-.TH FUSER 1 2011-06-19 "Linux" "User Commands"
+.TH FUSER 1 "July 2012" "psmisc" "User Commands"
.SH NAME
fuser \- identify processes using files or sockets
.SH SYNOPSIS
.RB [ \-fuv ]
.RB [ \-a | \-s ]
.RB [ \-4 | \-6 ]
-.RB [ \-c | \-m | \-n\
-.IR space\ ]
-.RB [ \-k
+.RB [ \-c | \-m | \-n
+.IR space ]
+.RB [ \ \-k
.RB [ \-i ]
.RB [ \-M ]
.RB [ \-w ]
-.RB [ \- \fISIGNAL
-] ]
+.RB [ \- \fISIGNAL\fR]
+]
.IR name " ..."
.br
.B fuser
.ad b
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B fuser
-displays the PIDs of processes using the specified files or file systems.
-In the default display mode, each file name is followed by a letter denoting
-the type of access:
+displays the PIDs of processes using the specified files or file
+systems. In the default display mode, each file name is followed by a
+letter denoting the type of access:
+.PP
.RS
-.IP \fBc\fR
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B c
current directory.
-.IP \fBe\fR
+.TP
+.B e
executable being run.
-.IP \fBf\fR
-open file. \fBf\fR is omitted in default display mode.
-.IP \fBF\fR
-open file for writing. \fBF\fR is omitted in default display mode.
-.IP \fBr\fR
+.TP
+.B f
+open file.
+.B f
+is omitted in default display mode.
+.TP
+.B F
+open file for writing.
+.B F
+is omitted in default display mode.
+.TP
+.B r
root directory.
-.IP \fBm\fR
+.TP
+.B m
mmap'ed file or shared library.
+.PD
.RE
.LP
-\fBfuser\fR returns a non-zero return code if none of the specified files
-is accessed or in case of a fatal error. If at least one access has been
-found, \fBfuser\fR returns zero.
+.B fuser
+returns a non-zero return code if none of the specified files is
+accessed or in case of a fatal error. If at least one access has been
+found,
+.B fuser
+returns zero.
+.PP
+In order to look up processes using TCP and UDP sockets, the
+corresponding name space has to be selected with the
+.B \-n
+option. By default
+.B fuser
+will look in both IPv6 and IPv4 sockets. To change the default,
+behavior, use the
+.B \-4
+and
+.B \-6
+options. The socket(s) can be specified by the local and remote port,
+and the remote address. All fields are optional, but commas in front
+of missing fields must be present:
+.PP
+\fB[\fR\fIlcl_port\fR\fB][\fR,\fB[\fR\fIrmt_host\fR\fB][\fR,\fB[\fIrmt_port\fR\fB]]]
.PP
-In order to look up processes using TCP and UDP sockets, the corresponding
-name space has to be selected with the \fB\-n\fR option. By default
-\fBfuser\fR will look in both IPv6 and IPv4 sockets. To change the default,
-behavior, use the \fB\-4\fR and \fB\-6\fR options. The socket(s) can
-be specified by the local and remote port, and the remote address. All fields
-are optional, but commas in front of missing fields must be present:
-
-.RB \fB[\fR\fIlcl_port\fR\fB][\fR,\fB[\fR\fIrmt_host\fR\fB][\fR,\fB[\fIrmt_port\fR\fB]]]
-
Either symbolic or numeric values can be used for IP addresses and port
numbers.
.PP
-\fBfuser\fR outputs only the PIDs to stdout, everything else is sent to stderr.
+.B fuser
+outputs only the PIDs to stdout, everything else is sent to stderr.
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
-Show all files specified on the command line. By default, only files that are
-accessed by at least one process are shown.
+Show all files specified on the command line. By default, only files
+that are accessed by at least one process are shown.
.TP
\fB\-c\fR
Same as \-m option, used for POSIX compatibility.
Silently ignored, used for POSIX compatibility.
.TP
\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-kill\fR
-Kill processes accessing the file. Unless changed with \fB\-\fR\fISIGNAL\fR,
-SIGKILL is sent. An \fBfuser\fR process never kills itself, but may kill
-other \fBfuser\fR processes. The effective user ID of the process executing
-\fBfuser\fR is set to its real user ID before attempting to kill.
+Kill processes accessing the file. Unless changed with
+\fB\-\fR\fISIGNAL\fR, SIGKILL is sent. An
+.B fuser
+process never kills itself, but may kill other
+.B fuser
+processes. The effective user ID of the process executing
+.B fuser
+is set to its real user ID before attempting to kill.
.TP
\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-interactive\fR
Ask the user for confirmation before killing a process. This option is
-silently ignored if \fB\-k\fR is not present too.
+silently ignored if
+.B \-k
+is not present too.
.TP
\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\-signals\fR
List all known signal names.
.TP
\fB\-m\fR \fINAME\fR, \fB\-\-mount\fR \fINAME\fR
-\fINAME\fR specifies a file on a mounted file system or a block device that
-is mounted. All processes accessing files on that file system are listed.
+.I NAME
+specifies a file on a mounted file system or a block device that is
+mounted. All processes accessing files on that file system are listed.
If a directory file is specified, it is automatically changed to
-\fINAME\fR/. to use any file system that might be mounted on that
-directory.
+.IR NAME /.
+to use any file system that might be mounted on that directory.
.TP
\fB\-M\f, \fB\-\-ismountpoint\fR
-Request will be fulfilled only if \fINAME\fR specifies a mountpoint.
-This is an invaluable seatbelt which prevents you from killing the machine
-if \fINAME\fR happens to not be a filesystem.
+Request will be fulfilled only if
+.I NAME
+specifies a mountpoint. This is an invaluable seatbelt which prevents
+you from killing the machine if
+.I NAME
+happens to not be a filesystem.
.TP
\fB\-w\fP
-Kill only processes which have write access. This option is
-silently ignored if \fB\-k\fP is not present too.
+Kill only processes which have write access. This option is silently
+ignored if
+.B \-k
+is not present too.
.TP
\fB\-n \fISPACE\fR, \fB\-\-namespace\fR \fISPACE\fR
-Select a different name space. The name spaces \fBfile\fR (file names, the
-default), \fBudp\fR (local UDP ports), and \fBtcp\fR (local TCP ports) are
-supported. For ports, either the port number or the symbolic name can be
-specified. If there is no ambiguity, the shortcut notation
-\fIname\fB/\fRIspace\fR (e.g. \fI80\fB/\fRtcp\fR ) can be used.
+Select a different name space. The name spaces
+.B file
+(file names, the default),
+.B udp
+(local UDP ports), and
+.B tcp
+(local TCP ports) are supported. For ports, either the port number or
+the symbolic name can be specified. If there is no ambiguity, the
+shortcut notation \fIname\fB/\fIspace\fR (e.g. \fI80\fB/\fItcp\fR)
+can be used.
.TP
\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR
-Silent operation. \fB\-u\fR and \fB\-v\fR are ignored in this mode.
-\fB\-a\fR must not be used with \fB\-s\fR.
+Silent operation.
+.B \-u
+and
+.B \-v
+are ignored in this mode.
+.B \-a
+must not be used with
+.BR \-s .
.TP
\fB\-\fISIGNAL\fR
-Use the specified signal instead of SIGKILL when killing processes. Signals
-can be specified either by name (e.g. \fB\-HUP\fR) or by number
-(e.g. \fB\-1\fR). This option is silently ignored if the \fB\-k\fR option
-is not used.
+Use the specified signal instead of SIGKILL when killing processes.
+Signals can be specified either by name (e.g.
+.BR \-HUP ) or by
+number (e.g.
+.BR \-1 ).
+This option is silently ignored if the
+.B \-k
+option is not used.
.TP
\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR
Append the user name of the process owner to each PID.
.TP
\fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR
-Verbose mode. Processes are shown in a \fBps\fR-like style. The fields PID,
-USER and COMMAND are similar to \fBps\fR. ACCESS shows how the process
-accesses the file. Verbose mode will also show when a particular file
-is being access as a mount point, knfs export or swap file. In this case
-\fBkernel\fR is shown instead of the PID.
+
+Verbose mode. Processes are shown in a
+.BR ps -like
+style. The fields PID, USER and COMMAND are similar to
+.BR ps .
+ACCESS shows how the process accesses the file. Verbose mode will also
+show when a particular file is being access as a mount point, knfs
+export or swap file. In this case
+.B kernel
+is shown instead of the PID.
.TP
\fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-version\fR
Display version information.
.TP
\fB\-4\fR, \fB\-\-ipv4\fR
-Search only for IPv4 sockets. This option must not be used with the
-\fB\-6\fR option and only has an effect with the tcp and udp namespaces.
+Search only for IPv4 sockets. This option must not be used with the
+.B \-6
+option and only has an effect with the tcp and udp namespaces.
.TP
\fB\-6\fR, \fB\-\-ipv6\fR
-Search only for IPv6 sockets. This option must not be used with the \fB\-4\fR
+Search only for IPv6 sockets. This option must not be used with the
+.B \-4
option and only has an effect with the tcp and udp namespaces.
.IP \fB\-\fR
Reset all options and set the signal back to SIGKILL.
.SH FILES
-.nf
-/proc location of the proc file system
-.fi
+.TP
+/proc
+location of the proc file system
.SH EXAMPLES
-\fBfuser \-km /home\fR kills all processes accessing the file system /home
-in any way.
-.LP
-\fBif fuser \-s /dev/ttyS1; then :; else \fIsomething\fR; fi\fR invokes
-\fIsomething\fR if no other process is using /dev/ttyS1.
-.LP
-\fBfuser telnet/tcp\fR shows all processes at the (local) TELNET port.
+.TP
+.B fuser \-km /home
+kills all processes accessing the file system /home in any way.
+.TP
+\fBif fuser \-s /dev/ttyS1; then :; else \fIsomething\fB; fi\fR
+invokes
+.I something
+if no other process is using /dev/ttyS1.
+.TP
+.B fuser telnet/tcp
+shows all processes at the (local) TELNET port.
.SH RESTRICTIONS
-Processes accessing the same file or file system several times in the same way
-are only shown once.
+Processes accessing the same file or file system several times in the
+same way are only shown once.
.PP
-If the same object is specified several times on the command line, some of
-those entries may be ignored.
+If the same object is specified several times on the command line, some
+of those entries may be ignored.
.PP
-\fBfuser\fR may only be able to gather partial information unless run with
-privileges. As a consequence, files opened by processes belonging to other
-users may not be listed and executables may be classified as mapped only.
+.B fuser
+may only be able to gather partial information unless run with
+privileges. As a consequence, files opened by processes belonging to
+other users may not be listed and executables may be classified as
+mapped only.
.PP
-Installing \fBfuser\fR SUID root will avoid problems associated with
-partial information, but may be undesirable for security and privacy
-reasons.
+Installing
+.B fuser
+SUID root will avoid problems associated with partial information, but
+may be undesirable for security and privacy reasons.
.PP
-\fBudp\fR and \fBtcp\fR name spaces, and UNIX domain sockets can't be
-searched with kernels older than 1.3.78.
+.B udp
+and
+.B tcp
+name spaces, and UNIX domain sockets can't be searched with kernels
+older than 1.3.78.
.PP
-Accesses by the kernel are only shown with the \fB\-v\fR option.
+Accesses by the kernel are only shown with the
+.B \-v
+option.
.PP
-The \fB\-k\fR option only works on processes. If the user is the kernel,
-\fBfuser\fR will print an advice, but take no action beyond that.
+The
+.B \-k
+option only works on processes. If the user is the kernel,
+.B fuser
+will print an advice, but take no action beyond that.
.SH BUGS
.PP
-fuser \-m /dev/sgX will show (or kill with the \-k flag) all processes, even
-if you don't have that device configured. There may be other devices it
-does this for too.
+fuser \-m /dev/sgX will show (or kill with the \-k flag) all processes,
+even if you don't have that device configured. There may be other
+devices it does this for too.
.PP
.B fuser
-cannot report on any processes that it doesn't have permission to look at
-the file descriptor table for. The most common time this problem occurs
-is when looking for TCP or UDP sockets when running
+cannot report on any processes that it doesn't have permission to look
+at the file descriptor table for. The most common time this problem
+occurs is when looking for TCP or UDP sockets when running
.B fuser
-as a non-root user. In this case
+as a non-root user. In this case
.B fuser
will report no access
.PP
-The mount \-m option will match any file within the save device as the
-specified file, use the \-M option as well if you mean to specify only the mount point.
+The mount \-m option will match any file within the save device as the
+specified file, use the \-M option as well if you mean to specify only
+the mount point.
.SH AUTHORS
-.PP
-Werner Almesberger <werner@almesberger.net>
-.PP
-Craig Small <csmall@enc.com.au>
+.MT werner@almesberger.net
+Werner Almesberger
+.ME
+.br
+.MT csmall@enc.com.au
+Craig Small
+.ME
.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.BR kill "(1), " killall "(1), " lsof "(8), " pkill "(1), " ps "(1), " kill (2).
-.\"{{{}}}
+.BR kill (1),
+.BR killall (1),
+.BR lsof (8),
+.BR pkill (1),
+.BR ps (1),
+.BR kill (2).
+.\{{{}}}
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