Here are the methods of the :class:`Message` class:
-.. class:: Message()
+.. class:: Message(policy=compat32)
- The constructor takes no arguments.
+ The *policy* argument determiens the :mod:`~email.policy` that will be used
+ to update the message model. The default value, :class:`compat32
+ <email.policy.Compat32>` maintains backward compatibility with the
+ Python 3.2 version of the email package. For more information see the
+ :mod:`~email.policy` documentation.
+ .. versionchanged:: 3.3 The *policy* keyword argument was added.
- .. method:: as_string(unixfrom=False, maxheaderlen=0)
+
+ .. method:: as_string(unixfrom=False, maxheaderlen=0, policy=None)
Return the entire message flattened as a string. When optional *unixfrom*
- is ``True``, the envelope header is included in the returned string.
- *unixfrom* defaults to ``False``. Flattening the message may trigger
- changes to the :class:`Message` if defaults need to be filled in to
- complete the transformation to a string (for example, MIME boundaries may
- be generated or modified).
+ is true, the envelope header is included in the returned string.
+ *unixfrom* defaults to ``False``. For backward compabitility reasons,
+ *maxheaderlen* defaults to ``0``, so if you want a different value you
+ must override it explicitly (the value specified for *max_line_length* in
+ the policy will be ignored by this method). The *policy* argument may be
+ used to override the default policy obtained from the message instance.
+ This can be used to control some of the formatting produced by the
+ method, since the specified *policy* will be passed to the ``Generator``.
+
+ Flattening the message may trigger changes to the :class:`Message` if
+ defaults need to be filled in to complete the transformation to a string
+ (for example, MIME boundaries may be generated or modified).
Note that this method is provided as a convenience and may not always
format the message the way you want. For example, by default it does
g.flatten(msg)
text = fp.getvalue()
+ If the message object contains binary data that is not encoded according
+ to RFC standards, the non-compliant data will be replaced by unicode
+ "unknown character" code points. (See also :meth:`.as_bytes` and
+ :class:`~email.generator.BytesGenerator`.)
+
+ .. versionchanged:: 3.4 the *policy* keyword argument was added.
+
.. method:: __str__()
- Equivalent to ``as_string(unixfrom=True)``.
+ Equivalent to :meth:`.as_string()`. Allows ``str(msg)`` to produce a
+ string containing the formatted message.
+
+
+ .. method:: as_bytes(unixfrom=False, policy=None)
+
+ Return the entire message flattened as a bytes object. When optional
+ *unixfrom* is true, the envelope header is included in the returned
+ string. *unixfrom* defaults to ``False``. The *policy* argument may be
+ used to override the default policy obtained from the message instance.
+ This can be used to control some of the formatting produced by the
+ method, since the specified *policy* will be passed to the
+ ``BytesGenerator``.
+
+ Flattening the message may trigger changes to the :class:`Message` if
+ defaults need to be filled in to complete the transformation to a string
+ (for example, MIME boundaries may be generated or modified).
+
+ Note that this method is provided as a convenience and may not always
+ format the message the way you want. For example, by default it does
+ not do the mangling of lines that begin with ``From`` that is
+ required by the unix mbox format. For more flexibility, instantiate a
+ :class:`~email.generator.BytesGenerator` instance and use its
+ :meth:`flatten` method directly. For example::
+
+ from io import BytesIO
+ from email.generator import BytesGenerator
+ fp = BytesIO()
+ g = BytesGenerator(fp, mangle_from_=True, maxheaderlen=60)
+ g.flatten(msg)
+ text = fp.getvalue()
+
+ .. versionadded:: 3.4
+
+
+ .. method:: __bytes__()
+
+ Equivalent to :meth:`.as_bytes()`. Allows ``bytes(msg)`` to produce a
+ bytes object containing the formatted message.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 3.4
.. method:: is_multipart()
>>> import os
>>> with open('converted.txt', 'wb') as f:
- ... f.write(msg.as_string(policy=msg.policy.clone(linesep=os.linesep)))
+ ... f.write(msg.as_bytes(policy=msg.policy.clone(linesep=os.linesep)))
+ 17
Policy objects can also be combined using the addition operator, producing a
policy object whose settings are a combination of the non-default values of the
plain tuple. (Contributed by Claudiu Popa in :issue:`17818`.)
+email
+-----
+
+:meth:`~email.message.Message.as_string` now accepts a *policy* argument to
+override the default policy of the message when generating a string
+representation of it. This means that ``as_string`` can now be used in more
+circumstances, instead of having to create and use a :mod:`~email.generator` in
+order to pass formatting parameters to its ``flatten`` method.
+
+New method :meth:`~email.message.Message.as_bytes` added to produce a bytes
+representation of the message in a fashion similar to how ``as_string``
+produces a string representation. It does not accept the *maxheaderlen*
+argument, but does accept the *unixfrom* and *policy* arguments. The
+:class:`~email.message.Message` :meth:`~email.message.Message.__bytes__` method
+calls it, meaning that ``bytes(mymsg)`` will now produce the intuitive
+result: a bytes object containing the fully formatted message.
+
+(Contributed by R. David Murray in :issue:`18600`.)
+
+
functools
---------
def __str__(self):
"""Return the entire formatted message as a string.
- This includes the headers, body, and envelope header.
"""
return self.as_string()
- def as_string(self, unixfrom=False, maxheaderlen=0):
+ def as_string(self, unixfrom=False, maxheaderlen=0, policy=None):
"""Return the entire formatted message as a string.
- Optional `unixfrom' when True, means include the Unix From_ envelope
- header.
- This is a convenience method and may not generate the message exactly
- as you intend. For more flexibility, use the flatten() method of a
- Generator instance.
+ Optional 'unixfrom', when true, means include the Unix From_ envelope
+ header. For backward compatibility reasons, if maxheaderlen is
+ not specified it defaults to 0, so you must override it explicitly
+ if you want a different maxheaderlen. 'policy' is passed to the
+ Generator instance used to serialize the mesasge; if it is not
+ specified the policy associated with the message instance is used.
+
+ If the message object contains binary data that is not encoded
+ according to RFC standards, the non-compliant data will be replaced by
+ unicode "unknown character" code points.
"""
from email.generator import Generator
+ policy = self.policy if policy is None else policy
fp = StringIO()
- g = Generator(fp, mangle_from_=False, maxheaderlen=maxheaderlen)
+ g = Generator(fp,
+ mangle_from_=False,
+ maxheaderlen=maxheaderlen,
+ policy=policy)
+ g.flatten(self, unixfrom=unixfrom)
+ return fp.getvalue()
+
+ def __bytes__(self):
+ """Return the entire formatted message as a bytes object.
+ """
+ return self.as_bytes()
+
+ def as_bytes(self, unixfrom=False, policy=None):
+ """Return the entire formatted message as a bytes object.
+
+ Optional 'unixfrom', when true, means include the Unix From_ envelope
+ header. 'policy' is passed to the BytesGenerator instance used to
+ serialize the message; if not specified the policy associated with
+ the message instance is used.
+ """
+ from email.generator import BytesGenerator
+ policy = self.policy if policy is None else policy
+ fp = BytesIO()
+ g = BytesGenerator(fp, mangle_from_=False, policy=policy)
g.flatten(self, unixfrom=unixfrom)
return fp.getvalue()
self.assertTrue('TO' in msg)
def test_as_string(self):
- eq = self.ndiffAssertEqual
msg = self._msgobj('msg_01.txt')
with openfile('msg_01.txt') as fp:
text = fp.read()
- eq(text, str(msg))
+ self.assertEqual(text, str(msg))
fullrepr = msg.as_string(unixfrom=True)
lines = fullrepr.split('\n')
self.assertTrue(lines[0].startswith('From '))
- eq(text, NL.join(lines[1:]))
+ self.assertEqual(text, NL.join(lines[1:]))
+
+ def test_as_string_policy(self):
+ msg = self._msgobj('msg_01.txt')
+ newpolicy = msg.policy.clone(linesep='\r\n')
+ fullrepr = msg.as_string(policy=newpolicy)
+ s = StringIO()
+ g = Generator(s, policy=newpolicy)
+ g.flatten(msg)
+ self.assertEqual(fullrepr, s.getvalue())
+
+ def test_as_bytes(self):
+ msg = self._msgobj('msg_01.txt')
+ with openfile('msg_01.txt', 'rb') as fp:
+ data = fp.read()
+ self.assertEqual(data, bytes(msg))
+ fullrepr = msg.as_bytes(unixfrom=True)
+ lines = fullrepr.split(b'\n')
+ self.assertTrue(lines[0].startswith(b'From '))
+ self.assertEqual(data, b'\n'.join(lines[1:]))
+
+ def test_as_bytes_policy(self):
+ msg = self._msgobj('msg_01.txt')
+ newpolicy = msg.policy.clone(linesep='\r\n')
+ fullrepr = msg.as_bytes(policy=newpolicy)
+ s = BytesIO()
+ g = BytesGenerator(s,policy=newpolicy)
+ g.flatten(msg)
+ self.assertEqual(fullrepr, s.getvalue())
# test_headerregistry.TestContentTypeHeader.bad_params
def test_bad_param(self):
Library
-------
+- Issue #18600: Added policy argument to email.message.Message.as_string,
+ and as_bytes and __bytes__ methods to Message.
+
- Issue #18671: Output more information when logging exceptions occur.
- Issue #18621: Prevent the site module's patched builtins from keeping
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