It is recommended that applications embedding the Python interpreter
for purposes other than executing a single script pass 0 as *updatepath*,
and update :data:`sys.path` themselves if desired.
- See `CVE-2008-5983 <http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_.
+ See `CVE-2008-5983 <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_.
On versions before 2.6.6, you can achieve the same effect by manually
popping the first :data:`sys.path` element after having called
There are also several programs which make it easier to intermingle Python and C
code in various ways to increase performance. See, for example, `Cython <http://cython.org/>`_ , `Psyco
<http://psyco.sourceforge.net/>`_, `Pyrex
-<http://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/~greg/python/Pyrex/>`_, `PyInline
+<https://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/~greg/python/Pyrex/>`_, `PyInline
<http://pyinline.sourceforge.net/>`_, `Py2Cmod
<http://sourceforge.net/projects/py2cmod/>`_, and
-`Weave <http://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-dev/reference/tutorial/weave.html>`_.
+`Weave <https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-dev/reference/tutorial/weave.html>`_.
How does Python manage memory?
x86-compatible processor.
`Cython <http://cython.org>`_ and its relative `Pyrex
-<http://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/greg.ewing/python/Pyrex/>`_ are compilers
+<https://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/greg.ewing/python/Pyrex/>`_ are compilers
that accept a slightly modified form of Python and generate the corresponding
C code. Pyrex makes it possible to write an extension without having to learn
Python's C API.
The Python project's infrastructure is located all over the world.
`www.python.org <https://www.python.org>`_ is graciously hosted by `Rackspace
-<http://www.rackspace.com>`_, with CDN caching provided by `Fastly
+<https://www.rackspace.com>`_, with CDN caching provided by `Fastly
<https://www.fastly.com>`_. `Upfront Systems
<http://www.upfrontsystems.co.za/>`_ hosts `bugs.python.org
<https://bugs.python.org>`_. Many other Python services like `the Wiki
Standard builds of Python include an object-oriented interface to the Tcl/Tk
widget set, called Tkinter. This is probably the easiest to install and use.
For more info about Tk, including pointers to the source, see the Tcl/Tk home
-page at http://www.tcl.tk. Tcl/Tk is fully portable to the Mac OS X, Windows,
+page at https://www.tcl.tk. Tcl/Tk is fully portable to the Mac OS X, Windows,
and Unix platforms.
wxWidgets
---------
-wxWidgets (http://www.wxwidgets.org) is a free, portable GUI class
+wxWidgets (https://www.wxwidgets.org) is a free, portable GUI class
library written in C++ that provides a native look and feel on a
number of platforms, with Windows, Mac OS X, GTK, X11, all listed as
current stable targets. Language bindings are available for a number
PythonWin is a Python IDE that includes a GUI debugger based on pdb. The
Pythonwin debugger colors breakpoints and has quite a few cool features such as
debugging non-Pythonwin programs. Pythonwin is available as part of the `Python
-for Windows Extensions <http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/>`__ project and
+for Windows Extensions <https://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/>`__ project and
as a part of the ActivePython distribution (see
-http://www.activestate.com/activepython\ ).
+https://www.activestate.com/activepython\ ).
`Boa Constructor <http://boa-constructor.sourceforge.net/>`_ is an IDE and GUI
builder that uses wxWidgets. It offers visual frame creation and manipulation,
Pydb is a version of the standard Python debugger pdb, modified for use with DDD
(Data Display Debugger), a popular graphical debugger front end. Pydb can be
found at http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/pydb/ and DDD can be found at
-http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd.
+https://www.gnu.org/software/ddd.
There are a number of commercial Python IDEs that include graphical debuggers.
They include:
-* Wing IDE (http://wingware.com/)
-* Komodo IDE (http://komodoide.com/)
+* Wing IDE (https://wingware.com/)
+* Komodo IDE (https://komodoide.com/)
* PyCharm (https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/)
warns about code complexity and style. You can get PyChecker from
http://pychecker.sourceforge.net/.
-`Pylint <http://www.pylint.org/>`_ is another tool that checks
+`Pylint <https://www.pylint.org/>`_ is another tool that checks
if a module satisfies a coding standard, and also makes it possible to write
plug-ins to add a custom feature. In addition to the bug checking that
PyChecker performs, Pylint offers some additional features such as checking line
length, whether variable names are well-formed according to your coding
standard, whether declared interfaces are fully implemented, and more.
-http://docs.pylint.org/ provides a full list of Pylint's features.
+https://docs.pylint.org/ provides a full list of Pylint's features.
How can I create a stand-alone binary from a Python script?
See the Python Cookbook for a long discussion of many ways to do this:
- http://code.activestate.com/recipes/52560/
+ https://code.activestate.com/recipes/52560/
If you don't mind reordering the list, sort it and then scan from the end of the
list, deleting duplicates as you go::
Simply rename the downloaded file to have the .TGZ extension, and WinZip will be
able to handle it. (If your copy of WinZip doesn't, get a newer one from
-http://www.winzip.com.)
+https://www.winzip.com.)
Mertz also wrote a 3-part series of articles on functional programming
for IBM's DeveloperWorks site; see
-`part 1 <http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog/index.html>`__,
-`part 2 <http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog2/index.html>`__, and
-`part 3 <http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog3/index.html>`__,
+`part 1 <https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog/index.html>`__,
+`part 2 <https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog2/index.html>`__, and
+`part 3 <https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog3/index.html>`__,
Python documentation
Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
-----------------------------------------------------
-`RFC 5424 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5424>`_ requires that a
+`RFC 5424 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5424>`_ requires that a
Unicode message be sent to a syslog daemon as a set of bytes which have the
following structure: an optional pure-ASCII component, followed by a UTF-8 Byte
Order Mark (BOM), followed by Unicode encoded using UTF-8. (See the `relevant
-section of the specification <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5424#section-6>`_.)
+section of the specification <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5424#section-6>`_.)
In Python 2.6 and 2.7, code was added to
:class:`~logging.handlers.SysLogHandler` to insert a BOM into the message, but
.. _cheat sheet: http://python-future.org/compatible_idioms.html
.. _coverage.py: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/coverage
.. _Futurize: http://python-future.org/automatic_conversion.html
-.. _Modernize: http://python-modernize.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+.. _Modernize: https://python-modernize.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
.. _Porting to Python 3: http://python3porting.com/
.. _Pylint: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pylint
-.. _Python 3 Q & A: http://ncoghlan-devs-python-notes.readthedocs.org/en/latest/python3/questions_and_answers.html
+.. _Python 3 Q & A: https://ncoghlan-devs-python-notes.readthedocs.org/en/latest/python3/questions_and_answers.html
.. _python-future: http://python-future.org/
.. _python-porting: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-porting
To help understand the standard, Jukka Korpela has written an introductory guide
to reading the Unicode character tables, available at
-<http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/unicode/guide.html>.
+<https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/unicode/guide.html>.
Another good introductory article was written by Joel Spolsky
<http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html>.
Note that other encodings are sometimes required (e.g. for file upload from HTML
forms - see `HTML Specification, Form Submission
-<http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#h-17.13>`_ for more
+<https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#h-17.13>`_ for more
details).
If you do not pass the ``data`` argument, urllib2 uses a **GET** request. One
``httplib.HTTPMessage`` instance.
Typical headers include 'Content-length', 'Content-type', and so on. See the
-`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_
+`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_
for a useful listing of HTTP headers with brief explanations of their meaning
and use.
scripts with a localhost server, I have to prevent urllib2 from using
the proxy.
.. [#] urllib2 opener for SSL proxy (CONNECT method): `ASPN Cookbook Recipe
- <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/456195/>`_.
+ <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/456195/>`_.
.. seealso::
- `C++Builder Compiler <http://www.embarcadero.com/downloads>`_
+ `C++Builder Compiler <https://www.embarcadero.com/products>`_
Information about the free C++ compiler from Borland, including links to the
download pages.
for Borland's C++, because there is no program to convert the library. First
you have to create a list of symbols which the Python DLL exports. (You can find
a good program for this task at
-http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/files/MinGW/Extension/pexports/).
+https://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/files/MinGW/Extension/pexports/).
.. I don't understand what the next line means. --amk
.. (inclusive the references on data structures.)
.. [#] This also means you could replace all existing COFF-libraries with OMF-libraries
of the same name.
-.. [#] Check http://www.sourceware.org/cygwin/ and http://www.mingw.org/ for more
+.. [#] Check https://www.sourceware.org/cygwin/ and http://www.mingw.org/ for more
information
.. [#] Then you have no POSIX emulation available, but you also don't need
Packing and unpacking of External Data Representation (XDR) data as used in some
remote procedure call systems.
- `The Numerical Python Documentation <http://docs.scipy.org/doc/>`_
+ `The Numerical Python Documentation <https://docs.scipy.org/doc/>`_
The Numeric Python extension (NumPy) defines another array type; see
http://www.numpy.org/ for further information about Numerical Python.
.. seealso::
`SortedCollection recipe
- <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577197-sortedcollection/>`_ that uses
+ <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/577197-sortedcollection/>`_ that uses
bisect to build a full-featured collection class with straight-forward search
methods and support for a key-function. The keys are precomputed to save
unnecessary calls to the key function during searches.
(:mod:`httplib` then also transparently sends an IDNA hostname in the
:mailheader:`Host` field if it sends that field at all).
-.. _section 3.1: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490#section-3.1
+.. _section 3.1: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490#section-3.1
When receiving host names from the wire (such as in reverse name lookup), no
automatic conversion to Unicode is performed: Applications wishing to present
.. seealso::
- * `Counter class <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576611/>`_
+ * `Counter class <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/576611/>`_
adapted for Python 2.5 and an early `Bag recipe
- <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/259174/>`_ for Python 2.4.
+ <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/259174/>`_ for Python 2.4.
in Smalltalk.
.. seealso::
- `Named tuple recipe <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/500261/>`_
+ `Named tuple recipe <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/500261/>`_
adapted for Python 2.4.
.. seealso::
- `Equivalent OrderedDict recipe <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/>`_
+ `Equivalent OrderedDict recipe <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/>`_
that runs on Python 2.4 or later.
:class:`OrderedDict` Examples and Recipes
.. seealso::
- * `OrderedSet recipe <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576694/>`_ for an
+ * `OrderedSet recipe <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/576694/>`_ for an
example built on :class:`MutableSet`.
* For more about ABCs, see the :mod:`abc` module and :pep:`3119`.
More information about color spaces can be found at
http://www.poynton.com/ColorFAQ.html and
- http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/color-spaces.htm.
+ https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/color-spaces.htm.
The :mod:`colorsys` module defines the following functions:
HTTP cookie classes, principally useful for server-side code. The
:mod:`cookielib` and :mod:`Cookie` modules do not depend on each other.
- http://curl.haxx.se/rfc/cookie_spec.html
+ https://curl.haxx.se/rfc/cookie_spec.html
The specification of the original Netscape cookie protocol. Though this is
still the dominant protocol, the 'Netscape cookie protocol' implemented by all
the major browsers (and :mod:`cookielib`) only bears a passing resemblance to
Return a 3-tuple, (ISO year, ISO week number, ISO weekday).
The ISO calendar is a widely used variant of the Gregorian calendar. See
- http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/calendar/isocalendar.htm for a good
+ https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/calendar/isocalendar.htm for a good
explanation.
The ISO year consists of 52 or 53 full weeks, and where a week starts on a
*pytz* contains up-to-date information and its usage is recommended.
- `IANA timezone database <http://www.iana.org/time-zones>`_
+ `IANA timezone database <https://www.iana.org/time-zones>`_
The Time Zone Database (often called tz or zoneinfo) contains code and
data that represent the history of local time for many representative
locations around the globe. It is updated periodically to reflect changes
work.
* `Simple version control recipe
- <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576729/>`_ for a small application
+ <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/576729/>`_ for a small application
built with :class:`SequenceMatcher`.
.. class:: HTMLParser(formatter)
This is the basic HTML parser class. It supports all entity names required by
- the XHTML 1.0 Recommendation (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1). It also defines
+ the XHTML 1.0 Recommendation (https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1). It also defines
handlers for all HTML 2.0 and many HTML 3.0 and 3.2 elements.
and quotes in the *value* have been removed, and character and entity references
have been replaced.
- For instance, for the tag ``<A HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/">``, this method
- would be called as ``handle_starttag('a', [('href', 'http://www.cwi.nl/')])``.
+ For instance, for the tag ``<A HREF="https://www.cwi.nl/">``, this method
+ would be called as ``handle_starttag('a', [('href', 'https://www.cwi.nl/')])``.
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
All entity references from :mod:`htmlentitydefs` are now replaced in the
Documents describing the protocol, and sources and binaries for servers
implementing it, can all be found at the University of Washington's *IMAP
- Information Center* (http://www.washington.edu/imap/).
+ Information Center* (https://www.washington.edu/imap/).
.. _imap4-objects:
.. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [#rfc-errata] As noted in `the errata for RFC 7159
- <http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=7159>`_,
+ <https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=7159>`_,
JSON permits literal U+2028 (LINE SEPARATOR) and
U+2029 (PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR) characters in strings, whereas JavaScript
(as of ECMAScript Edition 5.1) does not.
`maildir man page from qmail <http://www.qmail.org/man/man5/maildir.html>`_
The original specification of the format.
- `Using maildir format <http://cr.yp.to/proto/maildir.html>`_
+ `Using maildir format <https://cr.yp.to/proto/maildir.html>`_
Notes on Maildir by its inventor. Includes an updated name-creation scheme and
details on "info" semantics.
.. seealso::
- `Format of Version 5 Babyl Files <http://quimby.gnus.org/notes/BABYL>`_
+ `Format of Version 5 Babyl Files <https://quimby.gnus.org/notes/BABYL>`_
A specification of the Babyl format.
- `Reading Mail with Rmail <http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Rmail.html>`_
+ `Reading Mail with Rmail <https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Rmail.html>`_
The Rmail manual, with some information on Babyl semantics.
The optional *strict* argument is a flag specifying whether the list of known MIME types
is limited to only the official types `registered with IANA
- <http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml>`_.
+ <https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml>`_.
When *strict* is ``True`` (the default), only the IANA types are supported; when
*strict* is ``False``, some additional non-standard but commonly used MIME types
are also recognized.
book, `GUI Programming with Python: QT Edition
<https://www.commandprompt.com/community/pyqt/>`_ by Boudewijn
Rempt. The *PyQt4* bindings also have a book, `Rapid GUI Programming
- with Python and Qt <http://www.qtrac.eu/pyqtbook.html>`_, by Mark
+ with Python and Qt <https://www.qtrac.eu/pyqtbook.html>`_, by Mark
Summerfield.
`wxPython <http://www.wxpython.org>`_
wxPython is a cross-platform GUI toolkit for Python that is built around
- the popular `wxWidgets <http://www.wxwidgets.org/>`_ (formerly wxWindows)
+ the popular `wxWidgets <https://www.wxwidgets.org/>`_ (formerly wxWindows)
C++ toolkit. It provides a native look and feel for applications on
Windows, Mac OS X, and Unix systems by using each platform's native
widgets where ever possible, (GTK+ on Unix-like systems). In addition to
.. [#] The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the
appropriate standards. For example, "UTF-8" is valid, but "UTF8" is
- not. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
- and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
+ not. See https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
+ and https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
Kevent Objects
--------------
-http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kqueue&sektion=2
+https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kqueue&sektion=2
.. attribute:: kevent.ident
Usually your SQL operations will need to use values from Python variables. You
shouldn't assemble your query using Python's string operations because doing so
is insecure; it makes your program vulnerable to an SQL injection attack
-(see http://xkcd.com/327/ for humorous example of what can go wrong).
+(see https://xkcd.com/327/ for humorous example of what can go wrong).
Instead, use the DB-API's parameter substitution. Put ``?`` as a placeholder
wherever you want to use a value, and then provide a tuple of values as the
The pysqlite web page -- sqlite3 is developed externally under the name
"pysqlite".
- http://www.sqlite.org
+ https://www.sqlite.org
The SQLite web page; the documentation describes the syntax and the
available data types for the supported SQL dialect.
The *ciphers* parameter sets the available ciphers for this SSL object.
It should be a string in the `OpenSSL cipher list format
- <http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
+ <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
The parameter ``do_handshake_on_connect`` specifies whether to do the SSL
handshake automatically after doing a :meth:`socket.connect`, or whether the
ALERT_DESCRIPTION_*
Alert Descriptions from :rfc:`5246` and others. The `IANA TLS Alert Registry
- <http://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml#tls-parameters-6>`_
+ <https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml#tls-parameters-6>`_
contains this list and references to the RFCs where their meaning is defined.
Used as the return value of the callback function in
The *capath* string, if present, is
the path to a directory containing several CA certificates in PEM format,
following an `OpenSSL specific layout
- <http://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html>`_.
+ <https://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html>`_.
The *cadata* object, if present, is either an ASCII string of one or more
PEM-encoded certificates or a bytes-like object of DER-encoded
Set the available ciphers for sockets created with this context.
It should be a string in the `OpenSSL cipher list format
- <http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
+ <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
If no cipher can be selected (because compile-time options or other
configuration forbids use of all the specified ciphers), an
:class:`SSLError` will be raised.
Get statistics about the SSL sessions created or managed by this context.
A dictionary is returned which maps the names of each `piece of information
- <http://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_CTX_sess_number.html>`_ to their
+ <https://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_CTX_sess_number.html>`_ to their
numeric values. For example, here is the total number of hits and misses
in the session cache since the context was created::
:meth:`SSLContext.set_ciphers` method. Starting from Python 2.7.9, the
ssl module disables certain weak ciphers by default, but you may want
to further restrict the cipher choice. Be sure to read OpenSSL's documentation
-about the `cipher list format <http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
+about the `cipher list format <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
If you want to check which ciphers are enabled by a given cipher list, use the
``openssl ciphers`` command on your system.
`RFC 6066: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6066>`_
D. Eastlake
- `IANA TLS: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Parameters <http://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml>`_
+ `IANA TLS: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Parameters <https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml>`_
IANA
Documentation of the higher-level archiving facilities provided by the
standard :mod:`shutil` module.
- `GNU tar manual, Basic Tar Format <http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_node/Standard.html>`_
+ `GNU tar manual, Basic Tar Format <https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_node/Standard.html>`_
Documentation for tar archive files, including GNU tar extensions.
`TKDocs <http://www.tkdocs.com/>`_
Extensive tutorial plus friendlier widget pages for some of the widgets.
- `Tkinter reference: a GUI for Python <http://infohost.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/web/index.html>`_
+ `Tkinter reference: a GUI for Python <https://infohost.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/web/index.html>`_
On-line reference material.
`Tkinter docs from effbot <http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/>`_
Online reference for tkinter supported by effbot.org.
- `Tcl/Tk manual <http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/>`_
+ `Tcl/Tk manual <https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/>`_
Official manual for the latest tcl/tk version.
`Programming Python <http://learning-python.com/books/about-pp4e.html>`_
.. seealso::
- `Tk Widget Styling Support <http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/48>`_
+ `Tk Widget Styling Support <https://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/48>`_
The document which brought up theming support for Tk
* :meth:`info` --- return the meta-information of the page, such as headers,
in the form of an :class:`mimetools.Message` instance
- (see `Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_)
+ (see `Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_)
* :meth:`getcode` --- return the HTTP status code of the response.
.. doctest::
- >>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
+ >>> urljoin('https://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
... '//www.python.org/%7Eguido')
'http://www.python.org/%7Eguido'
.. seealso::
- `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1/>`_
+ `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification <https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1/>`_
The W3C recommendation for the DOM supported by :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`.
.. [#] The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the
appropriate standards. For example, "UTF-8" is valid, but "UTF8" is
- not. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
- and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
+ not. See https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
+ and https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
.. seealso::
- `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Specification <http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/>`_
+ `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Specification <https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/>`_
The W3C recommendation upon which the Python DOM API is based.
- `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1/>`_
+ `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification <https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1/>`_
The W3C recommendation for the DOM supported by :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`.
`Python Language Mapping Specification <http://www.omg.org/spec/PYTH/1.2/PDF>`_
.. data:: XML_NAMESPACE
The namespace URI associated with the reserved prefix ``xml``, as defined by
- `Namespaces in XML <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/>`_ (section 4).
+ `Namespaces in XML <https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/>`_ (section 4).
.. versionadded:: 2.2
The namespace URI for namespace declarations, as defined by `Document Object
Model (DOM) Level 2 Core Specification
- <http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html>`_ (section 1.1.8).
+ <https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html>`_ (section 1.1.8).
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. data:: XHTML_NAMESPACE
The URI of the XHTML namespace as defined by `XHTML 1.0: The Extensible
- HyperText Markup Language <http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/>`_ (section 3.1.1).
+ HyperText Markup Language <https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/>`_ (section 3.1.1).
.. versionadded:: 2.2
.. exception:: NamespaceErr
If an attempt is made to change any object in a way that is not permitted with
- regard to the `Namespaces in XML <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/>`_
+ regard to the `Namespaces in XML <https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/>`_
recommendation, this exception is raised.
with prefixes in the form ``prefix:sometag`` get expanded to
``{uri}sometag`` where the *prefix* is replaced by the full *URI*.
Also, if there is a `default namespace
-<http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-names-20060816/#defaulting>`__,
+<https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-names-20060816/#defaulting>`__,
that full URI gets prepended to all of the non-prefixed tags.
Here is an XML example that incorporates two namespaces, one with the
-------------
This module provides limited support for
-`XPath expressions <http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath>`_ for locating elements in a
+`XPath expressions <https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath>`_ for locating elements in a
tree. The goal is to support a small subset of the abbreviated syntax; a full
XPath engine is outside the scope of the module.
.. [#] The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the
appropriate standards. For example, "UTF-8" is valid, but "UTF8" is
- not. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
- and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
+ not. See https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
+ and https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
Write the XML-RPC base 64 encoding of this binary item to the *out* stream object.
The encoded data will have newlines every 76 characters as per
- `RFC 2045 section 6.8 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045#section-6.8>`_,
+ `RFC 2045 section 6.8 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045#section-6.8>`_,
which was the de facto standard base64 specification when the
XML-RPC spec was written.
.. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [#] This approach has been first presented in `a discussion on xmlrpc.com
- <http://web.archive.org/web/20060624230303/http://www.xmlrpc.com/discuss/msgReader$1208?mode=topic>`_.
+ <https://web.archive.org/web/20060624230303/http://www.xmlrpc.com/discuss/msgReader$1208?mode=topic>`_.
.. the link now points to webarchive since the one at
.. http://www.xmlrpc.com/discuss/msgReader%241208 is broken (and webadmin
.. doesn't reply)
=======================
Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting
-Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see http://www.cwi.nl/) in the Netherlands as a
+Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl/) in the Netherlands as a
successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python's principal author,
although it includes many contributions from others.
In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National
-Research Initiatives (CNRI, see http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/) in Reston,
+Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us/) in Reston,
Virginia where he released several versions of the software.
In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to
specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation is a
sponsoring member of the PSF.
-All Python releases are Open Source (see http://opensource.org/ for the Open
+All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org/ for the Open
Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also
been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases.
:ref:`tut-customize`.
-.. _GNU Readline: http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html
+.. _GNU Readline: https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html
.. _IPython: http://ipython.scipy.org/
.. _bpython: http://www.bpython-interpreter.org/
for download. Once you begin releasing code, you can register it here so that
others can find it.
-* http://code.activestate.com/recipes/langs/python/: The Python Cookbook is a
+* https://code.activestate.com/recipes/langs/python/: The Python Cookbook is a
sizable collection of code examples, larger modules, and useful scripts.
Particularly notable contributions are collected in a book also titled Python
Cookbook (O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN 0-596-00797-3.)
:program:`emacs` among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,
:program:`BBEdit` or :program:`TextWrangler` from Bare Bones Software (see
http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as is
-:program:`TextMate` (see http://macromates.com/). Other editors include
+:program:`TextMate` (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors include
:program:`Gvim` (http://macvim.org) and :program:`Aquamacs`
(http://aquamacs.org/).
available from https://pythonhosted.org/pyobjc/.
The standard Python GUI toolkit is :mod:`Tkinter`, based on the cross-platform
-Tk toolkit (http://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OS
+Tk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OS
X by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed from
-http://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.
+https://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.
*wxPython* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on
Mac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from http://www.wxpython.org.
On OpenSolaris
--------------
-You can get Python from `OpenCSW <http://www.opencsw.org/>`_. Various versions
+You can get Python from `OpenCSW <https://www.opencsw.org/>`_. Various versions
of Python are available and can be installed with e.g. ``pkgutil -i python27``.
information on how to code in Python in these editors, look at:
* http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=790
-* http://sourceforge.net/projects/python-mode
+* https://sourceforge.net/projects/python-mode
Geany is an excellent IDE with support for a lot of languages. For more
-information, read: http://www.geany.org/
+information, read: https://www.geany.org/
Komodo edit is another extremely good IDE. It also has support for a lot of
-languages. For more information, read http://komodoide.com/.
+languages. For more information, read https://komodoide.com/.
following releases), this support was dropped and new releases are just
expected to work on the Windows NT family.
* `Windows CE <http://pythonce.sourceforge.net/>`_ is still supported.
-* The `Cygwin <http://cygwin.com/>`_ installer offers to install the Python
+* The `Cygwin <https://cygwin.com/>`_ installer offers to install the Python
interpreter as well (cf. `Cygwin package source
<ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/pc/gnuwin32/cygwin/mirrors/cygnus/
release/python>`_, `Maintainer releases
https://support.microsoft.com/kb/310519
How To Manage Environment Variables in Windows XP
- http://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~louis/software/faq/q1.html
+ https://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~louis/software/faq/q1.html
Setting Environment variables, Louis J. Farrugia
made available by SourceForge for storing source code, tracking bug reports,
and managing the queue of patch submissions. To report bugs or submit patches
for Python 2.0, use the bug tracking and patch manager tools available from
-Python's project page, located at http://sourceforge.net/projects/python/.
+Python's project page, located at https://sourceforge.net/projects/python/.
The most important of the services now hosted at SourceForge is the Python CVS
tree, the version-controlled repository containing the source code for Python.
every square of an $NxN$ chessboard without visiting any square twice).
The idea of generators comes from other programming languages, especially Icon
-(http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/), where the idea of generators is central. In
+(https://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/), where the idea of generators is central. In
Icon, every expression and function call behaves like a generator. One example
from "An Overview of the Icon Programming Language" at
-http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/docs/ipd266.htm gives an idea of what this looks
+https://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/docs/ipd266.htm gives an idea of what this looks
like::
sentence := "Store it in the neighboring harbor"
every square of an $NxN$ chessboard without visiting any square twice).
The idea of generators comes from other programming languages, especially Icon
-(http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/), where the idea of generators is central. In
+(https://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/), where the idea of generators is central. In
Icon, every expression and function call behaves like a generator. One example
from "An Overview of the Icon Programming Language" at
-http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/docs/ipd266.htm gives an idea of what this looks
+https://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/docs/ipd266.htm gives an idea of what this looks
like::
sentence := "Store it in the neighboring harbor"
* The :mod:`socket` module now supports :const:`AF_NETLINK` sockets on Linux,
thanks to a patch from Philippe Biondi. Netlink sockets are a Linux-specific
mechanism for communications between a user-space process and kernel code; an
- introductory article about them is at http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7356.
+ introductory article about them is at https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7356.
In Python code, netlink addresses are represented as a tuple of 2 integers,
``(pid, group_mask)``.
>>>
For more information about the SQL dialect supported by SQLite, see
-http://www.sqlite.org.
+https://www.sqlite.org.
.. seealso::
http://www.pysqlite.org
The pysqlite web page.
- http://www.sqlite.org
+ https://www.sqlite.org
The SQLite web page; the documentation describes the syntax and the available
data types for the supported SQL dialect.
up different products and import some of the bugs and patches from
SourceForge. Four different trackers were examined: `Jira
<https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira/>`__,
-`Launchpad <https://www.launchpad.net>`__,
+`Launchpad <https://launchpad.net/>`__,
`Roundup <http://roundup.sourceforge.net/>`__, and
-`Trac <http://trac.edgewall.org/>`__.
+`Trac <https://trac.edgewall.org/>`__.
The committee eventually settled on Jira
and Roundup as the two candidates. Jira is a commercial product that
offers no-cost hosted instances to free-software projects; Roundup
:pep:`3141` - A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
PEP written by Jeffrey Yasskin.
- `Scheme's numerical tower <http://www.gnu.org/software/guile/manual/html_node/Numerical-Tower.html#Numerical-Tower>`__, from the Guile manual.
+ `Scheme's numerical tower <https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/manual/html_node/Numerical-Tower.html#Numerical-Tower>`__, from the Guile manual.
`Scheme's number datatypes <http://schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html#%_sec_6.2>`__ from the R5RS Scheme specification.
Bill Janssen made extensive improvements to Python 2.6's support for
the Secure Sockets Layer by adding a new module, :mod:`ssl`, that's
-built atop the `OpenSSL <http://www.openssl.org/>`__ library.
+built atop the `OpenSSL <https://www.openssl.org/>`__ library.
This new module provides more control over the protocol negotiated,
the X.509 certificates used, and has better support for writing SSL
servers (as opposed to clients) in Python. The existing SSL support
* The :mod:`ctypes` module now always converts ``None`` to a C NULL
pointer for arguments declared as pointers. (Changed by Thomas
Heller; :issue:`4606`.) The underlying `libffi library
- <http://sourceware.org/libffi/>`__ has been updated to version
+ <https://sourceware.org/libffi/>`__ has been updated to version
3.0.9, containing various fixes for different platforms. (Updated
by Matthias Klose; :issue:`8142`.)
*ciphers* argument that's a string listing the encryption algorithms
to be allowed; the format of the string is described
`in the OpenSSL documentation
- <http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
+ <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
(Added by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8322`.)
Another change makes the extension load all of OpenSSL's ciphers and
To learn more, read the :mod:`ttk` module documentation. You may also
wish to read the Tcl/Tk manual page describing the
Ttk theme engine, available at
-http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/TkCmd/ttk_intro.htm. Some
+https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/TkCmd/ttk_intro.htm. Some
screenshots of the Python/Ttk code in use are at
http://code.google.com/p/python-ttk/wiki/Screenshots.
* The latest release of the GNU Debugger, GDB 7, can be `scripted
using Python
- <http://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/Python.html>`__.
+ <https://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/Python.html>`__.
When you begin debugging an executable program P, GDB will look for
a file named ``P-gdb.py`` and automatically read it. Dave Malcolm
contributed a :file:`python-gdb.py` that adds a number of
with *updatepath* set to false.
Security issue reported as `CVE-2008-5983
- <http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_;
+ <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_;
discussed in :issue:`5753`, and fixed by Antoine Pitrou.
* New macros: the Python header files now define the following macros:
Documentation
-------------
+- Issue #26736: Used HTTPS for external links in the documentation if possible.
+
- Issue #6953: Rework the Readline module documentation to group related
functions together, and add more details such as what underlying Readline
functions and variables are accessed.
projects / python / commitdiff