in the documentation.
Many coding styles place begin/end brackets on a line by themselves. This makes
programs considerably longer and wastes valuable screen space, making it harder
to get a good overview of a program. Ideally, a function should fit on one
-screen (say, 20-30 lines). 20 lines of Python can do a lot more work than 20
+screen (say, 20--30 lines). 20 lines of Python can do a lot more work than 20
lines of C. This is not solely due to the lack of begin/end brackets -- the
lack of declarations and the high-level data types are also responsible -- but
the indentation-based syntax certainly helps.
1.1999999999999999555910790149937383830547332763671875 (decimal)
-The typical precision of 53 bits provides Python floats with 15-16
+The typical precision of 53 bits provides Python floats with 15--16
decimal digits of accuracy.
For a fuller explanation, please see the :ref:`floating point arithmetic
Guido van Rossum and Jelke de Boer, "Interactively Testing Remote Servers
Using the Python Programming Language", CWI Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 4
- (December 1991), Amsterdam, pp 283-303.
+ (December 1991), Amsterdam, pp 283--303.
Are there any books on Python?
~~~~~~~~~~~
Because the default handlers handle redirects (codes in the 300 range), and
-codes in the 100-299 range indicate success, you will usually only see error
-codes in the 400-599 range.
+codes in the 100--299 range indicate success, you will usually only see error
+codes in the 400--599 range.
:attr:`http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.responses` is a useful dictionary of
response codes in that shows all the response codes used by RFC 2616. The
.. method:: itermonthdates(year, month)
- Return an iterator for the month *month* (1-12) in the year *year*. This
+ Return an iterator for the month *month* (1--12) in the year *year*. This
iterator will return all days (as :class:`datetime.date` objects) for the
month and all days before the start of the month or after the end of the
month that are required to get a complete week.
Kahan, W: Branch cuts for complex elementary functions; or, Much ado about
nothing's sign bit. In Iserles, A., and Powell, M. (eds.), The state of the art
- in numerical analysis. Clarendon Press (1987) pp165-211.
+ in numerical analysis. Clarendon Press (1987) pp165--211.
---------------------
Strings are stored internally as sequences of code points in
-range ``0x0``-``0x10FFFF``. (See :pep:`393` for
+range ``0x0``--``0x10FFFF``. (See :pep:`393` for
more details about the implementation.)
Once a string object is used outside of CPU and memory, endianness
and how these arrays are stored as bytes become an issue. As with other
collectivity referred to as :term:`text encodings <text encoding>`.
The simplest text encoding (called ``'latin-1'`` or ``'iso-8859-1'``) maps
-the code points 0-255 to the bytes ``0x0``-``0xff``, which means that a string
+the code points 0--255 to the bytes ``0x0``--``0xff``, which means that a string
object that contains code points above ``U+00FF`` can't be encoded with this
codec. Doing so will raise a :exc:`UnicodeEncodeError` that looks
like the following (although the details of the error message may differ):
There's another group of encodings (the so called charmap encodings) that choose
a different subset of all Unicode code points and how these code points are
-mapped to the bytes ``0x0``-``0xff``. To see how this is done simply open
+mapped to the bytes ``0x0``--``0xff``. To see how this is done simply open
e.g. :file:`encodings/cp1252.py` (which is an encoding that is used primarily on
Windows). There's a string constant with 256 characters that shows you which
character is mapped to which byte value.
Return a string representation of the ASCII character *c*. If *c* is printable,
this string is the character itself. If the character is a control character
- (0x00-0x1f) the string consists of a caret (``'^'``) followed by the
+ (0x00--0x1f) the string consists of a caret (``'^'``) followed by the
corresponding uppercase letter. If the character is an ASCII delete (0x7f) the
string is ``'^?'``. If the character has its meta bit (0x80) set, the meta bit
is stripped, the preceding rules applied, and ``'!'`` prepended to the result.
Return the name of the key numbered *k*. The name of a key generating printable
ASCII character is the key's character. The name of a control-key combination
is a two-character string consisting of a caret followed by the corresponding
- printable ASCII character. The name of an alt-key combination (128-255) is a
+ printable ASCII character. The name of an alt-key combination (128--255) is a
string consisting of the prefix 'M-' followed by the name of the corresponding
ASCII character.
preceded by ``+`` or ``-`` (with no space in between) and surrounded by
whitespace. A base-n literal consists of the digits 0 to n-1, with ``a``
to ``z`` (or ``A`` to ``Z``) having
- values 10 to 35. The default *base* is 10. The allowed values are 0 and 2-36.
+ values 10 to 35. The default *base* is 10. The allowed values are 0 and 2--36.
Base-2, -8, and -16 literals can be optionally prefixed with ``0b``/``0B``,
``0o``/``0O``, or ``0x``/``0X``, as with integer literals in code. Base 0
means to interpret exactly as a code literal, so that the actual base is 2,
The following constitutes a valid IPv4 address:
1. A string in decimal-dot notation, consisting of four decimal integers in
- the inclusive range 0-255, separated by dots (e.g. ``192.168.0.1``). Each
+ the inclusive range 0--255, separated by dots (e.g. ``192.168.0.1``). Each
integer represents an octet (byte) in the address. Leading zeroes are
tolerated only for values less than 8 (as there is no ambiguity
between the decimal and octal interpretations of such strings).
If *strict* is false (``True`` is the default), then control characters
will be allowed inside strings. Control characters in this context are
- those with character codes in the 0-31 range, including ``'\t'`` (tab),
+ those with character codes in the 0--31 range, including ``'\t'`` (tab),
``'\n'``, ``'\r'`` and ``'\0'``.
If the data being deserialized is not a valid JSON document, a
M. Matsumoto and T. Nishimura, "Mersenne Twister: A 623-dimensionally
equidistributed uniform pseudorandom number generator", ACM Transactions on
- Modeling and Computer Simulation Vol. 8, No. 1, January pp.3-30 1998.
+ Modeling and Computer Simulation Vol. 8, No. 1, January pp.3--30 1998.
`Complementary-Multiply-with-Carry recipe
52.5
In the following example, the data are rounded, so that each value represents
- the midpoint of data classes, e.g. 1 is the midpoint of the class 0.5-1.5, 2
- is the midpoint of 1.5-2.5, 3 is the midpoint of 2.5-3.5, etc. With the data
- given, the middle value falls somewhere in the class 3.5-4.5, and
+ the midpoint of data classes, e.g. 1 is the midpoint of the class 0.5--1.5, 2
+ is the midpoint of 1.5--2.5, 3 is the midpoint of 2.5--3.5, etc. With the data
+ given, the middle value falls somewhere in the class 3.5--4.5, and
interpolation is used to estimate it:
.. doctest::
(defaulting to zero), or another type of object. If it is an integer, zero
is considered "successful termination" and any nonzero value is considered
"abnormal termination" by shells and the like. Most systems require it to be
- in the range 0-127, and produce undefined results otherwise. Some systems
+ in the range 0--127, and produce undefined results otherwise. Some systems
have a convention for assigning specific meanings to specific exit codes, but
these are generally underdeveloped; Unix programs generally use 2 for command
line syntax errors and 1 for all other kind of errors. If another type of
...
For a fuller discussion of the line I/O changes, see the python-dev summary for
- January 1-15, 2001 at https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-January/.
+ January 1--15, 2001 at https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-January/.
* A new method, :meth:`popitem`, was added to dictionaries to enable
destructively iterating through the contents of a dictionary; this can be faster
when compared to earlier 2.x versions. Python 2.7 is currently expected to
remain supported by the core development team (receiving security updates
and other bug fixes) until at least 2020 (10 years after its initial
- release, compared to the more typical support period of 18-24 months).
+ release, compared to the more typical support period of 18--24 months).
* As the Python 2.7 standard library ages, making effective use of the
Python Package Index (either directly or via a redistributor) becomes
Gregory Smith; :issue:`1087418`).
* The implementation of ``%`` checks for the left-side operand being
- a Python string and special-cases it; this results in a 1-3%
+ a Python string and special-cases it; this results in a 1--3%
performance increase for applications that frequently use ``%``
with strings, such as templating libraries.
(Implemented by Collin Winter; :issue:`5176`.)
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`15381` and David Wilson in
:issue:`22003`.)
-The :func:`marshal.dumps` function is now faster: 65-85% with versions 3
-and 4, 20-25% with versions 0 to 2 on typical data, and up to 5 times in
+The :func:`marshal.dumps` function is now faster: 65--85% with versions 3
+and 4, 20--25% with versions 0 to 2 on typical data, and up to 5 times in
best cases.
(Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`20416` and :issue:`23344`.)
projects / python / commitdiff