special input values as literal text.
only if its format string contains two or more format units. If the format
string is empty, it returns ``None``; if it contains exactly one format
unit, it returns whatever object is described by that format unit. To
- force it to return a tuple of size 0 or one, parenthesize the format
+ force it to return a tuple of size ``0`` or one, parenthesize the format
string.
When memory buffers are passed as parameters to supply data to build
.. c:member:: int ndim
The number of dimensions the memory represents as a multi-dimensional
- array. If it is 0, :c:data:`strides` and :c:data:`suboffsets` must be
+ array. If it is ``0``, :c:data:`strides` and :c:data:`suboffsets` must be
*NULL*.
.. c:member:: Py_ssize_t *shape
.. c:function:: int PyObject_CheckBuffer(PyObject *obj)
- Return 1 if *obj* supports the buffer interface otherwise 0.
+ Return ``1`` if *obj* supports the buffer interface otherwise ``0``.
.. c:function:: int PyObject_GetBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view, int flags)
:c:data:`Py_buffer` structure is filled in with non-default values and/or
raise an error if the object can't support a simpler view of its memory.
- 0 is returned on success and -1 on error.
+ ``0`` is returned on success and ``-1`` on error.
The following table gives possible values to the *flags* arguments.
.. c:function:: int PyBuffer_IsContiguous(Py_buffer *view, char fortran)
- Return 1 if the memory defined by the *view* is C-style (*fortran* is
+ Return ``1`` if the memory defined by the *view* is C-style (*fortran* is
``'C'``) or Fortran-style (*fortran* is ``'F'``) contiguous or either one
- (*fortran* is ``'A'``). Return 0 otherwise.
+ (*fortran* is ``'A'``). Return ``0`` otherwise.
.. c:function:: void PyBuffer_FillContiguousStrides(int ndim, Py_ssize_t *shape, Py_ssize_t *strides, Py_ssize_t itemsize, char fortran)
Fill in a buffer-info structure, *view*, correctly for an exporter that can
only share a contiguous chunk of memory of "unsigned bytes" of the given
- length. Return 0 on success and -1 (with raising an error) on error.
+ length. Return ``0`` on success and ``-1`` (with raising an error) on error.
MemoryView objects
guaranteed to succeed.
Return a nonzero value if the object is valid and matches the name passed in.
- Return 0 otherwise. This function will not fail.
+ Return ``0`` otherwise. This function will not fail.
.. c:function:: int PyCapsule_SetContext(PyObject *capsule, void *context)
Set the context pointer inside *capsule* to *context*.
- Return 0 on success. Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
+ Return ``0`` on success. Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
.. c:function:: int PyCapsule_SetDestructor(PyObject *capsule, PyCapsule_Destructor destructor)
Set the destructor inside *capsule* to *destructor*.
- Return 0 on success. Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
+ Return ``0`` on success. Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
.. c:function:: int PyCapsule_SetName(PyObject *capsule, const char *name)
outlive the capsule. If the previous *name* stored in the capsule was not
*NULL*, no attempt is made to free it.
- Return 0 on success. Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
+ Return ``0`` on success. Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
.. c:function:: int PyCapsule_SetPointer(PyObject *capsule, void *pointer)
Set the void pointer inside *capsule* to *pointer*. The pointer may not be
*NULL*.
- Return 0 on success. Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
+ Return ``0`` on success. Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
*format_code* must be one of ``'e'``, ``'E'``, ``'f'``, ``'F'``,
``'g'``, ``'G'`` or ``'r'``. For ``'r'``, the supplied *precision*
- must be 0 and is ignored. The ``'r'`` format code specifies the
+ must be ``0`` and is ignored. The ``'r'`` format code specifies the
standard :func:`repr` format.
*flags* can be zero or more of the values *Py_DTSF_SIGN*,
.. c:function:: int PyFile_SetEncoding(PyFileObject *p, const char *enc)
- Set the file's encoding for Unicode output to *enc*. Return 1 on success and 0
+ Set the file's encoding for Unicode output to *enc*. Return ``1`` on success and ``0``
on failure.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
.. c:function:: int PyFile_SetEncodingAndErrors(PyFileObject *p, const char *enc, *errors)
Set the file's encoding for Unicode output to *enc*, and its error
- mode to *err*. Return 1 on success and 0 on failure.
+ mode to *err*. Return ``1`` on success and ``0`` on failure.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
The function is an alias for :c:func:`PyImport_ImportModuleLevel` with
- -1 as level, meaning relative import.
+ ``-1`` as level, meaning relative import.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyImport_ImportModuleLevel(char *name, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *fromlist, int level)
.. c:function:: void Py_InitializeEx(int initsigs)
- This function works like :c:func:`Py_Initialize` if *initsigs* is 1. If
- *initsigs* is 0, it skips initialization registration of signal handlers, which
+ This function works like :c:func:`Py_Initialize` if *initsigs* is ``1``. If
+ *initsigs* is ``0``, it skips initialization registration of signal handlers, which
might be useful when Python is embedded.
.. versionadded:: 2.4
.. note::
It is recommended that applications embedding the Python interpreter
- for purposes other than executing a single script pass 0 as *updatepath*,
+ for purposes other than executing a single script pass ``0`` as *updatepath*,
and update :data:`sys.path` themselves if desired.
See `CVE-2008-5983 <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_.
.. versionadded:: 2.6.6
- .. XXX impl. doesn't seem consistent in allowing 0/NULL for the params;
+ .. XXX impl. doesn't seem consistent in allowing ``0``/``NULL`` for the params;
check w/ Guido.
.. c:function:: void PySys_SetArgv(int argc, char **argv)
- This function works like :c:func:`PySys_SetArgvEx` with *updatepath* set to 1.
+ This function works like :c:func:`PySys_SetArgvEx` with *updatepath* set to ``1``.
.. c:function:: void Py_SetPythonHome(char *home)
.. index:: single: Py_AddPendingCall()
Schedule a function to be called from the main interpreter thread. On
- success, 0 is returned and *func* is queued for being called in the
- main thread. On failure, -1 is returned without setting any exception.
+ success, ``0`` is returned and *func* is queued for being called in the
+ main thread. On failure, ``-1`` is returned without setting any exception.
When successfully queued, *func* will be *eventually* called from the
main interpreter thread with the argument *arg*. It will be called
* with the main thread holding the :term:`global interpreter lock`
(*func* can therefore use the full C API).
- *func* must return 0 on success, or -1 on failure with an exception
+ *func* must return ``0`` on success, or ``-1`` on failure with an exception
set. *func* won't be interrupted to perform another asynchronous
notification recursively, but it can still be interrupted to switch
threads if the global interpreter lock is released.
Will first attempt to cast the object to a :c:type:`PyIntObject`, if it is not
already one, and then return its value. If there is an error, ``-1`` is
returned, and the caller should check ``PyErr_Occurred()`` to find out whether
- there was an error, or whether the value just happened to be -1.
+ there was an error, or whether the value just happened to be ``-1``.
.. c:function:: long PyInt_AS_LONG(PyObject *io)
Numeric values are stored with the least significant byte first.
-The module supports two versions of the data format: version 0 is the
-historical version, version 1 (new in Python 2.4) shares interned strings in
+The module supports two versions of the data format: version ``0`` is the
+historical version, version ``1`` (new in Python 2.4) shares interned strings in
the file, and upon unmarshalling. Version 2 (new in Python 2.5) uses a binary
format for floating point numbers. *Py_MARSHAL_VERSION* indicates the current
file format (currently 2).
.. c:function:: int PySet_Contains(PyObject *anyset, PyObject *key)
- Return 1 if found, 0 if not found, and -1 if an error is encountered. Unlike
+ Return ``1`` if found, ``0`` if not found, and ``-1`` if an error is encountered. Unlike
the Python :meth:`__contains__` method, this function does not automatically
convert unhashable sets into temporary frozensets. Raise a :exc:`TypeError` if
the *key* is unhashable. Raise :exc:`PyExc_SystemError` if *anyset* is not a
.. c:function:: int PySet_Add(PyObject *set, PyObject *key)
Add *key* to a :class:`set` instance. Does not apply to :class:`frozenset`
- instances. Return 0 on success or -1 on failure. Raise a :exc:`TypeError` if
+ instances. Return ``0`` on success or ``-1`` on failure. Raise a :exc:`TypeError` if
the *key* is unhashable. Raise a :exc:`MemoryError` if there is no room to grow.
Raise a :exc:`SystemError` if *set* is not an instance of :class:`set` or its
subtype.
.. c:function:: int PySet_Discard(PyObject *set, PyObject *key)
- Return 1 if found and removed, 0 if not found (no action taken), and -1 if an
+ Return ``1`` if found and removed, ``0`` if not found (no action taken), and ``-1`` if an
error is encountered. Does not raise :exc:`KeyError` for missing keys. Raise a
:exc:`TypeError` if the *key* is unhashable. Unlike the Python :meth:`~set.discard`
method, this function does not automatically convert unhashable sets into
assuming a sequence of length *length*. Treats indices greater than
*length* as errors.
- Returns 0 on success and -1 on error with no exception set (unless one of
+ Returns ``0`` on success and ``-1`` on error with no exception set (unless one of
the indices was not :const:`None` and failed to be converted to an integer,
- in which case -1 is returned with an exception set).
+ in which case ``-1`` is returned with an exception set).
You probably do not want to use this function. If you want to use slice
objects in versions of Python prior to 2.3, you would probably do well to
of bounds indices are clipped in a manner consistent with the handling of
normal slices.
- Returns 0 on success and -1 on error with exception set.
+ Returns ``0`` on success and ``-1`` on error with exception set.
.. versionadded:: 2.3
handles use of the :keyword:`del` statement on that attribute more correctly
than :c:macro:`T_OBJECT`.
- :attr:`flags` can be 0 for write and read access or :c:macro:`READONLY` for
+ :attr:`flags` can be ``0`` for write and read access or :c:macro:`READONLY` for
read-only access. Using :c:macro:`T_STRING` for :attr:`type` implies
:c:macro:`READONLY`. Only :c:macro:`T_OBJECT` and :c:macro:`T_OBJECT_EX`
members can be deleted. (They are set to *NULL*).
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(Py_UNICODE ch)
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a whitespace character.
+ Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a whitespace character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(Py_UNICODE ch)
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a lowercase character.
+ Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a lowercase character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(Py_UNICODE ch)
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an uppercase character.
+ Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is an uppercase character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(Py_UNICODE ch)
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a titlecase character.
+ Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a titlecase character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISLINEBREAK(Py_UNICODE ch)
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a linebreak character.
+ Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a linebreak character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL(Py_UNICODE ch)
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a decimal character.
+ Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a decimal character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT(Py_UNICODE ch)
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a digit character.
+ Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a digit character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC(Py_UNICODE ch)
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a numeric character.
+ Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a numeric character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA(Py_UNICODE ch)
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an alphabetic character.
+ Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is an alphabetic character.
.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM(Py_UNICODE ch)
- Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an alphanumeric character.
+ Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is an alphanumeric character.
These APIs can be used for fast direct character conversions:
Copy the Unicode object contents into the :c:type:`wchar_t` buffer *w*. At most
*size* :c:type:`wchar_t` characters are copied (excluding a possibly trailing
0-termination character). Return the number of :c:type:`wchar_t` characters
- copied or -1 in case of an error. Note that the resulting :c:type:`wchar_t`
+ copied or ``-1`` in case of an error. Note that the resulting :c:type:`wchar_t`
string may or may not be 0-terminated. It is the responsibility of the caller
to make sure that the :c:type:`wchar_t` string is 0-terminated in case this is
required by the application. Also, note that the :c:type:`wchar_t*` string
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Splitlines(PyObject *s, int keepend)
Split a Unicode string at line breaks, returning a list of Unicode strings.
- CRLF is considered to be one line break. If *keepend* is 0, the Line break
+ CRLF is considered to be one line break. If *keepend* is ``0``, the Line break
characters are not included in the resulting strings.
.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_Tailmatch(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, int direction)
- Return 1 if *substr* matches ``str[start:end]`` at the given tail end
- (*direction* == -1 means to do a prefix match, *direction* == 1 a suffix match),
- 0 otherwise. Return ``-1`` if an error occurred.
+ Return ``1`` if *substr* matches ``str[start:end]`` at the given tail end
+ (*direction* == ``-1`` means to do a prefix match, *direction* == ``1`` a suffix match),
+ ``0`` otherwise. Return ``-1`` if an error occurred.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
This function used an :c:type:`int` type for *start* and *end*. This
.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_Find(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, int direction)
Return the first position of *substr* in ``str[start:end]`` using the given
- *direction* (*direction* == 1 means to do a forward search, *direction* == -1 a
+ *direction* (*direction* == ``1`` means to do a forward search, *direction* == ``-1`` a
backward search). The return value is the index of the first match; a value of
``-1`` indicates that no match was found, and ``-2`` indicates that an error
occurred and an exception has been set.
.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Replace(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, PyObject *replstr, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
Replace at most *maxcount* occurrences of *substr* in *str* with *replstr* and
- return the resulting Unicode object. *maxcount* == -1 means replace all
+ return the resulting Unicode object. *maxcount* == ``-1`` means replace all
occurrences.
.. versionchanged:: 2.5
.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_Compare(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)
- Compare two strings and return -1, 0, 1 for less than, equal, and greater than,
+ Compare two strings and return ``-1``, ``0``, ``1`` for less than, equal, and greater than,
respectively.
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