These documents are generated from `reStructuredText`_ sources by `Sphinx`_, a
document processor specifically written for the Python documentation.
-.. _reStructuredText: http://docutils.sf.net/rst.html
+.. _reStructuredText: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
.. _Sphinx: http://sphinx-doc.org/
.. In the online version of these documents, you can submit comments and suggest
* Fred L. Drake, Jr., the creator of the original Python documentation toolset
and writer of much of the content;
-* the `Docutils <http://docutils.sf.net/>`_ project for creating
+* the `Docutils <http://docutils.sourceforge.net/>`_ project for creating
reStructuredText and the Docutils suite;
* Fredrik Lundh for his `Alternative Python Reference
<http://effbot.org/zone/pyref.htm>`_ project from which Sphinx got many good
'long string'
Multiple lines of plain text in reStructuredText format (see
- http://docutils.sf.net/).
+ http://docutils.sourceforge.net/).
'list of strings'
See below.
If you need to interface to some C or C++ library for which no Python extension
currently exists, you can try wrapping the library's data types and functions
with a tool such as `SWIG <http://www.swig.org>`_. `SIP
-<http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/sip/>`__, `CXX
+<http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/sip/intro>`__, `CXX
<http://cxx.sourceforge.net/>`_ `Boost
<http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/index.html>`_, or `Weave
<http://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-dev/reference/tutorial/weave.html>`_ are also
unmodified), or to sell products that incorporate Python in some form. We would
still like to know about all commercial use of Python, of course.
-See `the PSF license page <https://www.python.org/psf/license/>`_ to find further
+See `the PSF license page <https://docs.python.org/3/license/>`_ to find further
explanations and a link to the full text of the license.
The Python logo is trademarked, and in certain cases permission is required to
.. XXX mention py3k
The standard documentation for the current stable version of Python is available
-at https://docs.python.org/. PDF, plain text, and downloadable HTML versions are
-also available at https://docs.python.org/download.html.
+at https://docs.python.org/3/. PDF, plain text, and downloadable HTML versions are
+also available at https://docs.python.org/3/download.html.
The documentation is written in reStructuredText and processed by `the Sphinx
documentation tool <http://sphinx-doc.org/>`__. The reStructuredText source for
-------------------------------------------------------
There is a newsgroup, :newsgroup:`comp.lang.python`, and a mailing list,
-`python-list <http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list>`_. The
+`python-list <https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list>`_. The
newsgroup and mailing list are gatewayed into each other -- if you can read news
it's unnecessary to subscribe to the mailing list.
:newsgroup:`comp.lang.python` is high-traffic, receiving hundreds of postings
Announcements of new software releases and events can be found in
comp.lang.python.announce, a low-traffic moderated list that receives about five
postings per day. It's available as `the python-announce mailing list
-<http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-announce-list>`_.
+<https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-announce-list>`_.
More info about other mailing lists and newsgroups
can be found at https://www.python.org/community/lists/.
---
There are bindings available for the Qt toolkit (using either `PyQt
-<http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/>`_ or `PySide
+<http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/intro>`_ or `PySide
<http://www.pyside.org/>`_) and for KDE (`PyKDE <https://techbase.kde.org/Development/Languages/Python>`__).
PyQt is currently more mature than PySide, but you must buy a PyQt license from
`Riverbank Computing <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/license>`_
The :mod:`pydoc` module can create HTML from the doc strings in your Python
source code. An alternative for creating API documentation purely from
-docstrings is `epydoc <http://epydoc.sf.net/>`_. `Sphinx
+docstrings is `epydoc <http://epydoc.sourceforge.net/>`_. `Sphinx
<http://sphinx-doc.org>`_ can also include docstring content.
.. note::
The :mod:`asyncore` module presents a framework-like approach to the problem
of writing non-blocking networking code.
- The third-party `Twisted <http://twistedmatrix.com/>`_ library is
+ The third-party `Twisted <https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/>`_ library is
a popular and feature-rich alternative.
PyChecker is a static analysis tool that finds bugs in Python source code and
warns about code complexity and style. You can get PyChecker from
-http://pychecker.sf.net.
+http://pychecker.sourceforge.net/.
`Pylint <http://www.logilab.org/projects/pylint>`_ is another tool that checks
if a module satisfies a coding standard, and also makes it possible to write
=============
If you are writing a new extension module, you might consider `Cython
-<http://www.cython.org>`_. It translates a Python-like language to C. The
+<http://cython.org/>`_. It translates a Python-like language to C. The
extension modules it creates are compatible with Python 3 and Python 2.
.. _future: http://python-future.org/
.. _modernize: https://github.com/mitsuhiko/python-modernize
.. _Porting to Python 3: http://python3porting.com/
-.. _PyPI: https://pypi.python.org/
+.. _PyPI: https://pypi.python.org/pypi
.. _Python 3 Packages: https://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=browse&c=533&show=all
.. _Python 3 Q & A: http://ncoghlan-devs-python-notes.readthedocs.org/en/latest/python3/questions_and_answers.html
.. _python-porting: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-porting
.. _six: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/six
.. _tox: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox
.. _trove classifiers: https://pypi.python.org/pypi?%3Aaction=list_classifiers
-
* `Mako <http://www.makotemplates.org/>`_
* `Genshi <http://genshi.edgewall.org/>`_
- * `Jinja <http://jinja.pocoo.org/2/>`_
+ * `Jinja <http://jinja.pocoo.org/>`_
.. seealso::
implementations;
* :ref:`transport <asyncio-transport>` and :ref:`protocol <asyncio-protocol>` abstractions
- (similar to those in `Twisted <http://twistedmatrix.com/>`_);
+ (similar to those in `Twisted <https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/>`_);
* concrete support for TCP, UDP, SSL, subprocess pipes, delayed calls, and
others (some may be system-dependent);
Hardcore cypherpunks will probably find the cryptographic modules written by
A.M. Kuchling of further interest; the package contains modules for various
encryption algorithms, most notably AES. These modules are not distributed with
-Python but available separately. See the URL
-http://www.pycrypto.org for more information.
-
+Python but available separately. See the URL http://www.pycrypto.org/ for more
+information.
Return a 3-tuple, (ISO year, ISO week number, ISO weekday).
The ISO calendar is a widely used variant of the Gregorian calendar. See
- http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/calendar/isocalendar.htm for a good
+ http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/calendar/isocalendar.htm for a good
explanation.
The ISO year consists of 52 or 53 full weeks, and where a week starts on a
-------------------------------
The :mod:`email` package was originally prototyped as a separate library called
-`mimelib <http://mimelib.sf.net/>`_. Changes have been made so that method names
+`mimelib <http://mimelib.sourceforge.net/>`_. Changes have been made so that method names
are more consistent, and some methods or modules have either been added or
removed. The semantics of some of the methods have also changed. For the most
part, any functionality available in :mod:`mimelib` is still available in the
:ref:`import`
The language reference for the :keyword:`import` statement.
- `Packages specification <https://www.python.org/doc/essays/packages.html>`__
+ `Packages specification <http://legacy.python.org/doc/essays/packages.html>`__
Original specification of packages. Some semantics have changed since
the writing of this document (e.g. redirecting based on ``None``
in :data:`sys.modules`).
The optional *strict* argument is a flag specifying whether the list of known MIME types
is limited to only the official types `registered with IANA
- <http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/>`_.
+ <http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml>`_.
When *strict* is ``True`` (the default), only the IANA types are supported; when
*strict* is ``False``, some additional non-standard but commonly used MIME types
are also recognized.
`GNOME <http://www.gnome.org>`_. An online `tutorial
<http://www.pygtk.org/pygtk2tutorial/index.html>`_ is available.
- `PyQt <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/>`_
+ `PyQt <http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/intro>`_
PyQt is a :program:`sip`\ -wrapped binding to the Qt toolkit. Qt is an
extensive C++ GUI application development framework that is
available for Unix, Windows and Mac OS X. :program:`sip` is a tool
with Python and Qt <http://www.qtrac.eu/pyqtbook.html>`_, by Mark
Summerfield.
- `PySide <http://www.pyside.org/>`_
+ `PySide <http://qt-project.org/wiki/PySide>`_
is a newer binding to the Qt toolkit, provided by Nokia.
Compared to PyQt, its licensing scheme is friendlier to non-open source
applications.
.. [#] The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the
appropriate standards. For example, "UTF-8" is valid, but "UTF8" is
not. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
- and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets\ .
+ and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
`RFC 4366: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4366>`_
Blake-Wilson et. al.
- `RFC 5246: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2 <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5246>`_
+ `RFC 5246: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246>`_
T. Dierks et. al.
- `RFC 6066: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6066>`_
+ `RFC 6066: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6066>`_
D. Eastlake
`IANA TLS: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Parameters <http://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml>`_
`TKDocs <http://www.tkdocs.com/>`_
Extensive tutorial plus friendlier widget pages for some of the widgets.
- `Tkinter reference: a GUI for Python <http://infohost.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/>`_
+ `Tkinter reference: a GUI for Python <http://infohost.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/web/index.html>`_
On-line reference material.
`Tkinter docs from effbot <http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/>`_
"UTF8" is not valid in an XML document's declaration, even though
Python accepts it as an encoding name.
See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
- and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets\ .
+ and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
.. [#] The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the
appropriate standards. For example, "UTF-8" is valid, but "UTF8" is
not. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
- and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets.
+ and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the
`source <https://www.python.org/download/source/>`_. You can download either the
latest release's source or just grab a fresh `checkout
-<https://docs.python.org/devguide/setup.html#checking-out-the-code>`_.
+<https://docs.python.org/devguide/setup.html#getting-the-source-code>`_.
The source tree contains a build solution and project files for Microsoft
Visual C++, which is the compiler used to build the official Python releases.
.. seealso::
- `Python Programming On Win32 <http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/pythonwin32/>`_
+ `Python Programming On Win32 <http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9781565926219.do>`_
"Help for Windows Programmers"
by Mark Hammond and Andy Robinson, O'Reilly Media, 2000,
ISBN 1-56592-621-8
The XML Special Interest Group has been working on XML-related Python code for a
while. Its code distribution, called PyXML, is available from the SIG's Web
-pages at https://www.python.org/sigs/xml-sig/. The PyXML distribution also used
+pages at https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/xml-sig. The PyXML distribution also used
the package name ``xml``. If you've written programs that used PyXML, you're
probably wondering about its compatibility with the 2.0 :mod:`xml` package.
(Contributed by Kevin O'Connor.)
* The IDLE integrated development environment has been updated using the code
- from the IDLEfork project (http://idlefork.sf.net). The most notable feature is
+ from the IDLEfork project (http://idlefork.sourceforge.net). The most notable feature is
that the code being developed is now executed in a subprocess, meaning that
there's no longer any need for manual ``reload()`` operations. IDLE's core code
has been incorporated into the standard library as the :mod:`idlelib` package.
`Sphinx <http://sphinx-doc.org/>`__
Documentation and code for the Sphinx toolchain.
- `Docutils <http://docutils.sf.net>`__
+ `Docutils <http://docutils.sourceforge.net>`__
The underlying reStructuredText parser and toolset.
negotiation itself. (Patch contributed by Bill Fenner;
:issue:`829951`.)
-* The :mod:`socket` module now supports TIPC (http://tipc.sf.net),
+* The :mod:`socket` module now supports TIPC (http://tipc.sourceforge.net/),
a high-performance non-IP-based protocol designed for use in clustered
environments. TIPC addresses are 4- or 5-tuples.
(Contributed by Alberto Bertogli; :issue:`1646`.)
The :func:`contextlib.nested` function provides a very similar
function, so it's no longer necessary and has been deprecated.
- (Proposed in http://codereview.appspot.com/53094; implemented by
+ (Proposed in https://codereview.appspot.com/53094; implemented by
Georg Brandl.)
* Conversions between floating-point numbers and strings are
needed and is now deprecated.
(Contributed by Georg Brandl and Mattias Brändström;
- `appspot issue 53094 <http://codereview.appspot.com/53094>`_.)
+ `appspot issue 53094 <https://codereview.appspot.com/53094>`_.)
* ``round(x, n)`` now returns an integer if *x* is an integer.
Previously it returned a float::
To learn to use the new version control system, see the `tutorial by Joel
Spolsky <http://hginit.com>`_ or the `Guide to Mercurial Workflows
-<http://mercurial.selenic.com/guide/>`_.
+<http://mercurial.selenic.com/guide>`_.
Build and C API Changes
outfile.write(line)
(Contributed by Georg Brandl and Mattias Brändström;
- `appspot issue 53094 <http://codereview.appspot.com/53094>`_.)
+ `appspot issue 53094 <https://codereview.appspot.com/53094>`_.)
* :func:`struct.pack` now only allows bytes for the ``s`` string pack code.
Formerly, it would accept text arguments and implicitly encode them to bytes
* The :class:`~socket.socket` class now supports the PF_RDS protocol family
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliable_Datagram_Sockets and
- http://oss.oracle.com/projects/rds/).
+ https://oss.oracle.com/projects/rds/).
* The :class:`~socket.socket` class now supports the ``PF_SYSTEM`` protocol
family on OS X. (Contributed by Michael Goderbauer in :issue:`13777`.)
+++++++++
.. miscnews:: ../../Misc/NEWS
-
projects / python / commitdiff