-sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
-N\bN\bN\bNA\bA\bA\bAM\bM\bM\bME\bE\bE\bE
+N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
sudo - execute a command as another user
-S\bS\bS\bSY\bY\bY\bYN\bN\bN\bNO\bO\bO\bOP\bP\bP\bPS\bS\bS\bSI\bI\bI\bIS\bS\bS\bS
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo -\b-\b-\b-V\bV\bV\bV | -\b-\b-\b-h\bh\bh\bh | -\b-\b-\b-l\bl\bl\bl | -\b-\b-\b-L\bL\bL\bL | -\b-\b-\b-v\bv\bv\bv | -\b-\b-\b-k\bk\bk\bk | -\b-\b-\b-K\bK\bK\bK | -\b-\b-\b-s\bs\bs\bs | [ -\b-\b-\b-H\bH\bH\bH ] [-\b-\b-\b-P\bP\bP\bP ]
- [-\b-\b-\b-S\bS\bS\bS ] [ -\b-\b-\b-b\bb\bb\bb ] | [ -\b-\b-\b-p\bp\bp\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt ] [ -\b-\b-\b-c\bc\bc\bc _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs|_\b- ] [ -\b-\b-\b-a\ba\ba\ba _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\b__\bt_\by_\bp_\be
- ] [ -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be|_\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd ] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
+S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo -\b-V\bV | -\b-h\bh | -\b-l\bl | -\b-L\bL | -\b-v\bv | -\b-k\bk | -\b-K\bK | -\b-s\bs | [ -\b-H\bH ] [-\b-P\bP ]
+ [-\b-S\bS ] [ -\b-b\bb ] | [ -\b-p\bp _\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt ] [ -\b-c\bc _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs|_\b- ] [ -\b-a\ba _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\b__\bt_\by_\bp_\be
+ ] [ -\b-u\bu _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be|_\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd ] _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd
-D\bD\bD\bDE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bSC\bC\bC\bCR\bR\bR\bRI\bI\bI\bIP\bP\bP\bPT\bT\bT\bTI\bI\bI\bIO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bN
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo allows a permitted user to execute a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd as the
+D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo allows a permitted user to execute a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd as the
superuser or another user, as specified in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs
file. The real and effective uid and gid are set to match
those of the target user as specified in the passwd file
(the group vector is also initialized when the target user
- is not root). By default, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo requires that users
+ is not root). By default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo requires that users
authenticate themselves with a password (NOTE: by default
this is the user's password, not the root password). Once
a user has been authenticated, a timestamp is updated and
the user may then use sudo without a password for a short
period of time (5 minutes unless overridden in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs).
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo determines who is an authorized user by consulting
- the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs. By giving s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo the -\b-\b-\b-v\bv\bv\bv flag a user
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo determines who is an authorized user by consulting
+ the file _\b/_\be_\bt_\bc_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs. By giving s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo the -\b-v\bv flag a user
can update the time stamp without running a _\bc_\bo_\bm_\bm_\ba_\bn_\bd_\b. The
password prompt itself will also time out if the user's
password is not entered within 5 minutes (unless overrid
den via _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs).
If a user who is not listed in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file tries to
- run a command via s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo, mail is sent to the proper author
+ run a command via s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo, mail is sent to the proper author
ities, as defined at configure time or the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file
(defaults to root). Note that the mail will not be sent
- if an unauthorized user tries to run sudo with the -\b-\b-\b-l\bl\bl\bl or
- -\b-\b-\b-v\bv\bv\bv flags. This allows users to determine for themselves
- whether or not they are allowed to use s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo.
+ if an unauthorized user tries to run sudo with the -\b-l\bl or
+ -\b-v\bv flags. This allows users to determine for themselves
+ whether or not they are allowed to use s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo.
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo can log both successful and unsuccessful attempts (as
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo can log both successful and unsuccessful attempts (as
well as errors) to _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3), a log file, or both. By
- default s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will log via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3) but this is changeable
+ default s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will log via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3) but this is changeable
at configure time or via the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.
-O\bO\bO\bOP\bP\bP\bPT\bT\bT\bTI\bI\bI\bIO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bNS\bS\bS\bS
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo accepts the following command line options:
+O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo accepts the following command line options:
- -V The -\b-\b-\b-V\bV\bV\bV (_\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to print the ver
+ -V The -\b-V\bV (_\bv_\be_\br_\bs_\bi_\bo_\bn) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to print the ver
sion number and exit. If the invoking user is already
- root the -\b-\b-\b-V\bV\bV\bV option will print out a list of the
- defaults s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo was compiled with as well as the
+ root the -\b-V\bV option will print out a list of the
+ defaults s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo was compiled with as well as the
machine's local network addresses.
- -l The -\b-\b-\b-l\bl\bl\bl (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt) option will list out the allowed (and
+ -l The -\b-l\bl (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt) option will list out the allowed (and
forbidden) commands for the user on the current host.
+ -L The -\b-L\bL (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt defaults) option will list out the
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 1
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 1
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
-sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
+ parameters that may be set in a _\bD_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt_\bs line along
+ with a short description for each. This option is
+ useful in conjunction with _\bg_\br_\be_\bp(1).
- -L The -\b-\b-\b-L\bL\bL\bL (_\bl_\bi_\bs_\bt defaults) option will list out the param
- eters that may be set in a _\bD_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt_\bs line along with a
- short description for each. This option is useful in
- conjunction with _\bg_\br_\be_\bp(1).
-
- -h The -\b-\b-\b-h\bh\bh\bh (_\bh_\be_\bl_\bp) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to print a usage mes
+ -h The -\b-h\bh (_\bh_\be_\bl_\bp) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to print a usage mes
sage and exit.
- -v If given the -\b-\b-\b-v\bv\bv\bv (_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bi_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be) option, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will update
+ -v If given the -\b-v\bv (_\bv_\ba_\bl_\bi_\bd_\ba_\bt_\be) option, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will update
the user's timestamp, prompting for the user's pass
- word if necessary. This extends the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo timeout for
+ word if necessary. This extends the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo timeout for
another 5 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set to
in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs) but does not run a command.
- -k The -\b-\b-\b-k\bk\bk\bk (_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option to s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo invalidates the user's
+ -k The -\b-k\bk (_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option to s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo invalidates the user's
timestamp by setting the time on it to the epoch. The
- next time s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is run a password will be required.
+ next time s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is run a password will be required.
This option does not require a password and was added
- to allow a user to revoke s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo permissions from a
+ to allow a user to revoke s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo permissions from a
.logout file.
- -K The -\b-\b-\b-K\bK\bK\bK (sure _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option to s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo removes the user's
+ -K The -\b-K\bK (sure _\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl) option to s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo removes the user's
timestamp entirely. Likewise, this option does not
require a password.
- -b The -\b-\b-\b-b\bb\bb\bb (_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd) option tells s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to run the given
+ -b The -\b-b\bb (_\bb_\ba_\bc_\bk_\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bn_\bd) option tells s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to run the given
command in the background. Note that if you use the
- -\b-\b-\b-b\bb\bb\bb option you cannot use shell job control to manipu
+ -\b-b\bb option you cannot use shell job control to manipu
late the process.
- -p The -\b-\b-\b-p\bp\bp\bp (_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt) option allows you to override the
- default password prompt and use a custom one. If the
- password prompt contains the %u escape, %u will be
- replaced with the user's login name. Similarly, %h
- will be replaced with the local hostname.
+ -p The -\b-p\bp (_\bp_\br_\bo_\bm_\bp_\bt) option allows you to override the
+ default password prompt and use a custom one. The
+ following percent (`%') escapes are supported:
+
+ %u expanded to the invoking user's login name
+
+ %U expanded to the login name of the user the
+ command will be run as (defaults to root)
+
+ %h expanded to the local hostname without the
+ domain name
+
+ %H expanded to the local hostname including the
+ domain name (on if the machine's hostname is
+ fully qualified or the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn sudoers option is
+ set)
- -c The -\b-\b-\b-c\bc\bc\bc (_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to run the specified
+ %% two consecutive % characters are collaped into
+ a single % character
+
+ -c The -\b-c\bc (_\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to run the specified
command with resources limited by the specified login
class. The _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs argument can be either a class name
as defined in /etc/login.conf, or a single '-' charac
- ter. Specifying a _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs of - indicates that the com
- mand should be run restricted by the default login
- capabilities for the user the command is run as. If
- the _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs argument specifies an existing user class,
- the command must be run as root, or the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo command
- must be run from a shell that is already root. This
- option is only available on systems with BSD login
- classes where s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo has been configured with the
- --with-logincap option.
+ ter. Specifying a _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs of - indicates that the
- -a The -\b-\b-\b-a\ba\ba\ba (_\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\be_\bn_\bt_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bt_\by_\bp_\be) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to use
- the specified authentication type when validating the
- user, as allowed by /etc/login.conf. The system
- administrator may specify a list of sudo-specific
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 2
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 2
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
-sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
+ command should be run restricted by the default login
+ capabilities for the user the command is run as. If
+ the _\bc_\bl_\ba_\bs_\bs argument specifies an existing user class,
+ the command must be run as root, or the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo command
+ must be run from a shell that is already root. This
+ option is only available on systems with BSD login
+ classes where s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo has been configured with the
+ --with-logincap option.
+ -a The -\b-a\ba (_\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh_\be_\bn_\bt_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn _\bt_\by_\bp_\be) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to use
+ the specified authentication type when validating the
+ user, as allowed by /etc/login.conf. The system
+ administrator may specify a list of sudo-specific
authentication methods by adding an "auth-sudo" entry
in /etc/login.conf. This option is only available on
- systems that support BSD authentication where s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo has
+ systems that support BSD authentication where s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo has
been configured with the --with-bsdauth option.
- -u The -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu (_\bu_\bs_\be_\br) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to run the specified
+ -u The -\b-u\bu (_\bu_\bs_\be_\br) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to run the specified
command as a user other than _\br_\bo_\bo_\bt. To specify a _\bu_\bi_\bd
instead of a _\bu_\bs_\be_\br_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be, use _\b#_\bu_\bi_\bd.
- -s The -\b-\b-\b-s\bs\bs\bs (_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl) option runs the shell specified by the
+ -s The -\b-s\bs (_\bs_\bh_\be_\bl_\bl) option runs the shell specified by the
_\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL environment variable if it is set or the shell
as specified in _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4).
- -H The -\b-\b-\b-H\bH\bH\bH (_\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE) option sets the HOME environment vari
+ -H The -\b-H\bH (_\bH_\bO_\bM_\bE) option sets the HOME environment vari
able to the homedir of the target user (root by
- default) as specified in _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4). By default, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo
+ default) as specified in _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(4). By default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
does not modify HOME.
- -P The -\b-\b-\b-P\bP\bP\bP (_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bv_\be_\bc_\bt_\bo_\br) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to
+ -P The -\b-P\bP (_\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be _\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp _\bv_\be_\bc_\bt_\bo_\br) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to
preserve the user's group vector unaltered. By
- default, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will initialize the group vector to the
+ default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will initialize the group vector to the
list of groups the target user is in. The real and
effective group IDs, however, are still set to match
the target user.
- -S The -\b-\b-\b-S\bS\bS\bS (_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn) option causes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to read the password
+ -S The -\b-S\bS (_\bs_\bt_\bd_\bi_\bn) option causes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to read the password
from standard input instead of the terminal device.
- -- The -\b-\b-\b--\b-\b-\b- flag indicates that s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo should stop processing
+ -- The -\b--\b- flag indicates that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo should stop processing
command line arguments. It is most useful in conjunc
- tion with the -\b-\b-\b-s\bs\bs\bs flag.
+ tion with the -\b-s\bs flag.
-R\bR\bR\bRE\bE\bE\bET\bT\bT\bTU\bU\bU\bUR\bR\bR\bRN\bN\bN\bN V\bV\bV\bVA\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLU\bU\bU\bUE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
+R\bRE\bET\bTU\bUR\bRN\bN V\bVA\bAL\bLU\bUE\bES\bS
Upon successful execution of a program, the return value
- from s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will simply be the return value of the program
+ from s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will simply be the return value of the program
that was executed.
- Otherwise, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo quits with an exit value of 1 if there is
- a configuration/permission problem or if s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo cannot exe
+ Otherwise, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo quits with an exit value of 1 if there is
+ a configuration/permission problem or if s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo cannot exe
cute the given command. In the latter case the error
- string is printed to stderr. If s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo cannot _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) one
- or more entries in the user's PATH an error is printed on
- stderr. (If the directory does not exist or if it is not
- really a directory, the entry is ignored and no error is
- printed.) This should not happen under normal circum
- stances. The most common reason for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) to return
- "permission denied" is if you are running an automounter
- and one of the directories in your PATH is on a machine
- that is currently unreachable.
+ string is printed to stderr. If s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo cannot _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) one
-S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEC\bC\bC\bCU\bU\bU\bUR\bR\bR\bRI\bI\bI\bIT\bT\bT\bTY\bY\bY\bY N\bN\bN\bNO\bO\bO\bOT\bT\bT\bTE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo tries to be safe when executing external commands.
- Variables that control how dynamic loading and binding is
- done can be used to subvert the program that s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo runs.
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 3
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 3
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
-sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
+ or more entries in the user's PATH an error is printed on
+ stderr. (If the directory does not exist or if it is not
+ really a directory, the entry is ignored and no error is
+ printed.) This should not happen under normal circum
+ stances. The most common reason for _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2) to return
+ "permission denied" is if you are running an automounter
+ and one of the directories in your PATH is on a machine
+ that is currently unreachable.
+S\bSE\bEC\bCU\bUR\bRI\bIT\bTY\bY N\bNO\bOT\bTE\bES\bS
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo tries to be safe when executing external commands.
+ Variables that control how dynamic loading and binding is
+ done can be used to subvert the program that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo runs.
To combat this the LD_*, _RLD_*, SHLIB_PATH (HP-UX only),
and LIBPATH (AIX only) environment variables are removed
from the environment passed on to all commands executed.
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will also remove the IFS, ENV, BASH_ENV, KRB_CONF,
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will also remove the IFS, ENV, BASH_ENV, KRB_CONF,
KRBCONFDIR, KRBTKFILE, KRB5_CONFIG, LOCALDOMAIN,
RES_OPTIONS, HOSTALIASES, NLSPATH, PATH_LOCALE, TERMINFO,
TERMINFO_DIRS and TERMPATH variables as they too can pose
a threat. If the TERMCAP variable is set and is a path
name, it too is ignored. Additionally, if the LC_* or
LANGUAGE variables contain the / or % characters, they are
- ignored. If s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo has been compiled with SecurID support,
+ ignored. If s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo has been compiled with SecurID support,
the VAR_ACE, USR_ACE and DLC_ACE variables are cleared as
- well. The list of environment variables that s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo clears
+ well. The list of environment variables that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo clears
is contained in the output of sudo -V when run as root.
- To prevent command spoofing, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo checks "." and "" (both
+ To prevent command spoofing, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo checks "." and "" (both
denoting current directory) last when searching for a com
mand in the user's PATH (if one or both are in the PATH).
Note, however, that the actual PATH environment variable
is _\bn_\bo_\bt modified and is passed unchanged to the program
- that s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo executes.
+ that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo executes.
For security reasons, if your OS supports shared libraries
and does not disable user-defined library search paths for
setuid programs (most do), you should either use a linker
- option that disables this behavior or link s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo stati
+ option that disables this behavior or link s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo stati
cally.
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will check the ownership of its timestamp directory
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will check the ownership of its timestamp directory
(_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo by default) and ignore the directory's con
tents if it is not owned by root and only writable by
root. On systems that allow non-root users to give away
files via _\bc_\bh_\bo_\bw_\bn(2), if the timestamp directory is located
in a directory writable by anyone (e.g.: _\b/_\bt_\bm_\bp), it is pos
sible for a user to create the timestamp directory before
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is run. However, because s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo checks the ownership
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is run. However, because s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo checks the ownership
and mode of the directory and its contents, the only dam
age that can be done is to "hide" files by putting them in
the timestamp dir. This is unlikely to happen since once
the timestamp dir is owned by root and inaccessible by any
other user the user placing files there would be unable to
- get them back out. To get around this issue you can use a
- directory that is not world-writable for the timestamps
- (_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\ba_\bd_\bm_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo for instance) or create _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo with
- the appropriate owner (root) and permissions (0700) in the
- system startup files.
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will not honor timestamps set far in the future.
- Timestamps with a date greater than current_time + 2 *
- TIMEOUT will be ignored and sudo will log and complain.
- This is done to keep a user from creating his/her own
- timestamp with a bogus date on systems that allow users to
- give away files.
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 4
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 4
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
-sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
+ get them back out. To get around this issue you can use a
+ directory that is not world-writable for the timestamps
+ (_\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\ba_\bd_\bm_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo for instance) or create _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo with
+ the appropriate owner (root) and permissions (0700) in the
+ system startup files.
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will not honor timestamps set far in the future.
+ Timestamps with a date greater than current_time + 2 *
+ TIMEOUT will be ignored and sudo will log and complain.
+ This is done to keep a user from creating his/her own
+ timestamp with a bogus date on systems that allow users to
+ give away files.
- Please note that s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will only log the command it explic
+ Please note that s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will only log the command it explic
itly runs. If a user runs a command such as sudo su or
sudo sh, subsequent commands run from that shell will _\bn_\bo_\bt
- be logged, nor will s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo's access control affect them.
+ be logged, nor will s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo's access control affect them.
The same is true for commands that offer shell escapes
(including most editors). Because of this, care must be
- taken when giving users access to commands via s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to
- verify that the command does not inadvertantly give the
+ taken when giving users access to commands via s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to
+ verify that the command does not inadvertently give the
user an effective root shell.
-E\bE\bE\bEX\bX\bX\bXA\bA\bA\bAM\bM\bM\bMP\bP\bP\bPL\bL\bL\bLE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
+E\bEX\bXA\bAM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bES\bS
Note: the following examples assume suitable _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4)
entries.
% sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE"
-
-E\bE\bE\bEN\bN\bN\bNV\bV\bV\bVI\bI\bI\bIR\bR\bR\bRO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bNM\bM\bM\bME\bE\bE\bEN\bN\bN\bNT\bT\bT\bT
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo utilizes the following environment variables:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo utilizes the following environment variables:
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 5
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 5
-
-
-
-
-
-sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
PATH Set to a sane value if SECURE_PATH is set
SUDO_GID Set to the gid of the user who invoked sudo
SUDO_PS1 If set, PS1 will be set to its value
-
-F\bF\bF\bFI\bI\bI\bIL\bL\bL\bLE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
+F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
/etc/sudoers List of who can run what
/var/run/sudo Directory containing timestamps
-
-A\bA\bA\bAU\bU\bU\bUT\bT\bT\bTH\bH\bH\bHO\bO\bO\bOR\bR\bR\bRS\bS\bS\bS
- Many people have worked on s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo over the years; this ver
+A\bAU\bUT\bTH\bHO\bOR\bRS\bS
+ Many people have worked on s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo over the years; this ver
sion consists of code written primarily by:
Todd Miller
Chris Jepeway
- See the HISTORY file in the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo distribution or visit
+ See the HISTORY file in the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo distribution or visit
http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/history.html for a short history
- of s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo.
+ of s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo.
-B\bB\bB\bBU\bU\bU\bUG\bG\bG\bGS\bS\bS\bS
+B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
If you feel you have found a bug in sudo, please submit a
bug report at http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/
-D\bD\bD\bDI\bI\bI\bIS\bS\bS\bSC\bC\bC\bCL\bL\bL\bLA\bA\bA\bAI\bI\bI\bIM\bM\bM\bME\bE\bE\bER\bR\bR\bR
- S\bS\bS\bSu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied war
+D\bDI\bIS\bSC\bCL\bLA\bAI\bIM\bME\bER\bR
+ S\bSu\bud\bdo\bo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied war
ranties, including, but not limited to, the implied war
ranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
purpose are disclaimed. See the LICENSE file distributed
- with s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo for complete details.
+ with s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo for complete details.
-C\bC\bC\bCA\bA\bA\bAV\bV\bV\bVE\bE\bE\bEA\bA\bA\bAT\bT\bT\bTS\bS\bS\bS
+C\bCA\bAV\bVE\bEA\bAT\bTS\bS
There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root
shell if that user has access to commands allowing shell
escapes.
shell regardless of any '!' elements in the user specifi
cation.
- Running shell scripts via s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo can expose the same kernel
- bugs that make setuid shell scripts unsafe on some
+ Running shell scripts via s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo can expose the same kernel
+ bugs that make setuid shell scripts unsafe on some operat
+ ing systems (if your OS supports the /dev/fd/ directory,
+ setuid shell scripts are generally safe).
+
+
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 6
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 6
+SUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDO(1m)
-sudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudo(1m)
+S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
+ _\bg_\br_\be_\bp(1), _\bs_\bu(1), _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2), _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn_\b__\bc_\ba_\bp(3), _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4),
+ _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(5), _\bv_\bi_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m)
- operating systems (if your OS supports the /dev/fd/ direc
- tory, setuid shell scripts are generally safe).
-S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEE\bE\bE\bE A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLS\bS\bS\bSO\bO\bO\bO
- _\bs_\bt_\ba_\bt(2), _\bl_\bo_\bg_\bi_\bn_\b__\bc_\ba_\bp(3), _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4), _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(5), _\bv_\bi_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m),
- _\bg_\br_\be_\bp(1), _\bs_\bu(1).
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 7
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 7
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
-N\bN\bN\bNA\bA\bA\bAM\bM\bM\bME\bE\bE\bE
+N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
sudoers - list of which users may execute what
-D\bD\bD\bDE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bSC\bC\bC\bCR\bR\bR\bRI\bI\bI\bIP\bP\bP\bPT\bT\bT\bTI\bI\bI\bIO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bN
+D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
The _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file is composed of two types of entries:
aliases (basically variables) and user specifications
(which specify who may run what). The grammar of _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs
(EBNF). Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is; it
is fairly simple, and the definitions below are annotated.
- Q\bQ\bQ\bQu\bu\bu\bui\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bck\bk\bk\bk g\bg\bg\bgu\bu\bu\bui\bi\bi\bid\bd\bd\bde\be\be\be t\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bo E\bE\bE\bEB\bB\bB\bBN\bN\bN\bNF\bF\bF\bF
+ Q\bQu\bui\bic\bck\bk g\bgu\bui\bid\bde\be t\bto\bo E\bEB\bBN\bNF\bF
EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar
of a language. Each EBNF definition is made up of _\bp_\br_\bo_\bd_\bu_\bc_\b
is a verbatim character string (as opposed to a symbol
name).
- A\bA\bA\bAl\bl\bl\bli\bi\bi\bia\ba\ba\bas\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bs
+ A\bAl\bli\bia\bas\bse\bes\bs
There are four kinds of aliases: User_Alias, Runas_Alias,
Host_Alias and Cmnd_Alias.
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 1
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 1
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List
where _\bA_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\b__\bT_\by_\bp_\be is one of User_Alias, Runas_Alias,
Host_Alias, or Cmnd_Alias. A NAME is a string of upper
- case letters, numbers, and the underscore characters
- ('_'). A NAME m\bm\bm\bmu\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\bt start with an uppercase letter. It is
- possible to put several alias definitions of the same type
- on a single line, joined by a colon (':'). E.g.,
+ case letters, numbers, and underscore characters ('_'). A
+ NAME m\bmu\bus\bst\bt start with an uppercase letter. It is possible
+ to put several alias definitions of the same type on a
+ single line, joined by a colon (':'). E.g.,
Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 2
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 2
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
Host ::= '!'* hostname |
and other aliases. Again, the value of an item may be
negated with the '!' operator. If you do not specify a
netmask with a network number, the netmask of the host's
- ethernet _\bi_\bn_\bt_\be_\br_\bf_\ba_\bc_\be(s) will be used when matching. The
+ ethernet interface(s) will be used when matching. The
netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation
(e.g. 255.255.255.0) or CIDR notation (number of bits,
e.g. 24). A hostname may include shell-style wildcards
the user to run the command with any arguments he/she
wishes. However, you may also specify command line argu
ments (including wildcards). Alternately, you can specify
- "" to indicate that the command may only be run w\bw\bw\bwi\bi\bi\bit\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bho\bo\bo\bou\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bt
+ "" to indicate that the command may only be run w\bwi\bit\bth\bho\bou\but\bt
command line arguments. A directory is a fully qualified
pathname ending in a '/'. When you specify a directory in
a Cmnd_List, the user will be able to run any file within
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 3
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 3
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
- D\bD\bD\bDe\be\be\bef\bf\bf\bfa\ba\ba\bau\bu\bu\bul\bl\bl\blt\bt\bt\bts\bs\bs\bs
+ D\bDe\bef\bfa\bau\bul\blt\bts\bs
Certain configuration options may be changed from their
default values at runtime via one or more Default_Entry
lines. These may affect all users on any host, all users
- on a specific host, or just a specific user. When multi
- ple entries match, they are applied in order. Where there
- are conflicting values, the last value on a matching line
- takes effect.
+ on a specific host, a specific user, or commands being run
+ as a specific user. When multiple entries match, they are
+ applied in order. Where there are conflicting values, the
+ last value on a matching line takes effect.
Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' ||
+ 'Defaults' '@' Host ||
'Defaults' ':' User ||
- 'Defaults' '@' Host
+ 'Defaults' '>' RunasUser
Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List
Parameter '-=' Value ||
'!'* Parameter ||
- Parameters may be f\bf\bf\bfl\bl\bl\bla\ba\ba\bag\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs, i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\beg\bg\bg\bge\be\be\ber\br\br\br values, s\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\btr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs, or
- l\bl\bl\bli\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\bts\bs\bs\bs. Flags are implicitly boolean and can be turned off
+ Parameters may be f\bfl\bla\bag\bgs\bs, i\bin\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\br values, s\bst\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs, or
+ l\bli\bis\bst\bts\bs. Flags are implicitly boolean and can be turned off
via the '!' operator. Some integer, string and list
parameters may also be used in a boolean context to dis
able them. Values may be enclosed in double quotes (")
best place to put the Defaults section is after the Host,
User, and Cmnd aliases but before the user specifications.
- F\bF\bF\bFl\bl\bl\bla\ba\ba\bag\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs:
+ F\bFl\bla\bag\bgs\bs:
long_otp_prompt
When validating with a One Time Password
- scheme (S\bS\bS\bS/\b/\b/\b/K\bK\bK\bKe\be\be\bey\by\by\by or O\bO\bO\bOP\bP\bP\bPI\bI\bI\bIE\bE\bE\bE), a two-line prompt is
+ scheme (S\bS/\b/K\bKe\bey\by or O\bOP\bPI\bIE\bE), a two-line prompt is
used to make it easier to cut and paste the
challenge to a local window. It's not as
pretty as the default but some people find it
more convenient. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- ignore_dot If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will ignore '.' or '' (current
+ ignore_dot If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will ignore '.' or '' (current
dir) in the PATH environment variable; the
PATH itself is not modified. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf
by default.
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 4
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 4
-
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
mail_always Send mail to the _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bo user every time a
- users runs s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
+ users runs s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
mail_badpass
Send mail to the _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bo user if the user run
mail_no_perms
If set, mail will be sent to the _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bo user
- if the invoking user allowed to use s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo but
- the command they are trying is not listed in
- their _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file entry. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by
- default.
+ if the invoking user is allowed to use s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
+ but the command they are trying is not listed
+ in their _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file entry. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf
+ by default.
tty_tickets If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty
- basis. Normally, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo uses a directory in the
+ basis. Normally, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo uses a directory in the
ticket dir with the same name as the user run
- ning it. With this flag enabled, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will
+ ning it. With this flag enabled, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will
use a file named for the tty the user is
logged in on in that directory. This flag is
_\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
lecture If set, a user will receive a short lecture
- the first time he/she runs s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo. This flag is
+ the first time he/she runs s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo. This flag is
_\bo_\bn by default.
authenticate
may be overridden via the PASSWD and NOPASSWD
tags. This flag is _\bo_\bn by default.
- root_sudo If set, root is allowed to run s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo too. Dis
+ root_sudo If set, root is allowed to run s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo too. Dis
abling this prevents users from "chaining"
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo commands to get a root shell by doing
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo commands to get a root shell by doing
something like "sudo sudo /bin/sh". This flag
is _\bo_\bn by default.
log_host If set, the hostname will be logged in the
- (non-syslog) s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo log file. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf
+ (non-syslog) s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo log file. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 5
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 5
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
by default.
log_year If set, the four-digit year will be logged in
- the (non-syslog) s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo log file. This flag is
+ the (non-syslog) s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo log file. This flag is
_\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
shell_noargs
- If set and s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is invoked with no arguments
- it acts as if the -\b-\b-\b-s\bs\bs\bs flag had been given.
+ If set and s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is invoked with no arguments
+ it acts as if the -\b-s\bs flag had been given.
That is, it runs a shell as root (the shell is
determined by the SHELL environment variable
if it is set, falling back on the shell listed
in the invoking user's /etc/passwd entry if
not). This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- set_home If set and s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is invoked with the -\b-\b-\b-s\bs\bs\bs flag
+ set_home If set and s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is invoked with the -\b-s\bs flag
the HOME environment variable will be set to
the home directory of the target user (which
- is root unless the -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu option is used). This
- effectively makes the -\b-\b-\b-s\bs\bs\bs flag imply -\b-\b-\b-H\bH\bH\bH. This
+ is root unless the -\b-u\bu option is used). This
+ effectively makes the -\b-s\bs flag imply -\b-H\bH. This
flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
always_set_home
- If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will set the HOME environment
+ If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will set the HOME environment
variable to the home directory of the target
- user (which is root unless the -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu option is
- used). This effectively means that the -\b-\b-\b-H\bH\bH\bH
+ user (which is root unless the -\b-u\bu option is
+ used). This effectively means that the -\b-H\bH
flag is always implied. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by
default.
- path_info Normally, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will tell the user when a com
+ path_info Normally, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will tell the user when a com
mand could not be found in their PATH environ
ment variable. Some sites may wish to disable
this as it could be used to gather information
on the location of executables that the normal
user does not have access to. The disadvan
tage is that if the executable is simply not
- in the user's PATH, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will tell the user
+ in the user's PATH, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will tell the user
that they are not allowed to run it, which can
be confusing. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
preserve_groups
- By default s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will initialize the group vec
+ By default s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will initialize the group vec
tor to the list of groups the target user is
in. When _\bp_\br_\be_\bs_\be_\br_\bv_\be_\b__\bg_\br_\bo_\bu_\bp_\bs is set, the user's
existing group vector is left unaltered. The
is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
fqdn Set this flag if you want to put fully quali
- fied hostnames in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file. I.e.:
+ fied hostnames in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file. I.e.,
instead of myhost you would use myhost.mydo
main.edu. You may still use the short form if
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 6
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 6
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
you wish (and even mix the two). Beware that
- turning on _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn requires s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to make DNS
- lookups which may make s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo unusable if DNS
+ turning on _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn requires s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to make DNS
+ lookups which may make s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo unusable if DNS
stops working (for example if the machine is
not plugged into the network). Also note that
you must use the host's official name as DNS
already fully qualified you shouldn't need to
set _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- insults If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will insult users when they enter
+ insults If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will insult users when they enter
an incorrect password. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by
default.
- requiretty If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will only run when the user is
+ requiretty If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will only run when the user is
logged in to a real tty. This will disallow
things like "rsh somehost sudo ls" since
_\br_\bs_\bh(1) does not allocate a tty. Because it is
- not possible to turn of echo when there is no
+ not possible to turn off echo when there is no
tty present, some sites may with to set this
flag to prevent a user from entering a visible
password. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- env_editor If set, v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will use the value of the EDI
+ env_editor If set, v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will use the value of the EDI
TOR or VISUAL environment variables before
falling back on the default editor list. Note
that this may create a security hole as it
allows the user to run any arbitrary command
as root without logging. A safer alternative
is to place a colon-separated list of editors
- in the editor variable. v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will then only
+ in the editor variable. v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will then only
use the EDITOR or VISUAL if they match a value
specified in editor. This flag is off by
default.
- rootpw If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will prompt for the root password
+ rootpw If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will prompt for the root password
instead of the password of the invoking user.
This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- runaspw If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will prompt for the password of
+ runaspw If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will prompt for the password of
the user defined by the _\br_\bu_\bn_\ba_\bs_\b__\bd_\be_\bf_\ba_\bu_\bl_\bt option
(defaults to root) instead of the password of
the invoking user. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by
default.
- targetpw If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will prompt for the password of
- the user specified by the -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu flag (defaults to
+ targetpw If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will prompt for the password of
+ the user specified by the -\b-u\bu flag (defaults to
root) instead of the password of the invoking
user. This flag is _\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 7
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 7
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
- set_logname Normally, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will set the LOGNAME and USER
+ set_logname Normally, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will set the LOGNAME and USER
environment variables to the name of the tar
- get user (usually root unless the -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu flag is
+ get user (usually root unless the -\b-u\bu flag is
given). However, since some programs (includ
ing the RCS revision control system) use LOG
NAME to determine the real identity of the
behavior. This can be done by negating the
set_logname option.
- stay_setuid Normally, when s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo executes a command the
+ stay_setuid Normally, when s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo executes a command the
real and effective UIDs are set to the target
user (root by default). This option changes
that behavior such that the real UID is left
as the invoking user's UID. In other words,
- this makes s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo act as a setuid wrapper. This
+ this makes s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo act as a setuid wrapper. This
can be useful on systems that disable some
potentially dangerous functionality when a
program is run setuid. Note, however, that
this means that sudo will run with the real
uid of the invoking user which may allow that
- user to kill s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo before it can log a failure,
+ user to kill s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo before it can log a failure,
depending on how your OS defines the interac
tion between signals and setuid processes.
- env_reset If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will reset the environment to
+ env_reset If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will reset the environment to
only contain the following variables: HOME,
LOGNAME, PATH, SHELL, TERM, and USER (in addi
tion to the SUDO_* variables). Of these, only
TERM is copied unaltered from the old environ
ment. The other variables are set to default
values (possibly modified by the value of the
- _\bs_\be_\bt_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be option). If s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo was compiled
+ _\bs_\be_\bt_\b__\bl_\bo_\bg_\bn_\ba_\bm_\be option). If s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo was compiled
with the SECURE_PATH option, its value will be
used for the PATH environment variable. Other
variables may be preserved with the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\bk_\be_\be_\bp
option.
use_loginclass
- If set, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will apply the defaults specified
+ If set, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will apply the defaults specified
for the target user's login class if one
- exists. Only available if s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is configured
+ exists. Only available if s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is configured
with the --with-logincap option. This flag is
_\bo_\bf_\bf by default.
- I\bI\bI\bIn\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\beg\bg\bg\bge\be\be\ber\br\br\brs\bs\bs\bs:
+ I\bIn\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\brs\bs:
passwd_tries
The number of tries a user gets to enter
- his/her password before s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo logs the failure
+ his/her password before s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo logs the failure
and exits. The default is 3.
- I\bI\bI\bIn\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\beg\bg\bg\bge\be\be\ber\br\br\brs\bs\bs\bs t\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bt c\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn b\bb\bb\bbe\be\be\be u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bn a\ba\ba\ba b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bol\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bea\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn c\bc\bc\bco\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\bex\bx\bx\bxt\bt\bt\bt:
+ I\bIn\bnt\bte\beg\bge\ber\brs\bs t\bth\bha\bat\bt c\bca\ban\bn b\bbe\be u\bus\bse\bed\bd i\bin\bn a\ba b\bbo\boo\bol\ble\bea\ban\bn c\bco\bon\bnt\bte\bex\bxt\bt:
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 8
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 8
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
loglinelen Number of characters per line for the file
option to disable word wrap).
timestamp_timeout
- Number of minutes that can elapse before s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo
+ Number of minutes that can elapse before s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
will ask for a passwd again. The default is
5. Set this to 0 to always prompt for a pass
word. If set to a value less than 0 the
respectively.
passwd_timeout
- Number of minutes before the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo password
+ Number of minutes before the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo password
prompt times out. The default is 5, set this
to 0 for no password timeout.
this option or set it to 0777 to preserve the
user's umask. The default is 0022.
- S\bS\bS\bSt\bt\bt\btr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs:
+ S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs:
mailsub Subject of the mail sent to the _\bm_\ba_\bi_\bl_\bt_\bo user.
The escape %h will expand to the hostname of
again. unless insults are enabled.
timestampdir
- The directory in which s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo stores its times
+ The directory in which s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo stores its times
tamp files. The default is _\b/_\bv_\ba_\br_\b/_\br_\bu_\bn_\b/_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo.
+ timestampowner
+ The owner of the timestamp directory and the
+ timestamps stored therein. The default is
+ root.
+
passprompt The default prompt to use when asking for a
- password; can be overridden via the -\b-\b-\b-p\bp\bp\bp option
- or the SUDO_PROMPT environment variable. Sup
- ports two escapes: "%u" expands to the user's
- login name and "%h" expands to the local host
- name. The default value is Password:.
+ password; can be overridden via the -\b-p\bp option
+ or the SUDO_PROMPT environment variable. The
+ following percent (`%') escapes are supported:
- runas_default
- The default user to run commands as if the -\b-\b-\b-u\bu\bu\bu
- flag is not specified on the command line.
- This defaults to root.
+ %u expanded to the invoking user's login
+ name
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 9
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 9
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ %U expanded to the login name of the user
+ the command will be run as (defaults
+ to root)
+
+ %h expanded to the local hostname without
+ the domain name
+
+ %H expanded to the local hostname includ
+ ing the domain name (on if the
+ machine's hostname is fully qualified
+ or the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn option is set)
+
+ %% two consecutive % characters are col
+ laped into a single % character
+
+ The default value is Password:.
+
+ runas_default
+ The default user to run commands as if the -\b-u\bu
+ flag is not specified on the command line.
+ This defaults to root.
syslog_goodpri
Syslog priority to use when user authenticates
unsuccessfully. Defaults to alert.
editor A colon (':') separated list of editors
- allowed to be used with v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo. v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will
+ allowed to be used with v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo. v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will
choose the editor that matches the user's USER
environment variable if possible, or the first
editor in the list that exists and is exe
cutable. The default is the path to vi on
your system.
- S\bS\bS\bSt\bt\bt\btr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bgs\bs\bs\bs t\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bt c\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn b\bb\bb\bbe\be\be\be u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bn a\ba\ba\ba b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bol\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bea\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn c\bc\bc\bco\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\bex\bx\bx\bxt\bt\bt\bt:
+ S\bSt\btr\bri\bin\bng\bgs\bs t\bth\bha\bat\bt c\bca\ban\bn b\bbe\be u\bus\bse\bed\bd i\bin\bn a\ba b\bbo\boo\bol\ble\bea\ban\bn c\bco\bon\bnt\bte\bex\bxt\bt:
- logfile Path to the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo log file (not the syslog log
+ logfile Path to the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo log file (not the syslog log
file). Setting a path turns on logging to a
file; negating this option turns it off.
at configure time.
mailerflags Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to
- -\b-\b-\b-t\bt\bt\bt.
+ -\b-t\bt.
+
+
+
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 10
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
mailto Address to send warning and error mail to.
The address should be enclosed in double
default.
verifypw This option controls when a password will be
- required when a user runs s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo with the -\b-\b-\b-v\bv\bv\bv
+ required when a user runs s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo with the -\b-v\bv
flag. It has the following possible values:
all All the user's _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entries for the
any At least one of the user's _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs
entries for the current host must have
- the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid
-
-
-
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 10
-
-
-
-
-
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
-
-
- entering a password.
+ the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid enter
+ ing a password.
never The user need never enter a password
- to use the -\b-\b-\b-v\bv\bv\bv flag.
+ to use the -\b-v\bv flag.
always The user must always enter a password
- to use the -\b-\b-\b-v\bv\bv\bv flag.
+ to use the -\b-v\bv flag.
The default value is `all'.
listpw This option controls when a password will be
- required when a user runs s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo with the -\b-\b-\b-l\bl\bl\bl.
- It has the following possible values:
+ required when a user runs s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo with the -\b-l\bl
+ flag. It has the following possible values:
all All the user's _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entries for the
current host must have the NOPASSWD
ing a password.
never The user need never enter a password
- to use the -\b-\b-\b-l\bl\bl\bl flag.
+ to use the -\b-l\bl flag.
always The user must always enter a password
- to use the -\b-\b-\b-l\bl\bl\bl flag.
+ to use the -\b-l\bl flag.
The default value is `any'.
- L\bL\bL\bLi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\bts\bs\bs\bs t\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bt c\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn b\bb\bb\bbe\be\be\be u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bn a\ba\ba\ba b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bol\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bea\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bn c\bc\bc\bco\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bnt\bt\bt\bte\be\be\bex\bx\bx\bxt\bt\bt\bt:
+ L\bLi\bis\bst\bts\bs t\bth\bha\bat\bt c\bca\ban\bn b\bbe\be u\bus\bse\bed\bd i\bin\bn a\ba b\bbo\boo\bol\ble\bea\ban\bn c\bco\bon\bnt\bte\bex\bxt\bt:
+
+
+
+
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 11
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
env_check Environment variables to be removed from the
user's environment if the variable's value
contains % or / characters. This can be used
to guard against printf-style format vulnera
- bilties in poorly-written programs. The argu
- ment may be a double-quoted, space-separated
- list or a single value without double-quotes.
- The list can be replaced, added to, deleted
- from, or disabled by using the =, +=, -=, and
- ! operators respectively. The default list of
- environment variable to check is printed when
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is run by root with the _\b-_\bV option.
+ bilities in poorly-written programs. The
+ argument may be a double-quoted, space-sepa
+ rated list or a single value without dou
+ ble-quotes. The list can be replaced, added
+ to, deleted from, or disabled by using the =,
+ +=, -=, and ! operators respectively. The
+ default list of environment variables to check
+ is printed when s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is run by root with the
+ _\b-_\bV option.
env_delete Environment variables to be removed from the
user's environment. The argument may be a
be replaced, added to, deleted from, or dis
abled by using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators
respectively. The default list of environment
- variable to remove is printed when s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is run
-
-
-
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 11
-
-
-
-
-
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
-
-
- by root with the _\b-_\bV option.
+ variables to remove is printed when s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is
+ run by root with the _\b-_\bV option. Note that
+ many operating systems will remove potentially
+ dangerous variables from the environment of
+ any setuid process (such as s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo).
env_keep Environment variables to be preserved in the
user's environment when the _\be_\bn_\bv_\b__\br_\be_\bs_\be_\bt option
is in effect. This allows fine-grained con
- trol over the environment s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo-spawned pro
+ trol over the environment s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo-spawned pro
cesses will receive. The argument may be a
double-quoted, space-separated list or a sin
gle value without double-quotes. The list can
respectively. This list has no default mem
bers.
- When logging via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3), s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo accepts the following
- values for the syslog facility (the value of the s\bs\bs\bsy\by\by\bys\bs\bs\bsl\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\bog\bg\bg\bg
- Parameter): a\ba\ba\bau\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bhp\bp\bp\bpr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\biv\bv\bv\bv (if your OS supports it), a\ba\ba\bau\bu\bu\but\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bh, d\bd\bd\bda\ba\ba\bae\be\be\be\b\b\b
- m\bm\bm\bmo\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bn, u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\br, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl0\b0\b0\b0, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl1\b1\b1\b1, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl2\b2\b2\b2, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl3\b3\b3\b3, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl4\b4\b4\b4, l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl5\b5\b5\b5,
- l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl6\b6\b6\b6, and l\bl\bl\blo\bo\bo\boc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl7\b7\b7\b7. The following syslog priorities are
- supported: a\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\ble\be\be\ber\br\br\brt\bt\bt\bt, c\bc\bc\bcr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bit\bt\bt\bt, d\bd\bd\bde\be\be\beb\bb\bb\bbu\bu\bu\bug\bg\bg\bg, e\be\be\bem\bm\bm\bme\be\be\ber\br\br\brg\bg\bg\bg, e\be\be\ber\br\br\brr\br\br\br, i\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bnf\bf\bf\bfo\bo\bo\bo, n\bn\bn\bno\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bce\be\be\be,
- and w\bw\bw\bwa\ba\ba\bar\br\br\brn\bn\bn\bni\bi\bi\bin\bn\bn\bng\bg\bg\bg.
+ When logging via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3), s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo accepts the following
+ values for the syslog facility (the value of the s\bsy\bys\bsl\blo\bog\bg
+ Parameter): a\bau\but\bth\bhp\bpr\bri\biv\bv (if your OS supports it), a\bau\but\bth\bh, d\bda\bae\be\b
+ m\bmo\bon\bn, u\bus\bse\ber\br, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl0\b0, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl1\b1, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl2\b2, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl3\b3, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl4\b4, l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl5\b5,
+ l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl6\b6, and l\blo\boc\bca\bal\bl7\b7. The following syslog priorities are
+ supported: a\bal\ble\ber\brt\bt, c\bcr\bri\bit\bt, d\bde\beb\bbu\bug\bg, e\bem\bme\ber\brg\bg, e\ber\brr\br, i\bin\bnf\bfo\bo, n\bno\bot\bti\bic\bce\be,
+ and w\bwa\bar\brn\bni\bin\bng\bg.
- U\bU\bU\bUs\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\br S\bS\bS\bSp\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bci\bi\bi\bif\bf\bf\bfi\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bio\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bn
+ U\bUs\bse\ber\br S\bSp\bpe\bec\bci\bif\bfi\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn
User_Spec ::= User_list Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List \
(':' User_Spec)*
Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List
+
+
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 12
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:')? Cmnd
Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List ')'
- A u\bu\bu\bus\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\br s\bs\bs\bsp\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bci\bi\bi\bif\bf\bf\bfi\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bio\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bn determines which commands a user may
+ A u\bus\bse\ber\br s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bif\bfi\bic\bca\bat\bti\bio\bon\bn determines which commands a user may
run (and as what user) on specified hosts. By default,
- commands are run as r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt, but this can be changed on a
+ commands are run as r\bro\boo\bot\bt, but this can be changed on a
per-command basis.
Let's break that down into its constituent parts:
- R\bR\bR\bRu\bu\bu\bun\bn\bn\bna\ba\ba\bas\bs\bs\bs_\b_\b_\b_S\bS\bS\bSp\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bc
+ R\bRu\bun\bna\bas\bs_\b_S\bSp\bpe\bec\bc
A Runas_Spec is simply a Runas_List (as defined above)
enclosed in a set of parentheses. If you do not specify a
Runas_Spec in the user specification, a default Runas_Spec
- of r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt will be used. A Runas_Spec sets the default for
+ of r\bro\boo\bot\bt will be used. A Runas_Spec sets the default for
commands that follow it. What this means is that for the
entry:
- dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who
-
- The user d\bd\bd\bdg\bg\bg\bgb\bb\bb\bb may run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs, _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl, and _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm
- -- but only as o\bo\bo\bop\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\ber\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bor\br\br\br. E.g.,
-
-
-
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 12
-
-
-
-
-
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
+ The user d\bdg\bgb\bb may run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs, _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl, and _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm
+ -- but only as o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br. E.g.,
sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
- Then user d\bd\bd\bdg\bg\bg\bgb\bb\bb\bb is now allowed to run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs as o\bo\bo\bop\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\ber\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bor\br\br\br,
- but _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl and _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm as r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt.
+ Then user d\bdg\bgb\bb is now allowed to run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs as o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br,
+ but _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl and _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm as r\bro\boo\bot\bt.
- N\bN\bN\bNO\bO\bO\bOP\bP\bP\bPA\bA\bA\bAS\bS\bS\bSS\bS\bS\bSW\bW\bW\bWD\bD\bD\bD a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bnd\bd\bd\bd P\bP\bP\bPA\bA\bA\bAS\bS\bS\bSS\bS\bS\bSW\bW\bW\bWD\bD\bD\bD
+ N\bNO\bOP\bPA\bAS\bSS\bSW\bWD\bD a\ban\bnd\bd P\bPA\bAS\bSS\bSW\bWD\bD
- By default, s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo requires that a user authenticate him or
+ By default, s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo requires that a user authenticate him or
herself before running a command. This behavior can be
modified via the NOPASSWD tag. Like a Runas_Spec, the
NOPASSWD tag sets a default for the commands that follow
ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
- would allow the user r\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bay\by\by\by to run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl, _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs, and
- _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm as root on the machine rushmore as r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt
- without authenticating himself. If we only want r\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bay\by\by\by to be
+ would allow the user r\bra\bay\by to run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl, _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bs, and
+ _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bl_\bp_\br_\bm as root on the machine rushmore as r\bro\boo\bot\bt
+ without authenticating himself. If we only want r\bra\bay\by to be
able to run _\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/_\bk_\bi_\bl_\bl without a password the entry would
be:
ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
+
+
+
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 13
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
Note, however, that the PASSWD tag has no effect on users
who are in the group specified by the exempt_group option.
tain to the current host. This behavior may be overridden
via the verifypw and listpw options.
- W\bW\bW\bWi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bld\bd\bd\bdc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bar\br\br\brd\bd\bd\bds\bs\bs\bs (\b(\b(\b(a\ba\ba\bak\bk\bk\bka\ba\ba\ba m\bm\bm\bme\be\be\bet\bt\bt\bta\ba\ba\ba c\bc\bc\bch\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bar\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bct\bt\bt\bte\be\be\ber\br\br\brs\bs\bs\bs)\b)\b)\b):\b:\b:\b:
+ W\bWi\bil\bld\bdc\bca\bar\brd\bds\bs (\b(a\bak\bka\ba m\bme\bet\bta\ba c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\brs\bs)\b):\b:
- s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo allows shell-style _\bw_\bi_\bl_\bd_\bc_\ba_\br_\bd_\bs to be used in pathnames
+ s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo allows shell-style _\bw_\bi_\bl_\bd_\bc_\ba_\br_\bd_\bs to be used in pathnames
as well as command line arguments in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.
- Wildcard matching is done via the P\bP\bP\bPO\bO\bO\bOS\bS\bS\bSI\bI\bI\bIX\bX\bX\bX fnmatch(3) rou
+ Wildcard matching is done via the P\bPO\bOS\bSI\bIX\bX fnmatch(3) rou
tine. Note that these are _\bn_\bo_\bt regular expressions.
* Matches any set of zero or more characters.
[...] Matches any character in the specified range.
-
-
-
-
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 13
-
-
-
-
-
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
-
-
- [!...] Matches any character n\bn\bn\bno\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt in the specified range.
+ [!...] Matches any character n\bno\bot\bt in the specified range.
\x For any character "x", evaluates to "x". This is
used to escape special characters such as: "*",
"?", "[", and "}".
- Note that a forward slash ('/') will n\bn\bn\bno\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt be matched by
+ Note that a forward slash ('/') will n\bno\bot\bt be matched by
wildcards used in the pathname. When matching the command
- line arguments, however, as slash d\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\boe\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bs get matched by
- wildcards. This is to make a path like:
+ line arguments, however, a slash d\bdo\boe\bes\bs get matched by wild
+ cards. This is to make a path like:
/usr/bin/*
match /usr/bin/who but not /usr/bin/X11/xterm.
- E\bE\bE\bEx\bx\bx\bxc\bc\bc\bce\be\be\bep\bp\bp\bpt\bt\bt\bti\bi\bi\bio\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bns\bs\bs\bs t\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bo w\bw\bw\bwi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bld\bd\bd\bdc\bc\bc\bca\ba\ba\bar\br\br\brd\bd\bd\bd r\br\br\bru\bu\bu\bul\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bs:\b:\b:\b:
+ E\bEx\bxc\bce\bep\bpt\bti\bio\bon\bns\bs t\bto\bo w\bwi\bil\bld\bdc\bca\bar\brd\bd r\bru\bul\ble\bes\bs:\b:
The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
- """" If the empty string "" is the only command line
+ "" If the empty string "" is the only command line
argument in the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entry it means that com
- mand is not allowed to be run with a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bny\by\by\by arguments.
+ mand is not allowed to be run with a\ban\bny\by arguments.
- O\bO\bO\bOt\bt\bt\bth\bh\bh\bhe\be\be\ber\br\br\br s\bs\bs\bsp\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bci\bi\bi\bia\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\bl c\bc\bc\bch\bh\bh\bha\ba\ba\bar\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bct\bt\bt\bte\be\be\ber\br\br\brs\bs\bs\bs a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bnd\bd\bd\bd r\br\br\bre\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bse\be\be\ber\br\br\brv\bv\bv\bve\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd w\bw\bw\bwo\bo\bo\bor\br\br\brd\bd\bd\bds\bs\bs\bs:\b:\b:\b:
+ O\bOt\bth\bhe\ber\br s\bsp\bpe\bec\bci\bia\bal\bl c\bch\bha\bar\bra\bac\bct\bte\ber\brs\bs a\ban\bnd\bd r\bre\bes\bse\ber\brv\bve\bed\bd w\bwo\bor\brd\bds\bs:\b:
The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless
it occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by
Both the comment character and any text after it, up to
the end of the line, are ignored.
- The reserved word A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLL\bL\bL\bL is a built in _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs that always
+
+
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 14
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
+ The reserved word A\bAL\bLL\bL is a built in _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs that always
causes a match to succeed. It can be used wherever one
might otherwise use a Cmnd_Alias, User_Alias, Runas_Alias,
or Host_Alias. You should not try to define your own
- _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs called A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLL\bL\bL\bL as the built in alias will be used in
- preference to your own. Please note that using A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLL\bL\bL\bL can be
+ _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs called A\bAL\bLL\bL as the built in alias will be used in
+ preference to your own. Please note that using A\bAL\bLL\bL can be
dangerous since in a command context, it allows the user
- to run a\ba\ba\ban\bn\bn\bny\by\by\by command on the system.
+ to run a\ban\bny\by command on the system.
An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical _\bn_\bo_\bt
operator both in an _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs and in front of a Cmnd. This
syntactic characters in a _\bU_\bs_\be_\br _\bS_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\bf_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn ('=', ':',
'(', ')') is optional.
-
-
-
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 14
-
-
-
-
-
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
-
-
The following characters must be escaped with a backslash
('\') when used as part of a word (e.g. a username or
hostname): '@', '!', '=', ':', ',', '(', ')', '\'.
-E\bE\bE\bEX\bX\bX\bXA\bA\bA\bAM\bM\bM\bMP\bP\bP\bPL\bL\bL\bLE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
+E\bEX\bXA\bAM\bMP\bPL\bLE\bES\bS
Below are example _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs entries. Admittedly, some of
these are a bit contrived. First, we define our _\ba_\bl_\bi_\ba_\bs_\be_\bs:
Host_Alias SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns
Host_Alias CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 15
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
# Cmnd alias specification
Cmnd_Alias DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\
/usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore
Cmnd_Alias SU = /usr/bin/su
Here we override some of the compiled in default values.
- We want s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to log via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3) using the _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh facility
+ We want s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to log via _\bs_\by_\bs_\bl_\bo_\bg(3) using the _\ba_\bu_\bt_\bh facility
in all cases. We don't want to subject the full time
- staff to the s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo lecture, and user m\bm\bm\bmi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\ble\be\be\ber\br\br\brt\bt\bt\bt need not give
- a password. In addition, on the machines in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS
- Host_Alias, we keep an additional local log file and make
- sure we log the year in each log line since the log
- entries will be kept around for several years.
+ staff to the s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo lecture, user m\bmi\bil\bll\ble\ber\brt\bt need not give a
+ password, and we don't want to set the LOGNAME or USER
+ environment variables when running commands as root.
+ Additionally, on the machines in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS Host_Alias,
+ we keep an additional local log file and make sure we log
+ the year in each log line since the log entries will be
+ kept around for several years.
# Override built in defaults
Defaults syslog=auth
+ Defaults>root !set_logname
Defaults:FULLTIMERS !lecture
Defaults:millert !authenticate
Defaults@SERVERS log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log
-
-
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 15
-
-
-
-
-
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
-
-
The _\bU_\bs_\be_\br _\bs_\bp_\be_\bc_\bi_\bf_\bi_\bc_\ba_\bt_\bi_\bo_\bn is the part that actually deter
mines who may run what.
root ALL = (ALL) ALL
%wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL
- We let r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt and any user in group w\bw\bw\bwh\bh\bh\bhe\be\be\bee\be\be\bel\bl\bl\bl run any command on
+ We let r\bro\boo\bot\bt and any user in group w\bwh\bhe\bee\bel\bl run any command on
any host as any user.
FULLTIMERS ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL
- Full time sysadmins (m\bm\bm\bmi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\ble\be\be\ber\br\br\brt\bt\bt\bt, m\bm\bm\bmi\bi\bi\bik\bk\bk\bke\be\be\bef\bf\bf\bf, and d\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bow\bw\bw\bwd\bd\bd\bdy\by\by\by) may run
+ Full time sysadmins (m\bmi\bil\bll\ble\ber\brt\bt, m\bmi\bik\bke\bef\bf, and d\bdo\bow\bwd\bdy\by) may run
any command on any host without authenticating themselves.
PARTTIMERS ALL = ALL
- Part time sysadmins (b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\bos\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\btl\bl\bl\ble\be\be\bey\by\by\by, j\bj\bj\bjw\bw\bw\bwf\bf\bf\bfo\bo\bo\box\bx\bx\bx, and c\bc\bc\bcr\br\br\bra\ba\ba\baw\bw\bw\bwl\bl\bl\bl) may run
+ Part time sysadmins (b\bbo\bos\bst\btl\ble\bey\by, j\bjw\bwf\bfo\box\bx, and c\bcr\bra\baw\bwl\bl) may run
any command on any host but they must authenticate them
selves first (since the entry lacks the NOPASSWD tag).
jack CSNETS = ALL
- The user j\bj\bj\bja\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bck\bk\bk\bk may run any command on the machines in the
+ The user j\bja\bac\bck\bk may run any command on the machines in the
+
+
+
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 16
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
_\bC_\bS_\bN_\bE_\bT_\bS alias (the networks 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0,
and 128.138.242.0). Of those networks, only 128.138.204.0
has an explicit netmask (in CIDR notation) indicating it
lisa CUNETS = ALL
- The user l\bl\bl\bli\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsa\ba\ba\ba may run any command on any host in the
+ The user l\bli\bis\bsa\ba may run any command on any host in the
_\bC_\bU_\bN_\bE_\bT_\bS alias (the class B network 128.138.0.0).
operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,\
/usr/oper/bin/
- The o\bo\bo\bop\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\ber\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bor\br\br\br user may run commands limited to simple main
+ The o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br user may run commands limited to simple main
tenance. Here, those are commands related to backups,
killing processes, the printing system, shutting down the
system, and any commands in the directory _\b/_\bu_\bs_\br_\b/_\bo_\bp_\be_\br_\b/_\bb_\bi_\bn_\b/.
joe ALL = /usr/bin/su operator
- The user j\bj\bj\bjo\bo\bo\boe\be\be\be may only _\bs_\bu(1) to operator.
+ The user j\bjo\boe\be may only _\bs_\bu(1) to operator.
pete HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root
- The user p\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\bet\bt\bt\bte\be\be\be is allowed to change anyone's password
+ The user p\bpe\bet\bte\be is allowed to change anyone's password
except for root on the _\bH_\bP_\bP_\bA machines. Note that this
assumes _\bp_\ba_\bs_\bs_\bw_\bd(1) does not take multiple usernames on the
command line.
bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
+ The user b\bbo\bob\bb may run anything on the _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bR_\bC and _\bS_\bG_\bI
+ machines as any user listed in the _\bO_\bP Runas_Alias (r\bro\boo\bot\bt
+ and o\bop\bpe\ber\bra\bat\bto\bor\br).
+ jim +biglab = ALL
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 16
+ The user j\bji\bim\bm may run any command on machines in the _\bb_\bi_\bg_\bl_\ba_\bb
+ netgroup. S\bSu\bud\bdo\bo knows that "biglab" is a netgroup due to
+ the '+' prefix.
+ +secretaries ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
+ Users in the s\bse\bec\bcr\bre\bet\bta\bar\bri\bie\bes\bs netgroup need to help manage the
+ printers as well as add and remove users, so they are
+ allowed to run those commands on all machines.
+ fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
+ The user f\bfr\bre\bed\bd can run commands as any user in the _\bD_\bB
+ Runas_Alias (o\bor\bra\bac\bcl\ble\be or s\bsy\byb\bba\bas\bse\be) without giving a password.
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
+ john ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
- The user b\bb\bb\bbo\bo\bo\bob\bb\bb\bb may run anything on the _\bS_\bP_\bA_\bR_\bC and _\bS_\bG_\bI
- machines as any user listed in the _\bO_\bP Runas_Alias (r\br\br\bro\bo\bo\boo\bo\bo\bot\bt\bt\bt
- and o\bo\bo\bop\bp\bp\bpe\be\be\ber\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\bto\bo\bo\bor\br\br\br).
- jim +biglab = ALL
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 17
- The user j\bj\bj\bji\bi\bi\bim\bm\bm\bm may run any command on machines in the _\bb_\bi_\bg_\bl_\ba_\bb
- netgroup. S\bS\bS\bSu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo knows that "biglab" is a netgroup due to
- the '+' prefix.
- +secretaries ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
- Users in the s\bs\bs\bse\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bcr\br\br\bre\be\be\bet\bt\bt\bta\ba\ba\bar\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bie\be\be\bes\bs\bs\bs netgroup need to help manage the
- printers as well as add and remove users, so they are
- allowed to run those commands on all machines.
- fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
- The user f\bf\bf\bfr\br\br\bre\be\be\bed\bd\bd\bd can run commands as any user in the _\bD_\bB
- Runas_Alias (o\bo\bo\bor\br\br\bra\ba\ba\bac\bc\bc\bcl\bl\bl\ble\be\be\be or s\bs\bs\bsy\by\by\byb\bb\bb\bba\ba\ba\bas\bs\bs\bse\be\be\be) without giving a password.
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
- john ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
- On the _\bA_\bL_\bP_\bH_\bA machines, user j\bj\bj\bjo\bo\bo\boh\bh\bh\bhn\bn\bn\bn may su to anyone except
+ On the _\bA_\bL_\bP_\bH_\bA machines, user j\bjo\boh\bhn\bn may su to anyone except
root but he is not allowed to give _\bs_\bu(1) any flags.
jen ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
- The user j\bj\bj\bje\be\be\ben\bn\bn\bn may run any command on any machine except for
+ The user j\bje\ben\bn may run any command on any machine except for
those in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS Host_Alias (master, mail, www and
ns).
jill SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
- For any machine in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS Host_Alias, j\bj\bj\bji\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\bl may run
+ For any machine in the _\bS_\bE_\bR_\bV_\bE_\bR_\bS Host_Alias, j\bji\bil\bll\bl may run
any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those
commands belonging to the _\bS_\bU and _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL_\bS Cmnd_Aliases.
steve CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
- The user s\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\bte\be\be\bev\bv\bv\bve\be\be\be may run any command in the directory
+ The user s\bst\bte\bev\bve\be may run any command in the directory
/usr/local/op_commands/ but only as user operator.
matt valkyrie = KILL
- On his personal workstation, valkyrie, m\bm\bm\bma\ba\ba\bat\bt\bt\btt\bt\bt\bt needs to be
+ On his personal workstation, valkyrie, m\bma\bat\btt\bt needs to be
able to kill hung processes.
WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
(will, wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www
(which owns the web pages) or simply _\bs_\bu(1) to www.
-
-
-
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 17
-
-
-
-
-
-sudoers(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS sudoers(4)
-
-
ALL CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\
/sbin/mount -o nosuid\,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM
type, so it is a prime candidate for encapsulating in a
shell script.
-S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEC\bC\bC\bCU\bU\bU\bUR\bR\bR\bRI\bI\bI\bIT\bT\bT\bTY\bY\bY\bY N\bN\bN\bNO\bO\bO\bOT\bT\bT\bTE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
+S\bSE\bEC\bCU\bUR\bRI\bIT\bTY\bY N\bNO\bOT\bTE\bES\bS
It is generally not effective to "subtract" commands from
ALL using the '!' operator. A user can trivially circum
vent this by copying the desired command to a different
bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
- Doesn't really prevent b\bb\bb\bbi\bi\bi\bil\bl\bl\bll\bl\bl\bl from running the commands
+ Doesn't really prevent b\bbi\bil\bll\bl from running the commands
listed in _\bS_\bU or _\bS_\bH_\bE_\bL_\bL_\bS since he can simply copy those com
mands to a different name, or use a shell escape from an
editor or other program. Therefore, these kind of
restrictions should be considered advisory at best (and
reinforced by policy).
-C\bC\bC\bCA\bA\bA\bAV\bV\bV\bVE\bE\bE\bEA\bA\bA\bAT\bT\bT\bTS\bS\bS\bS
- The _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file should a\ba\ba\bal\bl\bl\blw\bw\bw\bwa\ba\ba\bay\by\by\bys\bs\bs\bs be edited by the v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo
+
+
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 18
+
+
+
+
+
+SUDOERS(4) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(4)
+
+
+C\bCA\bAV\bVE\bEA\bAT\bTS\bS
+ The _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file should a\bal\blw\bwa\bay\bys\bs be edited by the v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo
command which locks the file and does grammatical check
ing. It is imperative that _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs be free of syntax
- errors since s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will not run with a syntactically incor
+ errors since s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will not run with a syntactically incor
rect _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.
When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if
hostname be fully qualified as returned by the hostname
command or use the _\bf_\bq_\bd_\bn option in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs.
-F\bF\bF\bFI\bI\bI\bIL\bL\bL\bLE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
+F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
/etc/sudoers List of who can run what
/etc/group Local groups file
/etc/netgroup List of network groups
+
+S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
+ _\br_\bs_\bh(1), _\bs_\bu(1), _\bf_\bn_\bm_\ba_\bt_\bc_\bh(3), _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m), _\bv_\bi_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(8)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEE\bE\bE\bE A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLS\bS\bS\bSO\bO\bO\bO
- _\br_\bs_\bh(1), _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m), _\bv_\bi_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(8), _\bs_\bu(1), _\bf_\bn_\bm_\ba_\bt_\bc_\bh(3).
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 18
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 19
-visudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS visudo(1m)
+VISUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS VISUDO(1m)
-N\bN\bN\bNA\bA\bA\bAM\bM\bM\bME\bE\bE\bE
+N\bNA\bAM\bME\bE
visudo - edit the sudoers file
-S\bS\bS\bSY\bY\bY\bYN\bN\bN\bNO\bO\bO\bOP\bP\bP\bPS\bS\bS\bSI\bI\bI\bIS\bS\bS\bS
- v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo [ -\b-\b-\b-c\bc\bc\bc ] [ -\b-\b-\b-f\bf\bf\bf _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs ] [ -\b-\b-\b-q\bq\bq\bq ] [ -\b-\b-\b-s\bs\bs\bs ] [ -\b-\b-\b-V\bV\bV\bV ]
+S\bSY\bYN\bNO\bOP\bPS\bSI\bIS\bS
+ v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo [ -\b-c\bc ] [ -\b-f\bf _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs ] [ -\b-q\bq ] [ -\b-s\bs ] [ -\b-V\bV ]
-D\bD\bD\bDE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bSC\bC\bC\bCR\bR\bR\bRI\bI\bI\bIP\bP\bP\bPT\bT\bT\bTI\bI\bI\bIO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bN
- v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo edits the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file in a safe fashion, analogous
- to _\bv_\bi_\bp_\bw(1m). v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo locks the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file against multi
+D\bDE\bES\bSC\bCR\bRI\bIP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bN
+ v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo edits the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file in a safe fashion, analogous
+ to _\bv_\bi_\bp_\bw(1m). v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo locks the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file against multi
ple simultaneous edits, provides basic sanity checks, and
checks for parse errors. If the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file is currently
being edited you will receive a message to try again
later.
- There is a hard-coded list of editors that v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will use
+ There is a hard-coded list of editors that v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will use
set at compile-time that may be overridden via the _\be_\bd_\bi_\bt_\bo_\br
_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs Default variable. This list defaults to the path
to _\bv_\bi(1) on your system, as determined by the _\bc_\bo_\bn_\bf_\bi_\bg_\bu_\br_\be
- script. Normally, v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo does not honor the EDITOR or
+ script. Normally, v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo does not honor the EDITOR or
VISUAL environment variables unless they contain an editor
- in the aforementioned editors list. However, if v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is
+ in the aforementioned editors list. However, if v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is
configured with the _\b-_\b-_\bw_\bi_\bt_\bh_\b-_\be_\bn_\bv_\be_\bd_\bi_\bt_\bo_\br flag or the _\be_\bn_\bv_\be_\bd_\bi_\bt_\bo_\br
- Default variable is set in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs, v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will use any
+ Default variable is set in _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs, v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will use any
the editor defines by EDITOR or VISUAL. Note that this
can be a security hole since it allows the user to execute
any program they wish simply by setting EDITOR or VISUAL.
- v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo parses the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file after the edit and will not
+ v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo parses the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file after the edit and will not
save the changes if there is a syntax error. Upon finding
- an error, v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will print a message stating the line
- _\bn_\bu_\bm_\bb_\be_\br(s) where the error occurred and the user will
+ an error, v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will print a message stating the line
+ number(s) where the error occurred and the user will
receive the "What now?" prompt. At this point the user
may enter "e" to re-edit the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file, "x" to exit
without saving the changes, or "Q" to quit and save
changes. The "Q" option should be used with extreme care
- because if v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo believes there to be a parse error, so
- will s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo and no one will be able to s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo again until the
+ because if v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo believes there to be a parse error, so
+ will s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo and no one will be able to s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo again until the
error is fixed. If "e" is typed to edit the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file
after a parse error has been detected, the cursor will be
placed on the line where the error occurred (if the editor
supports this feature).
-O\bO\bO\bOP\bP\bP\bPT\bT\bT\bTI\bI\bI\bIO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bNS\bS\bS\bS
- v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo accepts the following command line options:
+O\bOP\bPT\bTI\bIO\bON\bNS\bS
+ v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo accepts the following command line options:
- -c Enable c\bc\bc\bch\bh\bh\bhe\be\be\bec\bc\bc\bck\bk\bk\bk-\b-\b-\b-o\bo\bo\bon\bn\bn\bnl\bl\bl\bly\by\by\by mode. The existing _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file
+ -c Enable c\bch\bhe\bec\bck\bk-\b-o\bon\bnl\bly\by mode. The existing _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file
will be checked for syntax and a message will be
printed to the standard output detailing the status of
_\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs. If the syntax check completes successfully,
- v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will exit with a value of 0. If a syntax error
- is encountered, v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will exit with a value of 1.
+ v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will exit with a value of 0. If a syntax error
+ is encountered, v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will exit with a value of 1.
-f Specify and alternate _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file location. With
- this option v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will edit (or check) the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs
+ this option v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will edit (or check) the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 1
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 1
-visudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS visudo(1m)
+VISUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS VISUDO(1m)
file of your choice, instead of the default,
@sysconfdir@/sudoers. The lock file used is the spec
ified _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file with ".tmp" appended to it.
- -q Enable q\bq\bq\bqu\bu\bu\bui\bi\bi\bie\be\be\bet\bt\bt\bt mode. In this mode details about syntax
+ -q Enable q\bqu\bui\bie\bet\bt mode. In this mode details about syntax
errors are not printed. This option is only useful
- when combined with the -\b-\b-\b-c\bc\bc\bc flag.
+ when combined with the -\b-c\bc flag.
- -s Enable s\bs\bs\bst\bt\bt\btr\br\br\bri\bi\bi\bic\bc\bc\bct\bt\bt\bt checking of the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file. If an
- alias is used before it is defined, v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will con
+ -s Enable s\bst\btr\bri\bic\bct\bt checking of the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file. If an
+ alias is used before it is defined, v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will con
sider this a parse error. Note that it is not possi
ble to differentiate between an alias and a hostname
or username that consists solely of uppercase letters,
digits, and the underscore ('_') character.
- -V The -\b-\b-\b-V\bV\bV\bV (version) option causes v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo to print its
+ -V The -\b-V\bV (version) option causes v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo to print its
version number and exit.
-E\bE\bE\bER\bR\bR\bRR\bR\bR\bRO\bO\bO\bOR\bR\bR\bRS\bS\bS\bS
+E\bER\bRR\bRO\bOR\bRS\bS
sudoers file busy, try again later.
Someone else is currently editing the _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs file.
/etc/sudoers.tmp: Permission denied
- You didn't run v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo as root.
+ You didn't run v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo as root.
Can't find you in the passwd database
Your userid does not appear in the system passwd file.
before defining it or you have a user or hostname
listed that consists solely of uppercase letters, dig
its, and the underscore ('_') character. If the lat
- ter, you can ignore the warnings (s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo will not com
- plain). In -\b-\b-\b-s\bs\bs\bs (strict) mode these are errors, not
+ ter, you can ignore the warnings (s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo will not com
+ plain). In -\b-s\bs (strict) mode these are errors, not
warnings.
-E\bE\bE\bEN\bN\bN\bNV\bV\bV\bVI\bI\bI\bIR\bR\bR\bRO\bO\bO\bON\bN\bN\bNM\bM\bM\bME\bE\bE\bEN\bN\bN\bNT\bT\bT\bT
+E\bEN\bNV\bVI\bIR\bRO\bON\bNM\bME\bEN\bNT\bT
The following environment variables are used only if
- v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo was configured with the _\b-_\b-_\bw_\bi_\bt_\bh_\b-_\be_\bn_\bv_\b-_\be_\bd_\bi_\bt_\bo_\br option:
+ v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo was configured with the _\b-_\b-_\bw_\bi_\bt_\bh_\b-_\be_\bn_\bv_\b-_\be_\bd_\bi_\bt_\bo_\br option:
EDITOR Invoked by visudo as the editor to use
VISUAL Used Invoked visudo if EDITOR is not set
-
-F\bF\bF\bFI\bI\bI\bIL\bL\bL\bLE\bE\bE\bES\bS\bS\bS
+F\bFI\bIL\bLE\bES\bS
/etc/sudoers List of who can run what
/etc/sudoers.tmp Lock file for visudo
-
-A\bA\bA\bAU\bU\bU\bUT\bT\bT\bTH\bH\bH\bHO\bO\bO\bOR\bR\bR\bR
+A\bAU\bUT\bTH\bHO\bOR\bR
Many people have worked on _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo over the years; this ver
- sion of v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo was written by:
+ sion of v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo was written by:
+ Todd Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 2
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 2
-visudo(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS visudo(1m)
+VISUDO(1m) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS VISUDO(1m)
- Todd Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
See the HISTORY file in the sudo distribution or visit
http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/history.html for more details.
-B\bB\bB\bBU\bU\bU\bUG\bG\bG\bGS\bS\bS\bS
+B\bBU\bUG\bGS\bS
If you feel you have found a bug in sudo, please submit a
bug report at http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/
-D\bD\bD\bDI\bI\bI\bIS\bS\bS\bSC\bC\bC\bCL\bL\bL\bLA\bA\bA\bAI\bI\bI\bIM\bM\bM\bME\bE\bE\bER\bR\bR\bR
- V\bV\bV\bVi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied
+D\bDI\bIS\bSC\bCL\bLA\bAI\bIM\bME\bER\bR
+ V\bVi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied
warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied
warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
purpose are disclaimed. See the LICENSE file distributed
- with s\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo for complete details.
+ with s\bsu\bud\bdo\bo for complete details.
-C\bC\bC\bCA\bA\bA\bAV\bV\bV\bVE\bE\bE\bEA\bA\bA\bAT\bT\bT\bTS\bS\bS\bS
+C\bCA\bAV\bVE\bEA\bAT\bTS\bS
There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root
- shell if the editor used by v\bv\bv\bvi\bi\bi\bis\bs\bs\bsu\bu\bu\bud\bd\bd\bdo\bo\bo\bo allows shell escapes.
+ shell if the editor used by v\bvi\bis\bsu\bud\bdo\bo allows shell escapes.
+
+S\bSE\bEE\bE A\bAL\bLS\bSO\bO
+ _\bv_\bi(1), _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo_\be_\br_\bs(4), _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m), _\bv_\bi_\bp_\bw(8)
+
-S\bS\bS\bSE\bE\bE\bEE\bE\bE\bE A\bA\bA\bAL\bL\bL\bLS\bS\bS\bSO\bO\bO\bO
- _\bv_\bi(1), _\bs_\bu_\bd_\bo(1m), _\bv_\bi_\bp_\bw(8).
-April 25, 2002 1.6.6 3
+1.6.7 March 13, 2003 3
projects / sudo / commitdiff