
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-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 05:18:11 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801052051.PAA29341@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > > OK, here it is. I recommend we pass the outer and subquery through
-> > > the parser and optimizer separately.
-> >
-> > I don't like this. I would like to get parse-tree from parser for
-> > entire query and let optimizer (on upper level) decide how to rewrite
-> > parse-tree and what plans to produce and how these plans should be
-> > merged. Note, that I don't object your methods below, but only where
-> > to place handling of this. I don't understand why should we add
-> > new part to the system which will do optimizer' work (parse-tree -->
-> > execution plan) and deal with optimizer nodes. Imho, upper optimizer
-> > level is nice place to do this.
->
-> I am confused. Do you want one flat query and want to pass the whole
-> thing into the optimizer? That brings up some questions:
-
-No. I just want to follow Tom's way: I would like to see new
-SubSelect node as shortened version of struct Query (or use
-Query structure for each subquery - no matter for me), some
-subquery-related stuff added to Query (and SubSelect) to help
-optimizer to start, and see
-
-typedef struct A_Expr
-{
- NodeTag type;
- int oper; /* type of operation
- * {OP,OR,AND,NOT,ISNULL,NOTNULL} */
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- IN, NOT IN, ANY, ALL, EXISTS here,
-
- char *opname; /* name of operator/function */
- Node *lexpr; /* left argument */
- Node *rexpr; /* right argument */
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- and SubSelect (Query) here (as possible case).
-
-One thought to follow this way: RULEs (and so - VIEWs) are handled by using
-Query - how else can we implement VIEWs on selects with subqueries ?
-
-BTW, is
-
-select * from A where (select TRUE from B);
-
-valid syntax ?
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 5 18:00:57 1998
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-Message-ID: <34B1635A.94A172AD@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 05:48:58 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Goran Thyni <goran@bildbasen.se>
-CC: maillist@candle.pha.pa.us, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801050516.AAA28005@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B0D3AF.F31338B3@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> <19980105132825.28962.qmail@guevara.bildbasen.se>
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-
-Goran Thyni wrote:
->
-> Vadim,
->
-> Unfortunately, not all subqueries can be handled by "normal" joins: NOT IN
-> is one example of this - joining by <> will give us invalid results.
->
-> What is you approach towards this problem?
-
-Actually, this is problem of ALL modifier (NOT IN is _not_equal_ ALL)
-and so, we have to have not just NOT EQUAL flag but some ALL node
-with modified operator.
-
-After that, one way is put subquery into inner plan of an join node
-to be sure that for an outer tuple all corresponding subquery tuples
-will be tested with modified operator (this will require either
-changing code of all join nodes or addition of new plan type - we'll see)
-and another way is ... suggested by you:
-
-> I got an idea that one could reverse the order,
-> that is execute the outer first into a temptable
-> and delete from that according to the result of the
-> subquery and then return it.
-> Probably this is too raw and slow. ;-)
-
-This will be faster in some cases (when subquery returns many results
-and there are "not so many" results from outer query) - thanks for idea!
-
->
-> Personally, I was stuck by holydays -:)
-> Now I can spend ~ 8 hours ~ each day for development...
->
-> Oh, isn't it christmas eve right now in Russia?
-
-Due to historic reasons New Year is mu-u-u-uch popular
-holiday in Russia -:)
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 5 19:32:59 1998
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-Message-ID: <34B1635A.94A172AD@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 05:48:58 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Goran Thyni <goran@bildbasen.se>
-CC: maillist@candle.pha.pa.us, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801050516.AAA28005@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B0D3AF.F31338B3@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> <19980105132825.28962.qmail@guevara.bildbasen.se>
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-Sender: owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org
-Precedence: bulk
-Status: OR
-
-Goran Thyni wrote:
->
-> Vadim,
->
-> Unfortunately, not all subqueries can be handled by "normal" joins: NOT IN
-> is one example of this - joining by <> will give us invalid results.
->
-> What is you approach towards this problem?
-
-Actually, this is problem of ALL modifier (NOT IN is _not_equal_ ALL)
-and so, we have to have not just NOT EQUAL flag but some ALL node
-with modified operator.
-
-After that, one way is put subquery into inner plan of an join node
-to be sure that for an outer tuple all corresponding subquery tuples
-will be tested with modified operator (this will require either
-changing code of all join nodes or addition of new plan type - we'll see)
-and another way is ... suggested by you:
-
-> I got an idea that one could reverse the order,
-> that is execute the outer first into a temptable
-> and delete from that according to the result of the
-> subquery and then return it.
-> Probably this is too raw and slow. ;-)
-
-This will be faster in some cases (when subquery returns many results
-and there are "not so many" results from outer query) - thanks for idea!
-
->
-> Personally, I was stuck by holydays -:)
-> Now I can spend ~ 8 hours ~ each day for development...
->
-> Oh, isn't it christmas eve right now in Russia?
-
-Due to historic reasons New Year is mu-u-u-uch popular
-holiday in Russia -:)
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 5 18:00:59 1998
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-Message-ID: <34B16844.B4F4BA92@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 06:09:56 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801052216.RAA02675@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > > I am confused. Do you want one flat query and want to pass the whole
-> > > thing into the optimizer? That brings up some questions:
-> >
-> > No. I just want to follow Tom's way: I would like to see new
-> > SubSelect node as shortened version of struct Query (or use
-> > Query structure for each subquery - no matter for me), some
-> > subquery-related stuff added to Query (and SubSelect) to help
-> > optimizer to start, and see
->
-> OK, so you want the subquery to actually be INSIDE the outer query
-> expression. Do they share a common range table? If they don't, we
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-No.
-
-> could very easily just fly through when processing the WHERE clause, and
-> start a new query using a new query structure for the subquery. Believe
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-... and filling some subquery-related stuff in upper query structure -
-still don't know what exactly this could be -:)
-
-> me, you don't want a separate SubQuery-type, just re-use Query for it.
-> It allows you to call all the normal query stuff with a consistent
-> structure.
-
-No objections.
-
->
-> The parser will need to know it is in a subquery, so it can add the
-> proper target columns to the subquery, or are you going to do that in
-
-I don't think that we need in it, but list of correlation clauses
-could be good thing - all in all parser has to check all column
-references...
-
-> the optimizer. You can do it in the optimizer, and join the range table
-> references there too.
-
-Yes.
-
-> > typedef struct A_Expr
-> > {
-> > NodeTag type;
-> > int oper; /* type of operation
-> > * {OP,OR,AND,NOT,ISNULL,NOTNULL} */
-> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > IN, NOT IN, ANY, ALL, EXISTS here,
-> >
-> > char *opname; /* name of operator/function */
-> > Node *lexpr; /* left argument */
-> > Node *rexpr; /* right argument */
-> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > and SubSelect (Query) here (as possible case).
-> >
-> > One thought to follow this way: RULEs (and so - VIEWs) are handled by using
-> > Query - how else can we implement VIEWs on selects with subqueries ?
->
-> Views are stored as nodeout structures, and are merged into the query's
-> from list, target list, and where clause. I am working out
-> readfunc,outfunc now to make sure they are up-to-date with all the
-> current fields.
-
-Nice! This stuff was out-of-date for too long time.
-
-> > BTW, is
-> >
-> > select * from A where (select TRUE from B);
-> >
-> > valid syntax ?
->
-> I don't think so.
-
-And so, *rexpr can be of Query type only for oper "in" OP, IN, NOT IN,
-ANY, ALL, EXISTS - well.
-
-(Time to sleep -:)
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 5 20:31:08 1998
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- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
-Message-ID: <34B16844.B4F4BA92@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 06 Jan 1998 06:09:56 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselect
-References: <199801052216.RAA02675@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Sender: owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org
-Precedence: bulk
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > > I am confused. Do you want one flat query and want to pass the whole
-> > > thing into the optimizer? That brings up some questions:
-> >
-> > No. I just want to follow Tom's way: I would like to see new
-> > SubSelect node as shortened version of struct Query (or use
-> > Query structure for each subquery - no matter for me), some
-> > subquery-related stuff added to Query (and SubSelect) to help
-> > optimizer to start, and see
->
-> OK, so you want the subquery to actually be INSIDE the outer query
-> expression. Do they share a common range table? If they don't, we
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-No.
-
-> could very easily just fly through when processing the WHERE clause, and
-> start a new query using a new query structure for the subquery. Believe
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-... and filling some subquery-related stuff in upper query structure -
-still don't know what exactly this could be -:)
-
-> me, you don't want a separate SubQuery-type, just re-use Query for it.
-> It allows you to call all the normal query stuff with a consistent
-> structure.
-
-No objections.
-
->
-> The parser will need to know it is in a subquery, so it can add the
-> proper target columns to the subquery, or are you going to do that in
-
-I don't think that we need in it, but list of correlation clauses
-could be good thing - all in all parser has to check all column
-references...
-
-> the optimizer. You can do it in the optimizer, and join the range table
-> references there too.
-
-Yes.
-
-> > typedef struct A_Expr
-> > {
-> > NodeTag type;
-> > int oper; /* type of operation
-> > * {OP,OR,AND,NOT,ISNULL,NOTNULL} */
-> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > IN, NOT IN, ANY, ALL, EXISTS here,
-> >
-> > char *opname; /* name of operator/function */
-> > Node *lexpr; /* left argument */
-> > Node *rexpr; /* right argument */
-> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > and SubSelect (Query) here (as possible case).
-> >
-> > One thought to follow this way: RULEs (and so - VIEWs) are handled by using
-> > Query - how else can we implement VIEWs on selects with subqueries ?
->
-> Views are stored as nodeout structures, and are merged into the query's
-> from list, target list, and where clause. I am working out
-> readfunc,outfunc now to make sure they are up-to-date with all the
-> current fields.
-
-Nice! This stuff was out-of-date for too long time.
-
-> > BTW, is
-> >
-> > select * from A where (select TRUE from B);
-> >
-> > valid syntax ?
->
-> I don't think so.
-
-And so, *rexpr can be of Query type only for oper "in" OP, IN, NOT IN,
-ANY, ALL, EXISTS - well.
-
-(Time to sleep -:)
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Thu Jan 8 23:10:50 1998
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801090355.WAA09243@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Thu, 8 Jan 1998 22:55:03 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
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-Status: OR
-
-Vadim, I know you are still thinking about subselects, but I have some
-more clarification that may help.
-
-We have to add phantom range table entries to correlated subselects so
-they will pass the parser. We might as well add those fields to the
-target list of the subquery at the same time:
-
- select *
- from taba
- where col1 = (select col2
- from tabb
- where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-
-becomes:
-
- select *
- from taba
- where col1 = (select col2, tabb.col4 <---
- from tabb, taba <---
- where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-
-We add a field to TargetEntry and RangeTblEntry to mark the fact that it
-was entered as a correlation entry:
-
- bool isCorrelated;
-
-Second, we need to hook the subselect to the main query. I recommend we
-add two fields to Query for this:
-
- Query *parentQuery;
- List *subqueries;
-
-The parentQuery pointer is used to resolve field names in the correlated
-subquery.
-
- select *
- from taba
- where col1 = (select col2, tabb.col4 <---
- from tabb, taba <---
- where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-
-In the query above, the subquery can be easily parsed, and we add the
-subquery to the parsent's parentQuery list.
-
-In the parent query, to parse the WHERE clause, we create a new operator
-type, called IN or NOT_IN, or ALL, where the left side is a Var, and the
-right side is an index to a slot in the subqueries List.
-
-We can then do the rest in the upper optimizer.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Fri Jan 9 10:01:01 1998
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- Fri, 9 Jan 1998 22:10:25 +0700 (KRS)
- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
-Sender: root@www.krasnet.ru
-Message-ID: <34B63DCD.73AA70C7@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Fri, 09 Jan 1998 22:10:06 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgresql.org>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199801090355.WAA09243@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> Vadim, I know you are still thinking about subselects, but I have some
-> more clarification that may help.
->
-> We have to add phantom range table entries to correlated subselects so
-> they will pass the parser. We might as well add those fields to the
-> target list of the subquery at the same time:
->
-> select *
-> from taba
-> where col1 = (select col2
-> from tabb
-> where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
->
-> becomes:
->
-> select *
-> from taba
-> where col1 = (select col2, tabb.col4 <---
-> from tabb, taba <---
-> where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
->
-> We add a field to TargetEntry and RangeTblEntry to mark the fact that it
-> was entered as a correlation entry:
->
-> bool isCorrelated;
-
-No, I don't like to add anything in parser. Example:
-
- select *
- from tabA
- where col1 = (select col2
- from tabB
- where tabA.col3 = tabB.col4
- and exists (select *
- from tabC
- where tabB.colX = tabC.colX and
- tabC.colY = tabA.col2)
- )
-
-: a column of tabA is referenced in sub-subselect
-(is it allowable by standards ?) - in this case it's better
-to don't add tabA to 1st subselect but add tabA to second one
-and change tabA.col3 in 1st to reference col3 in 2nd subquery temp table -
-this gives us 2-tables join in 1st subquery instead of 3-tables join.
-(And I'm still not sure that using temp tables is best of what can be
-done in all cases...)
-
-Instead of using isCorrelated in TE & RTE we can add
-
-Index varlevel;
-
-to Var node to reflect (sub)query from where this Var is come
-(where is range table to find var's relation using varno). Upmost query
-will have varlevel = 0, all its (dirrect) children - varlevel = 1 and so on.
- ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^
-(I don't see problems with distinguishing Vars of different children
-on the same level...)
-
->
-> Second, we need to hook the subselect to the main query. I recommend we
-> add two fields to Query for this:
->
-> Query *parentQuery;
-> List *subqueries;
-
-Agreed. And maybe Index queryLevel.
-
-> In the parent query, to parse the WHERE clause, we create a new operator
-> type, called IN or NOT_IN, or ALL, where the left side is a Var, and the
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-No. We have to handle (a,b,c) OP (select x, y, z ...) and
-'_a_constant_' OP (select ...) - I don't know is last in standards,
-Sybase has this.
-
-Well,
-
-typedef enum OpType
-{
- OP_EXPR, FUNC_EXPR, OR_EXPR, AND_EXPR, NOT_EXPR
-
-+ OP_EXISTS, OP_ALL, OP_ANY
-
-} OpType;
-
-typedef struct Expr
-{
- NodeTag type;
- Oid typeOid; /* oid of the type of this expr */
- OpType opType; /* type of the op */
- Node *oper; /* could be Oper or Func */
- List *args; /* list of argument nodes */
-} Expr;
-
-OP_EXISTS: oper is NULL, lfirst(args) is SubSelect (index in subqueries
- List, following your suggestion)
-
-OP_ALL, OP_ANY:
-
-oper is List of Oper nodes. We need in list because of data types of
-a, b, c (above) can be different and so Oper nodes will be different too.
-
-lfirst(args) is List of expression nodes (Const, Var, Func ?, a + b ?) -
-left side of subquery' operator.
-lsecond(args) is SubSelect.
-
-Note, that there are no OP_IN, OP_NOTIN in OpType-s for Expr. We need in
-IN, NOTIN in A_Expr (parser node), but both of them have to be transferred
-by parser into corresponding ANY and ALL. At the moment we can do:
-
-IN --> = ANY, NOT IN --> <> ALL
-
-but this will be "known bug": this breaks OO-nature of Postgres, because of
-operators can be overrided and '=' can mean s o m e t h i n g (not equality).
-Example: box data type. For boxes, = means equality of _areas_ and =~
-means that boxes are the same ==> =~ ANY should be used for IN.
-
-> right side is an index to a slot in the subqueries List.
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Fri Jan 9 17:44:04 1998
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- Fri, 9 Jan 1998 17:31:41 -0500 (EST)
-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Fri, 9 Jan 1998 17:31:41 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <34B63DCD.73AA70C7@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Jan 9, 98 10:10:06 pm
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-
->
-> Bruce Momjian wrote:
-> >
-> > Vadim, I know you are still thinking about subselects, but I have some
-> > more clarification that may help.
-> >
-> > We have to add phantom range table entries to correlated subselects so
-> > they will pass the parser. We might as well add those fields to the
-> > target list of the subquery at the same time:
-> >
-> > select *
-> > from taba
-> > where col1 = (select col2
-> > from tabb
-> > where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-> >
-> > becomes:
-> >
-> > select *
-> > from taba
-> > where col1 = (select col2, tabb.col4 <---
-> > from tabb, taba <---
-> > where taba.col3 = tabb.col4)
-> >
-> > We add a field to TargetEntry and RangeTblEntry to mark the fact that it
-> > was entered as a correlation entry:
-> >
-> > bool isCorrelated;
->
-> No, I don't like to add anything in parser. Example:
->
-> select *
-> from tabA
-> where col1 = (select col2
-> from tabB
-> where tabA.col3 = tabB.col4
-> and exists (select *
-> from tabC
-> where tabB.colX = tabC.colX and
-> tabC.colY = tabA.col2)
-> )
->
-> : a column of tabA is referenced in sub-subselect
-
-This is a strange case that I don't think we need to handle in our first
-implementation.
-
-> (is it allowable by standards ?) - in this case it's better
-> to don't add tabA to 1st subselect but add tabA to second one
-> and change tabA.col3 in 1st to reference col3 in 2nd subquery temp table -
-> this gives us 2-tables join in 1st subquery instead of 3-tables join.
-> (And I'm still not sure that using temp tables is best of what can be
-> done in all cases...)
-
-I don't see any use for temp tables in subselects anymore. After having
-implemented UNIONS, I now see how much can be done in the upper
-optimizer. I see you just putting the subquery PLAN into the proper
-place in the plan tree, with some proper JOIN nodes for IN, NOT IN.
-
->
-> Instead of using isCorrelated in TE & RTE we can add
->
-> Index varlevel;
-
-OK. Sounds good.
-
->
-> to Var node to reflect (sub)query from where this Var is come
-> (where is range table to find var's relation using varno). Upmost query
-> will have varlevel = 0, all its (dirrect) children - varlevel = 1 and so on.
-> ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> (I don't see problems with distinguishing Vars of different children
-> on the same level...)
->
-> >
-> > Second, we need to hook the subselect to the main query. I recommend we
-> > add two fields to Query for this:
-> >
-> > Query *parentQuery;
-> > List *subqueries;
->
-> Agreed. And maybe Index queryLevel.
-
-Sure. If it helps.
-
->
-> > In the parent query, to parse the WHERE clause, we create a new operator
-> > type, called IN or NOT_IN, or ALL, where the left side is a Var, and the
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> No. We have to handle (a,b,c) OP (select x, y, z ...) and
-> '_a_constant_' OP (select ...) - I don't know is last in standards,
-> Sybase has this.
-
-I have never seen this in my eight years of SQL. Perhaps we can leave
-this for later, maybe much later.
-
->
-> Well,
->
-> typedef enum OpType
-> {
-> OP_EXPR, FUNC_EXPR, OR_EXPR, AND_EXPR, NOT_EXPR
->
-> + OP_EXISTS, OP_ALL, OP_ANY
->
-> } OpType;
->
-> typedef struct Expr
-> {
-> NodeTag type;
-> Oid typeOid; /* oid of the type of this expr */
-> OpType opType; /* type of the op */
-> Node *oper; /* could be Oper or Func */
-> List *args; /* list of argument nodes */
-> } Expr;
->
-> OP_EXISTS: oper is NULL, lfirst(args) is SubSelect (index in subqueries
-> List, following your suggestion)
->
-> OP_ALL, OP_ANY:
->
-> oper is List of Oper nodes. We need in list because of data types of
-> a, b, c (above) can be different and so Oper nodes will be different too.
->
-> lfirst(args) is List of expression nodes (Const, Var, Func ?, a + b ?) -
-> left side of subquery' operator.
-> lsecond(args) is SubSelect.
->
-> Note, that there are no OP_IN, OP_NOTIN in OpType-s for Expr. We need in
-> IN, NOTIN in A_Expr (parser node), but both of them have to be transferred
-> by parser into corresponding ANY and ALL. At the moment we can do:
->
-> IN --> = ANY, NOT IN --> <> ALL
->
-> but this will be "known bug": this breaks OO-nature of Postgres, because of
-> operators can be overrided and '=' can mean s o m e t h i n g (not equality).
-> Example: box data type. For boxes, = means equality of _areas_ and =~
-> means that boxes are the same ==> =~ ANY should be used for IN.
-
-That is interesting, to use =~ for ANY.
-
-Yes, but how many operators take a SUBQUERY as an operand. This is a
-special case to me.
-
-I think I see where you are trying to go. You want subselects to behave
-like any other operator, with a subselect type, and you do all the
-subselect handling in the optimizer, with special Nodes and actions.
-
-I think this may be just too much of a leap. We have such clean query
-logic for single queries, I can't imagine having an operator that has a
-Query operand, and trying to get everything to properly handle it.
-UNIONS were very easy to implement as a List off of Query, with some
-foreach()'s in rewrite and the high optimizer.
-
-Subselects are SQL standard, and are never going to be over-ridden by a
-user. Same with UNION. They want UNION, they get UNION. They want
-Subselect, we are going to spin through the Query structure and give
-them what they want.
-
-The complexities of subselects and correlated queries and range tables
-and stuff is so bizarre that trying to get it to work inside the type
-system could be a huge project.
-
->
-> > right side is an index to a slot in the subqueries List.
-
-I guess the question is what can we have by February 1?
-
-I have been reading some postings, and it seems to me that subselects
-are the litmus test for many evaluators when deciding if a database
-engine is full-featured.
-
-Sorry to be so straightforward, but I want to keep hashing this around
-until we get a conclusion, so coding can start.
-
-My suggestions have been, I believe, trying to get subselects working
-with the fullest functionality by adding the least amount of code, and
-keeping the logic clean.
-
-Have you checked out the UNION code? It is very small, but it works. I
-think it could make a good sample for subselects.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sat Jan 10 12:00:51 1998
-Received: from www.krasnet.ru (www.krasnet.ru [193.125.44.86])
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-Sender: root@www.krasnet.ru
-Message-ID: <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Sun, 11 Jan 1998 00:19:08 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgresql.org, "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > No, I don't like to add anything in parser. Example:
-> >
-> > select *
-> > from tabA
-> > where col1 = (select col2
-> > from tabB
-> > where tabA.col3 = tabB.col4
-> > and exists (select *
-> > from tabC
-> > where tabB.colX = tabC.colX and
-> > tabC.colY = tabA.col2)
-> > )
-> >
-> > : a column of tabA is referenced in sub-subselect
->
-> This is a strange case that I don't think we need to handle in our first
-> implementation.
-
-I don't know is this strange case or not :)
-But I would like to know is this allowed by standards - can someone
-comment on this ?
-And I don't see problems with handling this...
-
->
-> > (is it allowable by standards ?) - in this case it's better
-> > to don't add tabA to 1st subselect but add tabA to second one
-> > and change tabA.col3 in 1st to reference col3 in 2nd subquery temp table -
-> > this gives us 2-tables join in 1st subquery instead of 3-tables join.
-> > (And I'm still not sure that using temp tables is best of what can be
-> > done in all cases...)
->
-> I don't see any use for temp tables in subselects anymore. After having
-> implemented UNIONS, I now see how much can be done in the upper
-> optimizer. I see you just putting the subquery PLAN into the proper
-> place in the plan tree, with some proper JOIN nodes for IN, NOT IN.
-
-When saying about temp tables, I meant tables created by node Material
-for subquery plan. This is one of two ways - run subquery once for all
-possible upper plan tuples and then just join result table with upper
-query. Another way is re-run subquery for each upper query tuple,
-without temp table but may be with caching results by some ways.
-Actually, there is special case - when subquery can be alternatively
-formulated as joins, - but this is just special case.
-
-> > > In the parent query, to parse the WHERE clause, we create a new operator
-> > > type, called IN or NOT_IN, or ALL, where the left side is a Var, and the
-> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > No. We have to handle (a,b,c) OP (select x, y, z ...) and
-> > '_a_constant_' OP (select ...) - I don't know is last in standards,
-> > Sybase has this.
->
-> I have never seen this in my eight years of SQL. Perhaps we can leave
-> this for later, maybe much later.
-
-Are you saying about (a, b, c) or about 'a_constant' ?
-Again, can someone comment on are they in standards or not ?
-Tom ?
-If yes then please add parser' support for them now...
-
-> > Note, that there are no OP_IN, OP_NOTIN in OpType-s for Expr. We need in
-> > IN, NOTIN in A_Expr (parser node), but both of them have to be transferred
-> > by parser into corresponding ANY and ALL. At the moment we can do:
-> >
-> > IN --> = ANY, NOT IN --> <> ALL
-> >
-> > but this will be "known bug": this breaks OO-nature of Postgres, because of
-> > operators can be overrided and '=' can mean s o m e t h i n g (not equality).
-> > Example: box data type. For boxes, = means equality of _areas_ and =~
-> > means that boxes are the same ==> =~ ANY should be used for IN.
->
-> That is interesting, to use =~ for ANY.
->
-> Yes, but how many operators take a SUBQUERY as an operand. This is a
-> special case to me.
->
-> I think I see where you are trying to go. You want subselects to behave
-> like any other operator, with a subselect type, and you do all the
-> subselect handling in the optimizer, with special Nodes and actions.
->
-> I think this may be just too much of a leap. We have such clean query
-> logic for single queries, I can't imagine having an operator that has a
-> Query operand, and trying to get everything to properly handle it.
-> UNIONS were very easy to implement as a List off of Query, with some
-> foreach()'s in rewrite and the high optimizer.
->
-> Subselects are SQL standard, and are never going to be over-ridden by a
-> user. Same with UNION. They want UNION, they get UNION. They want
-> Subselect, we are going to spin through the Query structure and give
-> them what they want.
->
-> The complexities of subselects and correlated queries and range tables
-> and stuff is so bizarre that trying to get it to work inside the type
-> system could be a huge project.
-
-PostgreSQL is a robust, next-generation, Object-Relational DBMS (ORDBMS),
-derived from the Berkeley Postgres database management system. While
-PostgreSQL retains the powerful object-relational data model, rich data types and
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-easy extensibility of Postgres, it replaces the PostQuel query language with an
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-extended subset of SQL.
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Should we say users that subselect will work for standard data types only ?
-I don't see why subquery can't be used with ~, ~*, @@, ... operators, do you ?
-Is there difference between handling = ANY and ~ ANY ? I don't see any.
-Currently we can't get IN working properly for boxes (and may be for others too)
-and I don't like to try to resolve these problems now, but hope that someday
-we'll be able to do this. At the moment - just convert IN into = ANY and
-NOT IN into <> ALL in parser.
-
-(BTW, do you know how DISTINCT is implemented ? It doesn't use = but
-use type_out funcs and uses strcmp()... DISTINCT is standard SQL thing...)
-
-> >
-> > > right side is an index to a slot in the subqueries List.
->
-> I guess the question is what can we have by February 1?
->
-> I have been reading some postings, and it seems to me that subselects
-> are the litmus test for many evaluators when deciding if a database
-> engine is full-featured.
->
-> Sorry to be so straightforward, but I want to keep hashing this around
-> until we get a conclusion, so coding can start.
->
-> My suggestions have been, I believe, trying to get subselects working
-> with the fullest functionality by adding the least amount of code, and
-> keeping the logic clean.
->
-> Have you checked out the UNION code? It is very small, but it works. I
-> think it could make a good sample for subselects.
-
-There is big difference between subqueries and queries in UNION -
-there are not dependences between UNION queries.
-
-Ok, opened issues:
-
-1. Is using upper query' vars in all subquery levels in standard ?
-2. Is (a, b, c) OP (subselect) in standard ?
-3. What types of expressions (Var, Const, ...) are allowed on the left
- side of operator with subquery on the right ?
-4. What types of operators should we support (=, >, ..., like, ~, ...) ?
- (My vote for all boolean operators).
-
-And - did we get consensus on presentation subqueries stuff in Query,
-Expr and Var ?
-I would like to have something done in parser near Jan 17 to get
-subqueries working by Feb 1. I vote for support of all standard
-things (1. - 3.) in parser right now - if there will be no time
-to implement something like (a, b, c) then optimizer will call
-elog(WARN) (oh, sorry, - elog(ERROR)).
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sat Jan 10 12:31:05 1998
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- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
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-Message-ID: <34B7B2BF.44FE7252@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Sun, 11 Jan 1998 00:41:19 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-References: <199712220545.AAA11605@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> OK, a few questions:
->
-> Should we use sortmerge, so we can use our psort as temp tables,
-> or do we use hashunique?
->
-> How do we pass the query to the optimizer? How do we represent
-> the range table for each, and the links between them in correlated
-> subqueries?
-
-My suggestion is just use varlevel in Var and don't put upper query'
-relations into subquery range table.
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sat Jan 10 13:01:00 1998
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- Sun, 11 Jan 1998 00:58:56 +0700 (KRS)
- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
-Sender: root@www.krasnet.ru
-Message-ID: <34B7B6DC.937E1B8D@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Sun, 11 Jan 1998 00:58:52 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>,
- PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
-References: <199712220545.AAA11605@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B7B2BF.44FE7252@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Vadim B. Mikheev wrote:
->
-> Bruce Momjian wrote:
-> >
-> > OK, a few questions:
-> >
-> > Should we use sortmerge, so we can use our psort as temp tables,
-> > or do we use hashunique?
-> >
-> > How do we pass the query to the optimizer? How do we represent
-> > the range table for each, and the links between them in correlated
-> > subqueries?
->
-> My suggestion is just use varlevel in Var and don't put upper query'
-> relations into subquery range table.
-
-Hmm... Sorry, it seems that I did reply to very old message - forget it.
-
-Vadim
-
-From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Sat Jan 10 13:30:59 1998
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-Date: Sat, 10 Jan 1998 18:01:03 +0000
-From: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Organization: Caltech/JPL
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-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>, hackers@postgresql.org
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-
-> > > Note, that there are no OP_IN, OP_NOTIN in OpType-s for Expr. We need in
-> > > IN, NOTIN in A_Expr (parser node), but both of them have to be transferred
-> > > by parser into corresponding ANY and ALL. At the moment we can do:
-> > >
-> > > IN --> = ANY, NOT IN --> <> ALL
-> > >
-> > > but this will be "known bug": this breaks OO-nature of Postgres, because of
-> > > operators can be overrided and '=' can mean s o m e t h i n g (not equality).
-> > > Example: box data type. For boxes, = means equality of _areas_ and =~
-> > > means that boxes are the same ==> =~ ANY should be used for IN.
-> >
-> > That is interesting, to use =~ for ANY.
-
-If I understand the discussion, I would think is is fine to make an assumption about
-which operator is used to implement a subselect expression. If someone remaps an
-operator to mean something different, then they will get a different result (or a
-nonsensical one) from a subselect.
-
-I'd be happy to remap existing operators to fit into a convention which would work
-with subselects (especially if I got to help choose :).
-
-> > Subselects are SQL standard, and are never going to be over-ridden by a
-> > user. Same with UNION. They want UNION, they get UNION. They want
-> > Subselect, we are going to spin through the Query structure and give
-> > them what they want.
->
-> PostgreSQL is a robust, next-generation, Object-Relational DBMS (ORDBMS),
-> derived from the Berkeley Postgres database management system. While
-> PostgreSQL retains the powerful object-relational data model, rich data types and
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> easy extensibility of Postgres, it replaces the PostQuel query language with an
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> extended subset of SQL.
-> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
->
-> Should we say users that subselect will work for standard data types only ?
-> I don't see why subquery can't be used with ~, ~*, @@, ... operators, do you ?
-> Is there difference between handling = ANY and ~ ANY ? I don't see any.
-> Currently we can't get IN working properly for boxes (and may be for others too)
-> and I don't like to try to resolve these problems now, but hope that someday
-> we'll be able to do this. At the moment - just convert IN into = ANY and
-> NOT IN into <> ALL in parser.
->
-> (BTW, do you know how DISTINCT is implemented ? It doesn't use = but
-> use type_out funcs and uses strcmp()... DISTINCT is standard SQL thing...)
-
-?? I didn't know that. Wouldn't we want it to eventually use "=" through a sorted
-list? That would give more consistant behavior...
-
-> > I have been reading some postings, and it seems to me that subselects
-> > are the litmus test for many evaluators when deciding if a database
-> > engine is full-featured.
-> >
-> > Sorry to be so straightforward, but I want to keep hashing this around
-> > until we get a conclusion, so coding can start.
-> >
-> > My suggestions have been, I believe, trying to get subselects working
-> > with the fullest functionality by adding the least amount of code, and
-> > keeping the logic clean.
-> >
-> > Have you checked out the UNION code? It is very small, but it works. I
-> > think it could make a good sample for subselects.
->
-> There is big difference between subqueries and queries in UNION -
-> there are not dependences between UNION queries.
->
-> Ok, opened issues:
->
-> 1. Is using upper query' vars in all subquery levels in standard ?
-
-I'm not certain. Let me know if you do not get an answer from someone else and I will
-research it.
-
-> 2. Is (a, b, c) OP (subselect) in standard ?
-
-Yes. In fact, it _is_ the standard, and "a OP (subselect)" is a special case where
-the parens are allowed to be omitted from a one element list.
-
-> 3. What types of expressions (Var, Const, ...) are allowed on the left
-> side of operator with subquery on the right ?
-
-I think most expressions are allowed. The "constant OP (subselect)" case you were
-asking about is just a simplified case since "(a, b, constant) OP (subselect)" where
-a and b are column references should be allowed. Of course, our optimizer could
-perhaps change this to "(a, b) OP (subselect where x = constant)", or for the first
-example "EXISTS (subselect where x = constant)".
-
-> 4. What types of operators should we support (=, >, ..., like, ~, ...) ?
-> (My vote for all boolean operators).
-
-Sounds good. But I'll vote with Bruce (and I'll bet you already agree) that it is
-important to get an initial implementation for v6.3 which covers a little, some, or
-all of the usual SQL subselect constructs. If we have to revisit this for v6.4 then
-we will have the benefit of feedback from others in practical applications which
-always uncovers new things to consider.
-
-> And - did we get consensus on presentation subqueries stuff in Query,
-> Expr and Var ?
-> I would like to have something done in parser near Jan 17 to get
-> subqueries working by Feb 1. I vote for support of all standard
-> things (1. - 3.) in parser right now - if there will be no time
-> to implement something like (a, b, c) then optimizer will callelog(WARN) (oh,
-> sorry, - elog(ERROR)).
-
-Great. I'd like to help with the remaining parser issues; at the moment "row_expr"
-does the right thing with expression comparisions but just parses then ignores
-subselect expressions. Let me know what structures you want passed back and I'll put
-them in, or if you prefer put in the first one and I'll go through and clean up and
-add the rest.
-
- - Tom
-
-
-From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Sat Jan 10 15:00:58 1998
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-From: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Organization: Caltech/JPL
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.03 [en] (X11; I; Linux 2.0.30 i686)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>, hackers@postgresql.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-> Are you saying about (a, b, c) or about 'a_constant' ?
-> Again, can someone comment on are they in standards or not ?
-> Tom ?
-> If yes then please add parser' support for them now...
-
-As I mentioned a few minutes ago in my last message, I parse the row descriptors and
-the subselects but for subselect expressions (e.g. "(a,b) OP (subselect)" I currently
-ignore the result. I didn't want to pass things back as lists until something in the
-backend was ready to receive them.
-
-If it is OK, I'll go ahead and start passing back a list of expressions when a row
-descriptor is present. So, what you will find is lexpr or rexpr in the A_Expr node
-being a list rather than an atomic node.
-
-Also, I can start passing back the subselect expression as the rexpr; right now the
-parser calls elog() and quits.
-
-btw, to implement "(a,b,c) OP (d,e,f)" I made a new routine in the parser called
-makeRowExpr() which breaks this up into a sequence of "and" and/or "or" expressions.
-If lists are handled farther back, this routine should move to there also and the
-parser will just pass the lists. Note that some assumptions have to be made about the
-meaning of "(a,b) OP (c,d)", since usually we only have knowledge of the behavior of
-"a OP c". Easy for the standard SQL operators, unknown for others, but maybe it is OK
-to disallow those cases or to look for specific appearance of the operator to guess
-the behavior (e.g. if the operator has "<" or "=" or ">" then build as "and"s and if
-it has "<>" or "!" then build as "or"s.
-
-Let me know what you want...
-
- - Tom
-
-
-From lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu Sun Jan 11 01:01:55 1998
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-From: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Organization: Caltech/JPL
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.03 [en] (X11; I; Linux 2.0.30 i686)
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-To: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>, hackers@postgresql.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------D8B38A0D1F78A10C0023F702"
-Status: OR
-
-This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
---------------D8B38A0D1F78A10C0023F702
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-
-Here are context diffs of gram.y and keywords.c; sorry about sending the full files.
-These start sending lists of arguments toward the backend from the parser to
-implement row descriptors and subselects.
-
-They should apply OK even over Bruce's recent changes...
-
- - Tom
-
---------------D8B38A0D1F78A10C0023F702
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; name="gram.y.patch"
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Content-Disposition: inline; filename="gram.y.patch"
-
-*** ../src/backend/parser/gram.y.orig Sat Jan 10 05:44:36 1998
---- ../src/backend/parser/gram.y Sat Jan 10 19:29:37 1998
-***************
-*** 195,200 ****
---- 195,201 ----
- having_clause
- %type <list> row_descriptor, row_list
- %type <node> row_expr
-+ %type <str> RowOp, row_opt
- %type <list> OptCreateAs, CreateAsList
- %type <node> CreateAsElement
- %type <value> NumConst
-***************
-*** 242,248 ****
- */
-
- /* Keywords (in SQL92 reserved words) */
-! %token ACTION, ADD, ALL, ALTER, AND, AS, ASC,
- BEGIN_TRANS, BETWEEN, BOTH, BY,
- CASCADE, CAST, CHAR, CHARACTER, CHECK, CLOSE, COLLATE, COLUMN, COMMIT,
- CONSTRAINT, CREATE, CROSS, CURRENT, CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME,
---- 243,249 ----
- */
-
- /* Keywords (in SQL92 reserved words) */
-! %token ACTION, ADD, ALL, ALTER, AND, ANY, AS, ASC,
- BEGIN_TRANS, BETWEEN, BOTH, BY,
- CASCADE, CAST, CHAR, CHARACTER, CHECK, CLOSE, COLLATE, COLUMN, COMMIT,
- CONSTRAINT, CREATE, CROSS, CURRENT, CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME,
-***************
-*** 258,264 ****
- ON, OPTION, OR, ORDER, OUTER_P,
- PARTIAL, POSITION, PRECISION, PRIMARY, PRIVILEGES, PROCEDURE, PUBLIC,
- REFERENCES, REVOKE, RIGHT, ROLLBACK,
-! SECOND_P, SELECT, SET, SUBSTRING,
- TABLE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, TO, TRAILING, TRANSACTION, TRIM,
- UNION, UNIQUE, UPDATE, USING,
- VALUES, VARCHAR, VARYING, VERBOSE, VERSION, VIEW,
---- 259,265 ----
- ON, OPTION, OR, ORDER, OUTER_P,
- PARTIAL, POSITION, PRECISION, PRIMARY, PRIVILEGES, PROCEDURE, PUBLIC,
- REFERENCES, REVOKE, RIGHT, ROLLBACK,
-! SECOND_P, SELECT, SET, SOME, SUBSTRING,
- TABLE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, TO, TRAILING, TRANSACTION, TRIM,
- UNION, UNIQUE, UPDATE, USING,
- VALUES, VARCHAR, VARYING, VERBOSE, VERSION, VIEW,
-***************
-*** 2853,2866 ****
- /* Expressions using row descriptors
- * Define row_descriptor to allow yacc to break the reduce/reduce conflict
- * with singleton expressions.
- */
- row_expr: '(' row_descriptor ')' IN '(' SubSelect ')'
- {
-! $$ = NULL;
- }
- | '(' row_descriptor ')' NOT IN '(' SubSelect ')'
- {
-! $$ = NULL;
- }
- | '(' row_descriptor ')' '=' '(' row_descriptor ')'
- {
---- 2854,2878 ----
- /* Expressions using row descriptors
- * Define row_descriptor to allow yacc to break the reduce/reduce conflict
- * with singleton expressions.
-+ *
-+ * Note that "SOME" is the same as "ANY" in syntax.
-+ * - thomas 1998-01-10
- */
- row_expr: '(' row_descriptor ')' IN '(' SubSelect ')'
- {
-! $$ = makeA_Expr(OP, "=any", (Node *)$2, (Node *)$6);
- }
- | '(' row_descriptor ')' NOT IN '(' SubSelect ')'
- {
-! $$ = makeA_Expr(OP, "<>any", (Node *)$2, (Node *)$7);
-! }
-! | '(' row_descriptor ')' RowOp row_opt '(' SubSelect ')'
-! {
-! char *opr;
-! opr = palloc(strlen($4)+strlen($5)+1);
-! strcpy(opr, $4);
-! strcat(opr, $5);
-! $$ = makeA_Expr(OP, opr, (Node *)$2, (Node *)$7);
- }
- | '(' row_descriptor ')' '=' '(' row_descriptor ')'
- {
-***************
-*** 2880,2885 ****
---- 2892,2907 ----
- }
- ;
-
-+ RowOp: '=' { $$ = "="; }
-+ | '<' { $$ = "<"; }
-+ | '>' { $$ = ">"; }
-+ ;
-+
-+ row_opt: ALL { $$ = "all"; }
-+ | ANY { $$ = "any"; }
-+ | SOME { $$ = "any"; }
-+ ;
-+
- row_descriptor: row_list ',' a_expr
- {
- $$ = lappend($1, $3);
-***************
-*** 3432,3441 ****
- ;
-
- in_expr: SubSelect
-! {
-! elog(ERROR,"IN (SUBSELECT) not yet implemented");
-! $$ = $1;
-! }
- | in_expr_nodes
- { $$ = $1; }
- ;
---- 3454,3460 ----
- ;
-
- in_expr: SubSelect
-! { $$ = makeA_Expr(OP, "=", saved_In_Expr, (Node *)$1); }
- | in_expr_nodes
- { $$ = $1; }
- ;
-***************
-*** 3449,3458 ****
- ;
-
- not_in_expr: SubSelect
-! {
-! elog(ERROR,"NOT IN (SUBSELECT) not yet implemented");
-! $$ = $1;
-! }
- | not_in_expr_nodes
- { $$ = $1; }
- ;
---- 3468,3474 ----
- ;
-
- not_in_expr: SubSelect
-! { $$ = makeA_Expr(OP, "<>", saved_In_Expr, (Node *)$1); }
- | not_in_expr_nodes
- { $$ = $1; }
- ;
-
---------------D8B38A0D1F78A10C0023F702
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; name="keywords.c.patch"
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Content-Disposition: inline; filename="keywords.c.patch"
-
-*** ../src/backend/parser/keywords.c.orig Mon Jan 5 07:51:33 1998
---- ../src/backend/parser/keywords.c Sat Jan 10 19:22:07 1998
-***************
-*** 39,44 ****
---- 39,45 ----
- {"alter", ALTER},
- {"analyze", ANALYZE},
- {"and", AND},
-+ {"any", ANY},
- {"append", APPEND},
- {"archive", ARCHIVE},
- {"as", AS},
-***************
-*** 178,183 ****
---- 179,185 ----
- {"set", SET},
- {"setof", SETOF},
- {"show", SHOW},
-+ {"some", SOME},
- {"stdin", STDIN},
- {"stdout", STDOUT},
- {"substring", SUBSTRING},
-
---------------D8B38A0D1F78A10C0023F702--
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Sun Jan 11 01:31:13 1998
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- Sun, 11 Jan 1998 00:59:23 -0500 (EST)
-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801110559.AAA11801@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Sun, 11 Jan 1998 00:59:23 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgresql.org, lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu
-In-Reply-To: <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Jan 11, 98 00:19:08 am
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-Status: OR
-
-> I would like to have something done in parser near Jan 17 to get
-> subqueries working by Feb 1. I vote for support of all standard
-> things (1. - 3.) in parser right now - if there will be no time
-> to implement something like (a, b, c) then optimizer will call
-> elog(WARN) (oh, sorry, - elog(ERROR)).
-
-First, let me say I am glad we are still on schedule for Feb 1. I was
-panicking because I thought we wouldn't make it in time.
-
-
-> > > (is it allowable by standards ?) - in this case it's better
-> > > to don't add tabA to 1st subselect but add tabA to second one
-> > > and change tabA.col3 in 1st to reference col3 in 2nd subquery temp table -
-> > > this gives us 2-tables join in 1st subquery instead of 3-tables join.
-> > > (And I'm still not sure that using temp tables is best of what can be
-> > > done in all cases...)
-> >
-> > I don't see any use for temp tables in subselects anymore. After having
-> > implemented UNIONS, I now see how much can be done in the upper
-> > optimizer. I see you just putting the subquery PLAN into the proper
-> > place in the plan tree, with some proper JOIN nodes for IN, NOT IN.
->
-> When saying about temp tables, I meant tables created by node Material
-> for subquery plan. This is one of two ways - run subquery once for all
-> possible upper plan tuples and then just join result table with upper
-> query. Another way is re-run subquery for each upper query tuple,
-> without temp table but may be with caching results by some ways.
-> Actually, there is special case - when subquery can be alternatively
-> formulated as joins, - but this is just special case.
-
-This is interesting. It really only applies for correlated subqueries,
-and certainly it may help sometimes to just evaluate the subquery for
-valid values that are going to come from the upper query than for all
-possible values. Perhaps we can use the 'cost' value of each query to
-decide how to handle this.
-
->
-> > > > In the parent query, to parse the WHERE clause, we create a new operator
-> > > > type, called IN or NOT_IN, or ALL, where the left side is a Var, and the
-> > > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-> > > No. We have to handle (a,b,c) OP (select x, y, z ...) and
-> > > '_a_constant_' OP (select ...) - I don't know is last in standards,
-> > > Sybase has this.
-> >
-> > I have never seen this in my eight years of SQL. Perhaps we can leave
-> > this for later, maybe much later.
->
-> Are you saying about (a, b, c) or about 'a_constant' ?
-> Again, can someone comment on are they in standards or not ?
-> Tom ?
-> If yes then please add parser' support for them now...
-
-OK, Thomas says it is, so we will put in as much code as we can to handle
-it.
-
-> Should we say users that subselect will work for standard data types only ?
-> I don't see why subquery can't be used with ~, ~*, @@, ... operators, do you ?
-> Is there difference between handling = ANY and ~ ANY ? I don't see any.
-> Currently we can't get IN working properly for boxes (and may be for others too)
-> and I don't like to try to resolve these problems now, but hope that someday
-> we'll be able to do this. At the moment - just convert IN into = ANY and
-> NOT IN into <> ALL in parser.
-
-OK.
-
->
-> (BTW, do you know how DISTINCT is implemented ? It doesn't use = but
-> use type_out funcs and uses strcmp()... DISTINCT is standard SQL thing...)
-
-I did not know that either.
-
-> There is big difference between subqueries and queries in UNION -
-> there are not dependences between UNION queries.
-
-Yes, I know UNIONS are trivial compared to subselects.
-
->
-> Ok, opened issues:
->
-> 1. Is using upper query' vars in all subquery levels in standard ?
-> 2. Is (a, b, c) OP (subselect) in standard ?
-> 3. What types of expressions (Var, Const, ...) are allowed on the left
-> side of operator with subquery on the right ?
-> 4. What types of operators should we support (=, >, ..., like, ~, ...) ?
-> (My vote for all boolean operators).
->
-> And - did we get consensus on presentation subqueries stuff in Query,
-> Expr and Var ?
-
-OK, here are my concrete ideas on changes and structures.
-
-I think we all agreed that Query needs new fields:
-
- Query *parentQuery;
- List *subqueries;
-
-Maybe query level too, but I don't think so (see later ideas on Var).
-
-We need a new Node structure, call it Sublink:
-
- int linkType (IN, NOTIN, ANY, EXISTS, OPERATOR...)
- Oid operator /* subquery must return single row */
- List *lefthand; /* parent stuff */
- Node *subquery; /* represents nodes from parser */
- Index Subindex; /* filled in to index Query->subqueries */
-
-Of course, the names are just suggestions. Every time we run through
-the parsenodes of a query to create a Query* structure, when we do the
-WHERE clause, if we come upon one of these Sublink nodes (created in the
-parser), we move the supplied Query* in Sublink->subquery to a local
-List variable, and we set Subquery->subindex to equal the index of the
-new query, i.e. is it the first subquery we found, 1, or the second, 2,
-etc.
-
-After we have created the parent Query structure, we run through our
-local List variable of subquery parsenodes we created above, and add
-Query* entries to Query->subqueries. In each subquery Query*, we set
-the parentQuery pointer.
-
-Also, when parsing the subqueries, we need to keep track of correlated
-references. I recommend we add a field to the Var structure:
-
- Index sublevel; /* range table reference:
- = 0 current level of query
- < 0 parent above this many levels
- > 0 index into subquery list
- */
-
-This way, a Var node with sublevel 0 is the current level, and is true
-in most cases. This helps us not have to change much code. sublevel =
--1 means it references the range table in the parent query. sublevel =
--2 means the parent's parent. sublevel = 2 means it references the range
-table of the second entry in Query->subqueries. Varno and varattno are
-still meaningful. Of course, we can't reference variables in the
-subqueries from the parent in the parser code, but Vadim may want to.
-
-When doing a Var lookup in the parser, we look in the current level
-first, but if not found, if it is a subquery, we can look at the parent
-and parent's parent to set the sublevel, varno, and varatno properly.
-
-We create no phantom range table entries in the subquery, and no phantom
-target list entries. We can leave that all for the upper optimizer.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Fri Nov 28 16:34:03 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199711282118.QAA17309@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] querytrees and multiple statements
-To: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
-Date: Fri, 28 Nov 1997 16:18:08 -0500 (EST)
-X-Mailer: ELM [version 2.4 PL25]
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-Status: OR
-
-Currently, if a query string arrives that has multiple sql statements in
-it, the parser breaks it down into separate queries, analyzes each one,
-then executes them in order. (psql automatically breaks things down
-into separate queries, do this will not work there.) The problem is
-that if the first query creates a table, and the second query goes to
-access it, the parser analysis fails because the table is not yet
-created. See the attached pginterface source for an example. The real
-problem is that all the queries in the string are analyzed first, then
-executed, rather than having one analyzed then execute, then the next.
-
-I am going to have touble with subselects and temp tables. I want to
-pull out the subselect, change it into a SELECT ... INTO TEMP, add it to
-the QueryTree before the outer select, then the outer select is analyzed
-by the parser, the temp table doesn't exist yet, and will cause an
-error.
-
-Currently postgres.c does each step on all queries before moving to the
-next step. Does anyone know what the ramifications would be if I
-changed this to do to the full set of operations on each statement first
-before moving to the next?
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-/*
- * pgnulltest.c
- *
-*/
-
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <time.h>
-#include <halt.h>
-#include <postgres.h>
-#include <libpq-fe.h>
-#include <pginterface.h>
-
-int main(int argc, char **argv)
-{
- char query[4000];
- int i;
-
- if (argc != 2)
- halt("Usage: %s database\n",argv[0]);
-
- connectdb(argv[1],NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL);
-
- sprintf(query,"create table test(x int); select x from test;");
- doquery(query);
-
- disconnectdb();
- return 0;
-}
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sat Nov 29 05:01:01 1997
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-Message-ID: <347FE2B1.167EB0E7@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Sat, 29 Nov 1997 16:38:57 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.01 (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] querytrees and multiple statements
-References: <199711282118.QAA17309@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> Currently, if a query string arrives that has multiple sql statements in
-> it, the parser breaks it down into separate queries, analyzes each one,
-> then executes them in order. (psql automatically breaks things down
-> into separate queries, do this will not work there.) The problem is
-> that if the first query creates a table, and the second query goes to
-> access it, the parser analysis fails because the table is not yet
-> created. See the attached pginterface source for an example. The real
-> problem is that all the queries in the string are analyzed first, then
-> executed, rather than having one analyzed then execute, then the next.
->
-> I am going to have touble with subselects and temp tables. I want to
-> pull out the subselect, change it into a SELECT ... INTO TEMP, add it to
-> the QueryTree before the outer select, then the outer select is analyzed
-> by the parser, the temp table doesn't exist yet, and will cause an
-> error.
->
-> Currently postgres.c does each step on all queries before moving to the
-> next step. Does anyone know what the ramifications would be if I
-> changed this to do to the full set of operations on each statement first
-> before moving to the next?
-
-This will break ability to prepare plan (parser + optimizer) for latter
-execution. This ability is used by RULEs (and so - by VIEWs) and will be
-used by PL(s)...
-
-Please, take a look at nodeMaterial.c:
-
-/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
- *
- * nodeMaterial.c--
- * Routines to handle materialization nodes.
-...
-/*
- * INTERFACE ROUTINES
- * ExecMaterial - generate a temporary relation
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-(I'm still very busy. Hope to return soon.)
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sun Nov 30 02:30:56 1997
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-Date: Sun, 30 Nov 1997 14:32:14 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] querytrees and multiple statements
-References: <199711291854.NAA05185@candle.pha.pa.us>
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-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > This will break ability to prepare plan (parser + optimizer) for latter
-> > execution. This ability is used by RULEs (and so - by VIEWs) and will be
-> > used by PL(s)...
-> >
-> > Please, take a look at nodeMaterial.c:
-> >
-> > /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-> > *
-> > * nodeMaterial.c--
-> > * Routines to handle materialization nodes.
-> > ...
-> > /*
-> > * INTERFACE ROUTINES
-> > * ExecMaterial - generate a temporary relation
-> > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
->
-> I understand what you are saying here. The temp table has transaction
-> scope, and breaking each query into multiple commands, each with its own
-> transaction scope will cause the temp table to go away.
-
-No. I just said that there will be no ability to prepare queries with
-subselects for latter execution: will be no ability to get execution plan which
-could be passed to executor to get results without additional parser/planner
-invocations. This ability is used by SQL-functions and SPI_prepare()/SPI_execp()
-(==> PLs). RULEs don't use execution plan, but use parsed query tree (stored
-in pg_rewrite) -> I foresee problems with VIEWs on queries with subselects.
-
-Ability to have execution plans seems important to me. Other DBMS-es use
-this for stored procedures and views.
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Dec 1 01:30:57 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199712010557.AAA10395@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] querytrees and multiple statements
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Mon, 1 Dec 1997 00:57:07 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <3481167E.2781E494@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Nov 30, 97 02:32:14 pm
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-
->
-> No. I just said that there will be no ability to prepare queries with
-> subselects for latter execution: will be no ability to get execution plan which
-> could be passed to executor to get results without additional parser/planner
-> invocations. This ability is used by SQL-functions and SPI_prepare()/SPI_execp()
-> (==> PLs). RULEs don't use execution plan, but use parsed query tree (stored
-> in pg_rewrite) -> I foresee problems with VIEWs on queries with subselects.
->
-> Ability to have execution plans seems important to me. Other DBMS-es use
-> this for stored procedures and views.
->
-> Vadim
->
-
-I see what you are saying about other people calling pg_plan(). pg_plan
-returns the query rewritten, and a plan, and some areas use that. I
-will have to make sure I honor that functionality in any changes I make
-to it. I will think more about this. I may have to add an 'execute me'
-flag to it. However, I am unsure how I am going to generate 'just a
-plan or rewritten query structure' without actually running the query
-and having the temp table created so the rest can be parsed.
-
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Dec 1 02:00:58 1997
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-Message-ID: <34825E16.446B9B3D@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Mon, 01 Dec 1997 13:49:58 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] querytrees and multiple statements
-References: <199712010557.AAA10395@candle.pha.pa.us>
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-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> >
-> > No. I just said that there will be no ability to prepare queries with
-> > subselects for latter execution: will be no ability to get execution plan which
-> > could be passed to executor to get results without additional parser/planner
-> > invocations. This ability is used by SQL-functions and SPI_prepare()/SPI_execp()
-> > (==> PLs). RULEs don't use execution plan, but use parsed query tree (stored
-> > in pg_rewrite) -> I foresee problems with VIEWs on queries with subselects.
-> >
-> > Ability to have execution plans seems important to me. Other DBMS-es use
-> > this for stored procedures and views.
-> >
-> > Vadim
-> >
->
-> I see what you are saying about other people calling pg_plan(). pg_plan
-> returns the query rewritten, and a plan, and some areas use that. I
-> will have to make sure I honor that functionality in any changes I make
-> to it. I will think more about this. I may have to add an 'execute me'
-> flag to it. However, I am unsure how I am going to generate 'just a
-> plan or rewritten query structure' without actually running the query
-> and having the temp table created so the rest can be parsed.
-
-That's why I suggest to try with nodeMaterial(): this could allow to handle
-subqueries on optimizer level and got single execution plan for
-single user query.
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Dec 1 02:46:23 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199712010732.CAA11574@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] querytrees and multiple statements
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Mon, 1 Dec 1997 02:32:45 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <34825E16.446B9B3D@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Dec 1, 97 01:49:58 pm
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-
->
-> Bruce Momjian wrote:
-> >
-> > >
-> > > No. I just said that there will be no ability to prepare queries with
-> > > subselects for latter execution: will be no ability to get execution plan which
-> > > could be passed to executor to get results without additional parser/planner
-> > > invocations. This ability is used by SQL-functions and SPI_prepare()/SPI_execp()
-> > > (==> PLs). RULEs don't use execution plan, but use parsed query tree (stored
-> > > in pg_rewrite) -> I foresee problems with VIEWs on queries with subselects.
-> > >
-> > > Ability to have execution plans seems important to me. Other DBMS-es use
-> > > this for stored procedures and views.
-> > >
-> > > Vadim
-> > >
-> >
-> > I see what you are saying about other people calling pg_plan(). pg_plan
-> > returns the query rewritten, and a plan, and some areas use that. I
-> > will have to make sure I honor that functionality in any changes I make
-> > to it. I will think more about this. I may have to add an 'execute me'
-> > flag to it. However, I am unsure how I am going to generate 'just a
-> > plan or rewritten query structure' without actually running the query
-> > and having the temp table created so the rest can be parsed.
->
-> That's why I suggest to try with nodeMaterial(): this could allow to handle
-> subqueries on optimizer level and got single execution plan for
-> single user query.
-
-Can you give me more details on this? I realize I can create an empty
-tmp table to get through the parser analysis stuff, but how do I do
-something in nodeMaterial?
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Tue Dec 2 00:04:05 1997
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-Message-ID: <34839824.3F54BC7E@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Tue, 02 Dec 1997 12:09:56 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@post.krasnet.ru>, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] querytrees and multiple statements
-References: <199712010732.CAA11574@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> >
-> > That's why I suggest to try with nodeMaterial(): this could allow to handle
-> > subqueries on optimizer level and got single execution plan for
-> > single user query.
->
-> Can you give me more details on this? I realize I can create an empty
-> tmp table to get through the parser analysis stuff, but how do I do
-> something in nodeMaterial?
-
- * ExecMaterial
- *
- * The first time this is called, ExecMaterial retrieves tuples
- * this node's outer subplan and inserts them into a temporary
- ^^^^^^^
-
- * relation. After this is done, a flag is set indicating that
- * the subplan has been materialized. Once the relation is
- * materialized, the first tuple is then returned. Successive
- * calls to ExecMaterial return successive tuples from the temp
- * relation.
-
-As you see, this node materializes some plan results into temp relation:
-instead of doing SELECT ... INTO temp FROM ... WHERE ... you could
-create Material node using plan for 'SELECT ... FROM ... WHERE ...' as
-its subplan. SeqScan of this materialized relation can be used in any
-join plans just like scan od normal relation, e.g. - NESTLOOP plan:
-
- NESTLOOP
- SeqScan A
- SeqScan B
-
-becomes
-
- NESTLOOP
- SeqScan
- Material
- ...subplan here...
- SeqScan B (or other Material)
-
-and so on...
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Tue Dec 2 01:28:02 1997
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199712020602.BAA01042@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] querytrees and multiple statements
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Tue, 2 Dec 1997 01:02:15 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: vadim@post.krasnet.ru, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <34839824.3F54BC7E@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Dec 2, 97 12:09:56 pm
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-
->
-> Bruce Momjian wrote:
-> >
-> > >
-> > > That's why I suggest to try with nodeMaterial(): this could allow to handle
-> > > subqueries on optimizer level and got single execution plan for
-> > > single user query.
-> >
-> > Can you give me more details on this? I realize I can create an empty
-> > tmp table to get through the parser analysis stuff, but how do I do
-> > something in nodeMaterial?
->
-> * ExecMaterial
-> *
-> * The first time this is called, ExecMaterial retrieves tuples
-> * this node's outer subplan and inserts them into a temporary
-> ^^^^^^^
->
-> * relation. After this is done, a flag is set indicating that
-> * the subplan has been materialized. Once the relation is
-> * materialized, the first tuple is then returned. Successive
-> * calls to ExecMaterial return successive tuples from the temp
-> * relation.
->
-> As you see, this node materializes some plan results into temp relation:
-> instead of doing SELECT ... INTO temp FROM ... WHERE ... you could
-> create Material node using plan for 'SELECT ... FROM ... WHERE ...' as
-> its subplan. SeqScan of this materialized relation can be used in any
-> join plans just like scan od normal relation, e.g. - NESTLOOP plan:
->
-> NESTLOOP
-> SeqScan A
-> SeqScan B
->
-> becomes
->
-> NESTLOOP
-> SeqScan
-> Material
-> ...subplan here...
-> SeqScan B (or other Material)
->
-> and so on...
-
-The problem now is that I don't understand much about what happens
-inside the optimizer or executor. I am sure you are correct that we can
-have the subselect as a subnode, and if you think that is best, then it
-is.
-
-This pretty much stops me in developing subselects. I have the concepts
-down of what has to happen, but I can not implement it. It will take me
-several months to learn how the optimizer and executor work in enough
-detail to implement this.
-
-I usually alot 2-3 days a month for PostgreSQL development.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Thu Oct 30 01:30:59 1997
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-Message-ID: <34582629.33590565@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Thu, 30 Oct 1997 13:16:09 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-To: PostgreSQL Developers List <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: [HACKERS] Subqueries?
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-
-Hi!
-
-Bruce, did you begin with them ?
-I agreed that subqueries should be implemented like SQL-funcs, but
-I would suggest to don't CREATE FUNCTION - this is quite bad for
-performance, but use some new node (VirtualFunc or SubQuery or) and
-handle such nodes like sql-funcs are handled in function.c
-(but without parser/planner invocation on each call - should be
-fixed!). Also, not corelated subqueries returning single result
-can't be replaced in parser/planner by constant node: rules (and so -
-views), spi and PL use _prepared_ plans...
-It seems that this is not hard work...
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Thu Oct 30 16:31:59 1997
-Received: from hub.org (hub.org [209.47.148.200])
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199710302107.QAA06370@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Subqueries?
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Thu, 30 Oct 1997 16:07:51 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <34582629.33590565@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Oct 30, 97 01:16:09 pm
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-
->
-> Hi!
->
-> Bruce, did you begin with them ?
-> I agreed that subqueries should be implemented like SQL-funcs, but
-> I would suggest to don't CREATE FUNCTION - this is quite bad for
-> performance, but use some new node (VirtualFunc or SubQuery or) and
-> handle such nodes like sql-funcs are handled in function.c
-> (but without parser/planner invocation on each call - should be
-> fixed!). Also, not corelated subqueries returning single result
-> can't be replaced in parser/planner by constant node: rules (and so -
-> views), spi and PL use _prepared_ plans...
-> It seems that this is not hard work...
->
-> Vadim
->
->
-
-OK, here is what I have collected over the months about subqueries.
-The Sybase whitepaper is also attached.
-
-This should get us thinking about how to implement each subquery type,
-what operations need to be performed, and in what order.
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [PG95-DEV] Need info on other databases.
-To: pg95-dev@ki.net
-Date: Fri, 22 Nov 1996 12:49:24 -0500 (EST)
-
->
->
-> What I'm specifically interested in is the SQL-92 spec
-> for the ANSI things that postgres95 is missing and the
-> syntax/limitations on systems like Informix, Sybase,
-> Microsoft, et.al...
->
-> Any technical info such as performance hits, disabling
-> the use of indices, stuff like that would be _greatly_
-> appreciated. I have a decent understanding of this for
-> Oracle, but not for any other systems. I want to get
-> an idea of the work load of adding the IN, BETWEEN/AND
-> and HAVING clauses.
-
-I have done some thinking about subselects. There are basically two
-issues:
-
- Does the query return one row or several rows? This can be
- determined by seeing if the user uses equals on 'IN' to join the
- subquery.
-
- Is the query correlated, meaning "Does the subquery reference
- values from the outer query?"
-
-(We already have the third type of subquery, the INSERT...SELECT query.)
-
-So we have these four combinations:
-
- 1) one row, no correlation
- 2) multiple rows, no correlation
- 3) one row, correlated
- 4) multiple rows, correlated
-
-
-With #1, we can execute the subquery, get the value, replace the
-subquery with the constant returned from the subquery, and execute the
-outer query.
-
-With #2, we can execute the subquery and put the result into a temporary
-table. We then rewrite the outer query to access the temporary table
-and replace the subquery with the column name from the temporary table.
-We probabally put an index on the temp. table, which has only one
-column, because a subquery can only return one column. We remove the
-temp. table after query execution.
-
-With #3 and #4, we potentially need to execute the subquery for every
-row returned by the outer query. Performance would be horrible for
-anything but the smallest query. Another way to handle this is to
-execute the subquery WITHOUT using any of the outer-query columns to
-restrict the WHERE clause, and add those columns used to join the outer
-variables into the target list of the subquery. So for query:
-
- select t1.name
- from tab t1
- where t1.age = (select max(t2.age)
- from tab2
- where tab2.name = t1.name)
-
-Execute the subquery and put it in a temporary table:
-
- select t2.name, max(t2.age)
- into table temp999
- from tab2
- where tab2.name = t1.name
-
- create index i_temp999 on temp999 (name)
-
-Then re-write the outer query:
-
- select t1.name
- from tab t1, temp999
- where t1.age = temp999.age and
- t1.name = temp999.name
-
-The only problem here is that the subselect is running for all entries
-in tab2, even if the outer query is only going to need a few rows.
-Determining whether to execute the subquery each time, or create a temp.
-table is often difficult to determine. Even some non-correlated
-subqueries are better to execute for each row rather the pre-execute the
-entire subquery, expecially if the outer query returns few rows.
-
-One requirement to handle these issues is better column statistics,
-which I am working on.
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Date: Thu, 5 Dec 1996 10:07:56 -0500
-From: aixssd!darrenk@abs.net (Darren King)
-To: maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-Subject: Subselect info.
-
-> Any of them deal with implementing subselects?
-
-There's a white paper at the www.sybase.com that might
-help a little. It's just a copy of a presentation
-given by the optimizer guru there. Nothing code-wise,
-but he gives a few ways of flattening them with temp
-tables, etc...
-
-Darren
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 12:04:31 +0800
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> Considering the complexity of the primary/secondary changes you are
-> making, I believe subselects will be easier than that.
-
-I don't do changes for P/F keys - just thinking...
-Yes, I think that impl of referential integrity is
-more complex work.
-
-As for subselects:
-
-in plannodes.h
-
-typedef struct Plan {
-...
- struct Plan *lefttree;
- struct Plan *righttree;
-} Plan;
-
-/* ----------------
- * these are are defined to avoid confusion problems with "left"
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- * and "right" and "inner" and "outer". The convention is that
- * the "left" plan is the "outer" plan and the "right" plan is
- * the inner plan, but these make the code more readable.
- * ----------------
- */
-#define innerPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->righttree)
-#define outerPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->lefttree)
-
-First thought is avoid any confusions by re-defining
-
-#define rightPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->righttree)
-#define leftPlan(node) (((Plan *)(node))->lefttree)
-
-and change all occurrences of 'outer' & 'inner' in code
-to 'left' & 'inner' ones:
-
-this will allow to use 'outer' & 'inner' things for subselects
-latter, without confusion. My hope is that we may change Executor
-very easy by adding outer/inner plans/TupleSlots to
-EState, CommonState, JoinState, etc and by doing node
-processing in right order.
-
-Subselects are mostly Planner problem.
-
-Unfortunately, I havn't time at the moment: CHECK/DEFAULT...
-
-Vadim
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 12:22:37 +0800
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-
-Vadim B. Mikheev wrote:
->
-> this will allow to use 'outer' & 'inner' things for subselects
-> latter, without confusion. My hope is that we may change Executor
-
-Or may be use 'high' & 'low' for subselecs (to avoid confusion
-with outter hoins).
-
-> very easy by adding outer/inner plans/TupleSlots to
-> EState, CommonState, JoinState, etc and by doing node
-> processing in right order.
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Rule is easy:
-1. Uncorrelated subselect - do 'low' plan node first
-2. Correlated - do left/right first
-
-- just some flag in structures.
-
-Vadim
-
-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-[Image]
-Home | Search/Index
-
-Performance Tips for Transact-SQL
-
-Slides from a presentation by Jeff Lichtman
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Table of Contents
-
-Overview
->versus>=
-Exists Versus Not Exists
-Exists Versus Not Exists II
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins Example
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins III
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins IV
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins V
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins Example
-Creating Tables in Stored Procedures
-Creating Tables in Stored Procedures Example
-Variables versus Parameters in Where Clause
-Variables versus Parameters in Where Clause Example
-Count versus Exists
-Count versus Exists II
-Or versus Union
-Or versus Union Example
-MAX and MIN Aggregates
-MAX and MIN Aggregates II
-MAX and MIN Aggregates Example
-MAX and MIN Aggregates III
-Joins and Datatypes
-Joins and Datatypes Example
-Joins and Datatypes II
-Joins and Datatypes III
-Parameters and Datatypes
-Parameters and Datatypes Example
-Summary
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Overview
-
- * Goal Is to Learn Some Tips to Help You Improve the Performance of Your
- Queries.
- * Emphasis Is on Queries, Not on Schema.
- * Many Tips Are Not Related to Query Optimizer.
- * Tips Are Based on Actual Customer Cases Seen by SQL Server Development
- Engineer.
- * These Tips Are Intended As Suggestions and Guidelines, Not Absolute
- Rules.
- * Some of These Tips Could Become Obsolete As Sybase Improves the SQL
- Server.
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-> versus >=
-
-Given the query:
-
-select * from tab where x > 3
-
-with an index on x. This query works by using the index to find the first
-value where x = 3, and scanning forward.
-
-Suppose there are many rows in tab where x = 3.
-
-In this case, the server has to scan many pages before finding the first row
-where x > 3.
-
-It is more efficient to write the query like this:
-
-select * from tab where x >= 4
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Exists Versus Not Exists
-
-In subqueries and IF statements, EXISTS and IN are faster than NOT EXISTS
-and NOT IN.
-
-With IF statements, one can easily avoid NOT EXISTS:
-
-if not exists (select * from ...)
-begin /* Statement group 1 */
-...
-end else begin /* Statement group 2 */
-...
-end
-
-can be re-written as:
-
-if exists (select * from ...)
-begin /* Statement group 2 */
-...
-end else begin /* Statement group 1 */
-...
-end
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Exists versus Not Exists (cont.)
-
-Even without an ELSE clause, it is possible to avoid
-
-NOT EXISTS in IF statements :
-
-if not exists (select * from ...)
-begin
- /* Statement group */
- ...
-end
-...
-
-can be re-written as:
-
-if exists (select * from ...)
-begin
- goto exists_label
-end
-/* Statement group */
-...
-exists_label:
-...
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins
-
- * SQL Server Processes Subqueries "Inside-Out"
- * For Correlated Subqueries, It Creates a Worktable Containing Subquery
- Results
- * The Worktable Is Grouped on the Correlation Columns
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins
-
-For example:
-
-select w from outer where x =
- (select sum(a) from inner
- where inner.b = outer.z)
-
-becomes:
-
-select outer.z, summ = sum(inner.a)
-into #work
-from outer, inner
-where inner.b = outer.z
-group by outer.z
-select outer.w
-from outer, #work
-where outer.z = #work.z
-and outer.x = #work.summ
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins (cont.)
-
-The SQL Server copies search clauses from the outer query to the subquery to
-improve performance:
-
-select w from outer
-where y = 1
-and x = (select sum(a)
- from inner
- where inner.b = outer.z)
-
-becomes:
-
-select outer.z, summ = sum(inner.a)
-into #work
-from outer, inner
-where inner.b = outer.z and outer.y = 1
-group by outer .z
-select outer.w
-from outer, #work
-where outer.z = #work.z and outer.y = 1 and outer.x =#work.summ
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins (cont.)
-
- * The SQL Server Does Not Copy Join Clauses Into Correlated Subqueries As
- It Does With Search Clauses.
- * Copying Search Clauses Will Always Make the Query Run Faster, but
- Copying a Join Clause Might Make It Run Slower.
- * Copying the Join Clause Is Beneficial Only If the Join Clause Is Very
- Restrictive.
- * Only the Query Optimizer Knows Whether a Join Clause Is Restrictive,
- but the SQL Server Breaks the Query Into Steps Before Optimization.
- * Since You Know Your Data, You Can Copy Join Clauses Into Subqueries
- When You Know It Will Help.
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins (cont.)
-
-An example of when to copy join clause:
-
-select *
-from huge_tab, single_row_tab
-where huge_tab.unique_column = single_row_tab.a
-and huge_tab.b = (select sum©
- from inner
- where huge_tab.d = inner.e)
-
-should be re-written as:
-
-select *
-from huge_tab, single_row_tab
-where huge_tab.unique_column = single_row_tab.a
-and huge_tab.b = (select sum©
- from inner
- where huge_tab.d = inner.e
- and huge_tab.unique_column = single_row_tab.a)
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Correlated Subqueries with Restrictive Outer Joins (cont.)
-
-An example of when not to copy join clause:
-
-select *
-from huge_tab, single_row_tab
-where huge_tab.many_duplicates_in_column = single_row_tab.a and
-single_row_tab.b = (select sum©
- from inner
- where single_row_tab.d = inner.e)
-
-Should not be re-written as:
-
-select *
-from huge_tab, single_row_tab
-where huge_tab.many_duplicates_in_column = single_row_tab.a and
-single_row_tab.b = (select sum©
- from inner
- where single_row tab.d = inner .e
- and huge_tab.many_duplicates_in_column = single_row_tab.a)
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Creating Tables in Stored Procedures
-
- * When You Create a Table in the Same Stored Procedure Where It Is Used,
- the Query Optimizer Cannot Know How Big the Table Is.
- * The Optimizer Assumes That Any Such Table Has 10 Data Pages and 100
- Rows.
- * If the Table Is Really Big, This Assumption Can Lead the Optimizer to
- Choose a Sub-Optimal Query Plan.
- * In Cases Like This, It Is Better to Create the Table Outside the
- Procedure, Which Allows the Optimizer to See How Large the Table Is.
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Creating Tables in Stored Procedures (cont)
-
-For example:
-
-create proc p as
- select * into #huge_result from ...
- select * from tab, #huge_result where
- ...
-
-can be re-written as:
-
-create proc p as
- select * into #huge_result from ...
- exec s
-create proc s as
- select * from tab, #huge_result where
- ...
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Variables versus Parameters in Where Clause
-
- * The Query Optimizer Cannot Predict the Value of a Declared Variable.
- * The Query Does Know the Value of a Parameter to a Stored Procedure at
- Compile Time.
- * Knowing the Values in the WHERE Clause of a Query Can Help the
- Optimizer Make Better Choices.
- * To Avoid Putting Variables Into WHERE Clauses, One Can Split up Stored
- Procedures.
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Variables versus Parameters in Where Clause (cont)
-
-For example:
-
-create procedure p as
- declare @x int
- select @x = col from tab where ...
- select * from tab2 where col2 = @x
-
-can be re-written as:
-
-create procedure p as
- declare @x int
- select @x = col from tab where ...
- exec s @x
-create procedure s @x int as
- select * from tab2 where col2 = @x
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Count versus Exists
-
-It is possible to use the COUNT aggregate in a subquery to do an existence
-check:
-
-select * from tab where 0 <
- (select count(*) from tab2 where ...)
-
-It is possible to write this same query using EXISTS (or IN):
-
-select * from tab where exists
- (select * from tab2 where ...)
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Count versus Exists (cont)
-
- * Using COUNT to Do an Existence Check Is Slower Than Using EXISTS.
- * When You Use COUNT, the SQL Server Does Not Know That You Are Doing an
- Existence Check. It Counts All of the Matching Values.
- * When You Use EXISTS, the SQL Server Knows You Are Doing an Existence
- Check, So It Stops Looking When It Finds the First Matching Value.
- * The Same Applies to Using COUNT Instead of IN or ANY.
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Or versus Union
-
- * The SQL Server Cannot Optimize Join Clauses That Are Linked With OR.
- * The SQL Server Can Optimize Selects That Are Linked With UNION.
- * The Result of OR Is Somewhat Like the Result of UNION, Except For the
- Treatment of Duplicate Rows and Empty Tables.
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Or versus Union (cont)
-
-For example:
-
-select * from tab1, tab2
-where tab1.a = tab2.b
-or tab1.x = tab2.y
-
-can be re-written as:
-
-select * from tab1, tab2
-where tab1.a = tab2.b
-union all
-select * from tab1, tab2
-where tab1.x = tab2.y
-
-You can use UNION instead of UNION ALL if you want to eliminate duplicates,
-but this will eliminate all duplicates. It may not be possible to get
-exactly the same set of duplicates from the re-written query.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-MAX and MIN Aggregates
-
- * The SQL Server Uses Special Optimizations for the MAX and MIN
- Aggregates When There Is an Index on the Aggregated Column.
- * For MIN, It Stops the Scan on the First Qualifying Row.
- * For MAX, It Goes Directly to the End of the Index to Find the Last Row.
- * The Optimization Is Not Applied If:
- o The Expression Inside the MAX or MIN Is Anything but a Column
- o The Column Inside the MAX or MIN Is Not the First Column of an
- Index
- o There Is Another Aggregate in the Query
- o There Is a GROUP BY Clause
- * In Addition, the MAX Optimization Is Not Applied If There Is a WHERE
- Clause.
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-MAX and MIN Aggregates (cont)
-
-If you have an optimizable MAX or MIN aggregate, it can pay to put it in a
-query separate from other aggregates. For example:
-
-select max(x), min(x) from tab
-
-will result in a full scan of tab, even if there is an index on x. The query
-can be re-written as:
-
-select max(x) from tab
-select min(x) from tab
-
-This can result in using the index twice, rather than scanning the entire
-table once.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-MAX and MIN Aggregates (cont)
-
-The MIN optimization can backfire if the where clause is highly selective.
-For example:
-
-select min(index_col)
-from tab
-where
- col_in_other_index = "value only at end of first index"
-
-The MIN optimization will result in a nearly complete scan of the entire
-index.
-
-This is counter-intuitive. The more selective the WHERE clause, the slower
-the query.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-MAX and MIN Aggregates (cont)
-
-In cases like this, it can pay to disable the MIN optimization by combining
-it with another aggregate:
-
-select min(index_col), max(index_col)
-from tab
-where
-col_in_other_index = Òvalue only at end of first indexÓ
-
-This convinces the optimizer not to use the MIN optimization, so it chooses
-the next best plan, which might be the other index.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Joins and Datatypes
-
- * When Joining Between Two Columns of the Different Datatypes, One of the
- Columns Must Be Converted to the Type of the Other.
- * The Commands Reference Manual Shows the Hierarchy of Types.
- * The Column Whose Type Is Lower in the Hierarchy Is the One That Is
- Converted.
- * The Query Optimizer Cannot Choose an Index on the Column That Is
- Converted.
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Joins and Datatypes (cont)
-
-For example:
-
-select *
-from tab1, tab2
-where tab1.float_column = tab2.int_column
-
-In this case, no index on tab2.int_column can be used, because int is lower
-in the hierarchy than float.
-
-Note that CHAR NULL is really VARCHAR, and BINARY NULL is really VARBINARY.
-
-Joining CHAR NOT NULL with CHAR NULL involves a conversion (BINARY too).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Joins and Datatypes (cont)
-
-It's best to avoid datatype problems in joins by designing the schema
-accordingly.
-
-If a join between different datatypes is unavoidable, and it hurts
-performance, you can force the conversion to be on the other side of the
-join.
-
-For example:
-
-select *
-from tab1, tab2
-where tab1.char_column = convert(char(75),tab2.varchar_column)
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Joins and Datatypes (cont)
-
-Be careful! This tactic can change the meaning of the query.
-
-For example:
-
-select *
-from tab1, tab2
-where tab1.int_column = convert(int, tab2.float_column)
-
-This will not return the same results as the join without the convert. It
-can be salvaged by adding:
-
-and tab2.float_column = convert(int, tab2.float_column)
-
-This assumes that all values in tab2.float_column can be converted to int.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Parameters and Datatypes
-
- * The Query Optimizer Can Use the Values of Parameters to Stored
- Procedures to Help Determine Costs.
- * If a Parameter Is Not of the Same Type As the Column in The WHERE
- Clause That It Is Being Compared to, the Server Has to Convert the
- Parameter.
- * The Optimizer Cannot Use the Value of a Converted Parameter.
- * It Pays to Make Sure That Parameters Have the Same Type As the Columns
- They Are Compared To.
-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Parameters and Datatypes (cont)
-
-For example:
-
-create proc p @x varchar(30) as
-select * from tab where char_column = @x
-
-may get a poorer query plan than:
-
-create proc p @x char(30) as
-select * from tab where char_column = @x
-
-Remember that CHAR NULL is really VARCHAR, and BINARY NULL is really
-VARBINARY.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Summary
-
- * How you write your queries can make a big difference in performance.
- * Two different queries that do the same thing may perform differently.
- * There are few absolutes to improving performance, but the tips given
- here can help.
- * These tips are not all there is to know about performance.
-
-About the Author
-
-Jeff Lichtman has worked at Sybase since 1987. In 1994, he was given the new
-position of architect of query processing for SQL Server. He is informally
-known as Sybase's optimizer guru.
-
-For more info send email to webmaster@sybase.com
-
-Copyright 1995 © Sybase, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sun Jan 11 23:49:44 1998
-Received: from www.krasnet.ru (www.krasnet.ru [193.125.44.86])
- by candle.pha.pa.us (8.8.5/8.8.5) with ESMTP id XAA19252
- for <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>; Sun, 11 Jan 1998 23:49:02 -0500 (EST)
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-Message-ID: <34B9A580.55DD4645@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Mon, 12 Jan 1998 12:09:20 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org, lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801110559.AAA11801@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> We need a new Node structure, call it Sublink:
->
-> int linkType (IN, NOTIN, ANY, EXISTS, OPERATOR...)
-> Oid operator /* subquery must return single row */
-> List *lefthand; /* parent stuff */
-> Node *subquery; /* represents nodes from parser */
-> Index Subindex; /* filled in to index Query->subqueries */
-
-Ok, I agreed that it's better to have new node and don't put subquery stuff
-into Expr node.
-
-int linkType
- is one of EXISTS, ANY, ALL, EXPR. EXPR is for the case of expression
- subqueries (following Sybase naming) which must return single row -
- (a, b, c) = (subquery).
- Note again, that there are no linkType for IN and NOTIN here.
- User' IN and NOT IN must be converted to = ANY and <> ALL by parser.
-
-We need not in Oid operator! In all cases we need in
-
-List *oper
- list of Oper nodes for each of a, b, c, ... and operator (=, ...)
- corresponding to data type of a, b, c, ...
-
-List *lefthand
- is list of Var/Const nodes - representation of (a, b, c, ...)
-
-What is Node *subquery ?
-In optimizer we need either in Subindex (to get subquery from Query->subqueries
-when beeing in Sublink) or in Node *subquery inside Sublink itself.
-BTW, after some thought I don't see how Query->subqueries will be usefull.
-So, may be just add bool hassubqueries to Query (and Query *parentQuery)
-and use Query *subquery in Sublink, but not subindex ?
-
->
-> Also, when parsing the subqueries, we need to keep track of correlated
-> references. I recommend we add a field to the Var structure:
->
-> Index sublevel; /* range table reference:
-> = 0 current level of query
-> < 0 parent above this many levels
-> > 0 index into subquery list
-> */
->
-> This way, a Var node with sublevel 0 is the current level, and is true
-> in most cases. This helps us not have to change much code. sublevel =
-> -1 means it references the range table in the parent query. sublevel =
-> -2 means the parent's parent. sublevel = 2 means it references the range
-> table of the second entry in Query->subqueries. Varno and varattno are
-> still meaningful. Of course, we can't reference variables in the
-> subqueries from the parent in the parser code, but Vadim may want to.
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-No. So, just use sublevel >= 0: 0 - current level, 1 - one level up, ...
-sublevel is for optimizer only - executor will not use it.
-
->
-> When doing a Var lookup in the parser, we look in the current level
-> first, but if not found, if it is a subquery, we can look at the parent
-> and parent's parent to set the sublevel, varno, and varatno properly.
->
-> We create no phantom range table entries in the subquery, and no phantom
-> target list entries. We can leave that all for the upper optimizer.
-
-Ok.
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 12 08:06:41 1998
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-Message-ID: <34B9E3B5.CF9AC8E3@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Mon, 12 Jan 1998 16:34:45 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> <34B7CC91.E6E331C7@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-Status: OR
-
-Thomas G. Lockhart wrote:
->
-> btw, to implement "(a,b,c) OP (d,e,f)" I made a new routine in the parser called
-> makeRowExpr() which breaks this up into a sequence of "and" and/or "or" expressions.
-> If lists are handled farther back, this routine should move to there also and the
-> parser will just pass the lists. Note that some assumptions have to be made about the
-> meaning of "(a,b) OP (c,d)", since usually we only have knowledge of the behavior of
-> "a OP c". Easy for the standard SQL operators, unknown for others, but maybe it is OK
-> to disallow those cases or to look for specific appearance of the operator to guess
-> the behavior (e.g. if the operator has "<" or "=" or ">" then build as "and"s and if
-> it has "<>" or "!" then build as "or"s.
-
-Oh, god! I never thought about this!
-Ok, I have to agree:
-
-1. Only <, <=, =, >, >=, <> is allowed with subselects
-2. Use OR's for <>, and so - we need in bool useor in SubLink
- for <>, <> ANY and <> ALL:
-
-typedef struct SubLink {
- NodeTag type;
- int linkType; /* EXISTS, ALL, ANY, EXPR */
- bool useor; /* TRUE for <> */
- List *lefthand; /* List of Var/Const nodes on the left */
- List *oper; /* List of Oper nodes */
- Query *subquery; /* */
-} SubLink;
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 12 08:06:53 1998
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-Date: Mon, 12 Jan 1998 16:34:45 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> <34B7CC91.E6E331C7@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Sender: owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org
-Precedence: bulk
-Status: OR
-
-Thomas G. Lockhart wrote:
->
-> btw, to implement "(a,b,c) OP (d,e,f)" I made a new routine in the parser called
-> makeRowExpr() which breaks this up into a sequence of "and" and/or "or" expressions.
-> If lists are handled farther back, this routine should move to there also and the
-> parser will just pass the lists. Note that some assumptions have to be made about the
-> meaning of "(a,b) OP (c,d)", since usually we only have knowledge of the behavior of
-> "a OP c". Easy for the standard SQL operators, unknown for others, but maybe it is OK
-> to disallow those cases or to look for specific appearance of the operator to guess
-> the behavior (e.g. if the operator has "<" or "=" or ">" then build as "and"s and if
-> it has "<>" or "!" then build as "or"s.
-
-Oh, god! I never thought about this!
-Ok, I have to agree:
-
-1. Only <, <=, =, >, >=, <> is allowed with subselects
-2. Use OR's for <>, and so - we need in bool useor in SubLink
- for <>, <> ANY and <> ALL:
-
-typedef struct SubLink {
- NodeTag type;
- int linkType; /* EXISTS, ALL, ANY, EXPR */
- bool useor; /* TRUE for <> */
- List *lefthand; /* List of Var/Const nodes on the left */
- List *oper; /* List of Oper nodes */
- Query *subquery; /* */
-} SubLink;
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 12 08:06:38 1998
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-Date: Mon, 12 Jan 1998 16:40:48 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801092231.RAA24282@candle.pha.pa.us> <34B7AD8C.5ED59CB5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> <34B7CC91.E6E331C7@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Thomas G. Lockhart wrote:
->
-> btw, to implement "(a,b,c) OP (d,e,f)" I made a new routine in the parser called
-> makeRowExpr() which breaks this up into a sequence of "and" and/or "or" expressions.
-> If lists are handled farther back, this routine should move to there also and the
-> parser will just pass the lists. Note that some assumptions have to be made about the
-> meaning of "(a,b) OP (c,d)", since usually we only have knowledge of the behavior of
-> "a OP c". Easy for the standard SQL operators, unknown for others, but maybe it is OK
-> to disallow those cases or to look for specific appearance of the operator to guess
-> the behavior (e.g. if the operator has "<" or "=" or ">" then build as "and"s and if
-> it has "<>" or "!" then build as "or"s.
-
-Sorry, I forgot something: is (a, b) OP (x, y) in standard ?
-If not then I suggest to don't implement it at all and allow
-(a, b) OP [ANY|ALL] (subselect) only.
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Tue Jan 13 09:30:58 1998
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-Date: Tue, 13 Jan 1998 21:20:25 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org, lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801121424.JAA02440@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-Status: OR
-
-Ok. I don't see how Query->subqueries could me help, but I foresee
-that Query->sublinks can do it. Could you add this ?
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> >
-> > What is Node *subquery ?
-> > In optimizer we need either in Subindex (to get subquery from Query->subqueries
-> > when beeing in Sublink) or in Node *subquery inside Sublink itself.
-> > BTW, after some thought I don't see how Query->subqueries will be usefull.
-> > So, may be just add bool hassubqueries to Query (and Query *parentQuery)
-> > and use Query *subquery in Sublink, but not subindex ?
->
-> OK, I originally created it because the parser would have trouble
-> filling in a List* field in SelectStmt while it was parsing a WHERE
-> clause. I decided to just stick the SelectStmt* into Sublink->subquery.
->
-> While we are going through the parse output to fill in the Query*, I
-> thought we should move the actual subquery parse output to a separate
-> place, and once the Query* was completed, spin through the saved
-> subquery parse list and stuff Query->subqueries with a list of Query*
-> for the subqueries. I thought this would be easier, because we would
-> then have all the subqueries in a nice list that we can manage easier.
->
-> In fact, we can fill Query->subqueries with SelectStmt* as we process
-> the WHERE clause, then convert them to Query* at the end.
->
-> If you would rather keep the subquery Query* entries in the Sublink
-> structure, we can do that. The only issue I see is that when you want
-> to get to them, you have to wade through the WHERE clause to find them.
-> For example, we will have to run the subquery Query* through the rewrite
-> system. Right now, for UNION, I have a nice union List* in Query, and I
-> just spin through it in postgres.c for each Union query. If we keep the
-> subquery Query* inside Sublink, we have to have some logic to go through
-> and find them.
->
-> If we just have an Index in Sublink to the Query->subqueries, we can use
-> the nth() macro to find them quite easily.
->
-> But it is up to you. I really don't know how you are going to handle
-> things like:
->
-> select *
-> from taba
-> where x = 3 and y = 5 and (z=6 or q in (select g from tabb ))
-
-No problems.
-
->
-> My logic was to break the problem down to single queries as much as
-> possible, so we would be breaking the problem up into pieces. Whatever
-> is easier for you.
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Tue Jan 13 10:32:35 1998
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- by candle.pha.pa.us (8.8.5/8.8.5) id JAA28747;
- Tue, 13 Jan 1998 09:48:00 -0500 (EST)
-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801131448.JAA28747@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Tue, 13 Jan 1998 09:48:00 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org, lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu
-In-Reply-To: <34BB7829.2B18D4B5@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Jan 13, 98 09:20:25 pm
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-
->
-> Ok. I don't see how Query->subqueries could me help, but I foresee
-> that Query->sublinks can do it. Could you add this ?
-
-OK, so instead of moving the query out of the SubLink structure, you
-want the Query* in the Sublink structure, and a List* of SubLink
-pointers in the query structure?
-
- Query
- {
- ...
- List *sublink; /* list of pointers to Sublinks
- ...
- }
-
-I can do that. Let me know.
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Tue Jan 13 22:23:46 1998
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- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
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-Message-ID: <34BC2C4E.83E92D82@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Wed, 14 Jan 1998 10:09:02 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org, lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801131448.JAA28747@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> >
-> > Ok. I don't see how Query->subqueries could me help, but I foresee
-> > that Query->sublinks can do it. Could you add this ?
->
-> OK, so instead of moving the query out of the SubLink structure, you
-> want the Query* in the Sublink structure, and a List* of SubLink
-> pointers in the query structure?
-
-Yes.
-
->
-> Query
-> {
-> ...
-> List *sublink; /* list of pointers to Sublinks
-> ...
-> }
->
-> I can do that. Let me know.
-
-Thanks!
-
-Are there any opened issues ?
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Thu Jan 15 19:00:40 1998
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801152318.SAA12920@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Thu, 15 Jan 1998 18:18:31 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org, lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu
-In-Reply-To: <34BC2C4E.83E92D82@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Jan 14, 98 10:09:02 am
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->
-> Bruce Momjian wrote:
-> >
-> > >
-> > > Ok. I don't see how Query->subqueries could me help, but I foresee
-> > > that Query->sublinks can do it. Could you add this ?
-> >
-> > OK, so instead of moving the query out of the SubLink structure, you
-> > want the Query* in the Sublink structure, and a List* of SubLink
-> > pointers in the query structure?
->
-> Yes.
->
-> >
-> > Query
-> > {
-> > ...
-> > List *sublink; /* list of pointers to Sublinks
-> > ...
-> > }
-> >
-> > I can do that. Let me know.
->
-> Thanks!
->
-> Are there any opened issues ?
-
-OK, what do you need me to do. Do you want me to create the Sublink
-support stuff, fill them in in the parser, and pass them through the
-rewrite section and into the optimizer. I will prepare a list of
-changes.
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801152326.SAA26747@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Thu, 15 Jan 1998 18:26:41 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-In-Reply-To: <34B9E3B5.CF9AC8E3@sable.krasnoyarsk.su> from "Vadim B. Mikheev" at Jan 12, 98 04:34:45 pm
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-
-> typedef struct SubLink {
-> NodeTag type;
-> int linkType; /* EXISTS, ALL, ANY, EXPR */
-> bool useor; /* TRUE for <> */
-> List *lefthand; /* List of Var/Const nodes on the left */
-> List *oper; /* List of Oper nodes */
-> Query *subquery; /* */
-> } SubLink;
-
-OK, we add this structure above. During parsing, *subquery actually
-will hold Node *parsetree, not Query *.
-
-And add to Query:
-
- bool hasSubLinks;
-
-Also need a function to return a List* of SubLink*. I just did a
-similar thing with Aggreg*. And Var gets:
-
- int uplevels;
-
-Is that it?
-
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Fri Jan 16 04:36:05 1998
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- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
-Message-ID: <34BF2997.97B40172@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Fri, 16 Jan 1998 16:34:15 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu, hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801152326.SAA26747@candle.pha.pa.us>
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-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > typedef struct SubLink {
-> > NodeTag type;
-> > int linkType; /* EXISTS, ALL, ANY, EXPR */
-> > bool useor; /* TRUE for <> */
-> > List *lefthand; /* List of Var/Const nodes on the left */
-> > List *oper; /* List of Oper nodes */
-> > Query *subquery; /* */
-> > } SubLink;
->
-> OK, we add this structure above. During parsing, *subquery actually
-> will hold Node *parsetree, not Query *.
- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-But optimizer will get node Query here, yes ?
-
->
-> And add to Query:
->
-> bool hasSubLinks;
->
-> Also need a function to return a List* of SubLink*. I just did a
-> similar thing with Aggreg*. And Var gets:
->
-> int uplevels;
->
-> Is that it?
-
-Yes.
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Fri Jan 16 04:36:21 1998
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- Fri, 16 Jan 1998 16:37:21 +0700 (KRS)
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-Message-ID: <34BF2A50.A357A16D@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Fri, 16 Jan 1998 16:37:20 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: hackers@postgreSQL.org, lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801152318.SAA12920@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> >
-> > Are there any opened issues ?
->
-> OK, what do you need me to do. Do you want me to create the Sublink
-> support stuff, fill them in in the parser, and pass them through the
-> rewrite section and into the optimizer. I will prepare a list of
-> changes.
-
-Please do this. I'm ready to start coding of things in optimizer.
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sun Jan 18 07:32:52 1998
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- Sun, 18 Jan 1998 19:27:14 +0700 (KRS)
- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
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-Message-ID: <34C1F51D.E9CF0A39@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 19:27:09 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>,
- PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects coding started
-References: <199801170500.AAA12837@candle.pha.pa.us> <34C044D5.C21FE707@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Thomas G. Lockhart wrote:
->
-> Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > OK, I have created the SubLink structure with supporting routines, and
-> > have added code to create the SubLink structures in the parser, and have
-> > added Query->hasSubLink.
-> >
-> > I changed gram.y to support:
-> >
-> > (x,y,z) OP (subselect)
-> >
-> > where OP is any operator. Is that right, or are we doing only certain
-> > ones, and of so, do we limit it in the parser?
->
-> Seems like we would want to pass most operators and expressions through
-> gram.y, and then call elog() in either the transformation or in the
-> optimizer if it is an operator which can't be supported.
-
-Not in optimizer, in parser, please.
-Remember that for <> SubLink->useor must be TRUE and this is parser work
-(optimizer don't know about "=", "<>", etc but only about Oper nodes).
-
-IN ("=" ANY) and NOT IN ("<>" ALL) transformations are also parser work.
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Sun Jan 18 21:08:59 1998
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-Message-ID: <34C1F51D.E9CF0A39@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Sun, 18 Jan 1998 19:27:09 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: "Thomas G. Lockhart" <lockhart@alumni.caltech.edu>
-CC: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>,
- PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects coding started
-References: <199801170500.AAA12837@candle.pha.pa.us> <34C044D5.C21FE707@alumni.caltech.edu>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Sender: owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org
-Precedence: bulk
-Status: OR
-
-Thomas G. Lockhart wrote:
->
-> Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> > OK, I have created the SubLink structure with supporting routines, and
-> > have added code to create the SubLink structures in the parser, and have
-> > added Query->hasSubLink.
-> >
-> > I changed gram.y to support:
-> >
-> > (x,y,z) OP (subselect)
-> >
-> > where OP is any operator. Is that right, or are we doing only certain
-> > ones, and of so, do we limit it in the parser?
->
-> Seems like we would want to pass most operators and expressions through
-> gram.y, and then call elog() in either the transformation or in the
-> optimizer if it is an operator which can't be supported.
-
-Not in optimizer, in parser, please.
-Remember that for <> SubLink->useor must be TRUE and this is parser work
-(optimizer don't know about "=", "<>", etc but only about Oper nodes).
-
-IN ("=" ANY) and NOT IN ("<>" ALL) transformations are also parser work.
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Sun Jan 18 23:59:08 1998
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- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
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-Message-ID: <34C2DAA3.78E54042@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Mon, 19 Jan 1998 11:46:27 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: SubLink->oper
-References: <199801190419.XAA04367@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> In SubLink->oper, do you want the oid of the pg_operator, or the oid of
-> the pg_proc assigned to the operator?
->
-> Currently, I am giving you the oid of pg_operator.
-
-No! I need in Oper nodes here. For "normal" operators parser
-returns Expr node with opType = OP_EXPR and corresponding Oper
-in Node *oper. Near the same for SubLink: I need in Oper node
-for each pair of Var/Const from the left side and target entry from
-the subquery.
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 19 01:02:23 1998
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-From: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Message-Id: <199801190554.AAA23866@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: [HACKERS] subselects
-To: vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su (Vadim B. Mikheev)
-Date: Mon, 19 Jan 1998 00:54:49 -0500 (EST)
-Cc: hackers@postgreSQL.org (PostgreSQL-development)
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-
-
-OK, I have added code to allow the SubLinks make it to the optimizer.
-
-I implemented ParseState->parentParseState, but not parentQuery, because
-the parentParseState is much more valuable to me, and Vadim thought it
-might be useful, but was not positive. Also, keeping that parentQuery
-pointer valid through rewrite may be difficult, so I dropped it.
-ParseState is only valid in the parser.
-
-I have not done:
-
- correlated subquery column references
- added Var->sublevels_up
- gotten this to work in the rewrite system
- have not added full CopyNode support
-
-I will address these in the next few days.
-
---
-Bruce Momjian
-maillist@candle.pha.pa.us
-
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 19 01:32:54 1998
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-Date: Mon, 19 Jan 1998 13:25:22 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Subject: Re: SubLink->oper
-References: <199801190500.AAA10576@candle.pha.pa.us>
-Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> >
-> > Bruce Momjian wrote:
-> > >
-> > > In SubLink->oper, do you want the oid of the pg_operator, or the oid of
-> > > the pg_proc assigned to the operator?
-> > >
-> > > Currently, I am giving you the oid of pg_operator.
-> >
-> > No! I need in Oper nodes here. For "normal" operators parser
-> > returns Expr node with opType = OP_EXPR and corresponding Oper
-> > in Node *oper. Near the same for SubLink: I need in Oper node
-> > for each pair of Var/Const from the left side and target entry from
-> > the subquery.
-> >
-> > Vadim
-> >
->
-> OK, can I give you an Oper* for each field.
-
-Nice! But what's this:
-
-typedef struct SubLink
-{
-struct Query;
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^
- NodeTag type;
-
-Vadim
-
-From vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su Mon Jan 19 01:34:39 1998
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-Message-ID: <34C2F4B4.7BBA1DB2@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Mon, 19 Jan 1998 13:37:41 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: Re: subselects
-References: <199801190554.AAA23866@candle.pha.pa.us>
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-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> OK, I have added code to allow the SubLinks make it to the optimizer.
->
-> I implemented ParseState->parentParseState, but not parentQuery, because
-> the parentParseState is much more valuable to me, and Vadim thought it
-> might be useful, but was not positive. Also, keeping that parentQuery
-> pointer valid through rewrite may be difficult, so I dropped it.
-> ParseState is only valid in the parser.
->
-> I have not done:
->
-> correlated subquery column references
-> added Var->sublevels_up
-> gotten this to work in the rewrite system
-> have not added full CopyNode support
->
-> I will address these in the next few days.
-
-Nice! I'm starting with non-correlated subqueries...
-
-Vadim
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Mon Jan 19 01:35:50 1998
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-Date: Mon, 19 Jan 1998 13:37:41 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
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-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801190554.AAA23866@candle.pha.pa.us>
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-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> OK, I have added code to allow the SubLinks make it to the optimizer.
->
-> I implemented ParseState->parentParseState, but not parentQuery, because
-> the parentParseState is much more valuable to me, and Vadim thought it
-> might be useful, but was not positive. Also, keeping that parentQuery
-> pointer valid through rewrite may be difficult, so I dropped it.
-> ParseState is only valid in the parser.
->
-> I have not done:
->
-> correlated subquery column references
-> added Var->sublevels_up
-> gotten this to work in the rewrite system
-> have not added full CopyNode support
->
-> I will address these in the next few days.
-
-Nice! I'm starting with non-correlated subqueries...
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Wed Jan 21 04:00:59 1998
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-From: Zeugswetter Andreas DBT <Andreas.Zeugswetter@telecom.at>
-To: "'pgsql-hackers@hub.org'" <pgsql-hackers@hub.org>
-Subject: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-Date: Wed, 21 Jan 1998 09:42:52 +0100
-X-Priority: 3
-MIME-Version: 1.0
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-Status: OR
-
-Bruce wrote:
-> I have completed adding Var.varlevelsup, and have added code to the
-> parser to properly set the field. It will allow correlated references
-> in the WHERE clause, but not in the target list.
-
-select i2.ip1, i1.ip4 from nameip i1 where ip1 = (select ip1 from nameip
-i2);
- 522: Table (i2) not selected in query.
-select i1.ip4 from nameip i1 where ip1 = (select i1.ip1 from nameip i2);
- 284: A subquery has returned not exactly one row.
-select i1.ip4 from nameip i1 where ip1 = (select i1.ip1 from nameip i2
-where name='zeus');
- 2 row(s) retrieved.
-
-Informix allows correlated references in the target list. It also allows
-subselects in the target list as in:
-select i1.ip4, (select i1.ip1 from nameip i2) from nameip i1;
- 284: A subquery has returned not exactly one row.
-select i1.ip4, (select i1.ip1 from nameip i2 where name='zeus') from
-nameip i1;
- 2 row(s) retrieved.
-
-Is this what you were looking for ?
-
-Andreas
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Wed Jan 21 05:31:02 1998
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- (envelope-from vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su)
-Message-ID: <34C5C98E.3E085F52@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Date: Wed, 21 Jan 1998 17:10:22 +0700
-From: "Vadim B. Mikheev" <vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su>
-Organization: ITTS (Krasnoyarsk)
-X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.04 [en] (X11; I; FreeBSD 2.2.5-RELEASE i386)
-MIME-Version: 1.0
-To: Bruce Momjian <maillist@candle.pha.pa.us>
-CC: PostgreSQL-development <hackers@postgreSQL.org>
-Subject: [HACKERS] Re: subselects
-References: <199801210324.WAA02161@candle.pha.pa.us>
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-Status: OR
-
-Bruce Momjian wrote:
->
-> We are only going to have subselects in the WHERE clause, not in the
-> target list, right?
->
-> The standard says we can have them either place, but I didn't think we
-> were implementing the target list subselects.
->
-> Is that correct?
-
-Yes, this is right for 6.3. I hope that we'll support subselects in
-target list, FROM, etc in future.
-
-BTW, I'm going to implement subselect in (let's say) "natural" way -
-without substitution of parent query relations into subselect and so on,
-but by execution of (correlated) subqueries for each upper query row
-(may be with cacheing of results in hash table for better performance).
-Sure, this is much more clean way and much more clear how to do this.
-This seems like SQL-func way, but funcs start/run/stop Executor each time
-when called and this breaks performance.
-
-Vadim
-
-
-From owner-pgsql-hackers@hub.org Wed Jan 21 10:02:02 1998
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-From: darrenk@insightdist.com (Darren King)
-Message-Id: <9801211413.AA36452@ceodev>
-To: pgsql-hackers@postgreSQL.org
-Subject: Re: [HACKERS] subselects
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-
-> We are only going to have subselects in the WHERE clause, not in the
-> target list, right?
->
-> The standard says we can have them either place, but I didn't think we
-> were implementing the target list subselects.
->
-> Is that correct?
-
-What about the HAVING clause? Currently not in, but someone here wants
-to take a stab at it.
-
-Doesn't seem that tough...loops over the tuples returned from the group
-by node and checks the expression such as "x > 5" or "x = (subselect)".
-
-The cost analysis in the optimizer could be tricky come to think of it.
-If a subselect has a HAVING, would have to have a formula to determine
-the selectiveness. Hmmm...
-
-darrenk
-
-
projects / postgresql / commitdiff