Update Chinese FAQ to fix XHTML format.

Weiping (Laser)

diff --git a/doc/FAQ_chinese b/doc/FAQ_chinese
index cae9589bd55ccb8d0fc5275aa65a5d989a75147b..9e0dd9b33febd557886dbbb3bb05e5f9c688ad49 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/FAQ_chinese
+++ b/doc/FAQ_chinese
@@ -1,152 +1,118 @@
 
                           PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©
                                        
-   ×î½ü¸üУº2003 Äê 01 Ô 06 ÈÕ ÐÇÆÚÒ» 22:27:35 CST
+   ×î½ü¸üУº2005 Äê 06 Ô 02 ÈÕ ÐÇÆÚÎå 22:27:35 CST
    
    Ŀǰά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºBruce Momjian (pgman@candle.pha.pa.us)
-   ÖÐÎÄ°æά»¤ÈËÔ±£ººÎΰƽ £¨laser@pgsqldb.com £©
+   ÖÐÎÄ°æά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºdoudou586 £¨doudou586_2005@yahoo.com.cn£©
    
-   ±¾ÎĵµµÄ×îа汾¿ÉÒÔÔÚhttp://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/fa
-   qs/FAQ.html ²é¿´¡£
+   ±¾ÎĵµµÄ×îа汾¿ÉÒÔÔÚ
+   http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html²é¿´¡£
    
-   ²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨Ïà¹ØµÄÎÊÌâÔÚhttp://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/Àï»Ø´ð¡£
+   Óë²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨Ïà¹ØµÄÎÊÌâÔÚhttp://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/Àï»Ø´ð¡£
      _________________________________________________________________
    
-                                  ³£¼ûÎÊÌâ
-                                      
-   1.1) PostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿¸ÃÔõô·¢Òô£¿
-   1.2) PostgreSQL µÄ°æȨÊÇʲô?
-   1.3) PostgreSQL ÔËÐÐÔÚʲô Unix ƽ̨ÉÏ£¿
-   1.4) ¿ÉÓÃµÄ·Ç Unix ƽ̨ÓÐÄÇЩ£¿
-   1.5) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿
-   1.6) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö£¿
-   1.7) PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇʲô£¿
-   1.8) ÓÐÄÄЩ¿ÉÓÃµÄ PostgreSQL µÄÎĵµ£¿
-   1.9) ÎÒÈçºÎÁ˽âÒÑÖªµÄ BUG »òȱʧµÄÌØÐÔ£¿
-   1.10) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùѧϰ SQL £¿
-   1.11) PostgreSQL ÊÇ Y2K ¼æÈݵÄÂð£¿
-   1.12) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飿
-   1.13) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÌá½»Ò»¸ö BUG ±¨¸æ£¿
-   1.14) PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËû DBMS ±ÈÆðÀ´ÈçºÎ£¿
-   1.15) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÔÞÖú PostgreSQL £¿
-   
-                               Óû§¿Í»§¶ËÎÊÌâ
-                                      
-   2.1) ÓÐ PostgreSQL µÄ ODBC Çý¶¯³ÌÐòô£¿
-   2.2) ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web Ò³Ã棿
-   2.3) PostgreSQL ÓµÓÐͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæÂð£¿
-   2.4) ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÃʲôÓïÑÔºÍ PostgreSQL ´ò½»µÀ£¿
-   
-                                ϵͳ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ
-                                      
-   3.1) ÎÒÔõÑùÄÜ°Ñ PostgreSQL ×°ÔÚ /usr/local/pgsql ÒÔÍâµÄµØ·½£¿
-   3.2) µ±ÎÒÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ Bad System Call£¨ÏµÍ³µ÷ÓÃ´í£©»ò Core
-   Dumped ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿
-   3.3) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ IpcMemoryCreate ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿
-   3.4) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ IpcSemaphoreCreate
-   ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿
-   3.5) ÎÒÈçºÎ¿ØÖÆÀ´×ÔÆäËûÖ÷»úµÄÁ¬½Ó£¿
-   3.6) ÎÒÔõÑùµ÷ÕûÊý¾Ý¿âÒýÇæÒÔ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ£¿
-   3.7) PostgreSQL Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿
-   3.8) ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many clients¡± ÏûÏ¢£¿
-   3.9) pgsql_tmp Ŀ¼ÀﶼÓÐЩʲô£¿
-   3.10) ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL ·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö dump ºÍ restore £¿
-   
-                                  ²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ
-                                      
-   4.1) ¶þ½øÖÆÓαêºÍÆÕͨÓαêÖ®¼äµÄÇø±ðÊÇʲô£¿
-   4.2) ÈçºÎֻѡÔñÒ»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿
-   4.3) ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñÈ¡Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÖбíµÄÁÐ±í£¬»òÕßÊÇÆäËûÎÒÄÜÔÚ psql
-   Àï¿´µ½µÄ¶«Î÷£¿
-   4.4) ÔõÑù´Ó±íÀïÃæɾ³ýÒ»ÁУ¿
-   4.5) Ò»ÐУ¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿
-   4.6) ´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÎı¾ÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿
-   4.7) ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿
-   4.8) ÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý»òÕßûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿
-   4.9) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑù´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯµÄ£¿
-   4.10) R-tree Ë÷ÒýÊÇʲô£¿
-   4.11) ʲôÊÇ»ùÒò²éѯÓÅ»¯£¨Genetic Query Optimization£©£¿
-   4.12)
-   ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽ²éÕÒ£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдó
-   СдÎ޹زéÕÒ£¿
-   4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ NULL£¿
-   4.14) ¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿
-   4.15.1) ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿
-   4.15.2) ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿
-   4.15.3) ʹÓà currval() ºÍ nextval() »áµ¼ÖºÍÆäËûÓû§µÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿ö£¨race
-   condition£©Âð£¿
-   4.15.4)
-   Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä
-   ¶ÏÄØ£¿
-   4.16) ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ TID £¿
-   4.17) PostgreSQL ʹÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿
-   4.18) ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎó¡°ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()¡±£¿
-   4.19) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿
-   4.20) ΪʲôÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°invalid large obj
-   descriptor¡±£¨·Ç·¨µÄ´ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©£¿
-   4.21) ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿
-   4.22) ΪʲôʹÓà IN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿
-   4.23) ÈçºÎ½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿
-   4.24) ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿
-   4.25) ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿
-   4.26) ΪʲôÔÚ PL/PgSQL º¯ÊýÖв»ÄÜ¿É¿¿µØ´´½¨»òɾ³ýÁÙʱ±í£¿
-   4.27) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ï
-   4.28) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¼ÓÃÜÑ¡Ï
-   
-                              À©Õ¹ PostgreSQL
-                                      
-   5.1) ÎÒдÁËÒ»¸öÓû§¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£µ±ÎÒÔÚ psql ÀïÔËÐÐʱ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´»áµ¼Ö core
-   dump£¿
-   5.2) ÎÒÈçºÎÄܸø PostgreSQL ¹±Ï×һЩͦ²»´íµÄÐÂÀàÐͺͺ¯Êý£¿
-   5.3) ÎÒÔõÑùдһ¸ö·µ»ØÒ»Ìõ¼Ç¼µÄ C º¯Êý£¿
-   5.4) ÎÒÐÞ¸ÄÁËÒ»¸öÔ´Îļþ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ÖØбàÒëºóûÓп´µ½¸Ä±ä£¿
+³£¼ûÎÊÌâ
+
+   1.1)PostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿¸ÃÔõô·¢Òô£¿
+   1.2)PostgreSQL µÄ°æȨÊÇʲô£¿
+   1.3)PostgreSQL ¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚÄÄЩ²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨ÉÏ£¿
+   1.4)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿
+   1.5)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö£¿
+   1.6)ÎÒÈçºÎÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æ£¿
+   1.7)×îаæµÄPostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿
+   1.8)Äܹ»»ñÈ¡µÄ×îÐÂÎĵµÓÐÄÄЩ£¿
+   1.9)ÎÒÈçºÎÁ˽âÒÑÖªµÄ BUG »òÔÝȱµÄ¹¦ÄÜ£¿
+   1.10)ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùѧϰ SQL £¿
+   1.11)ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飿
+   1.12)PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËûÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±ÈÆðÀ´ÈçºÎ£¿
+   1.13)Ë¿ØÖƺ͹ÜÀíPostgreSQL £¿
+   
+Óû§¿Í»§¶ËÎÊÌâ
+
+   2.1)ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÃʲôÓïÑÔºÍ PostgreSQL ´ò½»µÀ£¿
+   2.2)ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web Ò³Ã棿
+   2.3)PostgreSQL ÓµÓÐͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæÂð£¿
+   
+ϵͳ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ
+
+   3.1)ÎÒÔõÑù²ÅÄÜ°Ñ PostgreSQL ×°ÔÚ /usr/local/pgsql ÒÔÍâµÄµØ·½£¿
+   3.2)ÎÒÈçºÎ¿ØÖÆÀ´×ÔÆäËûÖ÷»úµÄÁ¬½Ó£¿
+   3.3)ÎÒÔõÑùµ÷ÕûÊý¾Ý¿âÒýÇæÒÔ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ£¿
+   3.4)PostgreSQL Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿
+   3.5)ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many clients¡± ÏûÏ¢£¿
+   3.6)ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL Ö÷Òª·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö dump ºÍ restore £¿
+   3.7)(ʹÓÃPostgreSQL)ÎÒÐèҪʹÓÃʲô¼ÆËã»úÓ²¼þ £¿
+   
+²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ
+
+   4.1)ÈçºÎֻѡÔñÒ»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿»òÊÇËæ»úµÄÒ»ÐУ¿
+   4.2)ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿ÈçºÎ²é¿´psqlÀïÓõ½µÄ²éѯָ
+   Áî²¢ÏÔʾËüÃÇ£¿
+   4.3)ÈçºÎ¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×ֶεÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ£¿
+   4.4)Ò»ÐмǼ£¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿
+   4.5)´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÎı¾ÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿
+   4.6)ΪʲôÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕâЩ²éѯûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý£¿
+   4.7)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑùÆÀ¹À´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯµÄ£¿
+   4.8)ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽ²éÕÒ£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½ø
+   ÐдóСдÎ޹زéÕÒ£¿
+   4.9)ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ
+   NULL£¿ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ׼ȷÅÅÐò¶ø²»ÂÛij×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñº¬NULLÖµ£¿
+   4.10)¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿
+   4.11.1)ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿
+   4.11.2)ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿
+   4.11.3)ʹÓà currval() »áµ¼ÖºÍÆäËûÓû§µÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿ö£¨race condition£©Âð£¿
+   4.11.4)Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖ
+   дæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿
+   4.12)ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ CTID £¿
+   4.13)ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°ERROR: Memory exhausted in
+   AllocSetAlloc()¡±£¿
+   4.14)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿
+   4.15)ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿
+   4.16)ÈçºÎ½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿
+   4.17)ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿
+   4.18)ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿
+   4.19)ΪʲôÎÒÔÚʹÓÃPL/PgSQLº¯Êý´æÈ¡ÁÙʱ±íʱ»áÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°relation
+   with OID ##### does not exist¡±£¿
+   4.20)Ä¿Ç°ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸¿ÉÓã¿
      _________________________________________________________________
    
-                                  ³£¼ûÎÊÌâ
-                                      
-    1.1) PostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿¸ÃÔõô·¢Òô£¿
+³£¼ûÎÊÌâ
+
+    1.1)PostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿¸ÃÔõô·¢Òô£¿
     
-   PostgreSQL ¶Á×÷ Post-Gres-Q-L ¡£
-   
-   PostgreSQL ÊÇÏÂÒ»´ú DBMS µÄÑо¿ÔÐÍ POSTGRES
-   Êý¾Ý¿â¹ÜÀíϵͳµÄÔöÇ¿°æ¡£PostgreSQL ÔÚ±£³Ö POSTGRES
-   µÄÇ¿´óµÄÊý¾ÝÄ£ÐͺͷḻµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐ͵Ļù´¡ÉÏ£¬ÓÃÒ»¸öÀ©Õ¹Á赀 SQL
-   ×Ó¼¯È¡´úÁËÔÏ鵀 PostQuel ²éѯÓïÑÔ¡£PostgreSQL
-   ÊÇ×ÔÓɵIJ¢ÇÒËùÓÐÔ´´úÂ붼¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ¡£
-   
-   PostgreSQL µÄ¿ª·¢ÓÉ²Î¼Ó PostgreSQL
-   ¿ª·¢ÓʼþÁбíµÄÒ»¸ö¿ª·¢ÈËԱС×é½øÐС£Ä¿Ç°µÄе÷ÈËÊÇ Marc G. Fournier
-   £¨scrappy@postgreSQL.org
-   £©¡££¨¹ØÓÚÈçºÎ¼ÓÈë²Î¼û1.6½Ú£©¡£Õâ¸ö¶ÓÎéÏÖÔÚ¸ºÔð PostgreSQL
-   µÄËùÓпª·¢¡£
+   PostgreSQL ¶Á×÷ Post-Gres-Q-L£¬ÓÐʱºòÒ²¼ò³ÆΪPostgres ¡£
    
-   PostgreSQL 1.01 µÄ×÷ÕßÊÇ Andrew Yu ºÍ Jolly
-   Chen¡£»¹ÓÐÐí¶àÆäËûÈËΪÒÆÖ²£¬²âÊÔ£¬µ÷ÊÔºÍÔöÇ¿´úÂë×öÁË´óÁ¿¹±Ïס£PostgreS
-   QL µÄ×î³õÆðÔ´ Postgres£¬ÊÇÔÚ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ²®¿ËÀû·ÖУµÄ Michael Stonebraker
-   ½ÌÊÚµÄÖ¸µ¼Ï£¬ÓÉÐí¶àÑо¿Éú£¬±¾¿ÆÉúºÍ±à³ÌÖ°Ô±Íê³ÉµÄ¡£
+   PostgreSQL
+   ÊÇÃæÏòÄ¿±êµÄ¹ØϵÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ£¬Ëü¾ßÓд«Í³ÉÌÒµÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳµÄËùÓй¦ÄÜ£¬Í¬Ê±ÓÖ
+   º¬Óн«ÔÚÏÂÒ»´ú DBMS ϵͳµÄʹÓõÄÔöÇ¿ÌØÐÔ¡£ PostgreSQL
+   ÊÇ×ÔÓÉÃâ·ÑµÄ£¬²¢ÇÒËùÓÐÔ´´úÂ붼¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ¡£
    
-   Õâ¸öÈí¼þ×î³õÔÚ²®¿ËÀûµÄÃû×ÖÊÇ Postgres¡£ÔÚ 1995 Ä꣬µ±Ôö¼ÓÁË SQL
-   ¹¦Äܺó£¬ËüµÄÃû×Ö¸Ä³É Postgres95¡£ÔÚ 1996ÄêÄ©£¬²Å¸ÄÃûΪ PostgreSQL¡£
+   PostgreSQL
+   µÄ¿ª·¢¶ÓÎéÖ÷ҪΪ־ԸÕߣ¬ËûÃDZ鲼ÊÀ½ç¸÷µØ²¢Í¨¹ý»¥ÁªÍø½øÐÐÁªÏµ£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»¸ö
+   ÉçÇø¿ª·¢ÏîÄ¿£¬Ëü²»±»Èκι«Ë¾¿ØÖÆ¡£
+   ÈçÏë¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飬Çë²Î¼û¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©
+   http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html
    
-    1.2) PostgreSQL µÄ°æȨÊÇʲô?
+    1.2)PostgreSQL µÄ°æȨÊÇʲô?
     
-   PostgreSQL ÊÜÏÂÃæµÄ°æȨԼÊø¡£
+   PostgreSQLµÄ·¢²¼×ñ´Ó¾­
+   µäµÄBSD°æȨ¡£¹ØÓÚÔ´´úÂëµÄÈçºÎʹÓÃûÓÐÈκÎÏÞÖÆ£¬ÎÒÃǺÜϲ»¶ÕâÖÖ·½Ê½²¢ÇÒ»
+   ¹Ã»ÓдòËã¸Ä±äËü¡£
    
-   PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿â¹ÜÀíϵͳ
+   ÏÂÃæ¾ÍÊÇÎÒÃÇʹÓõÄBSD°æȨÄÚÈÝ£º
    
-   £¨PostgreSQL Data Base Management System£©
+   ²¿·Ö°æȨ£¨c£©1996-2005£¬PostgreSQL
+   È«Çò¿ª·¢Ð¡×飬²¿·Ö°æȨ£¨c£©1994-1996 ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶ÊÂ
    
-   ²¿·Ö°æȨ£¨c£©1996-2002£¬PostgreSQL È«Çò¿ª·¢Ð¡×é
-   ²¿·Ö°æȨ£¨c£©1994-6 ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶ÊÂ
-   
-   £¨Portions copyright (c) 1996-2002, PostgreSQL Global Development
-   Group
-   Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of
+   £¨Portions copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development
+   Group Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of
    California£©
    
    ÔÊÐíΪÈκÎÄ¿µÄʹÓ㬿½±´£¬Ð޸ĺͷַ¢Õâ¸öÈí¼þºÍËüµÄÎĵµ¶ø²»ÊÕÈ¡ÈκηÑÓÃ
-   £¬²¢ÇÒÎÞÐëÇ©ÊðÒò´Ë¶ø²úÉúµÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬Ç°ÌáÊÇÉÏÃæµÄ°æȨÉùÃ÷ºÍ±¾¶ÎÒÔ¼°ÏÂÃæÁ½¶Î
-   ÎÄ×Ö³öÏÖÔÚËùÓп½±´ÖС£
+   £¬
+   ²¢ÇÒÎÞÐëÇ©ÊðÒò´Ë¶ø²úÉúµÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬Ç°ÌáÊÇÉÏÃæµÄ°æȨÉùÃ÷ºÍ±¾¶ÎÒÔ¼°ÏÂÃæÁ½¶ÎÎÄ
+   ×Ö³öÏÖÔÚËùÓп½±´ÖС£
    
    £¨Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
    its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written
@@ -155,8 +121,9 @@
    copies.£©
    
    ÔÚÈκÎÇé¿öÏ£¬¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶¼²»³Ðµ£ÒòʹÓôËÈí¼þ¼°ÆäÎĵµ¶øµ¼ÖµĶÔÈκε±ÊÂÈË
-   µÄÖ±½ÓµÄ£¬¼ä½ÓµÄ£¬ÌØÊâµÄ£¬¸½¼ÓµÄ»òÕßÏà°é¶øÉúµÄË𻵣¬°üÀ¨ÀûÒæËðʧµÄÔðÈÎ
-   £¬¼´Ê¹¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÒѾ½¨ÒéÁËÕâЩËðʧµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔʱҲÊÇÈç´Ë¡£
+   µÄÖ±½ÓµÄ£¬
+   ¼ä½ÓµÄ£¬ÌØÊâµÄ£¬¸½¼ÓµÄ»òÕßÏà°é¶øÉúµÄË𻵣¬°üÀ¨ÀûÒæËðʧµÄÔðÈΣ¬¼´Ê¹¼ÓÖÝ
+   ´óѧÒѾ½¨ÒéÁËÕâЩËðʧµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔʱҲÊÇÈç´Ë¡£
    
    £¨IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY
    PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
@@ -165,8 +132,9 @@
    HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.£©
    
    ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÃ÷È··ÅÆúÈκα£Ö¤£¬°üÀ¨µ«²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚijһÌض¨ÓÃ;µÄÉÌÒµºÍÀûÒæµÄÒþº¬
-   ±£Ö¤¡£ÕâÀïÌṩµÄÕâ·ÝÈí¼þÊÇ»ùÓÚ¡°µ±×÷ÊÇ¡±µÄ»ù´¡µÄ£¬Òò¶ø¼ÓÖÝ´óѧûÓÐÔðÈÎ
-   Ìṩά»¤£¬Ö§³Ö£¬¸üУ¬ÔöÇ¿»òÕßÐ޸ĵķþÎñ¡£
+   ±£Ö¤¡£
+   ÕâÀïÌṩµÄÕâ·ÝÈí¼þÊÇ»ùÓÚ¡°µ±×÷ÊÇ¡±µÄ»ù´¡µÄ£¬Òò¶ø¼ÓÖÝ´óѧûÓÐÔðÈÎÌṩά
+   »¤£¬Ö§³Ö£¬¸üУ¬ÔöÇ¿»òÕßÐ޸ĵķþÎñ¡£
    
    £¨THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES,
    INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
@@ -174,823 +142,584 @@
    PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE UNIVERSITY OF
    CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE, SUPPORT,
    UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.£©
-   ÉÏÃæ¾ÍÊÇ BSD °æȨÉùÃ÷£¬Ò»¸ö¾­
-   µäµÄ¿ªÔ´°æȨÉùÃ÷¡£Ëü¶ÔÔ´´úÂëµÄʹÓÃδ×÷ÈκÎÏÞÖÆ¡£ÎÒÃÇϲ»¶Ëü²¢ÇÒ²»´òËã¸Ä
-   ±äËü¡£
    
-    1.3) PostgreSQL ÔËÐÐÔÚʲô Unix ƽ̨ÉÏ£¿
+    1.3)PostgreSQL ¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚÄÄЩ²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨ÉÏ£¿
     
    Ò»°ã˵À´£¬Ò»¸öÏÖ´úµÄ UNIX ¼æÈݵÄƽ̨¶¼ÄÜÔËÐÐ PostgreSQL
    ¡£ÔÚ°²×°Ö¸ÄÏÀïÁгöÁË·¢²¼Ê±¾¹ýÃ÷È·²âÊÔµÄƽ̨¡£
    
-    1.4) ¿ÉÓÃµÄ·Ç Unix ƽ̨ÓÐÄÄЩ£¿
-    
-   ¿Í»§¶Ë
-   
-   °Ñ libpq C ¿â£¬psql£¬ÆäËû½Ó¿ÚºÍ¿Í»§¶ËÓ¦ÓóÌÐò±àÒë³É¿ÉÒÔÔÚ MS Windows
-   ƽ̨ÉÏÔËÐÐÊÇ¿ÉÄܵġ£ÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬¿Í»§¶ËÔÚ MS Windows ÉÏÔËÐУ¬²¢ÇÒͨ¹ý
-   TCP/IP ÓëÒ»¸öÔËÐÐÔÚÎÒÃÇÖ§³ÖµÄ Unix
-   ƽ̨ÉϵķþÎñÆ÷½øÐÐͨѶ¡£·¢²¼°æ±¾Öаüº¬Ò»¸öÎļþ win32.mak ÓÃÓÚÉú³É
-   Win32 libpq ¿âºÍ psql ¡£PostgreSQL Ò²¿ÉÒÔºÍ ODBC ¿Í»§¶ËͨѶ¡£
-   
-   ·þÎñÆ÷
+   PostgreSQlÒ²¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔËÐÐÔÚ»ùÓÚ΢ÈíWindows-NTµÄ²Ù×÷ϵͳ£¬ÈçWin2000£¬Win
+   XP ºÍ Win2003£¬ÒÑÖÆ×÷Íê³ÉµÄ°²×°°ü¿É´Ó
+   http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstallerÏÂÔØ£¬»ùÓÚMSDOSµÄWindows²Ù×÷Ï
+   µÍ³ £¨Win95£¬Win98£¬WinMe£©ÐèҪͨ¹ýCygwinÄ£Äâ»·¾³ÔËÐÐPostgreSQL¡£
    
-   Êý¾Ý¿â·þÎñÆ÷ÏÖÔÚ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý Cygwin £¬Cygnus µÄ Unix/NT ÒÆÖ²¿âÔÚ Windows
-   NT ºÍ Win2k ÉÏÔËÐС£²ÎÔÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÀïµÄ See pgsql/doc/FAQ_MSWIN Îļþ»ò
-   http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-mswin.html ¡£
+   ͬʱҲÓÐÒ»¸öΪNovell Netware 6¿ª·¢µÄ°æ±¾¿É´Ó http://forge.novell.com
+   »ñÈ¡£¬ÎªOS/2¿ª·¢µÄ°æ±¾¿É´Ó
+   http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&button=Search&key=postgre
+   SQL&stype=all&sort=type&dir=%2F
    
-   ÒÆÖ²µ½ MS Win NT/2000/XP µÄ±¾»ú°æµÄ¹¤×÷ÕýÔÚ½øÐС£
-   
-    1.5) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿
+    1.4)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿
     
-   PostgreSQL µÄÖ÷ÄäÃûFTPÕ¾µãÊÇ
-   ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub£¬¾µÏñÕ¾µã¿ÉÒԲο¼ÎÒÃÇÍøÕ¾µÄÖ÷Ò³¡£
+   ͨ¹ýä¯ÀÀÆ÷¿É´Óhttp://www.postgresql.org/ftp/ÏÂÔØ£¬Ò²¿Éͨ¹ýFTP£¬´Ó
+   ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/Õ¾µãÏÂÔØ¡£
    
-    1.6) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö£¿
+    1.5)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö£¿
     
-   Ö÷ÒªµÄÓʼþÁбíÊÇ£ºpgsql-general@postgreSQL.org¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚÄÇÀïÌÖÂÛÓйØ
-   PostgreSQL µÄÎÊÌâ¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÁÐ±í£¬·¢Ò»·âÓʼþÄÚÈÝ£¨²»ÊÇÖ÷ÌâÐУ©Îª
-        subscribe
-        end
-
-   µÄÓʼþµ½ pgsql-general-request@postgreSQL.org ¡£
+   PostgreSQLÉçÇøͨ¹ýÓʼþÁбíΪÆä´ó¶àÊýÓû§Ìṩ°ïÖú£¬¼ÓÈëÓʼþÁбíµÄÖ÷Õ¾µã
+   ÊÇ
+   http://www.postgresql.org/community/lists/£¬Ò»°ãÇé¿öÏ£¬ÏȼÓÈëGeneral
+   »ò BugÓʼþÁбíÊÇÒ»¸ö½ÏºÃµÄ¿ªÊ¼¡£
    
-   »¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñÈ¡ÕªÒªÁÐ±í¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÕâ¸öÁÐ±í£¬·¢Óʼþµ½£ºpgsql-general-digest-req
-   uest@postgreSQL.org£¬ÆäÄÚÈÝΪ£º
-        subscribe
-        end
-
-   ÿµ±Ö÷Áбí´ïµ½´óÔ¼ 30k µÄÏûÏ¢ÄÚÈÝʱ£¬ÕªÒª¾Í·¢Ë͸øÕâ¸öÁбíµÄ³ÉÔ±¡£
+   Ö÷ÒªµÄIRCƵµÀÊÇÔÚFreeNode(irc.freenode.net)µÄ#postgresql£¬ÎªÁËÁ¬ÉÏ´ËƵ
+   µÀ£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃUNIX³ÌÐòirc£¬ÆäÖ¸Áî¸ñʽ£º irc -c '#postgresql' "$USER"
+   irc.freenode.net
+   £¬»òÕßʹÓÃÆäËûIRC¿Í»§¶Ë³ÌÐò¡£ÔÚ´ËÍøÂçÖл¹´æÔÚÒ»¸öPostgreSQLµÄÎ÷°àÑÀƵµ
+   À(#postgersql-es)ºÍ·¨ÓïƵµÀ
+   (#postgresql-fr)¡£Í¬ÑùµØ£¬ÔÚEFNETÉÏÒ²ÓÐÒ»¸öPostgreSQLµÄ½»Á÷ƵµÀ¡£
    
-   »¹¿ÉÒԲμӳô³æÓʼþÁÐ±í¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÕâ¸öÁÐ±í£¬·¢ËÍÒ»¸öÓʼþµ½
-   bugs-request@postgreSQL.org£¬ÄÚÈÝΪ£º
-        subscribe
-        end
-
-   »¹¿ÉÒԲμӿª·¢ÈËÔ±ÓʼþÁÐ±í¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÕâ¸öÁÐ±í£¬·¢ËÍÒ»¸öÓʼþµ½
-   hackers-request@postgreSQL.org£¬ÄÚÈÝΪ£º
-        subscribe
-        end
-
-   ÆäËûµÄ¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL ÓʼþÁбíºÍÆäËûÐÅÏ¢¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PostgreSQL µÄ WWW
-   Ö÷Ò³ÕÒµ½£º
+   ÉÌÒµÖ§³Ö¹«Ë¾µÄÁбíÔÚ http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php¡£
    
-     http://postgresql.org/
-     
-   ÔÚ EFNet ÀﻹÓÐÒ»¸ö IRC ƵµÀ£¬ÆµµÀ #PostgreSQL¡£ÎÒÓà unix ÃüÁîirc -c
-   '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net
+    1.6)ÎÒÈçºÎÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æ£¿
+    
+   ¿É·ÃÎÊ
+   http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug£¬ÌîдBugÉϱ¨±í¸ñ¼´¿É¡£
    
-   ÉÌÒµÖ§³Ö¹«Ë¾µÄÁбíÔÚ
-   http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/commercial-support.html ¡£
+   ͬÑùÒ²¿É·ÃÎÊftpÕ¾µãftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/
+   ¼ì²éÓÐÎÞ¸üеÄPostgreSQL°æ±¾»ò²¹¶¡¡£
    
-    1.7) PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇʲô£¿
+    1.7)×îаæµÄPostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿
     
-   PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇ°æ±¾ 7.2.3¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÏÖÔÚÓ¦¸ÃÊÇ 7.3.1 ÁË¡££©
+   PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇ°æ±¾ 8.0.2 £¨Òë×¢£ºÏÖ×îа汾Ϊ8.0.3£©¡£
    
-   ÎÒÃǼƻ®Ã¿ËĸöÔ·¢²¼Ò»¸öÖ÷Òª°æ±¾¡£
+   ÎÒÃǼƻ®Ã¿Äê·¢²¼Ò»¸öÖ÷Òª°æ±¾£¬Ã¿¼¸¸öÔ·¢²¼Ò»¸öС°æ±¾¡£
    
-    1.8) ÓÐÄÄЩ¿ÉÓÃµÄ PostgreSQL µÄÎĵµ£¿
+    1.8)Äܹ»»ñÈ¡µÄ×îÐÂÎĵµÓÐÄÄЩ£¿
     
-   ÔÚ·¢²¼°üÀïÓÐһЩÊֲᣬÊÖ²áÒ³ºÍһЩСµÄ²âÊÔÀý×Ó¡£²Î¼û /doc
-   Ŀ¼¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÓ¦Îª $PGHOME/doc£©¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚÏßä¯ÀÀ PostgreSQL
-   µÄÊֲᣬÔÚ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/ ¡£
+   PostgreSQL°üº¬´óÁ¿µÄÎĵµ£¬Ö÷ÒªÓÐһЩÊֲᣬÊÖ²áÒ³ºÍһЩµÄ²âÊÔÀý×Ó¡£²Î¼û
+   /doc Ŀ¼£¨Òë×¢£ºÓ¦Îª $PGHOME/doc£©¡£ Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚÏßä¯ÀÀ PostgreSQL
+   µÄÊֲᣬÆäµØÖ·ÊÇ£ºhttp://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs¡£
    
    ÓÐÁ½±¾¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊéÔÚÏßÌṩ£¬ÔÚ
    http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html ºÍ
-   http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/ ¡£ÔÚ
-   http://www.ca.PostgreSQL.org/books/ ÉÏÓйØÓÚ PostgreSQL
-   µÄ¿É¹ºÊé¼®µÄÁÐ±í¡£ÔÚ http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/ ÉÏÊÕ¼¯ÁËÓйØ
-   PostgreSQL µÄ¼¼ÊõÎÄÕ¡£
-   
-   psql ÓÐһЩ²»´íµÄ \d ÃüÁÏÔʾ¹ØÓÚÀàÐÍ£¬²Ù×÷·û£¬º¯Êý£¬¾Û¼¯µÈµÄÐÅÏ¢¡£
-   
-   ÎÒÃÇµÄ web Õ¾µã°üº¬¸ü¶àµÄÎĵµ£®
-   
-    1.9) ÎÒÈçºÎÁ˽âÒÑÖªµÄ BUG ºÍȱʧµÄÌØÐÔ£¿
-    
-   PostgreSQL Ö§³ÖÒ»¸öÀ©Õ¹Á赀 SQL-92 µÄ×Ó¼¯¡£²ÎÔÄÎÒÃÇµÄ TODO
-   ÁÐ±í£¬»ñÈ¡Ò»¸öÒÑÖª³ô³æ£¬È±Ê§ÌØÐÔºÍδÀ´¼Æ»®¡£
+   http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/ ¡£
+   Ò²ÓдóÁ¿µÄPostgreSQLÊé¼®¿É¹©¹ºÂò£¬ÆäÖÐ×îΪÁ÷ÐеÄÒ»±¾ÊÇÓÉKorry
+   Douglas±àдµÄ¡£ÔÚ
+   http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/techdocs/bookreviews.phpÉÏ
+   ÉÏÓдóÁ¿ÓйØPostgreSQLÊé¼®µÄ¼ò½é¡£ ÔÚ
+   http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/ÉÏÊÕ¼¯ÁËÓÐ¹Ø PostgreSQL
+   µÄ´óÁ¿¼¼ÊõÎÄÕ¡£
    
-    1.10) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùѧϰ SQL£¿
-    
-   ÔÚ http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html µÄ¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL
-   µÄÊé½ÌÊÚ SQL¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÎÒÏÂÔص½±¾µØÁË¡££©ÔÚ
-   http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook ÓÐÁíÍâÒ»±¾¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL
-   µÄÊé¡£ÔÚhttp://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm£¬http://ourw
-   orld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM ºÍ
-   http://sqlcourse.com ÓÐÒ»¸ö²»´íµÄÈëÃŽ̡̳£
-   
-   ÁíÒ»¸öÊÇ "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second
-   Edition"£¨21Ììѧ»áSQL£¬µÚ¶þ°æ£©£¬ÔÚ
-   http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm
+   ¿Í»§¶ËµÄÃüÁîÐгÌÐòpsqlÓÐһЩÒÔ \d
+   ¿ªÍ·µÄÃüÁ¿ÉÏÔʾ¹ØÓÚÀàÐÍ£¬²Ù×÷·û£¬º¯Êý£¬»ã×ܵȵÄÐÅÏ¢£¬Ê¹Óà \?
+   ¿ÉÒÔÏÔʾËùÓпÉÓõÄÃüÁî¡£
    
-   ÎÒÃǵÄÐí¶àÓû§Ï²»¶ The Practical SQL Handbook, Bowman, Judith S., et
-   al., Addison-Wesley ¡£ ÆäËûµÄÓÐ The Complete Reference SQL, Groff et
-   al., McGraw-Hill ¡£
+   ÎÒÃÇµÄ web Õ¾µã°üº¬¸ü¶àµÄÎĵµ¡£
    
-    1.11) PostgreSQL ÊÇ Y2K ¼æÈݵÄÂð£¿
+    1.9)ÎÒÈçºÎÁ˽âÒÑÖªµÄ BUG »òÔÝȱµÄ¹¦ÄÜ£¿
     
-   ÊÇ£¬ÎÒÃǺÜÈÝÒ׿ØÖÆ 2000 AD Ö®ºóºÍ 2000 BC ֮ǰµÄÈÕÆÚ¡£
+   PostgreSQL Ö§³ÖÒ»¸öÀ©Õ¹Á赀 SQL-92 µÄ×Ó¼¯¡£²ÎÔÄÎÒÃǵÄTODO
+   ÁÐ±í£¬»ñÈ¡Ò»¸öÒÑÖªBug£¬ÔÝȱµÄ¹¦Äܺͽ«À´µÄ¼Æ»®¡£
    
-    1.12) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飿
+    1.10)ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùѧϰ SQL £¿
     
-   Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÏÂÔØ×îеÄÔ´´úÂë²¢ÔĶÁÎÒÃÇ web Õ¾µã»ò·¢²¼°üÖÐµÄ PostgreSQL
-   ¿ª·¢ÕßÎĵµ¡£Æä´Î£¬¼ÓÈë pgsql-hackers ºÍ pgsql-patches
-   ÓʼþÁÐ±í¡£µÚÈý£¬Ïò pgsql-patches Ìá½»¸ßÖÊÁ¿µÄ²¹¶¡³ÌÐò¡£
+   Ê×ÏÈ¿¼ÂÇÉÏÊöÌáµ½µÄÓëPostgreSQLÏà¹ØµÄÊé¼®£¬ÁíÍâÒ»±¾ÊÇTeach Yourself SQL
+   in 21 Days, Second Edition£¬ ÎÒÃǵÄÐí¶àÓû§Ï²»¶The Practical SQL
+   Handbook Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley£¬ÆäËûµÄÔòϲ»¶ The
+   Complete Reference SQL, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill¡£
    
-   ÏÖÔÚ´ó¸ÅÓÐÊ®¼¸¸öÈËÓÐ PostgreSQL CVS ¹éµµ COMMIT µÄȨÏÞ¡£ËûÃǶ¼ÒѾ­
-   Ìá½»Á˷dz£¶à¸ßÖÊÁ¿µÄ²¹¶¡ÁË£¬ÒÔÖÁÓÚÏÖÓеÄÌá½»È˺ÜÄѸúÉϽÚ×࣬²¢ÇÒÎÒÃÇÏà
-   ÐÅËûÃÇÌá½»µÄ²¹¶¡¶¼ÊǸßÖÊÁ¿µÄ¡£
-   
-    1.13) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æ£¿
+    1.11)ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飿
     
-   Çë·ÃÎÊ http://www.PostgreSQL.org/bugs/bugs.php µÄ PostgreSQL BugTool
-   Ò³Ãæ, ÄÇÀï¸ø³öÁËÈçºÎÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æµÄÖ¸ÄÏ¡£
-   
-   ͬÑùÒ²Òª¿´¿´ÎÒÃÇµÄ ftp Õ¾µã
-   ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub£¬¿´ÓÐûÓиüÐ嵀 PostgreSQL °æ±¾»ò²¹¶¡¡£
+   Ïê¼û Developer's FAQ ¡£
    
-    1.14) PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËû DBMS ±ÈÆðÀ´ÈçºÎ£¿
+    1.12)PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËûÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±ÈÆðÀ´ÈçºÎ£¿
     
    ÆÀ¼ÛÈí¼þÓкü¸ÖÖ·½·¨£ºÌØÐÔ£¬ÐÔÄÜ£¬¿É¿¿ÐÔ£¬Ö§³ÖºÍ¼Û¸ñ¡£
    
    ÌØÐÔ
-          PostgreSQL ÓµÓдóÐÍÉÌÓà DBMS
-          Àï´ó¶àÊýÌØÐÔ£¬ÀýÈ磺ÊÂÎñ£¬×Ó²éѯ£¬´¥·¢Æ÷£¬ÊÓͼ£¬Íâ¼ü²Î¿¼ÍêÕûÐÔº
-          ͸´ÔÓµÄËøµÈ¡£ÎÒÃÇ»¹ÓÐһЩËüÃÇûÓеÄÌØÐÔ£¬ÈçÓû§¶¨ÒåÀàÐÍ£¬¼Ì³Ð£¬
-          ¹æÔòºÍ¶à°æ±¾²¢ÐпØÖÆÒÔ¼õÉÙËøµÄÕùÓõȡ£
+          PostgreSQL ÓµÓдóÐÍÉÌÓà DBMS Àï´ó¶àÊýÌØÐÔ£¬
+          ÀýÈ磺ÊÂÎñ£¬×Ó²éѯ£¬´¥·¢Æ÷£¬ÊÓͼ£¬Íâ¼ü²Î¿¼ÍêÕûÐԺ͸´ÔÓµÄËøµÈ¡£
+          ÎÒÃÇ»¹ÓÐһЩËüÃÇûÓеÄÌØÐÔ£¬ÈçÓû§¶¨ÒåÀàÐÍ£¬¼Ì³Ð£¬¹æÔòºÍ¶à°æ±¾²
+          ¢ÐпØÖÆÒÔ¼õÉÙËøµÄÕùÓõȡ£
           
    ÐÔÄÜ
-          PostgreSQL
-          ºÍÆäËûÉÌÓúͿªÔ´µÄÊý¾Ý¿â¾ßÓÐÀàËƵÄÐÔÄÜ¡£¶ÔijЩ´¦ÀíËü±È½Ï¿ì£¬¶ÔÆ
-          äËûһЩ´¦ÀíËü±È½ÏÂý¡£Óë MySQL »ò¸üÇá±ãµÄÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±È½Ï£¬ÎÒÃÇÔÚ
-          insert/update ʱÂý£¬ÒòΪÎÒÃÇÓÐÊÂÎñ´¦Àí¡£µ±È» MySQL
-          ²»¾ßÓÐÎÒÃÇÔÚÉÏÃæµÄÌØÐÔ
-          ¶ÎÀï¸ø³öµÄÈκÎÌØÐÔ¡£ÎÒÃǵÄÖ÷Òª·½ÏòÊÇ¿É¿¿ÐÔºÍÌØÐÔ£¬¾¡¹ÜÎÒÃÇÔÚÿ´
-          η¢²¼Ê±²»¶ÏµØ¸Ä½øÐÔÄÜ¡£ÓÐÒ»¸öºÜÓÐȤµÄÍøÒ³±È½ÏÁË PostgreSQL ºÍ
-          MySQL http://openacs.org/why-not-mysql.html¡£
+          PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËûÉÌÓúͿªÔ´µÄÊý¾Ý¿â¾ßÓÐÀàËƵÄÐÔÄÜ¡£
+          ¶ÔijЩ´¦ÀíËü±È½Ï¿ì£¬¶ÔÆäËûһЩ´¦ÀíËü±È½ÏÂý¡£
+          ÓëÆäËûÊý¾Ý¿âÏà±È£¬ÎÒÃǵÄÐÔÄÜͨ³£ÔÚ +/- 10%Ö®¼ä¡£
           
    ¿É¿¿ÐÔ
-          ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀ DBMS
-          ±ØÐëÊÇ¿É¿¿µÄ£¬·ñÔòËü¾ÍÒ»µãÓö¼Ã»ÓС£ÎÒÃÇŬÁ¦×öµ½·¢²¼¾­
+          ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀ DBMS ±ØÐëÊÇ¿É¿¿µÄ£¬·ñÔòËü¾ÍÒ»µãÓö¼Ã»ÓС£
+          ÎÒÃÇŬÁ¦×öµ½·¢²¼¾­
           ¹ýÈÏÕæ²âÊԵģ¬Îȶ¨µÄ³ô³æ×îÉٵĴúÂ롣ÿ¸ö°æ±¾ÖÁÉÙÓÐÒ»¸öÔ嵀 beta
-          ²âÊÔ£¬²¢ÇÒÎÒÃǵķ¢²¼ÀúÊ·ÏÔʾÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÌṩÎȶ¨µÄ£¬Àι̵ģ¬¿ÉÓÃÓÚÉ
-          ú²úʹÓõİ汾¡£ÎÒÃÇÏàÐÅÔÚÕâ·½ÃæÎÒÃÇÓëÆäËûµÄÊý¾Ý¿âÈí¼þÊÇÏ൱µÄ¡£
+          ²âÊÔʱ¼ä£¬²¢ÇÒÎÒÃǵķ¢²¼ÀúÊ·ÏÔʾÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÌṩÎȶ¨µÄ£¬Àι̵ģ¬¿ÉÓ
+          ÃÓÚÉú²úʹÓõİ汾¡£ÎÒÃÇÏàÐÅ
+          ÔÚÕâ·½ÃæÎÒÃÇÓëÆäËûµÄÊý¾Ý¿âÈí¼þÊÇÏ൱µÄ¡£
           
    Ö§³Ö
           ÎÒÃǵÄÓʼþÁбíÌṩһ¸ö·Ç³£´óµÄ¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±ºÍÓû§µÄ×éÒÔ°ïÖú½â¾öËùÅöµ
-          ½µÄÈκÎÎÊÌâ¡£ÎÒÃDz»Äܱ£Ö¤¿Ï¶¨Äܽâ¾öÎÊÌ⣬Ïà±È֮ϣ¬ÉÌÓà DBMS
-          Ò²²¢²»ÊÇ×ÜÄܹ»Ìṩ½â¾ö·½·¨¡£Ö±½ÓÓ뿪·¢ÈËÔ±£¬Óû§Èº£¬ÊÖ²áºÍÔ´³ÌÐ
-          ò½Ó´¥Áî PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö±ÈÆäËû DBMS
+          ½µÄÈκÎÎÊÌâ¡£ ÎÒÃDz»Äܱ£Ö¤¿Ï¶¨Äܽâ¾öÎÊÌ⣬Ïà±È֮ϣ¬ÉÌÓà DBMS
+          Ò²²¢²»ÊÇ×ÜÄܹ»Ìṩ½â¾ö·½·¨¡£
+          Ö±½ÓÓ뿪·¢ÈËÔ±£¬Óû§Èº£¬ÊÖ²áºÍÔ´³ÌÐò½Ó´¥Áî PostgreSQL
+          µÄÖ§³Ö±ÈÆäËû DBMS
           »¹ÒªºÃ¡£»¹ÓÐһЩÉÌÒµÐÔµÄÔ¤°ü×°µÄÖ§³Ö£¬¿ÉÒÔ¸øÌṩ¸øÄÇЩÐèÒªµÄÈË¡
-          ££¨²ÎÔÄÖ§³Ö FAQ Ìõ¿î 1.6 С½Ú¡££©
+          ££¨²ÎÔÄ FAQ Ìõ¿î 1.5 С½Ú£©
           
    ¼Û¸ñ
-          ÎÒÃǶÔÈκÎÓÃ;¶¼Ãâ·Ñ£¬°üÀ¨ÉÌÓúͷÇÉÌÓÃÄ¿µÄ¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔ²»¼ÓÏÞÖƵØÏòÄ
-          ãµÄ²úÆ·Àï¼ÓÈëÎÒÃǵĴúÂ룬³ýÁËÄÇЩÎÒÃÇÔÚÉÏÃæµÄ°æȨÉùÃ÷ÀïÉùÃ÷µÄ
-          BSD ·ç¸ñµÄ°æȨÍâ¡£
+          ÎÒÃǶÔÈκÎÓÃ;¶¼Ãâ·Ñ£¬°üÀ¨ÉÌÓúͷÇÉÌÓÃÄ¿µÄ¡£
+          Äã¿ÉÒÔ²»¼ÓÏÞÖƵØÏòÄãµÄ²úÆ·Àï¼ÓÈëÎÒÃǵĴúÂ룬³ýÁËÄÇЩÎÒÃÇÔÚÉÏÃæµ
+          Ä°æȨÉùÃ÷ÀïÉùÃ÷µÄ BSD ·ç¸ñµÄ°æȨÍâ¡£
           
-    1.15) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÔÞÖú PostgreSQL £¿
-    
-   ×Ô´Ó1996Ä꿪ʼ£¬PostgreSQL ÒѾÓÐÁËÒ»¸öÓÅÐãµÄ×éÖ¯¡£ÕâЩӦ¸Ã¹é¹¦ÓÚ Marc
-   Fournier£¬ÊÇËû´´½¨Á˲¢ÔÚÕâЩÄêÒ»Ö±¹ÜÀíÕâ¸ö×éÖ¯¡£
-   
-   ¶ÔÓÚÒ»¸ö¿ªÔ´ÏîÄ¿À´Ëµ£¬ÖÊÁ¿»ù´¡ÉèÊ©ÊǷdz£ÖØÒªµÄ¡£ËüÄÜ·ÀÖ¹³öÏÖÑÏÖØÑÓ³ÙÏî
-   Ä¿Ç°½øµÄ»ìÂÒ¡£
-   
-   ÏÔÈ»£¬Õâ¸ö×éÖ¯µÄÔËת³É±¾²»·Æ¡£Î¬³ÖÆäÇ°½øÓи÷ÖÖÔ¶ȵġ¢Ò»´ÎÐԵĿªÖ§¡£Èç
-   ¹ûÄã»òÕßÄãµÄ¹«Ë¾ÄܽøÐоèÔùÒÔÖ§³ÖÕâÏîÊÂÒµ£¬Çë·ÃÎÊ
-   http://store.pgsql.com/shopping/ ½øÐоèÔù¡£
-   
-   ËäÈ»¸ÃÍøÒ³Ìá¼°ÁË PostgreSQL ¹«Ë¾£¬ÕâЩ¾èÔù½«½öÓÃÓÚÖ§³Ö PostgreSQL
-   ÏîÄ¿£¬²¢²»»áÓÃÓÚ×ÊÖúû¸öÌض¨µÄ¹«Ë¾¡£Èç¹ûÄãÔ¸Ò⣬Ҳ¿ÉÒÔÓʼÄ֧Ʊµ½ÁªÏµµØ
-   Ö·¡£
+    1.13)Ë¿ØÖÆPostgreSQL £¿
+    
+   Èç¹ûÄãÔÚÑ°ÕÒPostgreSQLµÄÕÆÃÅÈË£¬»òÊÇʲôÖÐÑëίԱ»á£¬»òÊÇʲôËùÊô¹«Ë¾£¬
+   ÄãÖ»ÄÜ·ÅÆúÁË---ÒòΪһ¸öÒ²²»´æÔÚ£¬µ«ÎÒÃǵÄÈ·ÓÐÒ»¸ö
+   ίԱ»áºÍCVS¹ÜÀí×飬µ«ÕâЩ¹¤×÷×éµÄÉèÁ¢Ö÷ÒªÊÇΪÁ˽øÐйÜÀí¹¤×÷¶ø²»ÊǶÔPos
+   tgreSQL½øÐпØÖÆ£¬PostgreSQLÏîÄ¿ÊÇÓÉÈκÎÈ˾ù
+   ¿É²Î¼ÓµÄ¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±ÉçÇøºÍËùÓÐÓû§¿ØÖƵģ¬ÄãËùÐèÒª×öµÄ¾ÍÊǼÓÈëÓʼþÁÐ±í£¬²Î
+   ÓëÌÖÂÛ¼´¿É£¨Òª²ÎÓëPostgreSQLµÄ¿ª·¢Ïê¼û Developer's FAQ »ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢£©¡£
      _________________________________________________________________
    
-                               Óû§¿Í»§¶ËÎÊÌâ
-                                      
-    2.1) ÓÐ PostgreSQL µÄ ODBC Çý¶¯Ã´£¿
+Óû§¿Í»§¶ËÎÊÌâ
+
+    2.1)ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÃʲôÓïÑÔºÍ PostgreSQL ´ò½»µÀ£¿
     
-   ÓÐÁ½¸ö ODBC Çý¶¯¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ£¬PsqlODBC ºÍ OpenLink ODBC.
-   
-   ¿ÉÒÔÔÚhttp://gborg.postgresql.org/project/psqlodbc/projdisplay.php
-   ÏÂÔØ PsqlODBC ¡£
+   PostgreSQL(ȱʡÇé¿ö)Ö»°²×°ÓÐCºÍÄÚǶʽCµÄ½Ó¿Ú£¬ÆäËûµÄ½Ó¿Ú¶¼ÊǶÀÁ¢µÄÏîÄ¿
+   £¬Äܹ»·Ö±ðÏÂÔØ£¬ÕâЩ½Ó¿ÚÏîÄ¿¶ÀÁ¢µÄºÃ´¦
+   ÊÇËûÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓи÷×Եķ¢²¼¼Æ»®ºÍ¸÷×Ô¶ÀÁ¢µÄ¿ª·¢×é¡£
    
-   OpenLink ODBC ¿ÉÒÔ´Ó http://www.openlinksw.com/ »ñµÃ¡£ËüÓëËûÃǵıê×¼
-   ODBC ¿Í»§¶ËÈí¼þ¼æÈÝ£¬Òò¶øÄã¿ÉÒÔÔÚÈκÎËûÃÇÖ§³ÖµÄ¿Í»§¶Ëƽ̨£¨Win, Mac,
-   Unix, VMS£©ÉÏʹÓà PostgreSQL ODBC¡£
+   һЩ±à³ÌÓïÑÔÈçPHP¶¼ÓзÃÎÊ PostgreSQL
+   µÄ½Ó¿Ú£¬Perl,TCL,PythonÒÔ¼°ºÜ¶àÆäËûÓïÑԵĽӿÚÔÚ
+   http://gborg.postgresql.org ÉϵÄDrivers/InterfacesС½Ú¿ÉÕÒµ½£¬
+   ²¢ÇÒͨ¹ýInternetºÜÈÝÒ×ËÑË÷µ½¡£
    
-   ËûÃÇ¿ÉÄܽ«Õâ¸ö²úÆ·ÏúÊÛ¸øÄÇЩÐèÒªÉÌÒµÖ§³ÖµÄÓû§£¬µ«ÊÇ×ÜÊÇÓÐÒ»¸ö
-   freeware £¨×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ£©µÄ°æ±¾¿ÉÒԵõ½¡£ÇëѯÎÊ
-   postgres95@openlink.co.uk¡£
-   
-    2.2) ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web Ò³Ã棿
+    2.2)ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web Ò³Ã棿
     
-   Ò»¸ö½éÉÜÒÔÊý¾Ý¿âΪºǫ́µÄͦ²»´íµÄ Õ¾µãÊÇ£ºhttp://www.webreview.com ¡£
+   Ò»¸ö½éÉÜÒÔÊý¾Ý¿âΪºǫ́µÄͦ²»´íµÄÕ¾µãÊÇ£ºhttp://www.webreview.com¡£
    
-   ¶ÔÓÚ Web ¼¯³É£¬PHP ÊÇÒ»¸ö¼«ºÃµÄ½Ó¿Ú¡£ËüÔÚ£ºhttp://www.php.net/ ¡£
+   ¶ÔÓÚ Web ¼¯³É£¬PHP ÊÇÒ»¸ö¼«ºÃµÄ½Ó¿Ú¡£ËüÔÚ£ºhttp://www.php.net/¡£
    
    ¶ÔÓÚ¸´ÔÓµÄÈÎÎñ£¬ºÜ¶àÈ˲ÉÓà Perl ½Ó¿ÚºÍ CGI.pm »ò mod_perl ¡£
    
-    2.3) PostgreSQL ÓµÓÐͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæÂð£¿
-    
-   Êǵġ£Óм¸¸öÊÊÓÃÓÚ PostgreSQL
-   µÄͼÐνӿڡ£°üÀ¨PgAccess£¨http://www.pgaccess.com)£¬PgAdmin II
-   £¨http://www.pgadmin.org£¬½öÊÊÓÃÓÚWin32£©£¬ RHDB Admin
-   (http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/£© ÒÔ¼° Rekall
-   £¨http://www.thekompany.com/products/rekall/£¬
-   רÓеÄ/proprietary)¡£»¹ÓÐPHPPgAdmin
-   £¨http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/£© £¬Ò»¸ö»ùÓÚ web µÄ PostgreSQL
-   ·ÃÎʽӿڡ£
-   
-   ÎÒÃÇÓÐÒ»¸ö²»´íµÄͼÐÎÓû§½çÃ棬³ÆΪ PgAccess
-   £¬ËüÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓÃ×÷±¨±íÉú³ÉÆ÷¡£ÍøÒ³ÊÇ http://www.pgaccess.org/¡£
-   
-    2.4) ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÃʲôÓïÑÔºÍ PostgreSQL ´ò½»µÀ£¿
+    2.3)PostgreSQL ÓµÓÐͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæÂð£¿
     
-   ´ó¶àÊýÁ÷Ðеıà³ÌÓïÑÔ¶¼ÓзÃÎÊ PostgreSQL
-   µÄ½Ó¿Ú¡£Çë¼ì²é±à³ÌÓïÑÔµÄÀ©Õ¹Ä£¿éÁÐ±í¡£
-   
-   PostgreSQL ·¢²¼°üÖаüº¬ÁËÒÔϽӿڣº
-     * C (libpq)
-     * Embedded C (ecpg)
-     * Java (jdbc)
-     * Python (PyGreSQL)
-     * TCL (libpgtcl)
-       
-   ÆäËûµÄ½Ó¿ÚÔÚ http://gborg.postgresql.org É쵀 Drivers/Interfaces
-   С½Ú¡£
+   Êǵģ¬ÔÚ
+   http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUIToolsÓÐÒ»¸öÏêϸµÄÁÐ±í¡£
      _________________________________________________________________
    
-                                ϵͳ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ
-                                      
-    3.1) ÎÒÔõÑùÄÜ°Ñ PostgreSQL ×°ÔÚ /usr/local/pgsql ÒÔÍâµÄµØ·½£¿
+ϵͳ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ
+
+    3.1)ÎÒÔõÑùÄÜ°Ñ PostgreSQL ×°ÔÚ /usr/local/pgsql ÒÔÍâµÄµØ·½£¿
     
    ÔÚÔËÐÐ configure ʱ¼ÓÉÏ --prefix Ñ¡Ïî¡£
    
-    3.2) µ±ÎÒÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ Bad System Call£¨ÏµÍ³µ÷ÓÃ´í£©»ò Core
-    Dumped ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿
-    
-   Õâ¿ÉÄÜÊǺܶ෽ÃæµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÏȼì²é²Ù×÷ϵͳºËÐÄÊÇ·ñÖ§³Ö System V
-   À©Õ¹¡£PostgreSQL ÐèÒªÄÚºËÖ§³Ö¹²ÏíÄÚ´æºÍÐźŵơ£
-   
-    3.3) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ IpcMemoryCreate ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿
+    3.2)ÎÒÈçºÎ¿ØÖÆÀ´×ÔÆäËûÖ÷»úµÄÁ¬½Ó£¿
     
-   ÄãҪôÊÇûÓÐÔÚÄÚºËÀïÕýÈ·ÅäÖù²ÏíÄڴ棬ҪôÊÇÄãÐèÒªÀ©´óÄãµÄÄں˵ĿÉÓù²
-   ÏíÄÚ´æ¡£ÐèÒªµÄ¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¾ßÌåµÄÊýÁ¿È¡¾öÓÚÄãµÄÌåϵ½á¹¹ºÍÄãÅäÖÃÄãµÄ
-   postmaster
-   ÔËÐÐʱʹÓõĻº³åÇøºÍºó¶Ë½ø³ÌÊýÄ¿¡£¶Ô´ó¶àÊýϵͳ£¬Ê¹ÓÃȱʡ»º³åÇøºÍ½ø³ÌÊý
-   Ŀʱ£¬Äã×îÉÙÐèÒª~1MB¡£Óйع²ÏíÄÚ´æºÍÐźŵƵÄÏêϸÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼ PostgreSQL
-   Administrator's Guide ¡£
+   ȱʡʱ£¬PostgreSQL Ö»ÔÊÐíͨ¹ý unix
+   ÓòÌ×½Ó×Ö»òTCP/IP·½Ê½ÇÒÀ´×Ô±¾»úµÄÁ¬½Ó¡£
+   ÄãÖ»ÓÐÔÚÐÞ¸ÄÁËÅäÖÃÎļþpostgresql.confÖеÄlisten_addresses£¬ÇÒÒ²ÔÚÅäÖÃÎ
+   ļþpg_hba.confÖдò¿ªÁË Ö÷»úΪ»ù´¡£¨ host-based
+   £©µÄÉí·ÝÈÏÖ¤£¬²¢ÖØÐÂÆô¶¯PostgreSQL£¬·ñÔòÆäËû»úÆ÷ÊDz»ÄÜÓëÄãµÄPostgreSQL
+   ·þÎñÆ÷Á¬½ÓµÄ¡£
    
-    3.4) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ IpcSemaphoreCreate ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿
+    3.3)ÎÒÔõÑùµ÷ÕûÊý¾Ý¿âÒýÇæÒÔ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ£¿
     
-   Èç¹û´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÊÇ IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space left on
-   device)£¬ÄÇôÔÒòÊÇÄãµÄÄÚºËûÓÐÅäÖÃ×ã¹»µÄÐźŵÆ×ÊÔ´¡£Postgres
-   µÄÿ¸öDZÔڵĺǫ́½ø³Ì¶¼ÐèÒªÒ»¸öÐźŵơ£Ò»¸öÁÙʱµÄ½â¾ö·½·¨ÊÇÒԱȽÏÉٵĺó
-   ̨½ø³ÌÊý£¨²ÎÊý£©Æô¶¯ postmaster¡£Ê¹Óÿª¹Ø -N ´øÒ»¸öÉÙÓÚȱʡֵ 32
-   µÄ²ÎÊýÔËÐÐ postmaster¡£¸ü³¤¾ÃµÄ½â¾ö·½·¨ÊǼӴóÄãµÄÄÚºËµÄ SEMMNS ºÍ
-   SEMMNI ²ÎÊý¡£
-   
-   ÔÚÊý¾Ý¿â·ÃÎÊÁ¿ºÜ´óʱ£¬ÐźŵƲ»¿ÉÓÿÉÄܵ¼ÖÂϵͳ±ÀÀ£¡£
+   ÓÐÈý¸öÖ÷Òª·½Ãæ¿ÉÒÔÌáÉýPostgreSQLµÄDZÄÜ¡£
    
-   Èç¹û´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÊÇÆäËûµÄʲô¶«Î÷£¬Äã¿ÉÄܾ͸ù±¾Ã»ÓÐÔÚÄÚºËÀïÃæÅäÖÃÐźŵÆÖ§³Ö
-   ¡£Óйع²ÏíÄÚ´æºÍÐźŵƵÄÏêϸÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼ PostgreSQL Administrator's
-   Guide ¡£
-   
-    3.5) ÎÒÈçºÎ¿ØÖÆÀ´×ÔÆäËûÖ÷»úµÄÁ¬½Ó£¿
+   ²éѯ·½Ê½µÄ±ä»¯
+          ÕâÖ÷ÒªÉæ¼°Ð޸IJéѯ·½Ê½ÒÔ»ñÈ¡¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ:
+          
+          + ´´½¨Ë÷Òý£¬°üÀ¨±í´ïʽºÍ²¿·ÖË÷Òý£»
+          + ʹÓÃCOPYÓï¾ä´úÌæ¶à¸öInsertÓï¾ä£»
+          + ½«¶à¸öSQLÓï¾ä×é³ÉÒ»¸öÊÂÎñÒÔ¼õÉÙÌá½»ÊÂÎñµÄ¿ªÏú£»
+          + ´ÓÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÖÐÌáÈ¡¶àÌõ¼Ç¼ʱʹÓÃCLUSTER£»
+          + ´ÓÒ»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûÖÐÈ¡³ö²¿·Ö¼Ç¼ʱʹÓÃLIMIT£»
+          + ʹÓÃÔ¤±àÒëʽ²éѯ£¨Prepared Query)£»
+          + ʹÓÃANALYZEÒÔ±£³Ö¾«È·µÄÓÅ»¯Í³¼Æ£»
+          + ¶¨ÆÚʹÓà VACUUM »ò pg_autovacuum
+          + ½øÐдóÁ¿Êý¾Ý¸ü¸ÄʱÏÈɾ³ýË÷Òý£¨È»ºóÖؽ¨Ë÷Òý£©
+            
+   ·þÎñÆ÷µÄÅäÖÃ
+          ÅäÖÃÎļþpostgres.confÖеĺܶàÉèÖö¼»áÓ°ÏìÐÔÄÜ£¬ËùÓвÎÊýµÄÁбí¿É
+          ¼û£º Administration Guide/Server Run-time Environment/Run-time
+          Configuration£¬ ÓйزÎÊýµÄ½âÊͿɼû£º
+          http://www.varlena.com/varlena/GeneralBits/Tidbits/annotated_co
+          nf_e.html ºÍ
+          http://www.varlena.com/varlena/GeneralBits/Tidbits/perf.html¡£
+          
+   Ó²¼þµÄÑ¡Ôñ
+          ¼ÆËã»úÓ²¼þ¶ÔÐÔÄܵÄÓ°Ïì¿Éä¯ÀÀ
+          http://candle.pha.pa.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/inde
+          x.html ºÍ http://www.powerpostgresql.com/PerfList/¡£
+          
+    3.4)PostgreSQL Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿
     
-   ȱʡʱ£¬PostgreSQL Ö»ÔÊÐíͨ¹ý unix ÓòÌ×½Ó×ÖÀ´×Ô±¾»úµÄÁ¬½Ó¡£³ý·ÇÄãʹÓÃ
-   -i ¿ª¹ØÆô¶¯ postmaster£¬²¢ÇÒͨ¹ý¶ÔÓ¦µÄ±à¼ $PGDATA/pg_hba.conf
-   Îļþ´ò¿ªÁËÖ÷»úΪ»ù´¡£¨ host-based
-   £©µÄÈÏÖ¤£¬·ñÔòÆäËû»úÆ÷ÊDz»ÄÜÓëÄãµÄ»úÆ÷Á¬½ÓµÄ¡£ÕâÑù½«ÔÊÐí TCP/IP Á¬½Ó¡£
+   PostgreSQL ÓкܶàÀàËÆ log_*
+   µÄ·þÎñÆ÷ÅäÖñäÁ¿¿ÉÓÃÓÚ²éѯµÄ´òÓ¡ºÍ½ø³Ìͳ¼Æ£¬¶øÕâЩ¹¤×÷¶Ôµ÷ÊÔºÍÐÔÄܲâÊÔ
+   ºÜÓаïÖú¡£
    
-    3.6) ÎÒÔõÑùµ÷ÕûÊý¾Ý¿âÒýÇæÒÔ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ£¿
+    3.5)ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many clients¡±ÏûÏ¢£¿
     
-   µ±È»£¬Ë÷Òý¿ÉÒÔ¼ÓËÙ²éѯ¡£EXPLAIN ÃüÁîÔÊÐíÄã¹Û²ì PostgreSQL
-   ÈçºÎ½âÊÍÄãµÄ²éѯ£¬ÒÔ¼°Ê¹ÓÃÁËÄÄЩË÷Òý¡£
+   Õâ±íʾÄãÒѴﵽȱʡ100¸ö²¢·¢ºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýµÄÏÞÖÆ£¬ÄãÐèҪͨ¹ýÐÞ¸Äpostgresql.
+   confÎļþÖеÄmax_connectionsÖµÀ´
+   Ôö¼ÓpostmasterµÄºǫ́²¢·¢´¦ÀíÊý£¬Ð޸ĺóÐèÖØÐÂÆô¶¯postmaster¡£
    
-   Èç¹ûÄãÕý´¦ÀíÒ»¶Ñ INSERT£¬¿¼ÂÇʹÓà COPY
-   ÃüÁîÒÔ´óÅúÁ¿µÄ·½Ê½½øÐС£ÕâÑù×ö±Èµ¥¶ÀµÄÒ»¸ö¸ö INSERT
-   ¿ìµÃ¶à¡£Æä´Î£¬Ã»Óд¦ÓÚ BEGIN WORK/COMMIT
-   ÊÂÎñ¿éÖ®¼äµÄÓï¾ä±»ÈÏΪÊôÓÚͬһ¸öÊÂÎñ¡£ÊÔ×ÅÔÚÒ»¸öÊÂÎñ¿éÀïÃæ´¦Àí¸ü¶àµÄÓï
-   ¾ä¡£ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔ¼õÉÙÊÂÎñ´øÀ´µÄ¶îÍ⿪Ïú¡£Í¬Ñù£¬ÔÚ×ö´óÁ¿µÄÊý¾Ý¸Ä±äʱ¿¼ÂÇɾ³ý
-   ºÍÖؽ¨Ë÷Òý¡£
-   
-   »¹Óм¸¸öµ÷½ÚµÄÑ¡Ïî¿ÉÒÔʹÓá£Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý´ø -o -F Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯ postmaster
-   À´½ûÖ¹ fsync()¡£ÕâÑù½«±ÜÃâÿ´ÎÊÂÎñºóµ÷Óà fsync() °ÑÊý¾Ýˢе½´ÅÅÌÉÏ¡£
-   
-   Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓà postmaster -B
-   Ñ¡ÏîÔö¼Óºó¶Ë½ø³ÌʹÓõĹ²ÏíÄڴ滺³åµÄÊýÄ¿¡£Èç¹ûÄã°ÑÕâ¸ö²ÎÊýÉèÖõÃÌ«´ó£¬
-   postmaster ¿ÉÄÜÎÞ·¨Æô¶¯£¬ÒòΪÄãÒѾ­
-   ³¬¹ýÁËÄãµÄÄÚºËÔÚ¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¿Õ¼äÉϵÄÏÞÖÆ¡£Ã¿¸ö»º³åÇøÊÇ 8K ²¢ÇÒȱʡ 64
-   ¸ö»º³åÇø¡£
-   
-   Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓúǫ́½ø³ÌµÄ -S
-   Ñ¡ÏîÀ´Ôö¼Óÿ¸öºǫ́½ø³ÌÓÃÓÚÁÙʱÅÅÐòÓõÄ×î´óÄÚ´æÊýÁ¿¡£-S
-   ÖµÊÇÒÔK×ֽڼƵģ¬È±Ê¡ÊÇ 512 £¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬512K£©¡£
-   
-   Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓà CLUSTER ÃüÁîÀ´°Ñ±íÀïµÄÊý¾Ý°´ÕÕij¸öË÷Òý½øÐоۼ¯´æ·Å¡£²ÎÔÄ
-   CLUSTER µÄÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¸ü¶àϸ½Ú¡£
-   
-    3.7) PostgreSQL Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿
+    3.6)ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL Ö÷Òª·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö dump ºÍ restore £¿
     
-   PostgreSQL
-   Óм¸¸öÌØÐÔÓÃÓÚ±¨¸æ״̬ÐÅÏ¢£¬ÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¿ÉÄܶԵ÷ÊÔÓÃ;ºÜÓаïÖú¡£
-   
-   Ê×ÏÈ£¬Í¨¹ý¸½´ø --enable-cassert Ñ¡ÏîÔËÐÐ configure£¬Óкܶà assert()
-   ¼à¿Øºǫ́½ø³ÌºÍÔÚ·¢ÉúijЩδÔøÔ¤ÁϵÄÏÖÏóʱֹͣ³ÌÐòÔËÐС£
-   
-   postmaster ºÍ postgres ¶¼ÓÐһЩ¿ÉÓõÄÑ¡Ïî¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬µ±ÄãÆô¶¯ postmaster
-   ʱ£¬È·±£Äã°Ñ±ê×¼Êä³öºÍ±ê×¼´íÎóÊä³ö¶¨Ïòµ½ÁËÒ»¸öÈÕÖ¾ÎļþÀïÈ¥ÁË£¬Ïó£º
-        cd /usr/local/pgsql
-        ./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 &
-
-   ÕâÑù½«ÔÚ PostgreSQL ¶¥¼¶Ä¿Â¼ÏÂÊä³öÒ»¸ö server.log
-   Îļþ¡£Õâ¸öÎļþ°üº¬·þÎñÆ÷Åöµ½µÄÎÊÌâºÍ´íÎóµÄÓÐÓÃÐÅÏ¢¡£postmaster ÓÐÒ»¸ö
-   -d Ñ¡Ï¸ÃÑ¡ÏîÔÊÐíÎÒÃÇ»ñµÃ¸ü¶àµÄϸ½Ú»ã±¨¡£-d
-   Ñ¡Ïî½ÓÊÜÒ»¸öÊý×Ö±êÃ÷µ÷ÊÔ¼¶±ð¡£ÐèÒª¾¯¸æµÄÊǸߵĵ÷ÊÔ¼¶±ð¿ÉÄÜ»áÉú³É¾Þ´óµÄ
-   ÈÕÖ¾Îļþ¡£
-   
-   Èç¹û postmaster ûÓÐÔËÐУ¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉÏÆô¶¯ postgres
-   ºǫ́½ø³Ì£¬È»ºóÖ±½Ó¼üÈë SQL Óï¾ä¡£ÎÒÃÇÖ»
-   ÍƼöÔÚµ÷ÊÔµÄʱºòÕâô¸É¡£Çë×¢ÒâÕâʱÓû»ÐÐÜÞ¶ø²»ÊǷֺűíʾÓï¾ä½áβ¡£Èç¹û
-   Äã´ø×ŵ÷ÊÔ·ûºÅ±àÒ룬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷¹Û¿´·¢ÉúÁËʲôÊÂÇé¡£ÒòΪºǫ́½ø
-   ³ÌûÓÐÓÉ postmaster
-   Æô¶¯µÄ£¬Ëü²»ÊǺÍʵ¼ÊµÄÔËÐл·¾³Ò»Ö£¬¶øÇÒËø¶¨/ºǫ́½»»¥ÎÊÌâ¿ÉÄܲ»ÄÜÖØÏÖ¡
-   £
-   
-   Èç¹û postmaster ÒѾÔËÐУ¬¿ÉÔÚÒ»¸ö´°¿ÚÖÐÆô¶¯ psql£¬È»ºóÕÒ³ö psql ¶ÔÓ¦µÄ
-   postgres ½ø³ÌµÄ PID¡£Ê¹ÓÃÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷¸½×ÅÔÚÕâ¸ö postgres PID
-   ÉÏ¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚµ÷ÊÔÆ÷ÀïÉèÖöϵ㲢ÇÒ´Ó psql ÀïÖ´Ðвéѯ¡£Èç¹ûÄãÔÚµ÷ÊÔ
-   postgres µÄÆô¶¯£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÉèÖà PGOPTIONS="-W n"£¬È»ºóÆô¶¯
-   psql¡£ÕâÑù½«µ¼ÖÂÆô¶¯ÑÓ³Ù n
-   Ã룬ÕâÑùÄã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¸½¼ÓÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷²¢ÇÒ¸ú×ÙÆô¶¯Ë³ÐòµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£
-   
-   postgres ³ÌÐòÓÐ -s£¬-A£¬ºÍ -t Ñ¡Ïî¿ÉÄÜÔÚµ÷ÊÔºÍÐÔÄܲâÁ¿µÄʱºò·Ç³£ÓÐÓá£
-   
-   Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø profiling
-   Ö§³Ö±àÒëºǫ́£¬ÒÔ±ã¹Û²ìÄÄЩº¯ÊýÕ¼ÓõÄÖ´ÐÐʱ¼ä½Ï¶à¡£profile Îļþ½«·ÅÔÚ
-   pgsql/data/base/dbname Ŀ¼Ï¡£¿Í»§¶Ë profile
-   Îļþ½«·ÅÔÚ¿Í»§¶Ëµ±Ç°Ä¿Â¼Ï¡£ÔÚ Linux ÏÂÖ§³Ö profiling
-   ÒªÔÚ±àÒëʱ¼ÓÉÏ-DLINUX_PROFILE ¡£
-   
-    3.8) ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many clients¡±ÏûÏ¢£¿
-    
-   ÄãÐèÒªÔö´ó postmaster Æô¶¯Ê±Ö§³ÖµÄ²¢·¢ºǫ́½ø³ÌÊý¡£
-   
-   ȱʡÏÞÖÆÊÇ 32 ½ø³Ì¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý´ø×ÅÊʵ±µÄ -N Öµ¿ª¹ØÆô¶¯ postmaster
-   Ôö¼ÓÕâ¸öÊýÄ¿¡£»òÕßÐÞ¸Ä postgresql.conf Îļþ¡£
-   
-   ҪעÒâÈç¹ûÄã°Ñ -N ÉèÖÃΪ´óÓÚ 32£¬Äã±ØÐëͬÑùÔö´ó -B£¬³¬¹ýËüȱʡµÄ
-   64£»-B ±ØÐë×îÉÙÊÇ -N
-   µÄÁ½±¶£¬¶øÇÒΪÁ˸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ¿ÉÄÜÒª±ÈÄǸöÊý×ÖÒª´ó¡£¶ÔÓÚ´óÊýÄ¿µÄºó¶Ë½ø³Ì£¬
-   Äã¿ÉÄÜ»¹»á·¢ÏÖÄ㻹ÐèÒªÔö¼ÓÐí¶à Unix
-   ÄÚºËÅäÖòÎÊýÖµ¡£Òª¼ì²éµÄ¶«Î÷°üÀ¨¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¿éµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¬SHMMAX£¬ÐźŵƵÄ
-   ×î´óÊýÄ¿£¬SEMMNS ºÍ
-   SEMMNI£¬×î´óµÄ½ø³ÌÊý£¬NPROC£¬µ¥Óû§×î´ó½ø³ÌÊý£¬MAXUPRC£¬ÒÔ¼°´ò¿ªÎļþµÄ
-   ×î´óÊýÄ¿£¬NFILE ºÍ NINODE ¡£Postgres ¶ÔÔÊÐíµÄºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýÓÐÏÞÖƵÄÔ­
-   ÒòÊÇΪÁËÈ·±£ÄãµÄϵͳ²»»áÓùâ×ÊÔ´¡£
-   
-   ÔÚ Postgres ÔçÓÚ 6.5 µÄ°æ±¾£¬×î´óºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýȱʡÊÇ
-   64£¬²¢ÇÒ¶ÔËüµÄÐÞ¸ÄÊ×ÏÈÐèÒªÐÞ¸Ä include/storage/sinvaladt.h ÀïµÄ
-   MaxBackendId ³£Á¿£¬È»ºóÖØРBUILD¡£
-   
-    3.9) pgsql_tmp Ŀ¼ÀﶼÓÐЩʲô£¿
-    
-   ¸ÃĿ¼Ï±£´æÁ˲éѯִÐÐÆ÷Éú³ÉµÄÁÙʱÎļþ¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûÐèҪΪÂú×ã ORDER BY
-   Ìõ¼þ×öÅÅÐò£¬²¢ÇÒÅÅÐòÐèÒª±Èºǫ́µÄ -S
-   ²ÎÊý¸ø³öµÄ¸ü¶àµÄ¿Õ¼ä£¬ÄÇô¾Í»á´´½¨Ò»¸öÁÙʱÎļþ±£´æ¶à³öÀ´µÄÊý¾Ý¡£
-   
-   ÁÙʱÎļþÓ¦¸Ã×Ô¶¯É¾³ý£¬²»¹ýÈç¹ûÔÚÅÅÐò¹ý³ÌÖкǫ́±ÀÀ£Á˾ͿÉÄÜÁôÏÂÀ´¡£Í£Ö¹
-   ²¢ÖØÆð postmaster ½«»áɾ³ýÕâЩÎļþ¡£
-   
-    3.10) ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL ·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö dump ºÍ restore £¿
-    
-   PostgreSQL ¿ª·¢×é¶Ôÿ´ÎСµÄÉý¼¶½ö×öÁ˽ÏÉÙµÄÐÞ¸Ä,Òò´Ë´Ó 7.2 Éý¼¶µ½
-   7.2.1 ²»ÐèÒª dump ºÍ restore¡£µ«ÊÇÖ÷ÒªµÄÉý¼¶£¨ÀýÈç´Ó 7.2 µ½
-   7.3£©Í¨³£»áÐÞ¸Äϵͳ±íºÍÊý¾Ý±íµÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£ÕâЩ±ä»¯Ò»°ã±È½Ï¸´ÔÓ£¬Òò´ËÎÒÃ
-   Dz»Î¬Êý¾ÝÎļþµÄÏòºó¼æÈÝ¡£dump
+   PostgreSQL ¿ª·¢×é¶Ôÿ´ÎСµÄÉý¼¶½ö×öÁ˽ÏÉÙµÄÐ޸ģ¬Òò´Ë´Ó 7.4.0 Éý¼¶µ½
+   7.4.1 ²»ÐèÒª dump ºÍ restore¡£ µ«ÊÇÖ÷ÒªµÄÉý¼¶£¨ÀýÈç´Ó 7.3 µ½
+   7.4£©Í¨³£»áÐÞ¸Äϵͳ±íºÍÊý¾Ý±íµÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£
+   ÕâЩ±ä»¯Ò»°ã±È½Ï¸´ÔÓ£¬Òò´ËÎÒÃDz»Î¬Êý¾ÝÎļþµÄÏòºó¼æÈÝ¡£ dump
    ½«Êý¾Ý°´ÕÕͨÓõĸñʽÊä³ö£¬Ëæºó¿ÉÒÔ±»ÖØмÓÔز¢Ê¹ÓÃеÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£
    
-   ´ÅÅÌÎļþ¸ñʽûÓб仯µÄÉý¼¶£¬¿ÉÒÔÓà pg_upgrade ½Å±¾£¬¶ø²»ÐèÒª×ö dump ºÍ
-   restor¡£·¢²¼ËµÃ÷script »áÖ¸Ã÷ pg_upgrade ¶Ô¸Ã´ÎÉý¼¶ÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÓá£
+    3.7)(ʹÓÃPostgreSQL)ÎÒÐèҪʹÓÃʲô¼ÆËã»úÓ²¼þ £¿
+    
+   ÓÉÓÚ¼ÆËã»úÓ²¼þ´ó¶àÊýÊǼæÈݵģ¬ÈËÃÇ×ÜÊÇÇãÏòÓÚÏàÐÅËùÓмÆËã»úÓ²¼þÖÊÁ¿Ò²ÊÇ
+   ÏàͬµÄ¡£ÊÂʵÉϲ»ÊÇ£¬ ECC RAM£¨´øÆæżУÑéµÄÄڴ棩£¬SCSI
+   £¨Ó²ÅÌ£©ºÍÓÅÖʵÄÖ÷°å±ÈһЩ±ãÒË»õÒª¸ü¼Ó¿É¿¿ÇÒ¾ßÓиüºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ¡£PostgreSQL
+   ¼¸ºõ¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚÈκÎÓ²¼þÉÏ£¬
+   µ«Èç¹û¿É¿¿ÐÔºÍÐÔÄܶÔÄãµÄϵͳºÜÖØÒª£¬Äã¾ÍÐèҪȫÃæµÄÑо¿Ò»ÏÂÄãµÄÓ²¼þÅäÖÃ
+   ÁË¡£ÔÚÎÒÃǵÄÓʼþÁбíÉÏÒ²ÓйØÓÚ Ó²¼þÅäÖúÍÐԼ۱ȵÄÌÖÂÛ¡£
      _________________________________________________________________
    
-                                  ²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ
-                                      
-    4.1) ¶þ½øÖÆÓαêºÍÆÕͨÓαêÖ®¼äµÄÇø±ðÊÇʲô£¿
+²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ
+
+    4.1)ÈçºÎֻѡÔñÒ»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿»òÊÇËæ»úµÄÒ»ÐУ¿
+    
+   Èç¹ûÄãÖ»ÊÇÒªÌáÈ¡¼¸ÐÐÊý¾Ý£¬²¢ÇÒÄãÔÚÖ´ÐвéѯÖÐÖªµÀÈ·ÇеÄÐÐÊý£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ
+   LIMIT¹¦ÄÜ¡£ Èç¹ûÓÐÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÓë ORDER BYÖеÄÌõ¼þÆ¥Å䣬PostgreSQL
+   ¿ÉÄܾÍÖ»´¦ÀíÒªÇóµÄÍ·¼¸Ìõ¼Ç¼£¬
+   £¨·ñÔò½«¶ÔÕû¸ö²éѯ½øÐд¦ÀíÖ±µ½Éú³ÉÐèÒªµÄÐУ©¡£Èç¹ûÔÚÖ´Ðвéѯ¹¦ÄÜʱ²»Öª
+   µÀÈ·ÇеļǼÊý£¬ ¿ÉʹÓÃÓαê(cursor)ºÍFETCH¹¦ÄÜ¡£
+   
+   ¿ÉʹÓÃÒÔÏ·½·¨ÌáÈ¡Ò»ÐÐËæ»ú¼Ç¼µÄ£º
+                SELECT  cols
+                FROM tab
+                ORDER BY random()
+                LIMIT 1 ;
+
+    4.2)ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿ÈçºÎ²é¿´psqlÀïÓõ½µÄ²éѯָÁî²¢Ï
+    ÔʾËüÃÇ£¿
     
-   ²ÎÔÄ DECLARE ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢¡£
+   ÔÚpsqlÖÐʹÓà \dt
+   ÃüÁîÀ´ÏÔʾÊý¾Ý±íµÄ¶¨Ò壬ҪÁ˽âpsqlÖеÄÍêÕûÃüÁîÁбí¿ÉʹÓÃ\?
+   £¬ÁíÍ⣬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔĶÁ psql µÄÔ´´úÂë
+   Îļþpgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c£¬Ëü°üÀ¨ÎªÉú³Épsql·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîµÄÊä³öµÄË
+   ùÓÐ SQL ÃüÁî¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø -E Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯ psql£¬
+   ÕâÑùËü½«´òÓ¡³öÖ´ÐÐÄãÔÚpsqlÖÐËù¸ø³öµÄÃüÁîµÄÄÚ²¿Êµ¼ÊʹÓõÄSQL²éѯ¡£Postg
+   reSQLÒ²ÌṩÁËÒ»¸ö¼æÈÝSQLµÄINFORMATION SCHEMA½Ó¿Ú£¬
+   Äã¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÕâÀï»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÊý¾Ý¿âµÄÐÅÏ¢¡£
    
-    4.2)ÈçºÎÖ» SELECT Ò»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿
-    
-   ²ÎÔÄ FETCH ÊÖ²áÒ³£¬»òÕßʹÓà SELECT ... LIMIT....
+   ÔÚϵͳÖÐÓÐһЩÒÔpg_ ´òÍ·µÄϵͳ±íÒ²ÃèÊöÁ˱íµÄ¶¨Òå¡£
    
-   ¼´Ê¹ÄãÖ»ÐèÒª¿ªÍ·µÄ¼¸ÐУ¬Ò²»áÉæ¼°µ½Õû¸ö²éѯ¡£ÊÔ×ÅʹÓôøÓÐ ORDER BY
-   µÄ²éѯ¡£Èç¹ûÓÐÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÓë ORDER BY Æ¥Å䣬PostgreSQL
-   ¿ÉÄܾÍÖ»´¦ÀíÒªÇóµÄÍ·¼¸Ìõ¼Ç¼£¬·ñÔò½«¶ÔÕû¸ö²éѯ½øÐд¦ÀíÖ±µ½Éú³ÉÐèÒªµÄÐÐ
-   ¡£
+   ʹÓà psql -l Ö¸Áî¿ÉÒÔÁгöËùÓеÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£
    
-    4.3) ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñÈ¡Ò»¸ö±íµÄÁÐ±í£¬»òÕßÊÇÆäËûÎÒÄÜÔÚ psql Àï¿´µ½µÄ¶«Î÷£¿
-    
-   Äã¿ÉÒÔÔĶÁ psql µÄÔ´´úÂëÎļþpgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c
-   ¡£Ëü°üÀ¨ÎªÉú³É psql µÄ·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîµÄÊä³öµÄ SQL ÃüÁî¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø -E
-   Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯ psql£¬ÕâÑùËü½«´òÓ¡³öÖ´ÐÐÄã¸ø³öµÄÃüÁîËùÓõIJéѯ¡£
+   Ò²¿ÉÒÔä¯ÀÀÒ»ÏÂ
+   pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.sourceÎļþ£¬ËüÁоÙÁ˺ܶà¿É´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±íÖлñ
+   È¡ÐÅÏ¢µÄSELECTÓï·¨¡£
    
-    4.4) ÔõÑù´Ó±íÀïÃæɾ³ýÒ»ÁУ¿
+    4.3)ÈçºÎ¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×ֶεÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ£¿
     
-   7.3 ÀïÔö¼ÓÁË ALTER TABLE DROP
-   COLUMN£¬ÒÔÖ§³Ö´ËÏÄÜ¡£ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù×ö£º
-    BEGIN;
-    LOCK TABLE old_table;
-    SELECT ...  -- select all columns but the one you want to remove
-    INTO TABLE new_table
-    FROM old_table;
-    DROP TABLE old_table;
-    ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
+   ÔÚ8.0°æ±¾Àï¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×ֶεÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐͺÜÈÝÒ×£¬¿ÉʹÓà ALTER TABLE ALTER
+   COLUMN TYPE ¡£
+   
+   ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù×ö£º
+        BEGIN;
+    ALTER TABLE tab ADD COLUMN new_col new_data_type;
+    UPDATE tab SET new_col = CAST(old_col AS new_data_type);
+    ALTER TABLE tab DROP COLUMN old_col;
     COMMIT;
 
-    4.5) Ò»ÐУ¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿
+   ÄãÈ»ºó¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃVACUUM FULL tab Ö¸ÁîÀ´Ê¹ÏµÍ³ÊÕ»ØÎÞЧÊý¾ÝËùÕ¼ÓõĿռ䡣
+   
+    4.4)Ò»ÐмǼ£¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿
     
    ÏÂÃæÊÇһЩÏÞÖÆ£º
-    Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿â×î´ó³ß´ç£¿   ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¨´æÔÚ 1TB µÄÊý¾Ý¿â£©
-    Ò»¸ö±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿    16TB
-    Ò»ÐеÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿      1.6TB
-     Ò»¸ö×ֶεÄ×î´ó³ß´ç?   1GB
-    Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÐÐÊý£¿     ÎÞÏÞÖÆ
-    Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÁÐÊý£¿     ¸úÁÐÀàÐÍÓйØ,250-1600
-    Ò»¸ö±íÀïµÄ×î´óË÷ÒýÊýÁ¿£¿ÎÞÏÞÖÆ
-
+   
+     Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿â×î´ó³ß´ç£¿     ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¨ÒÑ´æÔÚÓÐ 32TB µÄÊý¾Ý¿â£©
+     Ò»¸ö±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿       32 TB
+     Ò»ÐмǼµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿     1.6 TB
+     Ò»¸ö×ֶεÄ×î´ó³ß´ç?      1 GB
+     Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÐÐÊý£¿       ÎÞÏÞÖÆ
+     Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÁÐÊý£¿       250-1600 £¨ÓëÁÐÀàÐÍÓйأ©
+     Ò»¸ö±íÀïµÄ×î´óË÷ÒýÊýÁ¿£¿ ÎÞÏÞÖÆ
+   
    µ±È»£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏûÓÐÕæÕýµÄÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¬»¹ÊÇÒªÊÜ¿ÉÓôÅÅ̿ռ䡢¿ÉÓÃÄÚ´æ/½»»»ÇøµÄÖ
-   ÆÔ¼¡£
+   ÆÔ¼¡£ ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬µ±ÕâЩÊýÖµ±äµÃÒì³£µØ´óʱ£¬ÏµÍ³ÐÔÄÜÒ²»áÊܴܺóÓ°Ïì¡£
    
-   ±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç 16 TB ²»ÐèÒª²Ù×÷ϵͳ¶Ô´óÎļþµÄÖ§³Ö¡£´ó±íÓöà¸ö 1 GB
+   ±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç 32 TB ²»ÐèÒª²Ù×÷ϵͳ¶Ô´óÎļþµÄÖ§³Ö¡£´ó±íÓöà¸ö 1 GB
    µÄÎļþ´æ´¢£¬Òò´ËÎļþϵͳ³ß´çµÄÏÞÖÆÊDz»ÖØÒªµÄ¡£
    
-   Èç¹ûȱʡµÄ¿é´óСÔö³¤µ½ 32K £¬×î´óµÄ±í³ß´çºÍ×î´óÁÐÊý¿ÉÒÔÔö¼Ó¡£
+   Èç¹ûȱʡµÄ¿é´óСÔö³¤µ½ 32K £¬×î´óµÄ±í³ß´çºÍ×î´óÁÐÊý»¹¿ÉÒÔÔö¼Óµ½Ëı¶¡£
    
-    4.6)´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄƽÃæÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿
+    4.5)´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÎı¾ÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿
     
    Ò»¸ö Postgres
-   Êý¾Ý¿â×î¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒªÏ൱ÓÚÔÚÒ»¸öƽÃæÎļþÀï´æ´¢ÏàͬÊý¾ÝµÄ5±¶µÄ´ÅÅ̿ռ䡣
-   
-   ÀýÈ磬¼ÙÉèÓÐÒ»¸ö 100,000
-   ÐеÄÎļþ£¬Ã¿ÐÐÓÐÒ»¸öÕûÊýºÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÃèÊö¡£¼ÙÉèÎı¾´®µÄƽ¾ù³¤¶Èλ20×Ö½Ú¡£
-   ƽÃæÎļþÕ¼Óà 2.8 MB¡£´æ·ÅÕâЩÊý¾ÝµÄ PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿âÎļþ´óÔ¼ÊÇ 6.4
-   MB:
-     36 ×Ö½Ú: ÿÐеÄÍ·£¨¹À¼ÆÖµ£©
-     24 ×Ö½Ú: Ò»¸öint×ֶκÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÐÍ×Ö¶Î
+   Êý¾Ý¿â£¨´æ´¢Ò»¸öÎı¾Îļþ£©ËùÕ¼ÓõĿռä×î¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒªÏ൱ÓÚÕâ¸öÎı¾Îļþ×Ô
+   Éí´óС5±¶µÄ´ÅÅ̿ռ䡣
+   
+   ÀýÈ磬¼ÙÉèÓÐÒ»¸ö 100,000 ÐеÄÎļþ£¬Ã¿ÐÐÓÐÒ»¸öÕûÊýºÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÃèÊö¡£
+   ¼ÙÉèÎı¾´®µÄƽ¾ù³¤¶ÈΪ20×Ö½Ú¡£Îı¾ÎļþÕ¼Óà 2.8 MB¡£´æ·ÅÕâЩÊý¾ÝµÄ
+   PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿âÎļþ´óÔ¼ÊÇ 6.4 MB:
+     32 ×Ö½Ú: ÿÐеÄÍ·£¨¹À¼ÆÖµ£©
+     24 ×Ö½Ú: Ò»¸öÕûÊýÐÍ×ֶκÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÐÍ×Ö¶Î
    +  4 ×Ö½Ú: Ò³ÃæÄÚÖ¸ÏòÔª×éµÄÖ¸Õë
    ----------------------------------------
-     64 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
+     60 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
 
    PostgreSQL Êý¾ÝÒ³µÄ´óСÊÇ 8192 ×Ö½Ú (8 KB)£¬Ôò£º
 
    8192 ×Ö½Úÿҳ
-   -------------------   =  128 ÐÐ/Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÏÂÈ¡Õû£©
-     64 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
+   -------------------   =  136 ÐÐ/Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÏÂÈ¡Õû£©
+     60 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
 
    100000 Êý¾ÝÐÐ
-   --------------------  =  782 Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÉÏÈ¡Õû£©
+   --------------------  =  735 Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÉÏÈ¡Õû£©
       128 ÐÐÿҳ
 
-   782 Êý¾ÝÒ³ * 8192 ×Ö½Ú/Ò³  =  6,406,144 ×Ö½Ú£¨6.4 MB£©
+   735 Êý¾ÝÒ³ * 8192 ×Ö½Ú/Ò³  =  6,021,120 ×Ö½Ú£¨6 MB£©
 
    Ë÷Òý²»ÐèÒªÕâô¶àµÄ¶îÍâÏûºÄ£¬µ«Ò²È·Êµ°üÀ¨±»Ë÷ÒýµÄÊý¾Ý£¬Òò´ËËüÃÇÒ²¿ÉÄܺÜ
    ´ó¡£
    
-   ¿ÕÖµ´æ·ÅÔÚλͼÖУ¬Òò´ËÕ¼ÓúÜÉٵĿռ䡣
-   
-    4.7) ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿
-    
-   psql ÓÐÐí¶à·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîÓÃÓÚÏÔʾÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£Óà \? ¿´¿´¶¼ÓÐÄÄЩ¡£ÒÔ pg_
-   ´òÍ·µÄϵͳ±íÒ²ÃèÊöÁËÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£ psql -l ¿ÉÒÔÁгöËùÓеÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£
-   
-   Ò²¿ÉÒÔÊÔÊÔÎļþ
-   pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source¡£ËüÑÝʾÁËÐí¶à´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±íÀï»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢
-   ÐèÒªµÄ SELECT¡£
+   ¿ÕÖµNULL´æ·ÅÔÚλͼÖУ¬Òò´ËÕ¼ÓúÜÉٵĿռ䡣
    
-    4.8) ÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý»òÕßûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿
+    4.6)ΪʲôÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕâЩ²éѯûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý£¿
     
    ²¢·Çÿ¸ö²éѯ¶¼»á×Ô¶¯Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ±íµÄ´óС³¬¹ýÒ»¸ö×îСֵ£¬²¢ÇÒ²éѯֻ
-   Ñ¡Ôñ±íÖнÏС±ÈÀýµÄÐÐʱ²ÉÓÃʹÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÕâÊÇÒòΪË÷ÒýɨÃèÒýÆðµÄËæ¼´´ÅÅÌ´æÈ¡
-   ¿ÉÄܱÈÖ±½ÓµØ¶ÁÈ¡±í£¨Ë³ÐòɨÃ裩¸üÂý¡£ÎªÁËÅжÏÊÇ·ñʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬PostgreSQL
-   ±ØÐë»ñµÃÓйرíµÄͳ¼ÆÖµ¡£ÕâЩͳ¼ÆÖµ¿ÉÒÔʹÓà VACUUM ANALYZE£¬»ò ANALYZE
-   »ñµÃ¡£Ê¹ÓÃͳ¼ÆÖµ£¬ÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÖªµÀ±íÖÐÓжàÉÙÐУ¬¾ÍÄܹ»¸üºÃµØÅжÏÊÇ·ñÀûÓÃË÷Òý
-   ¡£Í³¼ÆÖµ¶ÔÈ·¶¨ÓÅ»¯µÄÁ¬½Ó˳ÐòºÍÁ¬½Ó·½·¨Ò²ºÜÓÐÓá£ÔÚ±íµÄÄÚÈÝ·¢Éú±ä»¯Ê±£¬
-   Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐͳ¼ÆÖµµÄ»ñÈ¡¡£
+   »áÑ¡ÖбíÖнÏС±ÈÀýµÄ¼Ç¼ʱ²Å»á²ÉÓÃË÷Òý¡£
+   ÕâÊÇÒòΪË÷ÒýɨÃèÒýÆðµÄËæ¼´´ÅÅÌ´æÈ¡¿ÉÄܱÈÖ±½ÓµØ¶ÁÈ¡±í£¨Ë³ÐòɨÃ裩¸üÂý¡£
+   
+   ΪÁËÅжÏÊÇ·ñʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬PostgreSQL±ØÐë»ñµÃÓйرíµÄͳ¼ÆÖµ¡£ÕâЩͳ¼ÆÖµ¿ÉÒÔ
+   ʹÓà VACUUM ANALYZE£¬»ò ANALYZE »ñµÃ¡£
+   ʹÓÃͳ¼ÆÖµ£¬ÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÖªµÀ±íÖÐÓжàÉÙÐУ¬¾ÍÄܹ»¸üºÃµØÅжÏÊÇ·ñÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£
+   ͳ¼ÆÖµ¶ÔÈ·¶¨ÓÅ»¯µÄÁ¬½Ó˳ÐòºÍÁ¬½Ó·½·¨Ò²ºÜÓÐÓá£ÔÚ±íµÄÄÚÈÝ·¢Éú±ä»¯Ê±£¬Ó¦
+   ¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐͳ¼ÆÖµµÄ¸üÐÂÊÕ¼¯¡£
    
    Ë÷Òýͨ³£²»ÓÃÓÚ ORDER BY
    »òÖ´ÐÐÁ¬½Ó¡£¶ÔÒ»¸ö´ó±íµÄÒ»´Î˳ÐòɨÃ裬ÔÙ×öÒ»¸öÏÔʽµÄÅÅÐòͨ³£±ÈË÷ÒýɨÃè
    Òª¿ì¡£
    
    µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ LIMIT ºÍ ORDER BY ½áºÏʹÓÃʱ¾­
-   ³£»áʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòΪֻ»á·µ»Ø±íµÄһС²¿·Ö¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» MAX() ºÍ MIN()
+   ³£»áʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòΪÕâÖ»»á·µ»Ø±íµÄһС²¿·Ö¡£ ʵ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» MAX() ºÍ MIN()
    ²¢²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô ORDER BY ºÍ LLIMIT
    ʹÓÃË÷ÒýÈ¡µÃ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵҲÊÇ¿ÉÒԵģº
-   SELECT col
-   FROM tab
-   ORDER BY col [ DESC ]
-   LIMIT 1;
+        SELECT col
+        FROM tab
+        ORDER BY col [ DESC ]
+        LIMIT 1;
+
+   Èç¹ûÄãÈ·ÐÅPostgreSQLµÄÓÅ»¯Æ÷ʹÓÃ˳ÐòɨÃèÊDz»ÕýÈ·µÄ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃSET
+   enable_seqscan TO 'off'Ö¸Á
+   È»ºóÔÙ´ÎÔËÐвéѯ£¬Äã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¿´³öʹÓÃÒ»¸öË÷ÒýɨÃèÊÇ·ñȷʵҪ¿ìһЩ¡£
    
    µ±Ê¹ÓÃͨÅä·û²Ù×÷£¬ÀýÈç LIKE »ò ~ ʱ£¬Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜÔÚÌض¨µÄÇé¿öÏÂʹÓãº
      * ×Ö·û´®µÄ¿ªÊ¼²¿·Ö±ØÐëÊÇÆÕͨ×Ö·û´®£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£º
-     * LIKE ģʽ²»ÄÜÒÔ % ´òÍ·¡£
-     * ~ £¨ÕýÔò±í´ïʽ£©Ä£Ê½±ØÐëÒÔ ^ ´òÍ·¡£
+          + LIKE ģʽ²»ÄÜÒÔ % ´òÍ·¡£
+          + ~ £¨ÕýÔò±í´ïʽ£©Ä£Ê½±ØÐëÒÔ ^ ´òÍ·¡£
      * ×Ö·û´®²»ÄÜÒÔÆ¥Åä¶à¸ö×Ö·ûµÄģʽÀà´òÍ·£¬ÀýÈç [a-e]¡£
-     * ´óСдÎ޹صIJéÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE ºÍ ~* µÈ²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£µ«¿ÉÒÔÓà 4.12
+     * ´óСдÎ޹صIJéÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE ºÍ ~* µÈ²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬µ«¿ÉÒÔÓà 4.8
        ½ÚÃèÊöµÄº¯ÊýË÷Òý¡£
-     * ÔÚ×ö initdb ʱ±ØÐë²ÉÓÃȱʡµÄ±¾µØÉèÖà C locale¡£
+     * ÔÚ×ö initdb ʱ±ØÐë²ÉÓÃȱʡµÄ±¾µØÉèÖà C
+       locale£¬ÒòΪϵͳ²»¿ÉÄÜÖªµÀÔÚ·ÇC localeÇé¿öʱÏÂÒ»¸ö×î´ó×Ö·ûÊÇʲô¡£
+       ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸öÌØÊâµÄtext_pattern_opsË÷ÒýÀ´ÓÃÓÚLIKEµÄ
+       Ë÷Òý¡£
        
-    4.9) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑù´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯµÄ£¿
+   ÔÚ8.0֮ǰµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬³ý·ÇÒª²éѯµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐͺÍË÷ÒýµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍÏàÆ¥Å䣬·ñÔòË÷Ò
+   ý¾³£ÊÇδ±»Óõ½£¬ÌرðÊǶÔint2,int8ºÍÊýÖµÐ͵ÄË÷Òý¡£
+   
+    4.7)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑùÆÀ¹À´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯ£¿
     
    ²Î¿¼ EXPLAIN ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£
    
-    4.10) R-tree Ë÷ÒýÊÇʲô£¿
-    
-   R-tree Ë÷ÒýÓÃÓÚË÷Òý¿Õ¼äÊý¾Ý¡£Ò»¸ö¹þÏ£Ë÷ÒýÎÞ·¨´¦Àí·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£¶ø B-tree
-   Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜ´¦ÀíһάµÄ·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£R-tree
-   Ë÷Òý¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶àάÊý¾Ý¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹û¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒ»¸öÀàÐÍΪ point
-   µÄ×Ö¶ÎÉϽ¨Á¢Ò»¸ö R-tree Ë÷Òý£¬ÄÇôϵͳÄܸü¸ßЧµØ»Ø´ðÀàËÆ
-   ¡°Ñ¡ÔñÔÚÒ»¸ö³¤·½Ðη¶Î§ÄÚµÄËùÓе㡱¡£
-   ÃèÊö×î³õµÄ R-Tree Éè¼ÆµÄÕýʽÂÛÎÄÊÇ£º
-   Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial
-   Searching." Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data,
-   45-57.
-   Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚ Stonebraker µÄ¡°Readings in Database
-   Systems¡±ÀïÕÒµ½ÕâƪÎÄÕ¡£
-   ϵͳÄÚÖÃµÄ R-Tree ¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶à±ßÐκͷ½ÐΡ£ÀíÂÛÉÏ˵£¬R-tree
-   ¿ÉÒÔÀ©Õ¹Îª´¦Àí¸ü¶àάÊý¡£²»¹ýÔÚʵ¼ùÉÏ£¬À©Õ¹ R-trees
-   ÐèÒªÒ»¶¨µÄ¹¤×÷Á¿£¬¶øÎÒÃÇĿǰûÓÐÈçºÎ×öµÄÎĵµ¡£
-   
-    4.11) ʲôÊÇ»ùÒò²éѯÓÅ»¯£¨Genetic Query Optimization£©£¿
-    
-   GEQO Ä£¿é²ÉÓûùÒòËã·¨£¨Genetic
-   Algorithm£¬GA£©¼Ó¿ì¶à±íÁ¬½ÓµÄ²éѯÓÅ»¯¡£ËüÔÊÐíͨ¹ý·ÇÇî¾ÙËÑË÷´¦Àí´óµÄÁ¬½
-   Ó²éѯ¡£
-   
-    4.12)
-    ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎ
-    Þ¹ØËÑË÷£¿
+    4.8)ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽ²éÕÒ£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóÐ
+    ¡Ð´Î޹زéÕÒ£¿
     
    ²Ù×÷·û ~ ´¦ÀíÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅ䣬¶ø ~*
    ´¦Àí´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅä¡£´óдЩÎÞ¹ØµÄ LIKE ±äÖÖ³ÉΪ ILIKE¡£
+   
    ´óСдÎ޹صĵÈʽ±È½Ïͨ³£Ð´×ö£º
-   SELECT *
-   FROM tab
-   WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
+    SELECT *
+    FROM tab
+    WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';
+
    ÕâÑù½«²»»áʹÓñê×¼µÄË÷Òý¡£µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸ö¿É±»ÀûÓõĺ¯ÊýË÷Òý:
-   CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
-   
-    4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ NULL£¿
+    CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));
+
+    4.9)ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ NULL
+    £¿ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ׼ȷÅÅÐò¶ø²»ÂÛij×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñº¬ NULL Öµ£¿
     
-   Óà IS NULL ºÍ IS NOT NULL ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΡ£
-   
-    4.14) ¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿
+   Óà IS NULL ºÍ IS NOT NULL ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΣ¬¾ßÌå·½·¨ÈçÏ£º
+   SELECT *
+   FROM tab
+   WHERE col IS NULL;
+
+   ΪÁËÄܶԺ¬ NULL×Ö¶ÎÅÅÐò£¬¿ÉÔÚ ORDER BY Ìõ¼þÖÐʹÓà IS NULLºÍ IS NOT
+   NULL ÐÞÊηû£¬Ìõ¼þΪÕæ true ½«±ÈÌõ¼þΪ¼Ùfalse
+   ÅÅÔÚÇ°Ã棬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ӾͻὫº¬ NULL µÄ¼Ç¼ÅÅÔÚ½á¹ûµÄÉÏÃ沿·Ö£º
+   SELECT *
+   FROM tab
+   ORDER BY (col IS NOT NULL)
+
+    4.10)¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿
     
-   ÀàÐÍ ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ ˵Ã÷
-   --------------------------------------------------
-   "char" char 1¸ö×Ö·û character
-   CHAR(#) bpchar ¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×㶨Ò峤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë
-   VARCHAR(#) varchar
+        ÀàÐÍ    ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ                      ˵Ã÷
+     VARCHAR(n) varchar
    Ö¸¶¨ÁË×î´ó³¤¶È£¬±ä³¤×Ö·û´®£¬²»×㶨Ò峤¶ÈµÄ²¿·Ö²»²¹Æë
-   TEXT text ´®³¤¶È½öÊÜÐеÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ
-   BYTEA bytea ±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁУ¨±ä³¤µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£©
+     CHAR(n)    bpchar   ¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×㶨Ò峤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë
+     TEXT       text     ûÓÐÌرðµÄÉÏÏÞÏÞÖÆ£¨½öÊÜÐеÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ£©
+     BYTEA      bytea    ±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁУ¨Ê¹ÓÃNULLÒ²ÊÇÔÊÐíµÄ£©
+     "char"     char     Ò»¸ö×Ö·û
+   
    ÔÚϵͳ±íºÍÔÚһЩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄ㽫¿´µ½ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ¡£
-   ÉÏÃæ×îºóËÄÖÖÀàÐÍÊÇ"varlena"£¨±ä³¤£©ÀàÐÍ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¿ªÍ·µÄËĸö×Ö½ÚÊdz¤¶
-   È£¬ºóÃæ²ÅÊÇÊý¾Ý£©¡£ÓÚÊÇʵ¼ÊÕ¼ÓõĿռä±ÈÉùÃ÷µÄ´óСҪ¶àһЩ¡£È»¶øÕâЩÀàÐ
-   Ͷ¼¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ¹Ëõ´æ´¢£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓà TOAST
+   
+   ÉÏÃæËùÁеÄÇ°ËÄÖÖÀàÐÍÊÇ"varlena"£¨±ä³¤£©ÀàÐÍ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¿ªÍ·µÄËĸö×Ö½ÚÊ
+   dz¤¶È£¬ºóÃæ²ÅÊÇÊý¾Ý£©¡£ ÓÚÊÇʵ¼ÊÕ¼ÓõĿռä±ÈÉùÃ÷µÄ´óСҪ¶àһЩ¡£
+   È»¶øÕâЩÀàÐͶ¼¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ¹Ëõ´æ´¢£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓà TOAST
    ÍÑ»ú´æ´¢£¬Òò´Ë´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼äÒ²¿ÉÄܱÈÔ¤ÏëµÄÒªÉÙ¡£
-   CHAR(n) ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶È»ù±¾²î²»¶àµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£VARCHAR(n)
-   ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£TEXT
-   ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢²»ÏÞÖƳ¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®£¬×î´ó¿É´ï 1G¡£BYTEA
+   
+   VARCHAR(n) ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£ TEXT
+   ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢×î´ó¿É´ï 1G×óÓÒµ«Î´¶¨ÒåÏÞÖƳ¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£
+   
+   CHAR(n) ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶ÈÏàͬµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£
+   CHAR(n)»á¸ù¾ÝËù¸ø¶¨µÄ×ֶ㤶ÈÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹×㣨²»×ãµÄ×Ö¶ÎÄÚÈÝ£©£¬ ¶ø
+   VARCHAR(n) Ö»´æ´¢Ëù¸ø¶¨µÄÊý¾ÝÄÚÈÝ¡£ BYTEA
    ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ°üº¬ NULL
-   ×Ö½Ú£¨¶þ½øÖƵÄ0£©µÄÖµ¡£ÕâЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÀàÐ͵ÄÐÔÄÜ¡£
+   ×Ö½ÚµÄÖµ¡£ÕâЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÏàËƵÄÐÔÄÜÌØÐÔ¡£
    
-    4.15.1) ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿
+    4.11.1)ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿
     
    PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL
-   Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磬
-   CREATE TABLE person (
-   id SERIAL,
-   name TEXT
-   );
+   Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磺
+        CREATE TABLE person (
+                id   SERIAL,
+                name TEXT
+        );
+
    »á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º
-   CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
-   CREATE TABLE person (
-   id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
-   name TEXT
-   );
-   CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );
-   ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐеÄ
-   oid ×Ö¶Î×÷Ϊһ¸öΨһֵ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒªÇãµ¹ºÍÖØÔØÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÄãÐèҪʹÓÃ
-   pg_dump µÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£
-   
-    4.15.2) ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿
+        CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;
+        CREATE TABLE person (
+                id   INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),
+                name TEXT
+        );
+
+   ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£
+   
+    4.11.2)ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿
     
    Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö SERIAL
-   Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓà 4.15.1 ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º
-   new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
-   execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise
-   Pascal')");
+   Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓà 4.11.1 ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º
+        new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");
+        execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");
+
    ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person
-   ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ
-   <table>_<serialcolumn>_seq£¬ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn
+   ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£ ×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ
+   <table>_<serialcolumn>_seq£¬ ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn
    ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£
+   
    ÀàËƵģ¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ
-   SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磬
-   execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
-   new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");
-   ×îºó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ´Ó INSERT Óï¾ä·µ»ØµÄ OID
-   ²éÕÒȱʡֵ£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×îȱ·¦ÒÆÖ²ÐԵķ½·¨¡£ÔÚ Perl ÀʹÓôøÓÐ
-   Edmund Mergl µÄ DBD::Pg Ä£¿éµÄ DBI£¬oid Öµ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý $sth->execute()
-   ºóµÄ $sth->{pg_oid_status} »ñµÃ¡£
-   
-    4.15.3) ʹÓà currval() ºÍ nextval() »áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÓëÆäËûÓû§Ö®¼äµÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿öÂð£¿
-    
-   ²»»á¡£currval() ·µ»Øºǫ́½ø³Ì¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§¸³ÓèµÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£
-   
-    4.15.4)
-    Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£
-    ¿
-    
-   ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÖ»ÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊø
-   ֮ǰ²»·âËø¡£Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂزÕÛÊÂÎñºóµÄÐòÁкųöÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£
-   
-    4.16) ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ TID£¿
-    
-   OID ÊÇ PostgreSQL ÖÐÐеÄΨһ±êʶ¡£PostgreSQL
-   Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐж¼»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ OID¡£ËùÓÐÔÚ initdb ¹ý³ÌÖд´½¨µÄ OID
-   ¶¼Ð¡ÓÚ 16384 £¨²Î¼û include/access/transam.h£©¡£ËùÓÐÓû§´´½¨µÄ OID
-   ¶¼´óÓÚ»òµÈÓÚÕâ¸öÖµ¡£È±Ê¡Ê±£¬ËùÓÐÕâЩ OID
-   ²»½öÔÚÒ»¸ö±í»òÒ»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÀïÃæΨһ£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL
-   °²×°ÀïÒ²ÊÇΨһµÄ¡£
-   PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓà OID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£ÕâЩ OID
-   ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚ±êʶÌض¨µÄÓû§ÐÐÒÔ¼°ÓÃÔÚÁ¬½ÓÀï¡£½¨ÒéʹÓÃ×Ö¶ÎÀàÐÍ OID ´æ´¢ OID
-   Öµ¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚ OID ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ´´½¨Ò»¸öË÷ÒýÒÔ¿ìËÙ·ÃÎÊ¡£
-   OID ´ÓÒ»¸ö±»ËùÓÐÊý¾Ý¿âʹÓõÄÖÐÐÄÇøÓòÀ︳ֵ¸øËùÓÐÐÂÐС£Èç¹ûÄãÏë°Ñ OID
-   ¸Ä³É±ðµÄÖµ£¬»òÕßÏë×öÒ»·Ý±íµÄ´øÔʼ OID µÄ¿½±´£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ×öµ½£º
-   CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int);
-   SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;
-   COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';
-   DELETE FROM new;
-   COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';
-   OID
-   ÓÃ4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý±£´æ£¬ÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö¡£Ã»ÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ³öÏÖ¹ýÒç³ö£¬¶øÎÒÃÇ´òË
-   ãÔÚÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ֮ǰÏû³ýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£
-   TID ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌض¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£TID
-   ÔÚÐб»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔغó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£
-   
-    4.17) PostgreSQL ʹÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿
-    
-   һЩԴ´úÂëºÍһЩ¾ÉÒ»µãµÄÎĵµÊ¹ÓÃһЩÓиü³£ÓÃÓ÷¨µÄÊõÓï¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»²¿
-   ·Ö£º
-   table, relation, class
-   row, record, tuple
-   column, field, attribute
-   retrieve, select
-   replace, update
-   append, insert
-   OID, serial value
-   portal, cursor
-   range variable, table name, table alias
-   ÓÐÒ»¸öͨÓÃÊý¾Ý¿âÊõÓïµÄÁÐ±í£ºhttp://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/softw
-   are/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html ¡£
-   
-    4.18) ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎó¡°ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()¡±£¿
+   SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磺
+        execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");
+        new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");
+
+    4.11.3)ʹÓà currval() »áµ¼ÖºÍÆäËûÓû§µÄ³åÍ»Çé¿ö£¨race condition£©Âð£¿
     
-   ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô
-   ¶¯ postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ
-   ulimit -d 262144
-   limit datasize 256m
-   È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓõÄ
-   shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£
-   ¬Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐк
-   ó´´½¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖ
-   ÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐпͻ§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£
+   ²»»á¡£currval() ·µ»ØµÄÊÇÄã±¾´Î»á»°½ø³ÌËù¸³µÄÖµ¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§µÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£
    
-    4.19) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿
+    4.11.4)Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ
+    ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿
     
-   ´Ó psql À¼üÈë SELECT version()£»
+   ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊøÖ®
+   Ç°²»½øÐÐËø¶¨£¬ Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹µÄÊÂÎñºó£¬ÐòÁкŻá³öÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£
    
-    4.20) ΪʲôÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°invalid large obj
-    descriptor¡±£¨·Ç·¨µÄ´ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©£¿
+    4.12)ʲôÊÇ OID £¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ CTID £¿
     
-   ÄãÐèÒªÔÚʹÓÃÈκδó¶ÔÏó¾ä±úµÄÇ°ºó·ÅÉÏ BEGIN WORK ºÍ
-   COMMIT£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬°üΧ lo_open ... lo_close¡£
-   Ŀǰ PostgreSQL
-   Ç¿ÖÆʵʩÕâÌõ¹æÔò£ºÔÚÊÂÎñÌύʱ¹Ø±Õ´ó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú£¬ÕâÑù£¬£¨Ã»ÓвÉÓÃÊÂÎñʱ£©
-   £¬Ê״ζԴó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú×öÈκÎÊÂÇéµÄÆóͼ¶¼»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸ö invalid large obj
-   descriptor¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÄãûÓÐʹÓÃÒ»¸öÊÂÎñ£¬ÒÔÇ°Äܹ¤×÷µÄ´úÂ루ÖÁÉÙÊÇ´ó¶à
-   Êýʱ¼ä£©½«»áÉú³ÉÕâôһ¸ö´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡£
-   Èç¹ûÄãʹÓÿͻ§¶Ë½Ó¿Ú£¬Èç ODBC£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜÐèÒª set auto-commit off¡£
+   PostgreSQL
+   Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐмǼ¶¼»á»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄOID£¬³ý·ÇÔÚ´´½¨±íʱʹÓÃWITHOUT
+   OIDSÑ¡Ïî¡£ OID´´½¨Ê±»á×Ô¶¯Éú³ÉÒ»¸ö4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý£¬ËùÓÐ OID ÔÚÕû¸ö
+   PostgreSQL ÖоùÊÇΨһµÄ¡£ È»¶ø£¬ËüÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö£¬
+   OID´Ëºó»á³öÏÖÖظ´¡£PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓà OID
+   ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£
+   
+   ÔÚÓû§µÄÊý¾Ý±íÖУ¬×îºÃÊÇʹÓÃSERIAlÀ´´úÌæOID
+   ÒòΪSERIALÖ»ÊDZ£Ö¤ÔÚµ¥¸ö±íÖÐÊý¾ÝÊÇΨһµÄ£¬ÕâÑùËüÒç³öµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐԾͷdz£Ð¡ÁË
+   £¬ SERIAL8¿ÉÓÃÀ´±£´æ8×Ö½ÚµÄÐòÁкÅ×ֶΡ£
+   
+   CTID ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌض¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£ CTID
+   ÔڼǼ±»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔغó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£
    
-    4.21) ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿
+    4.13)ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()¡±£¿
     
-   ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º
-   CREATE TABLE test(x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
+   ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô
+   ¶¯ postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ
+        ulimit -d 262144
+        limit datasize 256m
+
+   È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓõÄ
+   shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£
+   ¬
+   Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐкó
+   ´´½¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£
+   Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐп
+   Í»§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£
    
-    4.22) ΪʲôʹÓà IN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿
+    4.14)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿
     
-   Ä¿Ç°£¬ÎÒÃÇͨ¹ýΪÍâ²éѯµÄÿһÐÐ˳ÐòɨÃè×Ó²éѯµÄ½á¹ûÀ´Á¬½Ó×Ó²éѯºÍÍâ²éѯ
-   ¡£Èç¹û×Ó²éѯ·µ»ØÉÙÊý¼¸ÐУ¬¶øÍâ²éѯ·µ»ØºÜ¶àÐУ¬IN
-   Ö´Ðеúܿ졣ΪÁ˼ӿìÆäËû IN ²éѯµÄÖ´ÐУ¬¿ÉÒÔÓà EXISTS Ìæ»» IN£º
-   SELECT *
-   FROM tab
-   WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab);
-   ¸ÄΪ£º
-   SELECT *
-   FROM tab
-   WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol = col);
-   ºóÕßÒªÏëÖ´Ðеøü¿ì£¬subcol
-   Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÁС£ÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÔÚδÀ´µÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÖÐÐÞ²¹Õâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£
+   ´Ó psql ÀÊäÈë SELECT version();Ö¸Áî¡£
    
-    4.23) ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿
+    4.15)ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿
+    
+   ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º
+        CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );
+
+    4.16)ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿
     
    PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º
-   SELECT *
-   FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);
-   »ò
-   SELECT *
-   FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);
-   ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µâ»?t1
-   ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT OUTER
-   JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ
-   t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£¹Ø¼ü×Ö OUTER
-   ÔÚ×ó[Íâ]Á¬½Ó¡¢ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½ÓºÍÍêÈ«[Íâ]Á¬½ÓÖÐÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ£¬ÆÕͨÁ¬½Ó±»³ÉΪÄÚÁ¬½Ó
+        SELECT *
+        FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);
+
+   »òÊÇ
+        SELECT *
+        FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);
+
+   ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µ»Ø t1
+   ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£ ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT OUTER
+   JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£ ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1
+   ºÍ t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£ ¹Ø¼ü×Ö OUTER
+   ÔÚ×ó[Íâ]Á¬½Ó¡¢ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½ÓºÍÍêÈ«[Íâ]Á¬½ÓÖÐÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ£¬ÆÕͨÁ¬½Ó±»³ÆΪÄÚÁ¬½Ó
    £¨INNER JOIN£©¡£
-   ÔÚ´ËÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬ÍâÁ¬½Ó¿ÉÒÔÓà UNION ºÍ NOT IN
-   À´Ä£Äâ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ÓÔÚ±í tab1 ºÍ tab2 Ö®¼ä×öÍâÁ¬½Ó£º
-   SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2
-   FROM tab1, tab2
-   WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1
-   UNION ALL
-   SELECT tab1.col1, NULL
-   FROM tab1
-   WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)
-   ORDER BY col1
-   
-    4.24) ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿
-    
-   ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ÒòΪ PostgreSQL
-   ¼ÓÔØÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳĿ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐҲδÃ÷È·¡£
-   contrib/dblink
-   ÔÊÐí²ÉÓú¯Êýµ÷ÓÃʵÏÖ¿ç¿â²éѯ¡£µ±È»¿ÉÒÔͬʱÁ¬½Óµ½²»Í¬µÄÊý¾Ý¿â²¢ÔÚ¿Í»§¶Ë
-   ºÏ²¢½á¹û¡£
-   
-    4.25) ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿
-    
-   ¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PL/pgSQL º¯ÊýÖÐʹÓà refcursors ·µ»Ø½á¹û¼¯¡£²Î¿´
-   http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html,
-   23.7.3.3½Ú¡£
-   
-    4.26) ΪʲôÔÚ PL/PgSQL º¯ÊýÖв»ÄÜ¿É¿¿µØ´´½¨»òɾ³ýÁÙʱ±í£¿
-    
-   PL/PgSQL »º´æº¯ÊýµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö²»ºÃµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊÇÈôÒ»¸ö PL/PgSQL
-   º¯Êý·ÃÎÊÁËÒ»¸öÁÙʱ±í£¬È»ºó¸Ã±í±»É¾³ý²¢Öؽ¨ÁË£¬ÔòÔٴε÷Óøú¯Êý½«Ê§°Ü£¬
-   ÒòΪ»º´æµÄº¯ÊýÄÚÈÝÈÔȻָÏò¾ÉµÄÁÙʱ±í¡£½â¾öµÄ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ PL/PgSQL ÖÐÓÃ
-   EXECUTE ¶ÔÁÙʱ±í½øÐзÃÎÊ¡£ÕâÑù»á±£Ö¤²éѯÔÚÖ´ÐÐÇ°×ÜÊÇÖØзÖÎö¡£
    
-    4.27) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ï
+    4.17)ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿
     
-   Óм¸ÖÖÖ÷/´Ó·½Ê½µÄ¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ïî¡£ÕâЩѡÏîÖ»ÔÊÐíÖ÷Êý¾Ý¿â½øÐиüУ¬´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âÖ»Ä
-   ܽøÐжÁ¡£ÍøÒ³ http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research
-   µÄ×îºóÁгöÁËÕâЩѡÏî¡£ÔÚ
-   http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php
-   ÕýÔÚ½øÐÐÒ»¸ö¶àÖ÷±¾¸´ÖƵĽâ¾ö·½°¸¡£
+   ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ ÒòΪ PostgreSQL
+   Òª¼ÓÔØÓëÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳĿ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬Òò´Ë¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐÊDz»
+   ¶¨µÄ¡£
    
-    4.28) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¼ÓÃÜÑ¡Ï
-    
-   contrib/pgcrypto °üº¬Á˺ܶàÔÚ SQL
-   ²éѯÖÐʹÓõļÓÃܺ¯Êý¡£¼ÓÃÜ¿Í»§¶Ëµ½·þÎñÆ÷¶Ë´«ÊäÊý¾ÝµÄΨһ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ
-   pg_hba.conf ÖвÉÓà hostss ¡£
-   7.3 °æ±¾ÖÐ×Ô¶¯¶ÔÊý¾Ý¿âÓû§ÃÜÂë½øÐмÓÃÜ¡£ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬±ØÐëÔÚ
-   postgresql.conf Öдò¿ª PASSWORD_ENCRYPTION
-   Ñ¡Ïî¡£·þÎñÆ÷¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚ¼ÓÃܵÄÎļþϵͳÉÏ£¨ÒÔ´ïµ½¼ÓÃܵÄÄ¿µÄ£©¡£
-   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-   ----------
+   ¸½¼ÓÔöֵģ¿écontrib/dblinkÔÊÐí²ÉÓú¯Êýµ÷ÓÃʵÏÖ¿ç¿â²éѯ¡£µ±È»Óû§Ò²¿ÉÒÔ
+   ͬʱÁ¬½Óµ½²»Í¬µÄÊý¾Ý¿âÖ´ÐвéѯȻºóÔÚ¿Í»§¶ËºÏ²¢½á¹û¡£
    
-                              À©Õ¹ PostgreSQL
-                                      
-    5.1) ÎÒдÁËÒ»¸öÓû§¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£µ±ÎÒÔÚ psql ÀïÔËÐÐʱ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´»áµ¼Ö core dump£¿
+    4.18)ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿
     
-   ²úÉúÕâ¸öÎÊÌâµÄÔÒòºÜ¶à¡£ÇëÏÈÔÚÒ»¸öµ¥¶ÀµÄ²âÊÔ³ÌÐòÖвâÊÔÄãµÄ×Ô¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£
+   ÔÚº¯ÊýÖзµ»ØÊý¾Ý¼Ç¼¼¯µÄ¹¦ÄÜÊǺÜÈÝÒ×ʹÓõģ¬ÏêÇé²Î¼û£º
+   http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions
    
-    5.2) ÎÒÈçºÎÄܸø PostgreSQL ¹±Ï×һЩͦ²»´íµÄÐÂÀàÐͺͺ¯Êý£¿
+    4.19)ΪʲôÎÒÔÚʹÓÃPL/PgSQLº¯Êý´æÈ¡ÁÙʱ±íʱ»áÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°relation with
+    OID ##### does not exist¡±£¿
     
-   ½«ÄãµÄÀ©Õ¹·¢Ë͵½ pgsql-hackers ÓʼþÁÐ±í£¬ËüÃÇ×îÖջᱻ·Åµ½ contrib/
-   ×ÓĿ¼¡£
+   PL/PgSQL»á»º´æº¯ÊýµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö²»ºÃµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊÇÈôÒ»¸ö PL/PgSQL
+   º¯Êý·ÃÎÊÁËÒ»¸öÁÙʱ±í£¬È»ºó¸Ã±í±»É¾³ý²¢Öؽ¨ÁË£¬ÔòÔٴε÷Óøú¯Êý½«Ê§°Ü£¬
+   ÒòΪ»º´æµÄº¯ÊýÄÚÈÝÈÔȻָÏò¾ÉµÄÁÙʱ±í¡£½â¾öµÄ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ PL/PgSQL
+   ÖÐÓÃEXECUTE ¶ÔÁÙʱ±í½øÐзÃÎÊ¡£ÕâÑù»á±£Ö¤²éѯÔÚÖ´ÐÐÇ°×ܻᱻÖØнâÎö¡£
    
-    5.3) ÎÒÔõÑùдһ¸ö·µ»ØÒ»ÌõÔª×éµÄ C º¯Êý£¿
+    4.27)Ä¿Ç°ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸¿ÉÓã¿
     
-   ÔÚ PostgreSQL 7.3 ÒÔºóµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬C, PL/PgSQL ºÍ SQL
-   ÍêÈ«Ö§³Ö·µ»ØֵΪ±íµÄº¯Êý¡£¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼ ³ÌÐòÔ±Ö¸ÄÏ£¨the Programmer's
-   Guide£©¡£ÔÚ contrib/tablefunc ÖÐÓÐÒ»¸öÀý×ÓÊÇÓà C
-   дµÄ·µ»ØֵΪ±íµÄº¯Êý¡£
+   ¡°¸´ÖÆ¡±Ö»ÊÇÒ»¸öÊõÓÓкü¸ÖÖ¸´ÖƼ¼Êõ¿ÉʹÓã¬Ã¿ÖÖ¶¼ÓÐÓŵãºÍȱµã£º
    
-    5.4) ÎÒÐÞ¸ÄÁËÒ»¸öÔ´Îļþ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ÖØбàÒëºóûÓп´µ½¸Ä±ä£¿
-    
-   Makefiles ÖÐûÓаüº¬Í·ÎļþµÄÕýÈ·ÒÀÀµ¡£Äú±ØÐëÏÈ×ömake clean£¬ ÔÙ×öÒ»´Î
-   make ¡£Èç¹ûÄúʹÓõÄÊÇ GCC £¬Ôò¿ÉÒÔ²ÉÓÃÑ¡Ïî --enable-depend
-   ÈñàÒëÆ÷×Ô¶¯Éú³ÉÍ·ÎļþµÄÒÀÀµ¹Øϵ¡£
+   Ö÷/´Ó¸´ÖÆ·½Ê½ÊÇÔÊÐíÒ»¸öÖ÷·þÎñÆ÷½ÓÊܶÁ/дµÄÉêÇ룬¶ø¶à¸ö´Ó·þÎñÆ÷Ö»ÄܽÓÊÜ
+   ¶Á/SELECT²éѯµÄÉêÇ룬 Ä¿Ç°×îÁ÷ÐÐÇÒÊÇÃâ·ÑµÄÖ÷/´Ó PostgreSQL¸´ÖÆ·½°¸ÊÇ
+   Slony-I ¡£
+   
+   ¶à¸öÖ÷·þÎñÆ÷µÄ¸´ÖÆ·½Ê½ÔÊÐí½«¶Á/дµÄÉêÇë·¢Ë͸ø¶ą̀µÄ¼ÆËã»ú£¬ÕâÖÖ·½Ê½ÓÉÓ
+   ÚÐèÒªÔÚ¶ą̀·þÎñÆ÷Ö®¼äͬ²½Êý¾Ý±ä¶¯
+   ¿ÉÄÜ»á´øÀ´½ÏÑÏÖصÄÐÔÄÜËðʧ£¬PgclusterÊÇÄ¿Ç°ÕâÖÖ·½°¸
+   ÖÐ×îºÃµÄ£¬¶øÇÒ»¹¿ÉÒÔÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØ¡£
+   
+   Ò²ÓÐһЩÉÌÒµÐ踶·ÑºÍ»ùÓÚÓ²¼þµÄÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸£¬Ö§³ÖÉÏÊö¸÷ÖÖ¸´ÖÆÄ£ÐÍ¡£

diff --git a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html
index 744496dd6272ee3b38418bba848b175ebe9bff4c..8a4662c253883c685a61df59201ebc9ee1acf1f5 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html
+++ b/doc/src/FAQ/FAQ_chinese.html
@@ -1,990 +1,875 @@
-<?xml version="1.0"?>
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-<!-- saved from url=(0063)file://I:\Wlzhang\MyDoc\postgresql\FAQcn.files\postgres-faq.htm -->
-<!-- saved from url=(0046)http://laser.zhengmai.com.cn/postgres-faq.html -->
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
-<head>
-<meta name="generator" content=
-"HTML Tidy for BSD/OS (vers 12 April 2005), see www.w3.org" />
-<title>PostgreSQL FAQ-ch</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
-"text/html; CHARSET=gb2312" />
-<meta content="Microsoft FrontPage 4.0" name="GENERATOR" />
-</head>
-<body alink="#0000FF" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#FF0000" text=
-"#000000" vlink="#A00000">
-<h1>PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©</h1>
-×î½ü¸üУº2003 Äê 01 Ô 06 ÈÕ ÐÇÆÚÒ» 22:27:35 CST
-<p>Ŀǰά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºBruce Momjian (<a href=
-"mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</a>)<br />
-ÖÐÎÄ°æά»¤ÈËÔ±£ººÎΰƽ £¨laser@pgsqldb.com £©</p>
-<p>±¾ÎĵµµÄ×îа汾¿ÉÒÔÔÚ<a href=
-"http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html">http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html</a>
-²é¿´¡£</p>
-<p>²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨Ïà¹ØµÄÎÊÌâÔÚ<a href=
-"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/">http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/</a>Àï»Ø´ð¡£<br />
-</p>
-<hr />
-<center>
-<h2>³£¼ûÎÊÌâ</h2>
-</center>
-<a href="#1.1">1.1</a>) PostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿¸ÃÔõô·¢Òô£¿<br />
-<a href="#1.2">1.2</a>) PostgreSQL µÄ°æȨÊÇʲô?<br />
-<a href="#1.3">1.3</a>) PostgreSQL ÔËÐÐÔÚʲô Unix ƽ̨ÉÏ£¿<br />
-<a href="#1.4">1.4</a>) ¿ÉÓÃµÄ·Ç Unix ƽ̨ÓÐÄÇЩ£¿<br />
-<a href="#1.5">1.5</a>) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿<br />
-<a href="#1.6">1.6</a>) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö£¿<br />
-<a href="#1.7">1.7</a>) PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇʲô£¿<br />
-<a href="#1.8">1.8</a>) ÓÐÄÄЩ¿ÉÓÃµÄ PostgreSQL µÄÎĵµ£¿<br />
-<a href="#1.9">1.9</a>) ÎÒÈçºÎÁ˽âÒÑÖªµÄ BUG »òȱʧµÄÌØÐÔ£¿<br />
-<a href="#1.10">1.10</a>) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùѧϰ SQL £¿<br />
-<a href="#1.11">1.11</a>) PostgreSQL ÊÇ Y2K ¼æÈݵÄÂð£¿<br />
-<a href="#1.12">1.12</a>) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飿<br />
-<a href="#1.13">1.13</a>) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÌá½»Ò»¸ö BUG ±¨¸æ£¿<br />
-<a href="#1.14">1.14</a>) PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËû DBMS ±ÈÆðÀ´ÈçºÎ£¿<br />
-<a href="#1.15">1.15</a>) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÔÞÖú PostgreSQL £¿
-<center>
-<h2>Óû§¿Í»§¶ËÎÊÌâ</h2>
-</center>
-<a href="#2.1">2.1</a>) ÓÐ PostgreSQL µÄ ODBC Çý¶¯³ÌÐòô£¿<br />
-<a href="#2.2">2.2</a>) ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web
-Ò³Ã棿<br />
-<a href="#2.3">2.3</a>) PostgreSQL ÓµÓÐͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæÂð£¿<br />
-<a href="#2.4">2.4</a>) ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÃʲôÓïÑÔºÍ PostgreSQL ´ò½»µÀ£¿
-<center>
-<h2>ϵͳ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ</h2>
-</center>
-<a href="#3.1">3.1</a>) ÎÒÔõÑùÄÜ°Ñ PostgreSQL ×°ÔÚ /usr/local/pgsql
-ÒÔÍâµÄµØ·½£¿<br />
-<a href="#3.2">3.2</a>) µ±ÎÒÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ <i>Bad System
-Call</i>£¨ÏµÍ³µ÷ÓÃ´í£©»ò Core Dumped ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿<br />
-<a href="#3.3">3.3</a>) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ
-<i>IpcMemoryCreate</i> ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿<br />
-<a href="#3.4">3.4</a>) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ
-<i>IpcSemaphoreCreate</i> ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿<br />
-<a href="#3.5">3.5</a>) ÎÒÈçºÎ¿ØÖÆÀ´×ÔÆäËûÖ÷»úµÄÁ¬½Ó£¿<br />
-<a href="#3.6">3.6</a>)
-ÎÒÔõÑùµ÷ÕûÊý¾Ý¿âÒýÇæÒÔ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ£¿<br />
-<a href="#3.7">3.7</a>) PostgreSQL
-Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿<br />
-<a href="#3.8">3.8</a>) ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many
-clients¡± ÏûÏ¢£¿<br />
-<a href="#3.9">3.9</a>) pgsql_tmp Ŀ¼ÀﶼÓÐЩʲô£¿<br />
-<a href="#3.10">3.10</a>) ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL ·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö
-dump ºÍ restore £¿
-<center>
-<h2>²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ</h2>
-</center>
-<a href="#4.1">4.1</a>)
-¶þ½øÖÆÓαêºÍÆÕͨÓαêÖ®¼äµÄÇø±ðÊÇʲô£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.2">4.2</a>) ÈçºÎֻѡÔñÒ»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿<br />
-<a href="#4.3">4.3</a>)
-ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñÈ¡Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÖбíµÄÁÐ±í£¬»òÕßÊÇÆäËûÎÒÄÜÔÚ <i>psql</i>
-Àï¿´µ½µÄ¶«Î÷£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.4">4.4</a>) ÔõÑù´Ó±íÀïÃæɾ³ýÒ»ÁУ¿<br />
-<a href="#4.5">4.5</a>)
-Ò»ÐУ¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.6">4.6</a>)
-´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÎı¾ÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿<br />
-<a href="#4.7">4.7</a>)
-ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿<br />
-<a href="#4.8">4.8</a>)
-ÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý»òÕßûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.9">4.9</a>)
-ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑù´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯµÄ£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.10">4.10</a>) R-tree Ë÷ÒýÊÇʲô£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.11">4.11</a>) ʲôÊÇ»ùÒò²éѯÓÅ»¯£¨Genetic Query
-Optimization£©£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.12">4.12</a>)
-ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽ²éÕÒ£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎ޹زéÕÒ£¿<br />
-
-<a href="#4.13">4.13</a>) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ
-NULL£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.14">4.14</a>) ¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.15.1">4.15.1</a>)
-ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿<br />
-<a href="#4.15.2">4.15.2</a>)
-ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.15.3">4.15.3</a>) ʹÓà currval() ºÍ nextval()
-»áµ¼ÖºÍÆäËûÓû§µÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿ö£¨race condition£©Âð£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.15.4">4.15.4</a>)
-Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿<br />
-
-<a href="#4.16">4.16</a>) ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ TID £¿<br />
-<a href="#4.17">4.17</a>) PostgreSQL
-ʹÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.18">4.18</a>) ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎó¡°<i>ERROR: Memory
-exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.19">4.19</a>) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL
-µÄ°æ±¾£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.20">4.20</a>) ΪʲôÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°<i>invalid
-large obj descriptor¡±£¨·Ç·¨µÄ´ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©</i>£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.21">4.21</a>)
-ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿<br />
-<a href="#4.22">4.22</a>) ΪʲôʹÓà <tt>IN</tt>
-µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.23">4.23</a>) ÈçºÎ½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.24">4.24</a>) ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.25">4.25</a>) ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿<br />
-<a href="#4.26">4.26</a>) ΪʲôÔÚ PL/PgSQL
-º¯ÊýÖв»ÄÜ¿É¿¿µØ´´½¨»òɾ³ýÁÙʱ±í£¿<br />
-<a href="#4.27">4.27</a>) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ï<br />
-<a href="#4.28">4.28</a>) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¼ÓÃÜÑ¡Ï
-<center>
-<h2>À©Õ¹ PostgreSQL</h2>
-</center>
-<a href="#5.1">5.1</a>) ÎÒдÁËÒ»¸öÓû§¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£µ±ÎÒÔÚ <i>psql</i>
-ÀïÔËÐÐʱ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´»áµ¼Ö core dump£¿<br />
-<a href="#5.2">5.2</a>) ÎÒÈçºÎÄܸø PostgreSQL
-¹±Ï×һЩͦ²»´íµÄÐÂÀàÐͺͺ¯Êý£¿<br />
-<a href="#5.3">5.3</a>) ÎÒÔõÑùдһ¸ö·µ»ØÒ»Ìõ¼Ç¼µÄ C º¯Êý£¿<br />
-<a href="#5.4">5.4</a>)
-ÎÒÐÞ¸ÄÁËÒ»¸öÔ´Îļþ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ÖØбàÒëºóûÓп´µ½¸Ä±ä£¿<br />
-<hr />
-<center>
-<h2>³£¼ûÎÊÌâ</h2>
-</center>
-<h4><a name="1.1"></a>1.1) PostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿¸ÃÔõô·¢Òô£¿</h4>
-PostgreSQL ¶Á×÷ <i>Post-Gres-Q-L</i> <i>¡£</i>
-<p>PostgreSQL ÊÇÏÂÒ»´ú DBMS µÄÑо¿Ô­ÐÍ POSTGRES
-Êý¾Ý¿â¹ÜÀíϵͳµÄÔöÇ¿°æ¡£PostgreSQL ÔÚ±£³Ö POSTGRES
-µÄÇ¿´óµÄÊý¾ÝÄ£ÐͺͷḻµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐ͵Ļù´¡ÉÏ£¬ÓÃÒ»¸öÀ©Õ¹Á赀 SQL
-×Ó¼¯È¡´úÁËÔ­Ï鵀 PostQuel ²éѯÓïÑÔ¡£PostgreSQL
-ÊÇ×ÔÓɵIJ¢ÇÒËùÓÐÔ´´úÂ붼¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ¡£</p>
-<p>PostgreSQL µÄ¿ª·¢ÓÉ²Î¼Ó PostgreSQL
-¿ª·¢ÓʼþÁбíµÄÒ»¸ö¿ª·¢ÈËԱС×é½øÐС£Ä¿Ç°µÄЭµ÷ÈËÊÇ Marc G. Fournier
-£¨<a href=
-"mailto:scrappy@postgreSQL.org">scrappy@postgreSQL.org</a>
-£©¡££¨¹ØÓÚÈçºÎ¼ÓÈë²Î¼û1.6½Ú£©¡£Õâ¸ö¶ÓÎéÏÖÔÚ¸ºÔð PostgreSQL
-µÄËùÓпª·¢¡£</p>
-<p>PostgreSQL 1.01 µÄ×÷ÕßÊÇ Andrew Yu ºÍ Jolly
-Chen¡£»¹ÓÐÐí¶àÆäËûÈËΪÒÆÖ²£¬²âÊÔ£¬µ÷ÊÔºÍÔöÇ¿´úÂë×öÁË´óÁ¿¹±Ïס£PostgreSQL
-µÄ×î³õÆðÔ´ Postgres£¬ÊÇÔÚ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ²®¿ËÀû·ÖУµÄ Michael Stonebraker
-½ÌÊÚµÄÖ¸µ¼Ï£¬ÓÉÐí¶àÑо¿Éú£¬±¾¿ÆÉúºÍ±à³ÌÖ°Ô±Íê³ÉµÄ¡£</p>
-<p>Õâ¸öÈí¼þ×î³õÔÚ²®¿ËÀûµÄÃû×ÖÊÇ Postgres¡£ÔÚ 1995 Ä꣬µ±Ôö¼ÓÁË SQL
-¹¦Äܺó£¬ËüµÄÃû×Ö¸Ä³É Postgres95¡£ÔÚ 1996ÄêÄ©£¬²Å¸ÄÃûΪ
-PostgreSQL¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="1.2"></a>1.2) PostgreSQL µÄ°æȨÊÇʲô?</h4>
-PostgreSQL ÊÜÏÂÃæµÄ°æȨԼÊø¡£
-<p>PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿â¹ÜÀíϵͳ</p>
-<p>£¨PostgreSQL Data Base Management System£©</p>
-<p>²¿·Ö°æȨ£¨c£©1996-2002£¬PostgreSQL È«Çò¿ª·¢Ð¡×é<br />
-²¿·Ö°æȨ£¨c£©1994-6 ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶­ÊÂ</p>
-<p>£¨Portions copyright (c) 1996-2002, PostgreSQL Global
-Development Group<br />
- Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of
-California£©</p>
-<p>
-ÔÊÐíΪÈκÎÄ¿µÄʹÓ㬿½±´£¬Ð޸ĺͷַ¢Õâ¸öÈí¼þºÍËüµÄÎĵµ¶ø²»ÊÕÈ¡ÈκηÑÓ㬲¢ÇÒÎÞÐëÇ©ÊðÒò´Ë¶ø²úÉúµÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬Ç°ÌáÊÇÉÏÃæµÄ°æȨÉùÃ÷ºÍ±¾¶ÎÒÔ¼°ÏÂÃæÁ½¶ÎÎÄ×Ö³öÏÖÔÚËùÓп½±´ÖС£</p>
-<p>£¨Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
-and its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a
-written agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above
-copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two
-paragraphs appear in all copies.£©</p>
-<p>
-ÔÚÈκÎÇé¿öÏ£¬¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶¼²»³Ðµ£ÒòʹÓôËÈí¼þ¼°ÆäÎĵµ¶øµ¼ÖµĶÔÈκε±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÖ±½ÓµÄ£¬¼ä½ÓµÄ£¬ÌØÊâµÄ£¬¸½¼ÓµÄ»òÕßÏà°é¶øÉúµÄË𻵣¬°üÀ¨ÀûÒæËðʧµÄÔðÈΣ¬¼´Ê¹¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÒѾ­½¨ÒéÁËÕâЩËðʧµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔʱҲÊÇÈç´Ë¡£</p>
-<p>£¨IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO
-ANY PARTY FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR
-CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE
-USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF THE UNIVERSITY
-OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.£©</p>
-<p>
-¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÃ÷È··ÅÆúÈκα£Ö¤£¬°üÀ¨µ«²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚijһÌض¨ÓÃ;µÄÉÌÒµºÍÀûÒæµÄÒþº¬±£Ö¤¡£ÕâÀïÌṩµÄÕâ·ÝÈí¼þÊÇ»ùÓÚ¡°µ±×÷ÊÇ¡±µÄ»ù´¡µÄ£¬Òò¶ø¼ÓÖÝ´óѧûÓÐÔðÈÎÌṩά»¤£¬Ö§³Ö£¬¸üУ¬ÔöÇ¿»òÕßÐ޸ĵķþÎñ¡£</p>
-<p>£¨THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY
-WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
-OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE
-SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND THE
-UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE,
-SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.£©<br />
-<br />
-ÉÏÃæ¾ÍÊÇ BSD
-°æȨÉùÃ÷£¬Ò»¸ö¾­µäµÄ¿ªÔ´°æȨÉùÃ÷¡£Ëü¶ÔÔ´´úÂëµÄʹÓÃδ×÷ÈκÎÏÞÖÆ¡£ÎÒÃÇϲ»¶Ëü²¢ÇÒ²»´òËã¸Ä±äËü¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="1.3"></a>1.3) PostgreSQL ÔËÐÐÔÚʲô Unix ƽ̨ÉÏ£¿</h4>
-<p>Ò»°ã˵À´£¬Ò»¸öÏÖ´úµÄ UNIX ¼æÈݵÄƽ̨¶¼ÄÜÔËÐÐ PostgreSQL
-¡£ÔÚ°²×°Ö¸ÄÏÀïÁгöÁË·¢²¼Ê±¾­¹ýÃ÷È·²âÊÔµÄƽ̨¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="1.4"></a>1.4) ¿ÉÓÃµÄ·Ç Unix ƽ̨ÓÐÄÄЩ£¿</h4>
-¿Í»§¶Ë
-<p>°Ñ libpq C ¿â£¬psql£¬ÆäËû½Ó¿ÚºÍ¿Í»§¶ËÓ¦ÓóÌÐò±àÒë³É¿ÉÒÔÔÚ MS
-Windows ƽ̨ÉÏÔËÐÐÊÇ¿ÉÄܵġ£ÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬¿Í»§¶ËÔÚ MS Windows
-ÉÏÔËÐУ¬²¢ÇÒͨ¹ý TCP/IP ÓëÒ»¸öÔËÐÐÔÚÎÒÃÇÖ§³ÖµÄ Unix
-ƽ̨ÉϵķþÎñÆ÷½øÐÐͨѶ¡£·¢²¼°æ±¾Öаüº¬Ò»¸öÎļþ win32.mak ÓÃÓÚÉú³É
-Win32 libpq ¿âºÍ psql ¡£PostgreSQL Ò²¿ÉÒÔºÍ ODBC ¿Í»§¶ËͨѶ¡£</p>
-<p>·þÎñÆ÷</p>
-<p>Êý¾Ý¿â·þÎñÆ÷ÏÖÔÚ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý Cygwin £¬Cygnus µÄ Unix/NT ÒÆÖ²¿âÔÚ
-Windows NT ºÍ Win2k ÉÏÔËÐС£²ÎÔÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÀïµÄ See
-<i>pgsql/doc/FAQ_MSWIN</i> Îļþ»ò <a href=
-"http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-mswin.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/faq-mswin.html</a>
-¡£</p>
-<p>ÒÆÖ²µ½ MS Win NT/2000/XP µÄ±¾»ú°æµÄ¹¤×÷ÕýÔÚ½øÐС£</p>
-<h4><a name="1.5"></a>1.5) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿</h4>
-<p>PostgreSQL µÄÖ÷ÄäÃûFTPÕ¾µãÊÇ <a href=
-"ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub">ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub</a>£¬¾µÏñÕ¾µã¿ÉÒԲο¼ÎÒÃÇÍøÕ¾µÄÖ÷Ò³¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="1.6"></a>1.6) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL
-µÄÖ§³Ö£¿</h4>
-<p>Ö÷ÒªµÄÓʼþÁбíÊÇ£º<a href=
-"mailto:pgsql-general@postgreSQL.org">pgsql-general@postgreSQL.org</a>¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚÄÇÀïÌÖÂÛÓйØ
-PostgreSQL µÄÎÊÌâ¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÁÐ±í£¬·¢Ò»·âÓʼþÄÚÈÝ£¨²»ÊÇÖ÷ÌâÐУ©Îª</p>
-<pre>
-        subscribe
-        end
-</pre>
-µÄÓʼþµ½ <a href=
-"mailto:pgsql-general-request@postgreSQL.org">pgsql-general-request@postgreSQL.org</a>
-¡£
-<p>»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñÈ¡ÕªÒªÁÐ±í¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÕâ¸öÁÐ±í£¬·¢Óʼþµ½£º<a href=
-"mailto:pgsql-general-digest-request@postgreSQL.org">pgsql-general-digest-request@postgreSQL.org</a>£¬ÆäÄÚÈÝΪ£º</p>
-<pre>
-        subscribe
-        end
-</pre>
-ÿµ±Ö÷Áбí´ïµ½´óÔ¼ 30k µÄÏûÏ¢ÄÚÈÝʱ£¬ÕªÒª¾Í·¢Ë͸øÕâ¸öÁбíµÄ³ÉÔ±¡£
-<p>»¹¿ÉÒԲμӳô³æÓʼþÁÐ±í¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÕâ¸öÁÐ±í£¬·¢ËÍÒ»¸öÓʼþµ½ <a href=
-"mailto:bugs-request@postgreSQL.org">bugs-request@postgreSQL.org</a>£¬ÄÚÈÝΪ£º</p>
-<pre>
-        subscribe
-        end
-</pre>
-»¹¿ÉÒԲμӿª·¢ÈËÔ±ÓʼþÁÐ±í¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÕâ¸öÁÐ±í£¬·¢ËÍÒ»¸öÓʼþµ½ <a href=
-"mailto:hackers-request@postgreSQL.org">hackers-request@postgreSQL.org</a>£¬ÄÚÈÝΪ£º
-<pre>
-        subscribe
-        end
-</pre>
-ÆäËûµÄ¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL ÓʼþÁбíºÍÆäËûÐÅÏ¢¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PostgreSQL µÄ WWW
-Ö÷Ò³ÕÒµ½£º
-<blockquote><a href=
-"http://postgresql.org/">http://postgresql.org/</a></blockquote>
-ÔÚ EFNet ÀﻹÓÐÒ»¸ö IRC ƵµÀ£¬ÆµµÀ #PostgreSQL¡£ÎÒÓà unix
-ÃüÁî<tt>irc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net</tt>
-<p>ÉÌÒµÖ§³Ö¹«Ë¾µÄÁбíÔÚ <a href=
-"http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/commercial-support.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/commercial-support.html</a>
-¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="1.7"></a>1.7) PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
-PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇ°æ±¾ 7.2.3¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÏÖÔÚÓ¦¸ÃÊÇ 7.3.1 ÁË¡££©
-<p>ÎÒÃǼƻ®Ã¿ËĸöÔ·¢²¼Ò»¸öÖ÷Òª°æ±¾¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="1.8"></a>1.8) ÓÐÄÄЩ¿ÉÓÃµÄ PostgreSQL µÄÎĵµ£¿</h4>
-ÔÚ·¢²¼°üÀïÓÐһЩÊֲᣬÊÖ²áÒ³ºÍһЩСµÄ²âÊÔÀý×Ó¡£²Î¼û /doc
-Ŀ¼¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÓ¦Îª $PGHOME/doc£©¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚÏßä¯ÀÀ PostgreSQL
-µÄÊֲᣬÔÚ <a href=
-"http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/</a>
-¡£
-<p>ÓÐÁ½±¾¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊéÔÚÏßÌṩ£¬ÔÚ <a href=
-"http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html</a>
-ºÍ <a href=
-"http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/">http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/</a>
-¡£ÔÚ <a href=
-"http://www.ca.PostgreSQL.org/books/">http://www.ca.PostgreSQL.org/books/</a>
-ÉÏÓйØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄ¿É¹ºÊé¼®µÄÁÐ±í¡£ÔÚ <a href=
-"http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/">http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/</a>
-ÉÏÊÕ¼¯ÁËÓÐ¹Ø PostgreSQL µÄ¼¼ÊõÎÄÕ¡£</p>
-<p><i>psql</i> ÓÐһЩ²»´íµÄ \d
-ÃüÁÏÔʾ¹ØÓÚÀàÐÍ£¬²Ù×÷·û£¬º¯Êý£¬¾Û¼¯µÈµÄÐÅÏ¢¡£</p>
-<p>ÎÒÃÇµÄ web Õ¾µã°üº¬¸ü¶àµÄÎĵµ£®</p>
-<h4><a name="1.9"></a>1.9) ÎÒÈçºÎÁ˽âÒÑÖªµÄ BUG ºÍȱʧµÄÌØÐÔ£¿</h4>
-PostgreSQL Ö§³ÖÒ»¸öÀ©Õ¹Á赀 SQL-92 µÄ×Ó¼¯¡£²ÎÔÄÎÒÃÇµÄ <a href=
-"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/todo.html">TODO</a> <a href=
-"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/todo.html"></a>ÁÐ±í£¬»ñÈ¡Ò»¸öÒÑÖª³ô³æ£¬È±Ê§ÌØÐÔºÍδÀ´¼Æ»®¡£
-<h4><a name="1.10"></a>1.10) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùѧϰ SQL£¿</h4>
-ÔÚ <a href=
-"http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html">http://www.postgresql.org/docs/awbook.html</a>
-µÄ¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊé½ÌÊÚ SQL¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÎÒÏÂÔص½±¾µØÁË¡££©ÔÚ
-<a href=
-"http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/">http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook</a>
-ÓÐÁíÍâÒ»±¾¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊé¡£ÔÚ<a href=
-"http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm">http://www.intermedia.net/support/sql/sqltut.shtm</a>£¬<a href="http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM">http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/graeme_birchall/HTM_COOK.HTM
-</a> ºÍ <a href="http://sqlcourse.com/">http://sqlcourse.com</a>
-ÓÐÒ»¸ö²»´íµÄÈëÃŽ̡̳£
-<p>ÁíÒ»¸öÊÇ "Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second
-Edition"£¨21Ììѧ»áSQL£¬µÚ¶þ°æ£©£¬ÔÚ <a href=
-"http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm">http://members.tripod.com/er4ebus/sql/index.htm</a></p>
-<p>ÎÒÃǵÄÐí¶àÓû§Ï²»¶ <i>The Practical SQL Handbook, Bowman, Judith
-S., et al., Addison-Wesley ¡£</i> ÆäËûµÄÓÐ <i>The Complete
-Reference SQL, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill ¡£</i></p>
-<h4><a name="1.11"></a>1.11) PostgreSQL ÊÇ Y2K ¼æÈݵÄÂð£¿</h4>
-ÊÇ£¬ÎÒÃǺÜÈÝÒ׿ØÖÆ 2000 AD Ö®ºóºÍ 2000 BC ֮ǰµÄÈÕÆÚ¡£
-<h4><a name="1.12"></a>1.12) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飿</h4>
-Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÏÂÔØ×îеÄÔ´´úÂë²¢ÔĶÁÎÒÃÇ web Õ¾µã»ò·¢²¼°üÖÐµÄ PostgreSQL
-¿ª·¢ÕßÎĵµ¡£Æä´Î£¬¼ÓÈë pgsql-hackers ºÍ pgsql-patches
-ÓʼþÁÐ±í¡£µÚÈý£¬Ïò pgsql-patches Ìá½»¸ßÖÊÁ¿µÄ²¹¶¡³ÌÐò¡£
-<p>ÏÖÔÚ´ó¸ÅÓÐÊ®¼¸¸öÈËÓÐ PostgreSQL CVS ¹éµµ <font size=
-"-1">COMMIT</font>
-µÄȨÏÞ¡£ËûÃǶ¼ÒѾ­Ìá½»Á˷dz£¶à¸ßÖÊÁ¿µÄ²¹¶¡ÁË£¬ÒÔÖÁÓÚÏÖÓеÄÌá½»È˺ÜÄѸúÉϽÚ×࣬²¢ÇÒÎÒÃÇÏàÐÅËûÃÇÌá½»µÄ²¹¶¡¶¼ÊǸßÖÊÁ¿µÄ¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="1.13"></a>1.13) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æ£¿</h4>
-Çë·ÃÎÊ <a href=
-"http://www.PostgreSQL.org/bugs/bugs.php">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/bugs/bugs.php</a>
-µÄ PostgreSQL BugTool Ò³Ãæ, ÄÇÀï¸ø³öÁËÈçºÎÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æµÄÖ¸ÄÏ¡£
-<p>ͬÑùÒ²Òª¿´¿´ÎÒÃÇµÄ ftp Õ¾µã <a href=
-"ftp://ftp.postgresql.org/pub">ftp://ftp.postgreSQL.org/pub</a>£¬¿´ÓÐûÓиüеÄ
-PostgreSQL °æ±¾»ò²¹¶¡¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="1.14"></a>1.14) PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËû DBMS
-±ÈÆðÀ´ÈçºÎ£¿</h4>
-ÆÀ¼ÛÈí¼þÓкü¸ÖÖ·½·¨£ºÌØÐÔ£¬ÐÔÄÜ£¬¿É¿¿ÐÔ£¬Ö§³ÖºÍ¼Û¸ñ¡£
-<dl>
-<dt><b>ÌØÐÔ</b></dt>
-<dd>PostgreSQL ÓµÓдóÐÍÉÌÓà DBMS
-Àï´ó¶àÊýÌØÐÔ£¬ÀýÈ磺ÊÂÎñ£¬×Ó²éѯ£¬´¥·¢Æ÷£¬ÊÓͼ£¬Íâ¼ü²Î¿¼ÍêÕûÐԺ͸´ÔÓµÄËøµÈ¡£ÎÒÃÇ»¹ÓÐһЩËüÃÇûÓеÄÌØÐÔ£¬ÈçÓû§¶¨ÒåÀàÐÍ£¬¼Ì³Ð£¬¹æÔòºÍ¶à°æ±¾²¢ÐпØÖÆÒÔ¼õÉÙËøµÄÕùÓõȡ£<br />
-
- </dd>
-<dt><b>ÐÔÄÜ</b></dt>
-<dd>PostgreSQL
-ºÍÆäËûÉÌÓúͿªÔ´µÄÊý¾Ý¿â¾ßÓÐÀàËƵÄÐÔÄÜ¡£¶ÔijЩ´¦ÀíËü±È½Ï¿ì£¬¶ÔÆäËûһЩ´¦ÀíËü±È½ÏÂý¡£Óë
-MySQL »ò¸üÇá±ãµÄÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±È½Ï£¬ÎÒÃÇÔÚ insert/update
-ʱÂý£¬ÒòΪÎÒÃÇÓÐÊÂÎñ´¦Àí¡£µ±È» MySQL ²»¾ßÓÐÎÒÃÇÔÚÉÏÃæµÄ<i>ÌØÐÔ</i>
-¶ÎÀï¸ø³öµÄÈκÎÌØÐÔ¡£ÎÒÃǵÄÖ÷Òª·½ÏòÊÇ¿É¿¿ÐÔºÍÌØÐÔ£¬¾¡¹ÜÎÒÃÇÔÚÿ´Î·¢²¼Ê±²»¶ÏµØ¸Ä½øÐÔÄÜ¡£ÓÐÒ»¸öºÜÓÐȤµÄÍøÒ³±È½ÏÁË
-PostgreSQL ºÍ MySQL <a href=
-"http://openacs.org/why-not-mysql.html">http://openacs.org/why-not-mysql.html</a>¡£<br />
-</dd>
-<dt><b>¿É¿¿ÐÔ</b></dt>
-<dd>ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀ DBMS
-±ØÐëÊÇ¿É¿¿µÄ£¬·ñÔòËü¾ÍÒ»µãÓö¼Ã»ÓС£ÎÒÃÇŬÁ¦×öµ½·¢²¼¾­¹ýÈÏÕæ²âÊԵģ¬Îȶ¨µÄ³ô³æ×îÉٵĴúÂ롣ÿ¸ö°æ±¾ÖÁÉÙÓÐÒ»¸öÔµÄ
-beta
-²âÊÔ£¬²¢ÇÒÎÒÃǵķ¢²¼ÀúÊ·ÏÔʾÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÌṩÎȶ¨µÄ£¬Àι̵ģ¬¿ÉÓÃÓÚÉú²úʹÓõİ汾¡£ÎÒÃÇÏàÐÅÔÚÕâ·½ÃæÎÒÃÇÓëÆäËûµÄÊý¾Ý¿âÈí¼þÊÇÏ൱µÄ¡£<br />
-
- </dd>
-<dt><b>Ö§³Ö</b></dt>
-<dd>
-ÎÒÃǵÄÓʼþÁбíÌṩһ¸ö·Ç³£´óµÄ¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±ºÍÓû§µÄ×éÒÔ°ïÖú½â¾öËùÅöµ½µÄÈκÎÎÊÌâ¡£ÎÒÃDz»Äܱ£Ö¤¿Ï¶¨Äܽâ¾öÎÊÌ⣬Ïà±È֮ϣ¬ÉÌÓÃ
-DBMS
-Ò²²¢²»ÊÇ×ÜÄܹ»Ìṩ½â¾ö·½·¨¡£Ö±½ÓÓ뿪·¢ÈËÔ±£¬Óû§Èº£¬ÊÖ²áºÍÔ´³ÌÐò½Ó´¥Áî
-PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö±ÈÆäËû DBMS
-»¹ÒªºÃ¡£»¹ÓÐһЩÉÌÒµÐÔµÄÔ¤°ü×°µÄÖ§³Ö£¬¿ÉÒÔ¸øÌṩ¸øÄÇЩÐèÒªµÄÈË¡££¨²ÎÔÄÖ§³Ö
-FAQ Ìõ¿î 1.6 С½Ú¡££©<br />
- </dd>
-<dt><b>¼Û¸ñ</b></dt>
-<dd>
-ÎÒÃǶÔÈκÎÓÃ;¶¼Ãâ·Ñ£¬°üÀ¨ÉÌÓúͷÇÉÌÓÃÄ¿µÄ¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔ²»¼ÓÏÞÖƵØÏòÄãµÄ²úÆ·Àï¼ÓÈëÎÒÃǵĴúÂ룬³ýÁËÄÇЩÎÒÃÇÔÚÉÏÃæµÄ°æȨÉùÃ÷ÀïÉùÃ÷µÄ
-BSD ·ç¸ñµÄ°æȨÍâ¡£</dd>
-</dl>
-<h4><a name="1.15"></a>1.15) ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÔÞÖú PostgreSQL £¿</h4>
-<p>×Ô´Ó1996Ä꿪ʼ£¬PostgreSQL
-ÒѾ­ÓÐÁËÒ»¸öÓÅÐãµÄ×éÖ¯¡£ÕâЩӦ¸Ã¹é¹¦ÓÚ Marc
-Fournier£¬ÊÇËû´´½¨Á˲¢ÔÚÕâЩÄêÒ»Ö±¹ÜÀíÕâ¸ö×éÖ¯¡£</p>
-<p>
-¶ÔÓÚÒ»¸ö¿ªÔ´ÏîÄ¿À´Ëµ£¬ÖÊÁ¿»ù´¡ÉèÊ©ÊǷdz£ÖØÒªµÄ¡£ËüÄÜ·ÀÖ¹³öÏÖÑÏÖØÑÓ³ÙÏîÄ¿Ç°½øµÄ»ìÂÒ¡£</p>
-<p>
-ÏÔÈ»£¬Õâ¸ö×éÖ¯µÄÔËת³É±¾²»·Æ¡£Î¬³ÖÆäÇ°½øÓи÷ÖÖÔ¶ȵġ¢Ò»´ÎÐԵĿªÖ§¡£Èç¹ûÄã»òÕßÄãµÄ¹«Ë¾ÄܽøÐоèÔùÒÔÖ§³ÖÕâÏîÊÂÒµ£¬Çë·ÃÎÊ
-<a href=
-"http://store.pgsql.com/shopping/">http://store.pgsql.com/shopping/</a>
-½øÐоèÔù¡£</p>
-<p>ËäÈ»¸ÃÍøÒ³Ìá¼°ÁË PostgreSQL ¹«Ë¾£¬ÕâЩ¾èÔù½«½öÓÃÓÚÖ§³Ö
-PostgreSQL
-ÏîÄ¿£¬²¢²»»áÓÃÓÚ×ÊÖúû¸öÌض¨µÄ¹«Ë¾¡£Èç¹ûÄãÔ¸Ò⣬Ҳ¿ÉÒÔÓʼÄ֧Ʊµ½ÁªÏµµØÖ·¡£</p>
-<hr />
-<center>
-<h2>Óû§¿Í»§¶ËÎÊÌâ</h2>
-</center>
-<h4><a name="2.1"></a>2.1) ÓÐ PostgreSQL µÄ ODBC Çý¶¯Ã´£¿</h4>
-ÓÐÁ½¸ö ODBC Çý¶¯¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ£¬PsqlODBC ºÍ OpenLink ODBC.
-<p>¿ÉÒÔÔÚ<a href=
-"http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/psqlodbc/projdisplay.php">http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/psqlodbc/projdisplay.php</a>
-ÏÂÔØ PsqlODBC ¡£</p>
-<p>OpenLink ODBC ¿ÉÒÔ´Ó <a href=
-"http://www.openlinksw.com/">http://www.openlinksw.com/</a>
-»ñµÃ¡£ËüÓëËûÃǵıê×¼ ODBC
-¿Í»§¶ËÈí¼þ¼æÈÝ£¬Òò¶øÄã¿ÉÒÔÔÚÈκÎËûÃÇÖ§³ÖµÄ¿Í»§¶Ëƽ̨£¨Win, Mac,
-Unix, VMS£©ÉÏʹÓà PostgreSQL ODBC¡£</p>
-<p>ËûÃÇ¿ÉÄܽ«Õâ¸ö²úÆ·ÏúÊÛ¸øÄÇЩÐèÒªÉÌÒµÖ§³ÖµÄÓû§£¬µ«ÊÇ×ÜÊÇÓÐÒ»¸ö
-freeware £¨×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ£©µÄ°æ±¾¿ÉÒԵõ½¡£ÇëѯÎÊ <a href=
-"mailto:postgres95@openlink.co.uk">postgres95@openlink.co.uk</a>¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="2.2"></a>2.2) ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web
-Ò³Ã棿</h4>
-Ò»¸ö½éÉÜÒÔÊý¾Ý¿âΪºǫ́µÄͦ²»´íµÄ Õ¾µãÊÇ£º<a href=
-"http://www.webreview.com">http://www.webreview.com</a> ¡£
-<p>¶ÔÓÚ Web ¼¯³É£¬PHP ÊÇÒ»¸ö¼«ºÃµÄ½Ó¿Ú¡£ËüÔÚ£º<a href=
-"http://www.php.net/">http://www.php.net/</a> ¡£</p>
-<p>¶ÔÓÚ¸´ÔÓµÄÈÎÎñ£¬ºÜ¶àÈ˲ÉÓà Perl ½Ó¿ÚºÍ CGI.pm »ò mod_perl ¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="2.3"></a>2.3) PostgreSQL ÓµÓÐͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæÂð£¿</h4>
-Êǵġ£Óм¸¸öÊÊÓÃÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄͼÐνӿڡ£°üÀ¨PgAccess£¨<a href=
-"http://www.pgaccess.com">http://www.pgaccess.com</a>)£¬PgAdmin II
-£¨<a href=
-"http://www.pgadmin.org">http://www.pgadmin.org</a>£¬½öÊÊÓÃÓÚWin32£©£¬
-RHDB Admin (<a href=
-"http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/">http://sources.redhat.com/rhdb/</a>£©
-ÒÔ¼° Rekall £¨<a href=
-"http://www.thekompany.com/products/rekall/">http://www.thekompany.com/products/rekall/</a>£¬
-רÓеÄ/proprietary)¡£»¹ÓÐPHPPgAdmin £¨<a href=
-"http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/">http://phppgadmin.sourceforge.net/£©</a>
-£¬Ò»¸ö»ùÓÚ web µÄ PostgreSQL ·ÃÎʽӿڡ£
-<p>ÎÒÃÇÓÐÒ»¸ö²»´íµÄͼÐÎÓû§½çÃ棬³ÆΪ PgAccess
-£¬ËüÒ²¿ÉÒÔÓÃ×÷±¨±íÉú³ÉÆ÷¡£ÍøÒ³ÊÇ <a href=
-"http://www.pgaccess.org/">http://www.pgaccess.org/</a>¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="2.4"></a>2.4) ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÃʲôÓïÑÔºÍ PostgreSQL
-´ò½»µÀ£¿</h4>
-<p>´ó¶àÊýÁ÷Ðеıà³ÌÓïÑÔ¶¼ÓзÃÎÊ PostgreSQL
-µÄ½Ó¿Ú¡£Çë¼ì²é±à³ÌÓïÑÔµÄÀ©Õ¹Ä£¿éÁÐ±í¡£</p>
-<p>PostgreSQL ·¢²¼°üÖаüº¬ÁËÒÔϽӿڣº</p>
-<ul>
-<li>C (libpq)</li>
-<li>Embedded C (ecpg)</li>
-<li>Java (jdbc)</li>
-<li>Python (PyGreSQL)</li>
-<li>TCL (libpgtcl)</li>
-</ul>
-<p>ÆäËûµÄ½Ó¿ÚÔÚ <a href=
-"http://gborg.postgresql.org">http://gborg.postgresql.org</a> ÉϵÄ
-<i>Drivers/Interfaces</i> С½Ú¡£</p>
-<hr />
-<center>
-<h2>ϵͳ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ</h2>
-</center>
-<h4><a name="3.1"></a>3.1) ÎÒÔõÑùÄÜ°Ñ PostgreSQL ×°ÔÚ
-/usr/local/pgsql ÒÔÍâµÄµØ·½£¿</h4>
-<p>ÔÚÔËÐÐ configure ʱ¼ÓÉÏ --prefix Ñ¡Ïî¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="3.2"></a>3.2) µ±ÎÒÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ <i>Bad
-System Call</i>£¨ÏµÍ³µ÷ÓÃ´í£©»ò Core Dumped ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿</h4>
-<p>Õâ¿ÉÄÜÊǺܶ෽ÃæµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÏȼì²é²Ù×÷ϵͳºËÐÄÊÇ·ñÖ§³Ö System V
-À©Õ¹¡£PostgreSQL ÐèÒªÄÚºËÖ§³Ö¹²ÏíÄÚ´æºÍÐźŵơ£</p>
-<h4><a name="3.3"></a>3.3) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ
-<i>IpcMemoryCreate</i> ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿</h4>
-ÄãҪôÊÇûÓÐÔÚÄÚºËÀïÕýÈ·ÅäÖù²ÏíÄڴ棬ҪôÊÇÄãÐèÒªÀ©´óÄãµÄÄں˵ĿÉÓù²ÏíÄÚ´æ¡£ÐèÒªµÄ¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¾ßÌåµÄÊýÁ¿È¡¾öÓÚÄãµÄÌåϵ½á¹¹ºÍÄãÅäÖÃÄãµÄ
-postmaster
-ÔËÐÐʱʹÓõĻº³åÇøºÍºó¶Ë½ø³ÌÊýÄ¿¡£¶Ô´ó¶àÊýϵͳ£¬Ê¹ÓÃȱʡ»º³åÇøºÍ½ø³ÌÊýĿʱ£¬Äã×îÉÙÐèÒª~1MB¡£Óйع²ÏíÄÚ´æºÍÐźŵƵÄÏêϸÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼
-<a href=
-"http://www.postgresql.org/idocs/index.php?kernel-resources.html">PostgreSQL
-Administrator's Guide</a> ¡£
-<h4><a name="3.4"></a>3.4) µ±ÎÒÊÔͼÔËÐÐ postmaster ʱ£¬³öÏÖ
-<i>IpcSemaphoreCreate</i> ´íÎó¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿</h4>
-<p>Èç¹û´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÊÇ <i>IpcSemaphoreCreate: semget failed (No space
-left on
-device)</i>£¬ÄÇôԭÒòÊÇÄãµÄÄÚºËûÓÐÅäÖÃ×ã¹»µÄÐźŵÆ×ÊÔ´¡£Postgres
-µÄÿ¸öDZÔڵĺǫ́½ø³Ì¶¼ÐèÒªÒ»¸öÐźŵơ£Ò»¸öÁÙʱµÄ½â¾ö·½·¨ÊÇÒԱȽÏÉٵĺǫ́½ø³ÌÊý£¨²ÎÊý£©Æô¶¯
-postmaster¡£Ê¹Óÿª¹Ø <i>-N</i> ´øÒ»¸öÉÙÓÚȱʡֵ 32 µÄ²ÎÊýÔËÐÐ
-postmaster¡£¸ü³¤¾ÃµÄ½â¾ö·½·¨ÊǼӴóÄãµÄÄÚºËµÄ <font size=
-"-1">SEMMNS</font> ºÍ <font size="-1">SEMMNI</font> ²ÎÊý¡£</p>
-<p>ÔÚÊý¾Ý¿â·ÃÎÊÁ¿ºÜ´óʱ£¬ÐźŵƲ»¿ÉÓÿÉÄܵ¼ÖÂϵͳ±ÀÀ£¡£</p>
-<p>
-Èç¹û´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÊÇÆäËûµÄʲô¶«Î÷£¬Äã¿ÉÄܾ͸ù±¾Ã»ÓÐÔÚÄÚºËÀïÃæÅäÖÃÐźŵÆÖ§³Ö¡£Óйع²ÏíÄÚ´æºÍÐźŵƵÄÏêϸÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼
-<a href=
-"http://www.postgresql.org/idocs/index.php?kernel-resources.html">PostgreSQL
-Administrator's Guide</a> ¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="3.5"></a>3.5) ÎÒÈçºÎ¿ØÖÆÀ´×ÔÆäËûÖ÷»úµÄÁ¬½Ó£¿</h4>
-<p>ȱʡʱ£¬PostgreSQL Ö»ÔÊÐíͨ¹ý unix
-ÓòÌ×½Ó×ÖÀ´×Ô±¾»úµÄÁ¬½Ó¡£³ý·ÇÄãʹÓà <i>-i</i> ¿ª¹ØÆô¶¯
-<i>postmaster</i>£¬<b>²¢ÇÒ</b>ͨ¹ý¶ÔÓ¦µÄ±à¼­
-<i>$PGDATA/pg_hba.conf</i> Îļþ´ò¿ªÁËÖ÷»úΪ»ù´¡£¨ host-based
-£©µÄÈÏÖ¤£¬·ñÔòÆäËû»úÆ÷ÊDz»ÄÜÓëÄãµÄ»úÆ÷Á¬½ÓµÄ¡£ÕâÑù½«ÔÊÐí TCP/IP
-Á¬½Ó¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="3.6"></a>3.6)
-ÎÒÔõÑùµ÷ÕûÊý¾Ý¿âÒýÇæÒÔ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ£¿</h4>
-<p>µ±È»£¬Ë÷Òý¿ÉÒÔ¼ÓËÙ²éѯ¡£<font size="-1">EXPLAIN</font>
-ÃüÁîÔÊÐíÄã¹Û²ì PostgreSQL
-ÈçºÎ½âÊÍÄãµÄ²éѯ£¬ÒÔ¼°Ê¹ÓÃÁËÄÄЩË÷Òý¡£</p>
-<p>Èç¹ûÄãÕý´¦ÀíÒ»¶Ñ <font size="-1">INSERT</font>£¬¿¼ÂÇʹÓÃ
-<font size="-1">COPY</font>
-ÃüÁîÒÔ´óÅúÁ¿µÄ·½Ê½½øÐС£ÕâÑù×ö±Èµ¥¶ÀµÄÒ»¸ö¸ö <font size=
-"-1">INSERT</font> ¿ìµÃ¶à¡£Æä´Î£¬Ã»Óд¦ÓÚ <font size="-1">BEGIN
-WORK/COMMIT</font>
-ÊÂÎñ¿éÖ®¼äµÄÓï¾ä±»ÈÏΪÊôÓÚͬһ¸öÊÂÎñ¡£ÊÔ×ÅÔÚÒ»¸öÊÂÎñ¿éÀïÃæ´¦Àí¸ü¶àµÄÓï¾ä¡£ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔ¼õÉÙÊÂÎñ´øÀ´µÄ¶îÍ⿪Ïú¡£Í¬Ñù£¬ÔÚ×ö´óÁ¿µÄÊý¾Ý¸Ä±äʱ¿¼ÂÇɾ³ýºÍÖؽ¨Ë÷Òý¡£</p>
-<p>»¹Óм¸¸öµ÷½ÚµÄÑ¡Ïî¿ÉÒÔʹÓá£Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý´ø <i>-o -F</i> Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯
-postmaster À´½ûÖ¹ fsync()¡£ÕâÑù½«±ÜÃâÿ´ÎÊÂÎñºóµ÷Óà <i>fsync()</i>
-°ÑÊý¾Ýˢе½´ÅÅÌÉÏ¡£</p>
-<p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓà postmaster -B
-Ñ¡ÏîÔö¼Óºó¶Ë½ø³ÌʹÓõĹ²ÏíÄڴ滺³åµÄÊýÄ¿¡£Èç¹ûÄã°ÑÕâ¸ö²ÎÊýÉèÖõÃÌ«´ó£¬postmaster
-¿ÉÄÜÎÞ·¨Æô¶¯£¬ÒòΪÄãÒѾ­³¬¹ýÁËÄãµÄÄÚºËÔÚ¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¿Õ¼äÉϵÄÏÞÖÆ¡£Ã¿¸ö»º³åÇøÊÇ
-8K ²¢ÇÒȱʡ 64 ¸ö»º³åÇø¡£</p>
-<p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓúǫ́½ø³ÌµÄ -S
-Ñ¡ÏîÀ´Ôö¼Óÿ¸öºǫ́½ø³ÌÓÃÓÚÁÙʱÅÅÐòÓõÄ×î´óÄÚ´æÊýÁ¿¡£-S
-ÖµÊÇÒÔK×ֽڼƵģ¬È±Ê¡ÊÇ 512 £¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬512K£©¡£</p>
-<p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓà <font size="-1">CLUSTER</font>
-ÃüÁîÀ´°Ñ±íÀïµÄÊý¾Ý°´ÕÕij¸öË÷Òý½øÐоۼ¯´æ·Å¡£²ÎÔÄ CLUSTER
-µÄÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¸ü¶àϸ½Ú¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="3.7"></a>3.7) PostgreSQL
-Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿</h4>
-<p>PostgreSQL
-Óм¸¸öÌØÐÔÓÃÓÚ±¨¸æ״̬ÐÅÏ¢£¬ÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¿ÉÄܶԵ÷ÊÔÓÃ;ºÜÓаïÖú¡£</p>
-<p>Ê×ÏÈ£¬Í¨¹ý¸½´ø --enable-cassert Ñ¡ÏîÔËÐÐ configure£¬Óкܶà
-<i>assert()</i>
-¼à¿Øºǫ́½ø³ÌºÍÔÚ·¢ÉúijЩδÔøÔ¤ÁϵÄÏÖÏóʱֹͣ³ÌÐòÔËÐС£</p>
-<p>postmaster ºÍ postgres ¶¼ÓÐһЩ¿ÉÓõÄÑ¡Ïî¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬µ±ÄãÆô¶¯
-postmaster
-ʱ£¬È·±£Äã°Ñ±ê×¼Êä³öºÍ±ê×¼´íÎóÊä³ö¶¨Ïòµ½ÁËÒ»¸öÈÕÖ¾ÎļþÀïÈ¥ÁË£¬Ïó£º</p>
-<pre>
-        cd /usr/local/pgsql
-        ./bin/postmaster &gt;server.log 2&gt;&amp;1 &amp;
-</pre>
-ÕâÑù½«ÔÚ PostgreSQL ¶¥¼¶Ä¿Â¼ÏÂÊä³öÒ»¸ö server.log
-Îļþ¡£Õâ¸öÎļþ°üº¬·þÎñÆ÷Åöµ½µÄÎÊÌâºÍ´íÎóµÄÓÐÓÃÐÅÏ¢¡£postmaster
-ÓÐÒ»¸ö -d Ñ¡Ï¸ÃÑ¡ÏîÔÊÐíÎÒÃÇ»ñµÃ¸ü¶àµÄϸ½Ú»ã±¨¡£-d
-Ñ¡Ïî½ÓÊÜÒ»¸öÊý×Ö±êÃ÷µ÷ÊÔ¼¶±ð¡£ÐèÒª¾¯¸æµÄÊǸߵĵ÷ÊÔ¼¶±ð¿ÉÄÜ»áÉú³É¾Þ´óµÄÈÕÖ¾Îļþ¡£
-<p>Èç¹û postmaster ûÓÐÔËÐУ¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉÏÆô¶¯ postgres
-ºǫ́½ø³Ì£¬È»ºóÖ±½Ó¼üÈë SQL Óï¾ä¡£ÎÒÃÇ<b>Ö»</b>
-ÍƼöÔÚµ÷ÊÔµÄʱºòÕâô¸É¡£Çë×¢ÒâÕâʱÓû»ÐÐÜÞ¶ø²»ÊǷֺűíʾÓï¾ä½áβ¡£Èç¹ûÄã´ø×ŵ÷ÊÔ·ûºÅ±àÒ룬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷¹Û¿´·¢ÉúÁËʲôÊÂÇé¡£ÒòΪºǫ́½ø³ÌûÓÐÓÉ
-postmaster
-Æô¶¯µÄ£¬Ëü²»ÊǺÍʵ¼ÊµÄÔËÐл·¾³Ò»Ö£¬¶øÇÒËø¶¨/ºǫ́½»»¥ÎÊÌâ¿ÉÄܲ»ÄÜÖØÏÖ¡£</p>
-<p>Èç¹û postmaster ÒѾ­ÔËÐУ¬¿ÉÔÚÒ»¸ö´°¿ÚÖÐÆô¶¯
-<i>psql</i>£¬È»ºóÕÒ³ö <i>psql</i> ¶ÔÓ¦µÄ <i>postgres</i> ½ø³ÌµÄ
-<font size="-1">PID</font>¡£Ê¹ÓÃÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷¸½×ÅÔÚÕâ¸ö
-<i>postgres</i> <font size="-1">PID</font>
-ÉÏ¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚµ÷ÊÔÆ÷ÀïÉèÖöϵ㲢ÇÒ´Ó <i>psql</i>
-ÀïÖ´Ðвéѯ¡£Èç¹ûÄãÔÚµ÷ÊÔ <i>postgres</i> µÄÆô¶¯£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÉèÖÃ
-PGOPTIONS="-W n"£¬È»ºóÆô¶¯ <i>psql</i>¡£ÕâÑù½«µ¼ÖÂÆô¶¯ÑÓ³Ù <i>n</i>
-Ã룬ÕâÑùÄã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¸½¼ÓÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷²¢ÇÒ¸ú×ÙÆô¶¯Ë³ÐòµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£</p>
-<p>postgres ³ÌÐòÓÐ -s£¬-A£¬ºÍ -t
-Ñ¡Ïî¿ÉÄÜÔÚµ÷ÊÔºÍÐÔÄܲâÁ¿µÄʱºò·Ç³£ÓÐÓá£</p>
-<p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø profiling
-Ö§³Ö±àÒëºǫ́£¬ÒÔ±ã¹Û²ìÄÄЩº¯ÊýÕ¼ÓõÄÖ´ÐÐʱ¼ä½Ï¶à¡£profile
-Îļþ½«·ÅÔÚ pgsql/data/base/dbname Ŀ¼Ï¡£¿Í»§¶Ë profile
-Îļþ½«·ÅÔÚ¿Í»§¶Ëµ±Ç°Ä¿Â¼Ï¡£ÔÚ Linux ÏÂÖ§³Ö profiling
-ÒªÔÚ±àÒëʱ¼ÓÉÏ<i>-DLINUX_PROFILE</i> ¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="3.8"></a>3.8) ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too
-many clients¡±ÏûÏ¢£¿</h4>
-<p>ÄãÐèÒªÔö´ó postmaster Æô¶¯Ê±Ö§³ÖµÄ²¢·¢ºǫ́½ø³ÌÊý¡£</p>
-<p>ȱʡÏÞÖÆÊÇ 32 ½ø³Ì¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý´ø×ÅÊʵ±µÄ <i>-N</i> Öµ¿ª¹ØÆô¶¯
-postmaster Ôö¼ÓÕâ¸öÊýÄ¿¡£»òÕßÐÞ¸Ä <i>postgresql.conf</i> Îļþ¡£</p>
-<p>ҪעÒâÈç¹ûÄã°Ñ <i>-N</i> ÉèÖÃΪ´óÓÚ 32£¬Äã±ØÐëͬÑùÔö´ó
-<i>-B</i>£¬³¬¹ýËüȱʡµÄ 64£»-B ±ØÐë×îÉÙÊÇ -N
-µÄÁ½±¶£¬¶øÇÒΪÁ˸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ¿ÉÄÜÒª±ÈÄǸöÊý×ÖÒª´ó¡£¶ÔÓÚ´óÊýÄ¿µÄºó¶Ë½ø³Ì£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜ»¹»á·¢ÏÖÄ㻹ÐèÒªÔö¼ÓÐí¶à
-Unix
-ÄÚºËÅäÖòÎÊýÖµ¡£Òª¼ì²éµÄ¶«Î÷°üÀ¨¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¿éµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¬<font size=
-"-1">SHMMAX</font>£¬ÐźŵƵÄ×î´óÊýÄ¿£¬<font size="-1">SEMMNS</font>
-ºÍ <font size="-1">SEMMNI</font>£¬×î´óµÄ½ø³ÌÊý£¬<font size=
-"-1">NPROC</font>£¬µ¥Óû§×î´ó½ø³ÌÊý£¬<font size=
-"-1">MAXUPRC</font>£¬ÒÔ¼°´ò¿ªÎļþµÄ×î´óÊýÄ¿£¬<font size=
-"-1">NFILE</font> ºÍ <font size="-1">NINODE</font> ¡£Postgres
-¶ÔÔÊÐíµÄºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýÓÐÏÞÖƵÄÔ­ÒòÊÇΪÁËÈ·±£ÄãµÄϵͳ²»»áÓùâ×ÊÔ´¡£</p>
-<p>ÔÚ Postgres ÔçÓÚ 6.5 µÄ°æ±¾£¬×î´óºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýȱʡÊÇ
-64£¬²¢ÇÒ¶ÔËüµÄÐÞ¸ÄÊ×ÏÈÐèÒªÐÞ¸Ä <i>include/storage/sinvaladt.h</i>
-ÀïµÄ MaxBackendId ³£Á¿£¬È»ºóÖØРBUILD¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="3.9"></a>3.9) pgsql_tmp Ŀ¼ÀﶼÓÐЩʲô£¿</h4>
-<p>¸ÃĿ¼Ï±£´æÁ˲éѯִÐÐÆ÷Éú³ÉµÄÁÙʱÎļþ¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûÐèҪΪÂú×ã
-<font size="-1">ORDER BY</font> Ìõ¼þ×öÅÅÐò£¬²¢ÇÒÅÅÐòÐèÒª±Èºǫ́µÄ -S
-²ÎÊý¸ø³öµÄ¸ü¶àµÄ¿Õ¼ä£¬ÄÇô¾Í»á´´½¨Ò»¸öÁÙʱÎļþ±£´æ¶à³öÀ´µÄÊý¾Ý¡£</p>
-<p>
-ÁÙʱÎļþÓ¦¸Ã×Ô¶¯É¾³ý£¬²»¹ýÈç¹ûÔÚÅÅÐò¹ý³ÌÖкǫ́±ÀÀ£Á˾ͿÉÄÜÁôÏÂÀ´¡£Í£Ö¹²¢ÖØÆð
-postmaster ½«»áɾ³ýÕâЩÎļþ¡£<br /></p>
-<h4><a name="3.10"></a>3.10) ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL ·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö
-dump ºÍ restore £¿</h4>
-<p>PostgreSQL ¿ª·¢×é¶Ôÿ´ÎСµÄÉý¼¶½ö×öÁ˽ÏÉÙµÄÐÞ¸Ä,Òò´Ë´Ó 7.2
-Éý¼¶µ½ 7.2.1 ²»ÐèÒª dump ºÍ restore¡£µ«ÊÇÖ÷ÒªµÄÉý¼¶£¨ÀýÈç´Ó 7.2 µ½
-7.3£©Í¨³£»áÐÞ¸Äϵͳ±íºÍÊý¾Ý±íµÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£ÕâЩ±ä»¯Ò»°ã±È½Ï¸´ÔÓ£¬Òò´ËÎÒÃDz»Î¬Êý¾ÝÎļþµÄÏòºó¼æÈÝ¡£dump
-½«Êý¾Ý°´ÕÕͨÓõĸñʽÊä³ö£¬Ëæºó¿ÉÒÔ±»ÖØмÓÔز¢Ê¹ÓÃеÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£</p>
-<p>´ÅÅÌÎļþ¸ñʽûÓб仯µÄÉý¼¶£¬¿ÉÒÔÓà <i>pg_upgrade</i>
-½Å±¾£¬¶ø²»ÐèÒª×ö dump ºÍ restor¡£·¢²¼ËµÃ÷script »áÖ¸Ã÷
-<i>pg_upgrade</i> ¶Ô¸Ã´ÎÉý¼¶ÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÓá£</p>
-<hr />
-<center>
-<h2>²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ</h2>
-</center>
-<h4><a name="4.1"></a>4.1)
-¶þ½øÖÆÓαêºÍÆÕͨÓαêÖ®¼äµÄÇø±ðÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
-²ÎÔÄ <font size="-1">DECLARE</font> ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢¡£
-<h4><a name="4.2"></a>4.2)ÈçºÎÖ» <font size="-1">SELECT</font>
-Ò»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿</h4>
-²ÎÔÄ <font size="-1">FETCH</font> ÊÖ²áÒ³£¬»òÕßʹÓà SELECT ...
-LIMIT....
-<p>¼´Ê¹ÄãÖ»ÐèÒª¿ªÍ·µÄ¼¸ÐУ¬Ò²»áÉæ¼°µ½Õû¸ö²éѯ¡£ÊÔ×ÅʹÓôøÓÐ
-<font size="-1">ORDER BY</font> µÄ²éѯ¡£Èç¹ûÓÐÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÓë
-<font size="-1">ORDER BY</font> Æ¥Å䣬PostgreSQL
-¿ÉÄܾÍÖ»´¦ÀíÒªÇóµÄÍ·¼¸Ìõ¼Ç¼£¬·ñÔò½«¶ÔÕû¸ö²éѯ½øÐд¦ÀíÖ±µ½Éú³ÉÐèÒªµÄÐС£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.3"></a>4.3) ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñÈ¡Ò»¸ö±íµÄÁÐ±í£¬»òÕßÊÇÆäËûÎÒÄÜÔÚ
-<i>psql</i> Àï¿´µ½µÄ¶«Î÷£¿</h4>
-Äã¿ÉÒÔÔĶÁ <i>psql</i>
-µÄÔ´´úÂëÎļþ<i>pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c</i> ¡£Ëü°üÀ¨ÎªÉú³É
-psql µÄ·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîµÄÊä³öµÄ SQL ÃüÁî¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø <i>-E</i> Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯
-<i>psql</i>£¬ÕâÑùËü½«´òÓ¡³öÖ´ÐÐÄã¸ø³öµÄÃüÁîËùÓõIJéѯ¡£
-<h4><a name="4.4"></a>4.4) ÔõÑù´Ó±íÀïÃæɾ³ýÒ»ÁУ¿</h4>
-<p>7.3 ÀïÔö¼ÓÁË <font size="-1">ALTER TABLE DROP
-COLUMN</font>£¬ÒÔÖ§³Ö´ËÏÄÜ¡£ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù×ö£º</p>
-<pre>
-    BEGIN;
-    LOCK TABLE old_table;
-    SELECT ...  -- select all columns but the one you want to remove
-    INTO TABLE new_table
-    FROM old_table;
-    DROP TABLE old_table;
-    ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
-    COMMIT;
-</pre>
-<h4><a name="4.5"></a>4.5)
-Ò»ÐУ¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿</h4>
-ÏÂÃæÊÇһЩÏÞÖÆ£º
-<pre>
-    Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿â×î´ó³ß´ç£¿   ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¨´æÔÚ 1TB µÄÊý¾Ý¿â£©
-    Ò»¸ö±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿    16TB
-    Ò»ÐеÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿      1.6TB
-     Ò»¸ö×ֶεÄ×î´ó³ß´ç?   1GB
-    Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÐÐÊý£¿     ÎÞÏÞÖÆ
-    Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÁÐÊý£¿     ¸úÁÐÀàÐÍÓйØ,250-1600
-    Ò»¸ö±íÀïµÄ×î´óË÷ÒýÊýÁ¿£¿ÎÞÏÞÖÆ
-</pre>
-µ±È»£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏûÓÐÕæÕýµÄÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¬»¹ÊÇÒªÊÜ¿ÉÓôÅÅ̿ռ䡢¿ÉÓÃÄÚ´æ/½»»»ÇøµÄÖÆÔ¼¡£
-<p>±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç 16 TB ²»ÐèÒª²Ù×÷ϵͳ¶Ô´óÎļþµÄÖ§³Ö¡£´ó±íÓöà¸ö 1 GB
-µÄÎļþ´æ´¢£¬Òò´ËÎļþϵͳ³ß´çµÄÏÞÖÆÊDz»ÖØÒªµÄ¡£</p>
-<p>Èç¹ûȱʡµÄ¿é´óСÔö³¤µ½ 32K
-£¬×î´óµÄ±í³ß´çºÍ×î´óÁÐÊý¿ÉÒÔÔö¼Ó¡£</p>
-<h4><a name=
-"4.6"></a>4.6)´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄƽÃæÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿</h4>
-Ò»¸ö Postgres
-Êý¾Ý¿â×î¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒªÏ൱ÓÚÔÚÒ»¸öƽÃæÎļþÀï´æ´¢ÏàͬÊý¾ÝµÄ5±¶µÄ´ÅÅ̿ռ䡣
-<p>ÀýÈ磬¼ÙÉèÓÐÒ»¸ö 100,000
-ÐеÄÎļþ£¬Ã¿ÐÐÓÐÒ»¸öÕûÊýºÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÃèÊö¡£¼ÙÉèÎı¾´®µÄƽ¾ù³¤¶Èλ20×Ö½Ú¡£Æ½ÃæÎļþÕ¼ÓÃ
-2.8 MB¡£´æ·ÅÕâЩÊý¾ÝµÄ PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿âÎļþ´óÔ¼ÊÇ 6.4 MB:</p>
-<pre>
-     36 ×Ö½Ú: ÿÐеÄÍ·£¨¹À¼ÆÖµ£©
-     24 ×Ö½Ú: Ò»¸öint×ֶκÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÐÍ×Ö¶Î
-   +  4 ×Ö½Ú: Ò³ÃæÄÚÖ¸ÏòÔª×éµÄÖ¸Õë
-   ----------------------------------------
-     64 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
-
-   PostgreSQL Êý¾ÝÒ³µÄ´óСÊÇ 8192 ×Ö½Ú (8 KB)£¬Ôò£º
-
-   8192 ×Ö½Úÿҳ
-   -------------------   =  128 ÐÐ/Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÏÂÈ¡Õû£©
-     64 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
-
-   100000 Êý¾ÝÐÐ
-   --------------------  =  782 Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÉÏÈ¡Õû£©
-      128 ÐÐÿҳ
-
-   782 Êý¾ÝÒ³ * 8192 ×Ö½Ú/Ò³  =  6,406,144 ×Ö½Ú£¨6.4 MB£©
-</pre>
-<p>
-Ë÷Òý²»ÐèÒªÕâô¶àµÄ¶îÍâÏûºÄ£¬µ«Ò²È·Êµ°üÀ¨±»Ë÷ÒýµÄÊý¾Ý£¬Òò´ËËüÃÇÒ²¿ÉÄܴܺó¡£</p>
-<p>¿ÕÖµ´æ·ÅÔÚλͼÖУ¬Òò´ËÕ¼ÓúÜÉٵĿռ䡣</p>
-<h4><a name="4.7"></a>4.7)
-ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿</h4>
-<i> psql</i> ÓÐÐí¶à·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîÓÃÓÚÏÔʾÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£Óà \?
-¿´¿´¶¼ÓÐÄÄЩ¡£ÒÔ pg_ ´òÍ·µÄϵͳ±íÒ²ÃèÊöÁËÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£ psql -l
-¿ÉÒÔÁгöËùÓеÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£
-<p>Ò²¿ÉÒÔÊÔÊÔÎļþ
-<i>pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source</i>¡£ËüÑÝʾÁËÐí¶à´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±íÀï»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢ÐèÒªµÄ
-<font size="-1">SELECT</font>¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.8"></a>4.8)
-ÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý»òÕßûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿</h4>
-<p>
-²¢·Çÿ¸ö²éѯ¶¼»á×Ô¶¯Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ±íµÄ´óС³¬¹ýÒ»¸ö×îСֵ£¬²¢ÇÒ²éѯֻѡÔñ±íÖнÏС±ÈÀýµÄÐÐʱ²ÉÓÃʹÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÕâÊÇÒòΪË÷ÒýɨÃèÒýÆðµÄËæ¼´´ÅÅÌ´æÈ¡¿ÉÄܱÈÖ±½ÓµØ¶ÁÈ¡±í£¨Ë³ÐòɨÃ裩¸üÂý¡£ÎªÁËÅжÏÊÇ·ñʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬PostgreSQL
-±ØÐë»ñµÃÓйرíµÄͳ¼ÆÖµ¡£ÕâЩͳ¼ÆÖµ¿ÉÒÔʹÓà VACUUM ANALYZE£¬»ò
-ANALYZE
-»ñµÃ¡£Ê¹ÓÃͳ¼ÆÖµ£¬ÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÖªµÀ±íÖÐÓжàÉÙÐУ¬¾ÍÄܹ»¸üºÃµØÅжÏÊÇ·ñÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£Í³¼ÆÖµ¶ÔÈ·¶¨ÓÅ»¯µÄÁ¬½Ó˳ÐòºÍÁ¬½Ó·½·¨Ò²ºÜÓÐÓá£ÔÚ±íµÄÄÚÈÝ·¢Éú±ä»¯Ê±£¬Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐͳ¼ÆÖµµÄ»ñÈ¡¡£</p>
-<p>Ë÷Òýͨ³£²»ÓÃÓÚ ORDER BY
-»òÖ´ÐÐÁ¬½Ó¡£¶ÔÒ»¸ö´ó±íµÄÒ»´Î˳ÐòɨÃ裬ÔÙ×öÒ»¸öÏÔʽµÄÅÅÐòͨ³£±ÈË÷ÒýɨÃèÒª¿ì¡£</p>
-<p>µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ LIMIT ºÍ ORDER BY
-½áºÏʹÓÃʱ¾­³£»áʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòΪֻ»á·µ»Ø±íµÄһС²¿·Ö¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ»
-MAX() ºÍ MIN() ²¢²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô ORDER BY ºÍ LLIMIT
-ʹÓÃË÷ÒýÈ¡µÃ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵҲÊÇ¿ÉÒԵģº<br />
-<br />
-    SELECT col<br />
-    FROM tab<br />
-    ORDER BY col [ DESC ]<br />
-    LIMIT 1;</p>
-<p>µ±Ê¹ÓÃͨÅä·û²Ù×÷£¬ÀýÈç LIKE »ò ~
-ʱ£¬Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜÔÚÌض¨µÄÇé¿öÏÂʹÓ㺠 </p>
-<ul>
-<li>×Ö·û´®µÄ¿ªÊ¼²¿·Ö±ØÐëÊÇÆÕͨ×Ö·û´®£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£º</li>
-<li>LIKE ģʽ²»ÄÜÒÔ % ´òÍ·¡£</li>
-<li>~ £¨ÕýÔò±í´ïʽ£©Ä£Ê½±ØÐëÒÔ ^ ´òÍ·¡£</li>
-<li>×Ö·û´®²»ÄÜÒÔÆ¥Åä¶à¸ö×Ö·ûµÄģʽÀà´òÍ·£¬ÀýÈç [a-e]¡£</li>
-<li>´óСдÎ޹صIJéÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE ºÍ ~* µÈ²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£µ«¿ÉÒÔÓà 4.12
-½ÚÃèÊöµÄº¯ÊýË÷Òý¡£</li>
-<li>ÔÚ×ö initdb ʱ±ØÐë²ÉÓÃȱʡµÄ±¾µØÉèÖà C locale¡£</li>
-</ul>
-<h4><a name="4.9"></a>4.9)
-ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑù´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯµÄ£¿</h4>
-²Î¿¼ <font size="-1">EXPLAIN</font> ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£
-<h4><a name="4.10"></a>4.10) R-tree Ë÷ÒýÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
-<p>R-tree Ë÷ÒýÓÃÓÚË÷Òý¿Õ¼äÊý¾Ý¡£Ò»¸ö¹þÏ£Ë÷ÒýÎÞ·¨´¦Àí·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£¶ø
-B-tree Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜ´¦ÀíһάµÄ·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£R-tree
-Ë÷Òý¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶àάÊý¾Ý¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹û¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒ»¸öÀàÐÍΪ point
-µÄ×Ö¶ÎÉϽ¨Á¢Ò»¸ö R-tree Ë÷Òý£¬ÄÇôϵͳÄܸü¸ßЧµØ»Ø´ðÀàËÆ
-¡°Ñ¡ÔñÔÚÒ»¸ö³¤·½Ðη¶Î§ÄÚµÄËùÓе㡱¡£<br />
-<br />
-ÃèÊö×î³õµÄ R-Tree Éè¼ÆµÄÕýʽÂÛÎÄÊÇ£º<br />
-<br />
-Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial
-Searching." Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data,
-45-57.<br />
-<br />
-Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚ Stonebraker µÄ¡°Readings in Database
-Systems¡±ÀïÕÒµ½ÕâƪÎÄÕ¡£<br />
-<br />
-ϵͳÄÚÖÃµÄ R-Tree ¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶à±ßÐκͷ½ÐΡ£ÀíÂÛÉÏ˵£¬R-tree
-¿ÉÒÔÀ©Õ¹Îª´¦Àí¸ü¶àάÊý¡£²»¹ýÔÚʵ¼ùÉÏ£¬À©Õ¹ R-trees
-ÐèÒªÒ»¶¨µÄ¹¤×÷Á¿£¬¶øÎÒÃÇĿǰûÓÐÈçºÎ×öµÄÎĵµ¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.11"></a>4.11) ʲôÊÇ»ùÒò²éѯÓÅ»¯£¨Genetic Query
-Optimization£©£¿</h4>
-<p>GEQO Ä£¿é²ÉÓûùÒòËã·¨£¨Genetic
-Algorithm£¬GA£©¼Ó¿ì¶à±íÁ¬½ÓµÄ²éѯÓÅ»¯¡£ËüÔÊÐíͨ¹ý·ÇÇî¾ÙËÑË÷´¦Àí´óµÄÁ¬½Ó²éѯ¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.12"></a>4.12)
-ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎÞ¹ØËÑË÷£¿</h4>
-<p>²Ù×÷·û ~ ´¦ÀíÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅ䣬¶ø ~*
-´¦Àí´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅä¡£´óдЩÎÞ¹ØµÄ LIKE ±äÖÖ³ÉΪ
-ILIKE¡£<br />
-<br />
-´óСдÎ޹صĵÈʽ±È½Ïͨ³£Ð´×ö£º<br />
-<br />
-    SELECT *<br />
-    FROM tab<br />
-    WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';<br />
-<br />
-ÕâÑù½«²»»áʹÓñê×¼µÄË÷Òý¡£µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸ö¿É±»ÀûÓõĺ¯ÊýË÷Òý:<br />
-<br />
-    CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));</p>
-<h4><a name="4.13"></a>4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ
-NULL£¿</h4>
-<p>Óà IS NULL ºÍ IS NOT NULL ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΡ£ <br /></p>
-<h4><a name="4.14"></a>4.14) ¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿</h4>
-<p>  ÀàÐÍ            ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ    ˵Ã÷<br />
-  --------------------------------------------------<br />
-  "char"        char         1¸ö×Ö·û character<br />
-  CHAR(#)      bpchar      
-¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×㶨Ò峤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë<br />
-  VARCHAR(#)  varchar    
-Ö¸¶¨ÁË×î´ó³¤¶È£¬±ä³¤×Ö·û´®£¬²»×㶨Ò峤¶ÈµÄ²¿·Ö²»²¹Æë<br />
-  TEXT           text         ´®³¤¶È½öÊÜÐеÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ<br />
-  BYTEA          bytea       ±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁУ¨±ä³¤µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£©<br />
-<br />
-ÔÚϵͳ±íºÍÔÚһЩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄ㽫¿´µ½ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ¡£ <br />
-<br />
-ÉÏÃæ×îºóËÄÖÖÀàÐÍÊÇ"varlena"£¨±ä³¤£©ÀàÐÍ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¿ªÍ·µÄËĸö×Ö½ÚÊdz¤¶È£¬ºóÃæ²ÅÊÇÊý¾Ý£©¡£ÓÚÊÇʵ¼ÊÕ¼ÓõĿռä±ÈÉùÃ÷µÄ´óСҪ¶àһЩ¡£È»¶øÕâЩÀàÐͶ¼¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ¹Ëõ´æ´¢£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓÃ
-TOAST ÍÑ»ú´æ´¢£¬Òò´Ë´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼äÒ²¿ÉÄܱÈÔ¤ÏëµÄÒªÉÙ¡£<br />
-<br />
-CHAR(n) ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶È»ù±¾²î²»¶àµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£VARCHAR(n)
-ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£TEXT
-ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢²»ÏÞÖƳ¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®£¬×î´ó¿É´ï 1G¡£BYTEA
-ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ°üº¬ NULL
-×Ö½Ú£¨¶þ½øÖƵÄ0£©µÄÖµ¡£ÕâЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÀàÐ͵ÄÐÔÄÜ¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.15.1"></a>4.15.1)
-ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
-<p>PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL
-Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磬<br />
-    CREATE TABLE person ( <br />
-        id SERIAL, <br />
-        name TEXT <br />
-        );<br />
-<br />
-»á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º <br />
-    <br />
-    CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;<br />
-    CREATE TABLE person ( <br />
-        id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),<br />
-        name TEXT <br />
-        );<br />
-    CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );<br />
-<br />
-²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐеÄ
-oid
-×Ö¶Î×÷Ϊһ¸öΨһֵ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒªÇãµ¹ºÍÖØÔØÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÄãÐèҪʹÓÃ
-pg_dump µÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£ </p>
-<h4><a name="4.15.2"></a>4.15.2)
-ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿</h4>
-<p>Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö
-SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓà <a href="#4.15.1">4.15.1</a>
-ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º <br />
-<br />
-    new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");<br />
-    execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise
-Pascal')");<br />
-<br />
-ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person
-±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ
-&lt;table&gt;_&lt;serialcolumn&gt;_seq£¬ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn
-·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£ <br />
-<br />
-ÀàËƵģ¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ
-SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磬 <br />
-<br />
-    execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise
-Pascal')");<br />
-    new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");<br />
-<br />
-×îºó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ´Ó INSERT Óï¾ä·µ»ØµÄ <a href="4.16">OID</a>
-²éÕÒȱʡֵ£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×îȱ·¦ÒÆÖ²ÐԵķ½·¨¡£ÔÚ Perl ÀʹÓôøÓÐ
-Edmund Mergl µÄ DBD::Pg Ä£¿éµÄ DBI£¬oid Öµ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý
-$sth-&gt;execute() ºóµÄ $sth-&gt;{pg_oid_status} »ñµÃ¡£ </p>
-<h4><a name="4.15.3"></a>4.15.3) ʹÓà currval() ºÍ nextval()
-»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÓëÆäËûÓû§Ö®¼äµÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿öÂð£¿</h4>
-<p>²»»á¡£currval()
-·µ»Øºǫ́½ø³Ì¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§¸³ÓèµÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£<br /></p>
-<h4><a name="4.15.4"></a>4.15.4)
-Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿</h4>
-<p>
-ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÖ»ÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊø֮ǰ²»·âËø¡£Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂزÕÛÊÂÎñºóµÄÐòÁкųöÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£</p>
-<h4><br />
-<a name="4.16"></a>4.16) ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ TID£¿</h4>
-<p>OID ÊÇ PostgreSQL ÖÐÐеÄΨһ±êʶ¡£PostgreSQL
-Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐж¼»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ OID¡£ËùÓÐÔÚ initdb ¹ý³ÌÖд´½¨µÄ OID
-¶¼Ð¡ÓÚ 16384 £¨²Î¼û include/access/transam.h£©¡£ËùÓÐÓû§´´½¨µÄ OID
-¶¼´óÓÚ»òµÈÓÚÕâ¸öÖµ¡£È±Ê¡Ê±£¬ËùÓÐÕâЩ OID
-²»½öÔÚÒ»¸ö±í»òÒ»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÀïÃæΨһ£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL
-°²×°ÀïÒ²ÊÇΨһµÄ¡£ <br />
-<br />
-PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓà OID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£ÕâЩ OID
-¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚ±êʶÌض¨µÄÓû§ÐÐÒÔ¼°ÓÃÔÚÁ¬½ÓÀï¡£½¨ÒéʹÓÃ×Ö¶ÎÀàÐÍ OID ´æ´¢
-OID Öµ¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚ OID ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ´´½¨Ò»¸öË÷ÒýÒÔ¿ìËÙ·ÃÎÊ¡£ <br />
-<br />
-OID ´ÓÒ»¸ö±»ËùÓÐÊý¾Ý¿âʹÓõÄÖÐÐÄÇøÓòÀ︳ֵ¸øËùÓÐÐÂÐС£Èç¹ûÄãÏë°Ñ
-OID ¸Ä³É±ðµÄÖµ£¬»òÕßÏë×öÒ»·Ý±íµÄ´øԭʼ OID µÄ¿½±´£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ×öµ½£º
-<br />
-<br />
-    CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int);<br />
-    SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;<br />
-    COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';<br />
-    DELETE FROM new;<br />
-    COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';<br />
-<br />
-OID
-ÓÃ4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý±£´æ£¬ÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö¡£Ã»ÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ³öÏÖ¹ýÒç³ö£¬¶øÎÒÃÇ´òËãÔÚÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ֮ǰÏû³ýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£<br />
-
-<br />
-TID ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌض¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£TID
-ÔÚÐб»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔغó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.17"></a>4.17) PostgreSQL
-ʹÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
-<p>
-һЩԴ´úÂëºÍһЩ¾ÉÒ»µãµÄÎĵµÊ¹ÓÃһЩÓиü³£ÓÃÓ÷¨µÄÊõÓï¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»²¿·Ö£º
-<br />
-    table, relation, class <br />
-    row, record, tuple <br />
-    column, field, attribute <br />
-    retrieve, select <br />
-    replace, update <br />
-    append, insert <br />
-    OID, serial value <br />
-    portal, cursor <br />
-    range variable, table name, table alias <br />
-<br />
-ÓÐÒ»¸öͨÓÃÊý¾Ý¿âÊõÓïµÄÁÐ±í£º<a href=
-"http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html">http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html</a>
-¡£  </p>
-<h4><a name="4.18"></a>4.18) ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎó¡°<i>ERROR: Memory
-exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿</h4>
-<p>
-ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯
-postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ <br />
-<br />
-    ulimit -d 262144<br />
-    limit datasize 256m<br />
-<br />
-È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓõÄ
-shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£¬Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐк󴴽¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐпͻ§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.19"></a>4.19) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL
-µÄ°æ±¾£¿</h4>
-<p>´Ó psql À¼üÈë SELECT version()£»<br /></p>
-<h4><a name="4.20"></a>4.20)
-ΪʲôÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°<i>invalid large obj
-descriptor¡±£¨·Ç·¨µÄ´ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©</i>£¿</h4>
-<p>ÄãÐèÒªÔÚʹÓÃÈκδó¶ÔÏó¾ä±úµÄÇ°ºó·ÅÉÏ BEGIN WORK ºÍ
-COMMIT£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬°üΧ lo_open ... lo_close¡£ <br />
-<br />
-Ŀǰ PostgreSQL
-Ç¿ÖÆʵʩÕâÌõ¹æÔò£ºÔÚÊÂÎñÌύʱ¹Ø±Õ´ó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú£¬ÕâÑù£¬£¨Ã»ÓвÉÓÃÊÂÎñʱ£©£¬Ê״ζԴó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú×öÈκÎÊÂÇéµÄÆóͼ¶¼»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸ö
-invalid large obj
-descriptor¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÄãûÓÐʹÓÃÒ»¸öÊÂÎñ£¬ÒÔÇ°Äܹ¤×÷µÄ´úÂ루ÖÁÉÙÊÇ´ó¶àÊýʱ¼ä£©½«»áÉú³ÉÕâôһ¸ö´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡£
-<br />
-<br />
-Èç¹ûÄãʹÓÿͻ§¶Ë½Ó¿Ú£¬Èç ODBC£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜÐèÒª set auto-commit off¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.21"></a>4.21)
-ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
-<p>ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º<br />
-<br />
-    CREATE TABLE test(x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT
-CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);</p>
-<h4><a name="4.22"></a>4.22) ΪʲôʹÓà IN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿</h4>
-<p>
-Ä¿Ç°£¬ÎÒÃÇͨ¹ýΪÍâ²éѯµÄÿһÐÐ˳ÐòɨÃè×Ó²éѯµÄ½á¹ûÀ´Á¬½Ó×Ó²éѯºÍÍâ²éѯ¡£Èç¹û×Ó²éѯ·µ»ØÉÙÊý¼¸ÐУ¬¶øÍâ²éѯ·µ»ØºÜ¶àÐУ¬IN
-Ö´Ðеúܿ졣ΪÁ˼ӿìÆäËû IN ²éѯµÄÖ´ÐУ¬¿ÉÒÔÓà EXISTS Ìæ»» IN£º
-<br />
-<br />
-    SELECT *<br />
-    FROM tab<br />
-    WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab);<br />
-<br />
-¸ÄΪ£º <br />
-<br />
-    SELECT *<br />
-    FROM tab<br />
-    WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol =
-col);<br />
-<br />
-ºóÕßÒªÏëÖ´Ðеøü¿ì£¬subcol
-Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÁС£ÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÔÚδÀ´µÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÖÐÐÞ²¹Õâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.23"></a>4.23) ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join
-£¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿</h4>
-<p>PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º<br />
-<br />
-    SELECT *<br />
-    FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);<br />
-<br />
-»ò <br />
-    SELECT *<br />
-    FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);<br />
-<br />
-ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µâ»?t1
-ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT
-OUTER JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER
-JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£¹Ø¼ü×Ö OUTER
-ÔÚ×ó[Íâ]Á¬½Ó¡¢ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½ÓºÍÍêÈ«[Íâ]Á¬½ÓÖÐÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ£¬ÆÕͨÁ¬½Ó±»³ÉΪÄÚÁ¬½Ó£¨INNER
-JOIN£©¡£<br />
-<br />
-ÔÚ´ËÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬ÍâÁ¬½Ó¿ÉÒÔÓà UNION ºÍ NOT IN
-À´Ä£Äâ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ÓÔÚ±í tab1 ºÍ tab2 Ö®¼ä×öÍâÁ¬½Ó£º<br />
-<br />
-    SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2<br />
-    FROM tab1, tab2<br />
-    WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1<br />
-<br />
-    UNION ALL<br />
-<br />
-    SELECT tab1.col1, NULL<br />
-    FROM tab1<br />
-    WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)<br />
-    ORDER BY col1</p>
-<h4><a name="4.24"></a>4.24) ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿</h4>
-<p>ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ÒòΪ PostgreSQL
-¼ÓÔØÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳĿ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐҲδÃ÷È·¡£<br />
-
-<br />
-contrib/dblink
-ÔÊÐí²ÉÓú¯Êýµ÷ÓÃʵÏÖ¿ç¿â²éѯ¡£µ±È»¿ÉÒÔͬʱÁ¬½Óµ½²»Í¬µÄÊý¾Ý¿â²¢ÔÚ¿Í»§¶ËºÏ²¢½á¹û¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.25"></a>4.25) ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿</h4>
-<p>¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PL/pgSQL º¯ÊýÖÐʹÓà refcursors ·µ»Ø½á¹û¼¯¡£²Î¿´ <a href=
-"http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html</a>,
-23.7.3.3½Ú¡£<br /></p>
-<h4><a name="4.26"></a>4.26) ΪʲôÔÚ PL/PgSQL
-º¯ÊýÖв»ÄÜ¿É¿¿µØ´´½¨»òɾ³ýÁÙʱ±í£¿</h4>
-<p>PL/PgSQL »º´æº¯ÊýµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö²»ºÃµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊÇÈôÒ»¸ö
-PL/PgSQL
-º¯Êý·ÃÎÊÁËÒ»¸öÁÙʱ±í£¬È»ºó¸Ã±í±»É¾³ý²¢Öؽ¨ÁË£¬ÔòÔٴε÷Óøú¯Êý½«Ê§°Ü£¬ÒòΪ»º´æµÄº¯ÊýÄÚÈÝÈÔȻָÏò¾ÉµÄÁÙʱ±í¡£½â¾öµÄ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ
-PL/PgSQL ÖÐÓÃ EXECUTE
-¶ÔÁÙʱ±í½øÐзÃÎÊ¡£ÕâÑù»á±£Ö¤²éѯÔÚÖ´ÐÐÇ°×ÜÊÇÖØзÖÎö¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.27"></a>4.27) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ï</h4>
-<p>
-Óм¸ÖÖÖ÷/´Ó·½Ê½µÄ¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ïî¡£ÕâЩѡÏîÖ»ÔÊÐíÖ÷Êý¾Ý¿â½øÐиüУ¬´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âÖ»ÄܽøÐжÁ¡£ÍøÒ³
-<a href=
-"http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research">http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research</a>
- µÄ×îºóÁгöÁËÕâЩѡÏî¡£ÔÚ <a href=
-"http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php">
-http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php</a>
-ÕýÔÚ½øÐÐÒ»¸ö¶àÖ÷±¾¸´ÖƵĽâ¾ö·½°¸¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="4.28"></a>4.28) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¼ÓÃÜÑ¡Ï</h4>
-<p>contrib/pgcrypto °üº¬Á˺ܶàÔÚ SQL
-²éѯÖÐʹÓõļÓÃܺ¯Êý¡£¼ÓÃÜ¿Í»§¶Ëµ½·þÎñÆ÷¶Ë´«ÊäÊý¾ÝµÄΨһ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ
-pg_hba.conf ÖвÉÓà hostss ¡£ <br />
-<br />
-7.3 °æ±¾ÖÐ×Ô¶¯¶ÔÊý¾Ý¿âÓû§ÃÜÂë½øÐмÓÃÜ¡£ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬±ØÐëÔÚ
-postgresql.conf Öдò¿ª PASSWORD_ENCRYPTION
-Ñ¡Ïî¡£·þÎñÆ÷¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚ¼ÓÃܵÄÎļþϵͳÉÏ£¨ÒÔ´ïµ½¼ÓÃܵÄÄ¿µÄ£©¡£<br />
-<br />
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p>
-<h2 align="center">À©Õ¹ PostgreSQL</h2>
-<h4><a name="5.1"></a>5.1) ÎÒдÁËÒ»¸öÓû§¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£µ±ÎÒÔÚ psql
-ÀïÔËÐÐʱ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´»áµ¼Ö core dump£¿</h4>
-<p>
-²úÉúÕâ¸öÎÊÌâµÄÔ­ÒòºÜ¶à¡£ÇëÏÈÔÚÒ»¸öµ¥¶ÀµÄ²âÊÔ³ÌÐòÖвâÊÔÄãµÄ×Ô¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="5.2"></a>5.2) ÎÒÈçºÎÄܸø PostgreSQL
-¹±Ï×һЩͦ²»´íµÄÐÂÀàÐͺͺ¯Êý£¿</h4>
-<p>½«ÄãµÄÀ©Õ¹·¢Ë͵½ pgsql-hackers ÓʼþÁÐ±í£¬ËüÃÇ×îÖջᱻ·Åµ½
-contrib/ ×ÓĿ¼¡£<br /></p>
-<h4><a name="5.3"></a>5.3) ÎÒÔõÑùдһ¸ö·µ»ØÒ»ÌõÔª×éµÄ C º¯Êý£¿</h4>
-<p>ÔÚ PostgreSQL 7.3 ÒÔºóµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬C, PL/PgSQL ºÍ SQL
-ÍêÈ«Ö§³Ö·µ»ØֵΪ±íµÄº¯Êý¡£¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢Çë²Î¿¼ ³ÌÐòÔ±Ö¸ÄÏ£¨the
-Programmer's Guide£©¡£ÔÚ contrib/tablefunc ÖÐÓÐÒ»¸öÀý×ÓÊÇÓà C
-дµÄ·µ»ØֵΪ±íµÄº¯Êý¡£</p>
-<h4><a name="5.4"></a>5.4)
-ÎÒÐÞ¸ÄÁËÒ»¸öÔ´Îļþ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ÖØбàÒëºóûÓп´µ½¸Ä±ä£¿</h4>
-<p>Makefiles ÖÐûÓаüº¬Í·ÎļþµÄÕýÈ·ÒÀÀµ¡£Äú±ØÐëÏÈ×ömake clean£¬
-ÔÙ×öÒ»´Î make ¡£Èç¹ûÄúʹÓõÄÊÇ GCC £¬Ôò¿ÉÒÔ²ÉÓÃÑ¡Ïî --enable-depend
-ÈñàÒëÆ÷×Ô¶¯Éú³ÉÍ·ÎļþµÄÒÀÀµ¹Øϵ¡£</p>
-</body>
-</html>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"\r
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">\r
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" dir="ltr">\r
+  <head>\r
+    <title>\r
+      PostgreSQL: PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©\r
+    </title>\r
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=gb2312" />\r
+  </head>\r
+\r
+  <body>\r
+\r
+<h1>PostgreSQL ³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©</h1>\r
+<p>\r
+×î½ü¸üУº2005 Äê 06 Ô 02 ÈÕ ÐÇÆÚÎå 22:27:35 CST\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       Ŀǰά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºBruce Momjian (<a href="mailto:pgman@candle.pha.pa.us">pgman@candle.pha.pa.us</a>)<br/>\r
+       ÖÐÎÄ°æά»¤ÈËÔ±£ºdoudou586 £¨doudou586_2005@yahoo.com.cn£©\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ±¾ÎĵµµÄ×îа汾¿ÉÒÔÔÚ\r
+       <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html">http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ.html</a>²é¿´¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       Óë²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨Ïà¹ØµÄÎÊÌâÔÚ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/">http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faq/</a>Àï»Ø´ð¡£<br/>\r
+</p>\r
+<hr/>\r
+\r
+<div><h2>³£¼ûÎÊÌâ</h2></div>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+<a href="#1.1">1.1</a>)PostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿¸ÃÔõô·¢Òô£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#1.2">1.2</a>)PostgreSQL µÄ°æȨÊÇʲô£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#1.3">1.3</a>)PostgreSQL ¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚÄÄЩ²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨ÉÏ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#1.4">1.4</a>)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#1.5">1.5</a>)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#1.6">1.6</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#1.7">1.7</a>)×îаæµÄPostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#1.8">1.8</a>)Äܹ»»ñÈ¡µÄ×îÐÂÎĵµÓÐÄÄЩ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#1.9">1.9</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎÁ˽âÒÑÖªµÄ BUG »òÔÝȱµÄ¹¦ÄÜ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#1.10">1.10</a>)ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùѧϰ SQL £¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#1.11">1.11</a>)ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飿<br/>\r
+<a href="#1.12">1.12</a>)PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËûÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±ÈÆðÀ´ÈçºÎ£¿<br/>          \r
+<a href="#1.13">1.13</a>)Ë­¿ØÖƺ͹ÜÀíPostgreSQL £¿\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<div><h2>Óû§¿Í»§¶ËÎÊÌâ</h2></div>\r
+<p>\r
+<a href="#2.1">2.1</a>)ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÃʲôÓïÑÔºÍ PostgreSQL ´ò½»µÀ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#2.2">2.2</a>)ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web Ò³Ã棿<br/>\r
+<a href="#2.3">2.3</a>)PostgreSQL ÓµÓÐͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæÂð£¿<br/>\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<div><h2>ϵͳ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ</h2></div>\r
+<p>\r
+<a href="#3.1">3.1</a>)ÎÒÔõÑù²ÅÄÜ°Ñ PostgreSQL ×°ÔÚ /usr/local/pgsql ÒÔÍâµÄµØ·½£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#3.2">3.2</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎ¿ØÖÆÀ´×ÔÆäËûÖ÷»úµÄÁ¬½Ó£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#3.3">3.3</a>)ÎÒÔõÑùµ÷ÕûÊý¾Ý¿âÒýÇæÒÔ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#3.4">3.4</a>)PostgreSQL Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#3.5">3.5</a>)ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many clients¡± ÏûÏ¢£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#3.6">3.6</a>)ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL Ö÷Òª·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö dump ºÍ restore £¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#3.7">3.7</a>)(ʹÓÃPostgreSQL)ÎÒÐèҪʹÓÃʲô¼ÆËã»úÓ²¼þ £¿<br/>\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<div><h2>²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ</h2></div>\r
+<p>\r
+<a href="#4.1">4.1</a>)ÈçºÎֻѡÔñÒ»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿»òÊÇËæ»úµÄÒ»ÐУ¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.2">4.2</a>)ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿ÈçºÎ²é¿´<i>psql</i>ÀïÓõ½µÄ²éѯָÁî²¢ÏÔʾËüÃÇ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.3">4.3</a>)ÈçºÎ¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×ֶεÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.4">4.4</a>)Ò»ÐмǼ£¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.5">4.5</a>)´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÎı¾ÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.6">4.6</a>)ΪʲôÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕâЩ²éѯûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.7">4.7</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑùÆÀ¹À´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯµÄ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.8">4.8</a>)ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽ²éÕÒ£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎ޹زéÕÒ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.9">4.9</a>)ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ NULL£¿ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ׼ȷÅÅÐò¶ø²»ÂÛij×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñº¬NULLÖµ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.10">4.10</a>)¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.11.1">4.11.1</a>)ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.11.2">4.11.2</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.11.3">4.11.3</a>)ʹÓà currval() »áµ¼ÖºÍÆäËûÓû§µÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿ö£¨race condition£©Âð£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.11.4">4.11.4</a>)Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.12">4.12</a>)ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ CTID £¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.13">4.13</a>)ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°<i>ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.14">4.14</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.15">4.15</a>)ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.16">4.16</a>)ÈçºÎ½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.17">4.17</a>)ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.18">4.18</a>)ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.19">4.19</a>)ΪʲôÎÒÔÚʹÓÃPL/PgSQLº¯Êý´æÈ¡ÁÙʱ±íʱ»áÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°relation with OID ##### does not exist¡±£¿<br/>\r
+<a href="#4.20">4.20</a>)Ä¿Ç°ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸¿ÉÓã¿<br/>\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<hr/>\r
+\r
+<div><h2>³£¼ûÎÊÌâ</h2></div>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.1"></a>1.1)PostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿¸ÃÔõô·¢Òô£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+PostgreSQL ¶Á×÷ <i>Post-Gres-Q-L</i>£¬ÓÐʱºòÒ²¼ò³ÆΪ<i>Postgres</i> ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       PostgreSQL ÊÇÃæÏòÄ¿±êµÄ¹ØϵÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ£¬Ëü¾ßÓд«Í³ÉÌÒµÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳµÄËùÓй¦ÄÜ£¬Í¬Ê±ÓÖº¬Óн«ÔÚÏÂÒ»´ú DBMS ϵͳµÄʹÓõÄÔöÇ¿ÌØÐÔ¡£\r
+       PostgreSQL ÊÇ×ÔÓÉÃâ·ÑµÄ£¬²¢ÇÒËùÓÐÔ´´úÂ붼¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       PostgreSQL µÄ¿ª·¢¶ÓÎéÖ÷ҪΪ־ԸÕߣ¬ËûÃDZ鲼ÊÀ½ç¸÷µØ²¢Í¨¹ý»¥ÁªÍø½øÐÐÁªÏµ£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öÉçÇø¿ª·¢ÏîÄ¿£¬Ëü²»±»Èκι«Ë¾¿ØÖÆ¡£\r
+       ÈçÏë¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飬Çë²Î¼û¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±³£¼ûÎÊÌ⣨FAQ£©\r
+       <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html">http://www.postgresql.org/files/documentation/faqs/FAQ_DEV.html</a>\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.2"></a>1.2)PostgreSQL µÄ°æȨÊÇʲô?</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+PostgreSQLµÄ·¢²¼×ñ´Ó¾­µäµÄBSD°æȨ¡£¹ØÓÚÔ´´úÂëµÄÈçºÎʹÓÃûÓÐÈκÎÏÞÖÆ£¬ÎÒÃǺÜϲ»¶ÕâÖÖ·½Ê½²¢ÇÒ»¹Ã»ÓдòËã¸Ä±äËü¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+ÏÂÃæ¾ÍÊÇÎÒÃÇʹÓõÄBSD°æȨÄÚÈÝ£º\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       ²¿·Ö°æȨ£¨c£©1996-2005£¬PostgreSQL È«Çò¿ª·¢Ð¡×飬²¿·Ö°æȨ£¨c£©1994-1996 ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶­ÊÂ\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       £¨Portions copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group Portions Copyright (c) 1994-6 Regents of the University of California£©\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       ÔÊÐíΪÈκÎÄ¿µÄʹÓ㬿½±´£¬Ð޸ĺͷַ¢Õâ¸öÈí¼þºÍËüµÄÎĵµ¶ø²»ÊÕÈ¡ÈκηÑÓã¬\r
+       ²¢ÇÒÎÞÐëÇ©ÊðÒò´Ë¶ø²úÉúµÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬Ç°ÌáÊÇÉÏÃæµÄ°æȨÉùÃ÷ºÍ±¾¶ÎÒÔ¼°ÏÂÃæÁ½¶ÎÎÄ×Ö³öÏÖÔÚËùÓп½±´ÖС£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       £¨Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its           \r
+       documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is           \r
+       hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and           \r
+       the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.£©\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       ÔÚÈκÎÇé¿öÏ£¬¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶¼²»³Ðµ£ÒòʹÓôËÈí¼þ¼°ÆäÎĵµ¶øµ¼ÖµĶÔÈκε±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÖ±½ÓµÄ£¬\r
+       ¼ä½ÓµÄ£¬ÌØÊâµÄ£¬¸½¼ÓµÄ»òÕßÏà°é¶øÉúµÄË𻵣¬°üÀ¨ÀûÒæËðʧµÄÔðÈΣ¬¼´Ê¹¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÒѾ­½¨ÒéÁËÕâЩËðʧµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔʱҲÊÇÈç´Ë¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       £¨IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BE LIABLE TO ANY PARTY FOR           \r
+       DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING LOST           \r
+       PROFITS, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE AND ITS DOCUMENTATION, EVEN IF           \r
+       THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH           \r
+       DAMAGE.£©\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÃ÷È··ÅÆúÈκα£Ö¤£¬°üÀ¨µ«²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚijһÌض¨ÓÃ;µÄÉÌÒµºÍÀûÒæµÄÒþº¬±£Ö¤¡£\r
+       ÕâÀïÌṩµÄÕâ·ÝÈí¼þÊÇ»ùÓÚ¡°µ±×÷ÊÇ¡±µÄ»ù´¡µÄ£¬Òò¶ø¼ÓÖÝ´óѧûÓÐÔðÈÎÌṩά»¤£¬Ö§³Ö£¬¸üУ¬ÔöÇ¿»òÕßÐ޸ĵķþÎñ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       £¨THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT           \r
+       NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A           \r
+       PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE SOFTWARE PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND           \r
+       THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA HAS NO OBLIGATIONS TO PROVIDE MAINTENANCE,           \r
+       SUPPORT, UPDATES, ENHANCEMENTS, OR MODIFICATIONS.£©<br/>          \r
+\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.3"></a>1.3)PostgreSQL ¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚÄÄЩ²Ù×÷ϵͳƽ̨ÉÏ£¿</h4>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       Ò»°ã˵À´£¬Ò»¸öÏÖ´úµÄ UNIX ¼æÈݵÄƽ̨¶¼ÄÜÔËÐÐ PostgreSQL ¡£ÔÚ°²×°Ö¸ÄÏÀïÁгöÁË·¢²¼Ê±¾­¹ýÃ÷È·²âÊÔµÄƽ̨¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+   PostgreSQlÒ²¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔËÐÐÔÚ»ùÓÚ΢ÈíWindows-NTµÄ²Ù×÷ϵͳ£¬ÈçWin2000£¬WinXP ºÍ Win2003£¬ÒÑÖÆ×÷Íê³ÉµÄ°²×°°ü¿É´Ó\r
+   <a href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller">http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pginstaller</a>ÏÂÔØ£¬»ùÓÚMSDOSµÄWindows²Ù×÷ϵͳ\r
+   £¨Win95£¬Win98£¬WinMe£©ÐèҪͨ¹ýCygwinÄ£Äâ»·¾³ÔËÐÐPostgreSQL¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+  ͬʱҲÓÐÒ»¸öΪNovell Netware 6¿ª·¢µÄ°æ±¾¿É´Ó<a href="http://forge.novell.com"> http://forge.novell.com </a>»ñÈ¡£¬ÎªOS/2¿ª·¢µÄ°æ±¾¿É´Ó\r
+  <a href="http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F">\r
+  http://hobbes.nmsu.edu/cgi-bin/h-search?sh=1&amp;button=Search&amp;key=postgreSQL&amp;stype=all&amp;sort=type&amp;dir=%2F</a>\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.4"></a>1.4)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿</h4>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+  ͨ¹ýä¯ÀÀÆ÷¿É´Ó<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/">http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/</a>ÏÂÔØ£¬Ò²¿Éͨ¹ýFTP£¬´Ó\r
+  <a href="ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/">ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/</a>Õ¾µãÏÂÔØ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.5"></a>1.5)ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+    PostgreSQLÉçÇøͨ¹ýÓʼþÁбíΪÆä´ó¶àÊýÓû§Ìṩ°ïÖú£¬¼ÓÈëÓʼþÁбíµÄÖ÷Õ¾µãÊÇ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/community/lists/"> http://www.postgresql.org/community/lists/</a>£¬Ò»°ãÇé¿öÏ£¬ÏȼÓÈë<i>General</i> »ò <i>Bug</i>ÓʼþÁбíÊÇÒ»¸ö½ÏºÃµÄ¿ªÊ¼¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       Ö÷ÒªµÄIRCƵµÀÊÇÔÚFreeNode(<i>irc.freenode.net</i>)µÄ<i>#postgresql</i>£¬ÎªÁËÁ¬ÉÏ´ËƵµÀ£¬¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃUNIX³ÌÐòirc£¬ÆäÖ¸Áî¸ñʽ£º\r
+       irc -c '#postgresql' "$USER" irc.freenode.net £¬»òÕßʹÓÃÆäËûIRC¿Í»§¶Ë³ÌÐò¡£ÔÚ´ËÍøÂçÖл¹´æÔÚÒ»¸öPostgreSQLµÄÎ÷°àÑÀƵµÀ(<i>#postgersql-es</i>)ºÍ·¨ÓïƵµÀ\r
+       (<i>#postgresql-fr</i>)¡£Í¬ÑùµØ£¬ÔÚEFNETÉÏÒ²ÓÐÒ»¸öPostgreSQLµÄ½»Á÷ƵµÀ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       ÉÌÒµÖ§³Ö¹«Ë¾µÄÁбíÔÚ<a href=" http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php"> http://techdocs.postgresql.org/companies.php</a>¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.6"></a>1.6)ÎÒÈçºÎÌá½»Ò»¸öBUG±¨¸æ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ¿É·ÃÎÊ <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug">http://www.postgresql.org/support/submitbug</a>£¬ÌîдBugÉϱ¨±í¸ñ¼´¿É¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+    ͬÑùÒ²¿É·ÃÎÊftpÕ¾µã<a href="ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/">ftp://ftp.PostgreSQL.org/pub/</a> ¼ì²éÓÐÎÞ¸üеÄPostgreSQL°æ±¾»ò²¹¶¡¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.7"></a>1.7)×îаæµÄPostgreSQL ÊÇʲô£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇ°æ±¾ 8.0.2 £¨Òë×¢£ºÏÖ×îа汾Ϊ8.0.3£©¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       ÎÒÃǼƻ®Ã¿Äê·¢²¼Ò»¸öÖ÷Òª°æ±¾£¬Ã¿¼¸¸öÔ·¢²¼Ò»¸öС°æ±¾¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.8"></a>1.8)Äܹ»»ñÈ¡µÄ×îÐÂÎĵµÓÐÄÄЩ£¿</h4>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       PostgreSQL°üº¬´óÁ¿µÄÎĵµ£¬Ö÷ÒªÓÐһЩÊֲᣬÊÖ²áÒ³ºÍһЩµÄ²âÊÔÀý×Ó¡£²Î¼û /doc Ŀ¼£¨Òë×¢£ºÓ¦Îª $PGHOME/doc£©¡£\r
+       Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚÏßä¯ÀÀ PostgreSQL µÄÊֲᣬÆäµØÖ·ÊÇ£º<a href="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs</a>¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÓÐÁ½±¾¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL µÄÊéÔÚÏßÌṩ£¬ÔÚ\r
+       <a href="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/awbook.html</a>\r
+       ºÍ <a href="http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/">http://www.commandprompt.com/ppbook/</a> ¡£\r
+       Ò²ÓдóÁ¿µÄPostgreSQLÊé¼®¿É¹©¹ºÂò£¬ÆäÖÐ×îΪÁ÷ÐеÄÒ»±¾ÊÇÓÉKorry Douglas±àдµÄ¡£ÔÚ \r
+       <a href="http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php">http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/techdocs/bookreviews.php</a>ÉÏ\r
+       ÉÏÓдóÁ¿ÓйØPostgreSQLÊé¼®µÄ¼ò½é¡£\r
+       ÔÚ <a href="http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/">http://techdocs.PostgreSQL.org/</a>ÉÏÊÕ¼¯ÁËÓÐ¹Ø PostgreSQL µÄ´óÁ¿¼¼ÊõÎÄÕ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       ¿Í»§¶ËµÄÃüÁîÐгÌÐò<i>psql</i>ÓÐһЩÒÔ \d ¿ªÍ·µÄÃüÁ¿ÉÏÔʾ¹ØÓÚÀàÐÍ£¬²Ù×÷·û£¬º¯Êý£¬»ã×ܵȵÄÐÅÏ¢£¬Ê¹Óà \? ¿ÉÒÔÏÔʾËùÓпÉÓõÄÃüÁî¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       ÎÒÃÇµÄ web Õ¾µã°üº¬¸ü¶àµÄÎĵµ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.9"></a>1.9)ÎÒÈçºÎÁ˽âÒÑÖªµÄ BUG »òÔÝȱµÄ¹¦ÄÜ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       PostgreSQL Ö§³ÖÒ»¸öÀ©Õ¹Á赀 SQL-92 µÄ×Ó¼¯¡£²ÎÔÄÎÒÃǵÄ<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.TODO.html">TODO</a> ÁÐ±í£¬»ñÈ¡Ò»¸öÒÑÖªBug£¬ÔÝȱµÄ¹¦Äܺͽ«À´µÄ¼Æ»®¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.10"></a>1.10)ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùѧϰ SQL £¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       Ê×ÏÈ¿¼ÂÇÉÏÊöÌáµ½µÄÓëPostgreSQLÏà¹ØµÄÊé¼®£¬ÁíÍâÒ»±¾ÊÇ<i>Teach Yourself SQL in 21 Days, Second Edition</i>£¬\r
+       ÎÒÃǵÄÐí¶àÓû§Ï²»¶<i>The Practical SQL Handbook</i> Bowman, Judith S., et al., Addison-Wesley£¬ÆäËûµÄÔòϲ»¶\r
+       <i>The Complete Reference SQL</i>, Groff et al., McGraw-Hill¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.11"></a>1.11)ÎÒÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù¼ÓÈ뿪·¢¶ÓÎ飿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       Ïê¼û<a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.FAQ_DEV.html"> Developer's FAQ </a>¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.12"></a>1.12)PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËûÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±ÈÆðÀ´ÈçºÎ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+ÆÀ¼ÛÈí¼þÓкü¸ÖÖ·½·¨£ºÌØÐÔ£¬ÐÔÄÜ£¬¿É¿¿ÐÔ£¬Ö§³ÖºÍ¼Û¸ñ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<dl>\r
+       <dt><b>ÌØÐÔ</b></dt>\r
+       <dd>\r
+               PostgreSQL ÓµÓдóÐÍÉÌÓà DBMS Àï´ó¶àÊýÌØÐÔ£¬\r
+               ÀýÈ磺ÊÂÎñ£¬×Ó²éѯ£¬´¥·¢Æ÷£¬ÊÓͼ£¬Íâ¼ü²Î¿¼ÍêÕûÐԺ͸´ÔÓµÄËøµÈ¡£\r
+               ÎÒÃÇ»¹ÓÐһЩËüÃÇûÓеÄÌØÐÔ£¬ÈçÓû§¶¨ÒåÀàÐÍ£¬¼Ì³Ð£¬¹æÔòºÍ¶à°æ±¾²¢ÐпØÖÆÒÔ¼õÉÙËøµÄÕùÓõȡ£<br/>\r
+       </dd>\r
+\r
+       <dt><b>ÐÔÄÜ</b></dt>\r
+       <dd>\r
+               PostgreSQL ºÍÆäËûÉÌÓúͿªÔ´µÄÊý¾Ý¿â¾ßÓÐÀàËƵÄÐÔÄÜ¡£\r
+               ¶ÔijЩ´¦ÀíËü±È½Ï¿ì£¬¶ÔÆäËûһЩ´¦ÀíËü±È½ÏÂý¡£\r
+               ÓëÆäËûÊý¾Ý¿âÏà±È£¬ÎÒÃǵÄÐÔÄÜͨ³£ÔÚ +/- 10%Ö®¼ä¡£<br/>\r
+       </dd>\r
+\r
+       <dt><b>¿É¿¿ÐÔ</b></dt>\r
+       <dd>\r
+               ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀ DBMS ±ØÐëÊÇ¿É¿¿µÄ£¬·ñÔòËü¾ÍÒ»µãÓö¼Ã»ÓС£\r
+               ÎÒÃÇŬÁ¦×öµ½·¢²¼¾­¹ýÈÏÕæ²âÊԵģ¬Îȶ¨µÄ³ô³æ×îÉٵĴúÂ롣ÿ¸ö°æ±¾ÖÁÉÙÓÐÒ»¸öÔ嵀 beta\r
+               ²âÊÔʱ¼ä£¬²¢ÇÒÎÒÃǵķ¢²¼ÀúÊ·ÏÔʾÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÌṩÎȶ¨µÄ£¬Àι̵ģ¬¿ÉÓÃÓÚÉú²úʹÓõİ汾¡£ÎÒÃÇÏàÐÅ\r
+               ÔÚÕâ·½ÃæÎÒÃÇÓëÆäËûµÄÊý¾Ý¿âÈí¼þÊÇÏ൱µÄ¡£<br/>\r
+       </dd>\r
+       \r
+       <dt><b>Ö§³Ö</b></dt>\r
+        <dd>\r
+               ÎÒÃǵÄÓʼþÁбíÌṩһ¸ö·Ç³£´óµÄ¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±ºÍÓû§µÄ×éÒÔ°ïÖú½â¾öËùÅöµ½µÄÈκÎÎÊÌâ¡£\r
+               ÎÒÃDz»Äܱ£Ö¤¿Ï¶¨Äܽâ¾öÎÊÌ⣬Ïà±È֮ϣ¬ÉÌÓà DBMS Ò²²¢²»ÊÇ×ÜÄܹ»Ìṩ½â¾ö·½·¨¡£\r
+               Ö±½ÓÓ뿪·¢ÈËÔ±£¬Óû§Èº£¬ÊÖ²áºÍÔ´³ÌÐò½Ó´¥Áî PostgreSQL µÄÖ§³Ö±ÈÆäËû DBMS\r
+               »¹ÒªºÃ¡£»¹ÓÐһЩÉÌÒµÐÔµÄÔ¤°ü×°µÄÖ§³Ö£¬¿ÉÒÔ¸øÌṩ¸øÄÇЩÐèÒªµÄÈË¡££¨²ÎÔÄ FAQ Ìõ¿î 1.5 С½Ú£©<br/>\r
+        </dd>\r
+\r
+        <dt><b>¼Û¸ñ</b></dt>\r
+        <dd>\r
+               ÎÒÃǶÔÈκÎÓÃ;¶¼Ãâ·Ñ£¬°üÀ¨ÉÌÓúͷÇÉÌÓÃÄ¿µÄ¡£\r
+               Äã¿ÉÒÔ²»¼ÓÏÞÖƵØÏòÄãµÄ²úÆ·Àï¼ÓÈëÎÒÃǵĴúÂ룬³ýÁËÄÇЩÎÒÃÇÔÚÉÏÃæµÄ°æȨÉùÃ÷ÀïÉùÃ÷µÄ BSD ·ç¸ñµÄ°æȨÍâ¡£\r
+        </dd>\r
+\r
+</dl>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="1.13"></a>1.13)Ë­¿ØÖÆPostgreSQL £¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       Èç¹ûÄãÔÚÑ°ÕÒPostgreSQLµÄÕÆÃÅÈË£¬»òÊÇʲôÖÐÑëίԱ»á£¬»òÊÇʲôËùÊô¹«Ë¾£¬ÄãÖ»ÄÜ·ÅÆúÁË---ÒòΪһ¸öÒ²²»´æÔÚ£¬µ«ÎÒÃǵÄÈ·ÓÐÒ»¸ö\r
+       ίԱ»áºÍCVS¹ÜÀí×飬µ«ÕâЩ¹¤×÷×éµÄÉèÁ¢Ö÷ÒªÊÇΪÁ˽øÐйÜÀí¹¤×÷¶ø²»ÊǶÔPostgreSQL½øÐпØÖÆ£¬PostgreSQLÏîÄ¿ÊÇÓÉÈκÎÈ˾ù\r
+       ¿É²Î¼ÓµÄ¿ª·¢ÈËÔ±ÉçÇøºÍËùÓÐÓû§¿ØÖƵģ¬ÄãËùÐèÒª×öµÄ¾ÍÊǼÓÈëÓʼþÁÐ±í£¬²ÎÓëÌÖÂÛ¼´¿É£¨Òª²ÎÓëPostgreSQLµÄ¿ª·¢Ïê¼û\r
+       <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/faqs.FAQ_DEV.html"> Developer's FAQ </a>»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢£©¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<hr/>\r
+\r
+\r
+<div> <h2>Óû§¿Í»§¶ËÎÊÌâ</h2> </div>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="2.1"></a>2.1)ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÃʲôÓïÑÔºÍ PostgreSQL ´ò½»µÀ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       PostgreSQL(ȱʡÇé¿ö)Ö»°²×°ÓÐCºÍÄÚǶʽCµÄ½Ó¿Ú£¬ÆäËûµÄ½Ó¿Ú¶¼ÊǶÀÁ¢µÄÏîÄ¿£¬Äܹ»·Ö±ðÏÂÔØ£¬ÕâЩ½Ó¿ÚÏîÄ¿¶ÀÁ¢µÄºÃ´¦\r
+       ÊÇËûÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓи÷×Եķ¢²¼¼Æ»®ºÍ¸÷×Ô¶ÀÁ¢µÄ¿ª·¢×é¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       һЩ±à³ÌÓïÑÔÈçPHP¶¼ÓзÃÎÊ PostgreSQL µÄ½Ó¿Ú£¬Perl,TCL,PythonÒÔ¼°ºÜ¶àÆäËûÓïÑԵĽӿÚÔÚ\r
+       <a href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/"> http://gborg.postgresql.org </a>ÉϵÄ<i>Drivers/Interfaces</i>С½Ú¿ÉÕÒµ½£¬\r
+       ²¢ÇÒͨ¹ýInternetºÜÈÝÒ×ËÑË÷µ½¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="2.2"></a>2.2)ÓÐʲô¹¤¾ß¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ PostgreSQL ÓÃÓÚ Web Ò³Ã棿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       Ò»¸ö½éÉÜÒÔÊý¾Ý¿âΪºǫ́µÄͦ²»´íµÄÕ¾µãÊÇ£º<a href="http://www.webreview.com">http://www.webreview.com</a>¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ¶ÔÓÚ Web ¼¯³É£¬PHP ÊÇÒ»¸ö¼«ºÃµÄ½Ó¿Ú¡£ËüÔÚ£º<a href="http://www.php.net/">http://www.php.net/</a>¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ¶ÔÓÚ¸´ÔÓµÄÈÎÎñ£¬ºÜ¶àÈ˲ÉÓà Perl ½Ó¿ÚºÍ CGI.pm »ò mod_perl ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="2.3"></a>2.3)PostgreSQL ÓµÓÐͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæÂð£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       Êǵģ¬ÔÚ <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools">http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/GUITools</a>ÓÐÒ»¸öÏêϸµÄÁÐ±í¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+<hr/>\r
+\r
+<div> <h2>ϵͳ¹ÜÀíÎÊÌâ</h2> </div>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="3.1"></a>3.1)ÎÒÔõÑùÄÜ°Ñ PostgreSQL ×°ÔÚ /usr/local/pgsql ÒÔÍâµÄµØ·½£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÔÚÔËÐÐ configure ʱ¼ÓÉÏ --prefix Ñ¡Ïî¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="3.2"></a>3.2)ÎÒÈçºÎ¿ØÖÆÀ´×ÔÆäËûÖ÷»úµÄÁ¬½Ó£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ȱʡʱ£¬PostgreSQL Ö»ÔÊÐíͨ¹ý unix ÓòÌ×½Ó×Ö»òTCP/IP·½Ê½ÇÒÀ´×Ô±¾»úµÄÁ¬½Ó¡£\r
+       ÄãÖ»ÓÐÔÚÐÞ¸ÄÁËÅäÖÃÎļþ<i>postgresql.conf</i>ÖеÄ<i>listen_addresses</i>£¬ÇÒÒ²ÔÚÅäÖÃÎļþ<i>pg_hba.conf</i>Öдò¿ªÁË\r
+       Ö÷»úΪ»ù´¡£¨ host-based £©µÄÉí·ÝÈÏÖ¤£¬²¢ÖØÐÂÆô¶¯PostgreSQL£¬·ñÔòÆäËû»úÆ÷ÊDz»ÄÜÓëÄãµÄPostgreSQL·þÎñÆ÷Á¬½ÓµÄ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="3.3"></a>3.3)ÎÒÔõÑùµ÷ÕûÊý¾Ý¿âÒýÇæÒÔ»ñµÃ¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÓÐÈý¸öÖ÷Òª·½Ãæ¿ÉÒÔÌáÉýPostgreSQLµÄDZÄÜ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<dl>\r
+       <dt><b>²éѯ·½Ê½µÄ±ä»¯</b></dt>\r
+       <dd>\r
+               ÕâÖ÷ÒªÉæ¼°Ð޸IJéѯ·½Ê½ÒÔ»ñÈ¡¸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ:\r
+               <ul>\r
+               <li>´´½¨Ë÷Òý£¬°üÀ¨±í´ïʽºÍ²¿·ÖË÷Òý£»</li>\r
+               <li>ʹÓÃCOPYÓï¾ä´úÌæ¶à¸öInsertÓï¾ä£»</li>\r
+               <li>½«¶à¸öSQLÓï¾ä×é³ÉÒ»¸öÊÂÎñÒÔ¼õÉÙÌá½»ÊÂÎñµÄ¿ªÏú£»</li>\r
+               <li>´ÓÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÖÐÌáÈ¡¶àÌõ¼Ç¼ʱʹÓÃCLUSTER£»</li>\r
+               <li>´ÓÒ»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûÖÐÈ¡³ö²¿·Ö¼Ç¼ʱʹÓÃLIMIT£»</li>\r
+               <li>ʹÓÃÔ¤±àÒëʽ²éѯ£¨Prepared Query)£»</li>\r
+               <li>ʹÓÃANALYZEÒÔ±£³Ö¾«È·µÄÓÅ»¯Í³¼Æ£»</li>\r
+               <li>¶¨ÆÚʹÓà VACUUM »ò <i>pg_autovacuum</i></li>\r
+               <li>½øÐдóÁ¿Êý¾Ý¸ü¸ÄʱÏÈɾ³ýË÷Òý£¨È»ºóÖؽ¨Ë÷Òý£©</li>\r
+               </ul>\r
+       </dd>\r
+\r
+       <dt><b>·þÎñÆ÷µÄÅäÖÃ</b></dt>\r
+       <dd>\r
+               ÅäÖÃÎļþ<i>postgres.conf</i>ÖеĺܶàÉèÖö¼»áÓ°ÏìÐÔÄÜ£¬ËùÓвÎÊýµÄÁбí¿É¼û£º\r
+               <a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/runtime.html">Administration Guide/Server Run-time Environment/Run-time Configuration</a>£¬\r
+               ÓйزÎÊýµÄ½âÊͿɼû£º<a href="http://www.varlena.com/varlena/GeneralBits/Tidbits/annotated_conf_e.html">\r
+               http://www.varlena.com/varlena/GeneralBits/Tidbits/annotated_conf_e.html </a> ºÍ \r
+               <a href="http://www.varlena.com/varlena/GeneralBits/Tidbits/perf.html">http://www.varlena.com/varlena/GeneralBits/Tidbits/perf.html</a>¡£\r
+       </dd>\r
+\r
+       <dt><b>Ó²¼þµÄÑ¡Ôñ</b></dt>\r
+       <dd>\r
+               ¼ÆËã»úÓ²¼þ¶ÔÐÔÄܵÄÓ°Ïì¿Éä¯ÀÀ <a href="http://candle.pha.pa.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html">\r
+               http://candle.pha.pa.us/main/writings/pgsql/hw_performance/index.html</a> ºÍ \r
+               <a href="http://www.powerpostgresql.com/PerfList/">http://www.powerpostgresql.com/PerfList/</a>¡£\r
+       </dd>\r
+\r
+</dl>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="3.4"></a>3.4)PostgreSQL Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       PostgreSQL ÓкܶàÀàËÆ<i> log_* </i>µÄ·þÎñÆ÷ÅäÖñäÁ¿¿ÉÓÃÓÚ²éѯµÄ´òÓ¡ºÍ½ø³Ìͳ¼Æ£¬¶øÕâЩ¹¤×÷¶Ôµ÷ÊÔºÍÐÔÄܲâÊÔºÜÓаïÖú¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="3.5"></a>3.5)ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many clients¡±ÏûÏ¢£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       Õâ±íʾÄãÒѴﵽȱʡ100¸ö²¢·¢ºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýµÄÏÞÖÆ£¬ÄãÐèҪͨ¹ýÐÞ¸Ä<i>postgresql.conf</i>ÎļþÖеÄ<i>max_connections</i>ÖµÀ´\r
+       Ôö¼ÓpostmasterµÄºǫ́²¢·¢´¦ÀíÊý£¬Ð޸ĺóÐèÖØÐÂÆô¶¯<i>postmaster</i>¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="3.6"></a>3.6)ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL Ö÷Òª·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö dump ºÍ restore £¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       PostgreSQL ¿ª·¢×é¶Ôÿ´ÎСµÄÉý¼¶½ö×öÁ˽ÏÉÙµÄÐ޸ģ¬Òò´Ë´Ó 7.4.0 Éý¼¶µ½ 7.4.1 ²»ÐèÒª dump ºÍ restore¡£\r
+       µ«ÊÇÖ÷ÒªµÄÉý¼¶£¨ÀýÈç´Ó 7.3 µ½ 7.4£©Í¨³£»áÐÞ¸Äϵͳ±íºÍÊý¾Ý±íµÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£\r
+       ÕâЩ±ä»¯Ò»°ã±È½Ï¸´ÔÓ£¬Òò´ËÎÒÃDz»Î¬Êý¾ÝÎļþµÄÏòºó¼æÈÝ¡£\r
+       dump ½«Êý¾Ý°´ÕÕͨÓõĸñʽÊä³ö£¬Ëæºó¿ÉÒÔ±»ÖØмÓÔز¢Ê¹ÓÃеÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="3.7"></a>3.7)(ʹÓÃPostgreSQL)ÎÒÐèҪʹÓÃʲô¼ÆËã»úÓ²¼þ £¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÓÉÓÚ¼ÆËã»úÓ²¼þ´ó¶àÊýÊǼæÈݵģ¬ÈËÃÇ×ÜÊÇÇãÏòÓÚÏàÐÅËùÓмÆËã»úÓ²¼þÖÊÁ¿Ò²ÊÇÏàͬµÄ¡£ÊÂʵÉϲ»ÊÇ£¬\r
+       ECC RAM£¨´øÆæżУÑéµÄÄڴ棩£¬SCSI £¨Ó²ÅÌ£©ºÍÓÅÖʵÄÖ÷°å±ÈһЩ±ãÒË»õÒª¸ü¼Ó¿É¿¿ÇÒ¾ßÓиüºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ¡£PostgreSQL¼¸ºõ¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚÈκÎÓ²¼þÉÏ£¬\r
+       µ«Èç¹û¿É¿¿ÐÔºÍÐÔÄܶÔÄãµÄϵͳºÜÖØÒª£¬Äã¾ÍÐèҪȫÃæµÄÑо¿Ò»ÏÂÄãµÄÓ²¼þÅäÖÃÁË¡£ÔÚÎÒÃǵÄÓʼþÁбíÉÏÒ²ÓйØÓÚ\r
+       Ó²¼þÅäÖúÍÐԼ۱ȵÄÌÖÂÛ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<hr/>\r
+\r
+<div><h2>²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ</h2> </div>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.1"></a>4.1)ÈçºÎֻѡÔñÒ»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿»òÊÇËæ»úµÄÒ»ÐУ¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+               Èç¹ûÄãÖ»ÊÇÒªÌáÈ¡¼¸ÐÐÊý¾Ý£¬²¢ÇÒÄãÔÚÖ´ÐвéѯÖÐÖªµÀÈ·ÇеÄÐÐÊý£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃLIMIT¹¦ÄÜ¡£\r
+               Èç¹ûÓÐÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÓë <i> ORDER BY</i>ÖеÄÌõ¼þÆ¥Å䣬PostgreSQL ¿ÉÄܾÍÖ»´¦ÀíÒªÇóµÄÍ·¼¸Ìõ¼Ç¼£¬\r
+               £¨·ñÔò½«¶ÔÕû¸ö²éѯ½øÐд¦ÀíÖ±µ½Éú³ÉÐèÒªµÄÐУ©¡£Èç¹ûÔÚÖ´Ðвéѯ¹¦ÄÜʱ²»ÖªµÀÈ·ÇеļǼÊý£¬\r
+               ¿ÉʹÓÃÓαê(cursor)ºÍFETCH¹¦ÄÜ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+               ¿ÉʹÓÃÒÔÏ·½·¨ÌáÈ¡Ò»ÐÐËæ»ú¼Ç¼µÄ£º\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+               SELECT  cols\r
+               FROM tab\r
+               ORDER BY random()\r
+               LIMIT 1 ;\r
+</pre>\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.2"></a>4.2)ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿ÈçºÎ²é¿´<i>psql</i>ÀïÓõ½µÄ²éѯָÁî²¢ÏÔʾËüÃÇ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÔÚ<i>psql</i>ÖÐʹÓà \dt ÃüÁîÀ´ÏÔʾÊý¾Ý±íµÄ¶¨Ò壬ҪÁ˽â<i>psql</i>ÖеÄÍêÕûÃüÁîÁбí¿ÉʹÓÃ\? £¬ÁíÍ⣬ÄãÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔĶÁ <i>psql</i> µÄÔ´´úÂë\r
+       Îļþ<i>pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c</i>£¬Ëü°üÀ¨ÎªÉú³É<i>psql</i>·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîµÄÊä³öµÄËùÓÐ SQL ÃüÁî¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø <i>-E</i> Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯ <i>psql</i>£¬\r
+       ÕâÑùËü½«´òÓ¡³öÖ´ÐÐÄãÔÚ<i>psql</i>ÖÐËù¸ø³öµÄÃüÁîµÄÄÚ²¿Êµ¼ÊʹÓõÄSQL²éѯ¡£PostgreSQLÒ²ÌṩÁËÒ»¸ö¼æÈÝSQLµÄINFORMATION SCHEMA½Ó¿Ú£¬\r
+       Äã¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÕâÀï»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÊý¾Ý¿âµÄÐÅÏ¢¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÔÚϵͳÖÐÓÐһЩÒÔ<i>pg_</i> ´òÍ·µÄϵͳ±íÒ²ÃèÊöÁ˱íµÄ¶¨Òå¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ʹÓà <i>psql -l</i> Ö¸Áî¿ÉÒÔÁгöËùÓеÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       Ò²¿ÉÒÔä¯ÀÀһϠ<i>pgsql/src/tutorial/syscat.source</i>Îļþ£¬ËüÁоÙÁ˺ܶà¿É´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âϵͳ±íÖлñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢µÄSELECTÓï·¨¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.3"></a>4.3)ÈçºÎ¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×ֶεÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÔÚ8.0°æ±¾Àï¸ü¸ÄÒ»¸ö×ֶεÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐͺÜÈÝÒ×£¬¿ÉʹÓà ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN TYPE ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù×ö£º\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+       BEGIN;\r
+    ALTER TABLE tab ADD COLUMN new_col new_data_type;\r
+    UPDATE tab SET new_col = CAST(old_col AS new_data_type);\r
+    ALTER TABLE tab DROP COLUMN old_col;\r
+    COMMIT;\r
+</pre>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÄãÈ»ºó¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ<i>VACUUM FULL tab </i>Ö¸ÁîÀ´Ê¹ÏµÍ³ÊÕ»ØÎÞЧÊý¾ÝËùÕ¼ÓõĿռ䡣\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.4"></a>4.4)Ò»ÐмǼ£¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÏÂÃæÊÇһЩÏÞÖÆ£º\r
+</p>\r
+<blockquote>\r
+       <table>\r
+       <tbody>\r
+               <tr><td>Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿â×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¨ÒÑ´æÔÚÓÐ 32TB µÄÊý¾Ý¿â£©</td></tr>\r
+               <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>32 TB</td></tr>\r
+               <tr><td>Ò»ÐмǼµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿</td><td>1.6 TB</td></tr>\r
+               <tr><td>Ò»¸ö×ֶεÄ×î´ó³ß´ç?</td><td>1 GB</td></tr>\r
+               <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÐÐÊý£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ</td></tr>\r
+               <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÁÐÊý£¿</td><td>250-1600 £¨ÓëÁÐÀàÐÍÓйأ©</td></tr>\r
+               <tr><td>Ò»¸ö±íÀïµÄ×î´óË÷ÒýÊýÁ¿£¿</td><td>ÎÞÏÞÖÆ</td></tr>\r
+       </tbody>\r
+</table>\r
+</blockquote>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       µ±È»£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏûÓÐÕæÕýµÄÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¬»¹ÊÇÒªÊÜ¿ÉÓôÅÅ̿ռ䡢¿ÉÓÃÄÚ´æ/½»»»ÇøµÄÖÆÔ¼¡£\r
+       ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬µ±ÕâЩÊýÖµ±äµÃÒì³£µØ´óʱ£¬ÏµÍ³ÐÔÄÜÒ²»áÊܴܺóÓ°Ïì¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       ±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç 32 TB ²»ÐèÒª²Ù×÷ϵͳ¶Ô´óÎļþµÄÖ§³Ö¡£´ó±íÓöà¸ö 1 GB µÄÎļþ´æ´¢£¬Òò´ËÎļþϵͳ³ß´çµÄÏÞÖÆÊDz»ÖØÒªµÄ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       Èç¹ûȱʡµÄ¿é´óСÔö³¤µ½ 32K £¬×î´óµÄ±í³ß´çºÍ×î´óÁÐÊý»¹¿ÉÒÔÔö¼Óµ½Ëı¶¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.5"></a>4.5)´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄÎı¾ÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       Ò»¸ö Postgres Êý¾Ý¿â£¨´æ´¢Ò»¸öÎı¾Îļþ£©ËùÕ¼ÓõĿռä×î¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒªÏ൱ÓÚÕâ¸öÎı¾Îļþ×ÔÉí´óС5±¶µÄ´ÅÅ̿ռ䡣\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÀýÈ磬¼ÙÉèÓÐÒ»¸ö 100,000 ÐеÄÎļþ£¬Ã¿ÐÐÓÐÒ»¸öÕûÊýºÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÃèÊö¡£\r
+       ¼ÙÉèÎı¾´®µÄƽ¾ù³¤¶ÈΪ20×Ö½Ú¡£Îı¾ÎļþÕ¼Óà 2.8 MB¡£´æ·ÅÕâЩÊý¾ÝµÄ PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿âÎļþ´óÔ¼ÊÇ 6.4 MB:\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+     32 ×Ö½Ú: ÿÐеÄÍ·£¨¹À¼ÆÖµ£©\r
+     24 ×Ö½Ú: Ò»¸öÕûÊýÐÍ×ֶκÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÐÍ×Ö¶Î\r
+   +  4 ×Ö½Ú: Ò³ÃæÄÚÖ¸ÏòÔª×éµÄÖ¸Õë\r
+   ----------------------------------------\r
+     60 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ\r
+\r
+   PostgreSQL Êý¾ÝÒ³µÄ´óСÊÇ 8192 ×Ö½Ú (8 KB)£¬Ôò£º\r
+\r
+   8192 ×Ö½Úÿҳ\r
+   -------------------   =  136 ÐÐ/Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÏÂÈ¡Õû£©\r
+     60 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ\r
+\r
+   100000 Êý¾ÝÐÐ\r
+   --------------------  =  735 Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÉÏÈ¡Õû£©\r
+      128 ÐÐÿҳ\r
+\r
+   735 Êý¾ÝÒ³ * 8192 ×Ö½Ú/Ò³  =  6,021,120 ×Ö½Ú£¨6 MB£©\r
+</pre>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       Ë÷Òý²»ÐèÒªÕâô¶àµÄ¶îÍâÏûºÄ£¬µ«Ò²È·Êµ°üÀ¨±»Ë÷ÒýµÄÊý¾Ý£¬Òò´ËËüÃÇÒ²¿ÉÄܴܺó¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ¿ÕÖµ<i>NULL</i>´æ·ÅÔÚλͼÖУ¬Òò´ËÕ¼ÓúÜÉٵĿռ䡣\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.6"></a>4.6)ΪʲôÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕâЩ²éѯûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ²¢·Çÿ¸ö²éѯ¶¼»á×Ô¶¯Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ±íµÄ´óС³¬¹ýÒ»¸ö×îСֵ£¬²¢ÇÒ²éѯֻ»áÑ¡ÖбíÖнÏС±ÈÀýµÄ¼Ç¼ʱ²Å»á²ÉÓÃË÷Òý¡£\r
+       ÕâÊÇÒòΪË÷ÒýɨÃèÒýÆðµÄËæ¼´´ÅÅÌ´æÈ¡¿ÉÄܱÈÖ±½ÓµØ¶ÁÈ¡±í£¨Ë³ÐòɨÃ裩¸üÂý¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ΪÁËÅжÏÊÇ·ñʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬PostgreSQL±ØÐë»ñµÃÓйرíµÄͳ¼ÆÖµ¡£ÕâЩͳ¼ÆÖµ¿ÉÒÔʹÓà VACUUM ANALYZE£¬»ò ANALYZE »ñµÃ¡£\r
+       ʹÓÃͳ¼ÆÖµ£¬ÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÖªµÀ±íÖÐÓжàÉÙÐУ¬¾ÍÄܹ»¸üºÃµØÅжÏÊÇ·ñÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£\r
+       ͳ¼ÆÖµ¶ÔÈ·¶¨ÓÅ»¯µÄÁ¬½Ó˳ÐòºÍÁ¬½Ó·½·¨Ò²ºÜÓÐÓá£ÔÚ±íµÄÄÚÈÝ·¢Éú±ä»¯Ê±£¬Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐͳ¼ÆÖµµÄ¸üÐÂÊÕ¼¯¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       Ë÷Òýͨ³£²»ÓÃÓÚ ORDER BY »òÖ´ÐÐÁ¬½Ó¡£¶ÔÒ»¸ö´ó±íµÄÒ»´Î˳ÐòɨÃ裬ÔÙ×öÒ»¸öÏÔʽµÄÅÅÐòͨ³£±ÈË÷ÒýɨÃèÒª¿ì¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ LIMIT ºÍ ORDER BY ½áºÏʹÓÃʱ¾­³£»áʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòΪÕâÖ»»á·µ»Ø±íµÄһС²¿·Ö¡£\r
+       ʵ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» MAX() ºÍ MIN() ²¢²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô\r
+       ORDER BY ºÍ LLIMIT ʹÓÃË÷ÒýÈ¡µÃ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵҲÊÇ¿ÉÒԵģº\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+       SELECT col\r
+       FROM tab\r
+       ORDER BY col [ DESC ]\r
+       LIMIT 1;\r
+</pre>\r
+<p>\r
+       Èç¹ûÄãÈ·ÐÅPostgreSQLµÄÓÅ»¯Æ÷ʹÓÃ˳ÐòɨÃèÊDz»ÕýÈ·µÄ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ<code>SET enable_seqscan TO 'off'</code>Ö¸Á\r
+       È»ºóÔÙ´ÎÔËÐвéѯ£¬Äã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¿´³öʹÓÃÒ»¸öË÷ÒýɨÃèÊÇ·ñȷʵҪ¿ìһЩ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       µ±Ê¹ÓÃͨÅä·û²Ù×÷£¬ÀýÈç <i>LIKE</i> »ò <i>~</i> ʱ£¬Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜÔÚÌض¨µÄÇé¿öÏÂʹÓãº\r
+</p>\r
+<ul>\r
+       <li>×Ö·û´®µÄ¿ªÊ¼²¿·Ö±ØÐëÊÇÆÕͨ×Ö·û´®£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£º\r
+               <ul>\r
+               <li> <i>LIKE</i> ģʽ²»ÄÜÒÔ <i>%</i> ´òÍ·¡£</li>\r
+               <li> <i>~</i> £¨ÕýÔò±í´ïʽ£©Ä£Ê½±ØÐëÒÔ <i>^</i> ´òÍ·¡£</li>\r
+               </ul>\r
+       </li>\r
+       <li>×Ö·û´®²»ÄÜÒÔÆ¥Åä¶à¸ö×Ö·ûµÄģʽÀà´òÍ·£¬ÀýÈç [a-e]¡£</li>\r
+       <li>´óСдÎ޹صIJéÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE ºÍ ~* µÈ²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬µ«¿ÉÒÔÓà <a href="#4.8">4.8</a> ½ÚÃèÊöµÄº¯ÊýË÷Òý¡£</li>\r
+       <li>ÔÚ×ö initdb ʱ±ØÐë²ÉÓÃȱʡµÄ±¾µØÉèÖà C locale£¬ÒòΪϵͳ²»¿ÉÄÜÖªµÀÔÚ·ÇC localeÇé¿öʱÏÂÒ»¸ö×î´ó×Ö·ûÊÇʲô¡£\r
+               ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸öÌØÊâµÄ<code>text_pattern_ops</code>Ë÷ÒýÀ´ÓÃÓÚ<small>LIKE</small>µÄË÷Òý¡£\r
+       </li>\r
+</ul>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÔÚ8.0֮ǰµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬³ý·ÇÒª²éѯµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐͺÍË÷ÒýµÄÊý¾ÝÀàÐÍÏàÆ¥Å䣬·ñÔòË÷Òý¾­³£ÊÇδ±»Óõ½£¬ÌرðÊǶÔint2,int8ºÍÊýÖµÐ͵ÄË÷Òý¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.7"></a>4.7)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑùÆÀ¹À´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ²Î¿¼ <small>EXPLAIN</small> ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.8"></a>4.8)ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽ²éÕÒ£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎ޹زéÕÒ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ²Ù×÷·û <i> ~ </i> ´¦ÀíÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅ䣬¶ø <i>~*</i> ´¦Àí´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅä¡£´óдЩÎÞ¹ØµÄ LIKE ±äÖÖ³ÉΪ ILIKE¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ´óСдÎ޹صĵÈʽ±È½Ïͨ³£Ð´×ö£º\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>    SELECT *\r
+    FROM tab\r
+    WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';\r
+</pre>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÕâÑù½«²»»áʹÓñê×¼µÄË÷Òý¡£µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸ö¿É±»ÀûÓõĺ¯ÊýË÷Òý:\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>    CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));\r
+</pre>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.9"></a>4.9)ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ <i>NULL</i> £¿ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ׼ȷÅÅÐò¶ø²»ÂÛij×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñº¬ <i>NULL</i> Öµ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       Óà <small>IS NULL</small> ºÍ <small>IS NOT NULL</small> ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΣ¬¾ßÌå·½·¨ÈçÏ£º\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>   SELECT *\r
+   FROM tab\r
+   WHERE col IS NULL;\r
+</pre>\r
+\r
+<p>ΪÁËÄܶԺ¬ <small>NULL</small>×Ö¶ÎÅÅÐò£¬¿ÉÔÚ <small>ORDER BY</small> Ìõ¼þÖÐʹÓà <small>IS NULL</small>ºÍ\r
+   <small>IS NOT NULL</small> ÐÞÊηû£¬Ìõ¼þΪÕæ <i>true</i> ½«±ÈÌõ¼þΪ¼Ù<i>false</i> ÅÅÔÚÇ°Ã棬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ӾͻὫº¬\r
+   NULL µÄ¼Ç¼ÅÅÔÚ½á¹ûµÄÉÏÃ沿·Ö£º\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>   SELECT *\r
+   FROM tab\r
+   ORDER BY (col IS NOT NULL)\r
+</pre>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.10"></a>4.10)¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿</h4>\r
+<blockquote>\r
+       <table>\r
+       <tbody>\r
+               <tr><th>ÀàÐÍ</th><th>ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ</th><th>˵Ã÷</th></tr>\r
+               <tr><td>VARCHAR(n)</td><td>varchar</td><td>Ö¸¶¨ÁË×î´ó³¤¶È£¬±ä³¤×Ö·û´®£¬²»×㶨Ò峤¶ÈµÄ²¿·Ö²»²¹Æë</td></tr>\r
+               <tr><td>CHAR(n)</td><td>bpchar</td><td>¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×㶨Ò峤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë</td></tr>\r
+               <tr><td>TEXT</td><td>text</td><td>ûÓÐÌرðµÄÉÏÏÞÏÞÖÆ£¨½öÊÜÐеÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ£©</td></tr>\r
+               <tr><td>BYTEA</td><td>bytea</td><td>±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁУ¨Ê¹ÓÃNULLÒ²ÊÇÔÊÐíµÄ£©</td></tr>\r
+               <tr><td>"char"</td><td>char</td><td>Ò»¸ö×Ö·û</td></tr>\r
+               </tbody>\r
+       </table>\r
+</blockquote>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       ÔÚϵͳ±íºÍÔÚһЩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄ㽫¿´µ½ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÉÏÃæËùÁеÄÇ°ËÄÖÖÀàÐÍÊÇ"varlena"£¨±ä³¤£©ÀàÐÍ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¿ªÍ·µÄËĸö×Ö½ÚÊdz¤¶È£¬ºóÃæ²ÅÊÇÊý¾Ý£©¡£\r
+       ÓÚÊÇʵ¼ÊÕ¼ÓõĿռä±ÈÉùÃ÷µÄ´óСҪ¶àһЩ¡£\r
+       È»¶øÕâЩÀàÐͶ¼¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ¹Ëõ´æ´¢£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓà TOAST ÍÑ»ú´æ´¢£¬Òò´Ë´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼äÒ²¿ÉÄܱÈÔ¤ÏëµÄÒªÉÙ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       <small>VARCHAR(n)</small> ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£\r
+       <small>TEXT</small> ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢×î´ó¿É´ï 1G×óÓÒµ«Î´¶¨ÒåÏÞÖƳ¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       <small>CHAR(n)</small> ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶ÈÏàͬµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£ <small>CHAR(n)</small>»á¸ù¾ÝËù¸ø¶¨µÄ×ֶ㤶ÈÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹×㣨²»×ãµÄ×Ö¶ÎÄÚÈÝ£©£¬\r
+       ¶ø <small>VARCHAR(n)</small> Ö»´æ´¢Ëù¸ø¶¨µÄÊý¾ÝÄÚÈÝ¡£\r
+       <small>BYTEA</small> ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ°üº¬ NULL ×Ö½ÚµÄÖµ¡£ÕâЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÏàËƵÄÐÔÄÜÌØÐÔ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.11.1"></a>4.11.1)ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磺\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+       CREATE TABLE person ( \r
+               id   SERIAL, \r
+               name TEXT \r
+       );\r
+</pre>\r
+<p>\r
+       »á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+       CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;\r
+       CREATE TABLE person ( \r
+               id   INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),\r
+               name TEXT\r
+       );\r
+</pre>\r
+<p>\r
+       ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.11.2"></a>4.11.2)ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓÃ\r
+       <a href="#4.11.1"> 4.11.1</a> ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+       new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");\r
+       execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");\r
+</pre>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£\r
+       ×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ  &lt;<i>table</i>&gt;_&lt;<i>serialcolumn</i>&gt;_<i>seq</i>£¬\r
+       ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÀàËƵģ¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磺\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+       execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");\r
+       new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");\r
+</pre>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.11.3"></a>4.11.3)ʹÓà <i>currval()</i> »áµ¼ÖºÍÆäËûÓû§µÄ³åÍ»Çé¿ö£¨race condition£©Âð£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ²»»á¡£<i>currval()</i> ·µ»ØµÄÊÇÄã±¾´Î»á»°½ø³ÌËù¸³µÄÖµ¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§µÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£<br/>\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.11.4"></a>4.11.4)Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊø֮ǰ²»½øÐÐËø¶¨£¬\r
+       Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹µÄÊÂÎñºó£¬ÐòÁкŻá³öÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><br/><a name="4.12"></a>4.12)ʲôÊÇ <small>OID</small> £¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ <small>CTID</small> £¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       PostgreSQL Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐмǼ¶¼»á»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ<small>OID</small>£¬³ý·ÇÔÚ´´½¨±íʱʹÓÃ<small>WITHOUT OIDS</small>Ñ¡Ïî¡£\r
+       <small>OID</small>´´½¨Ê±»á×Ô¶¯Éú³ÉÒ»¸ö4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý£¬ËùÓÐ OID ÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL ÖоùÊÇΨһµÄ¡£ È»¶ø£¬ËüÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö£¬\r
+       <small>OID</small>´Ëºó»á³öÏÖÖظ´¡£PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓà OID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>    \r
+       ÔÚÓû§µÄÊý¾Ý±íÖУ¬×îºÃÊÇʹÓÃ<small>SERIAl</small>À´´úÌæ<small>OID</small>\r
+       ÒòΪ<small>SERIAL</small>Ö»ÊDZ£Ö¤ÔÚµ¥¸ö±íÖÐÊý¾ÝÊÇΨһµÄ£¬ÕâÑùËüÒç³öµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐԾͷdz£Ð¡ÁË£¬\r
+       <small>SERIAL8</small>¿ÉÓÃÀ´±£´æ8×Ö½ÚµÄÐòÁкÅ×ֶΡ£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<p>\r
+       <small>CTID</small> ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌض¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£\r
+       <small>CTID</small> ÔڼǼ±»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔغó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.13"></a>4.13)ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°<i>ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯ postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+       ulimit -d 262144\r
+       limit datasize 256m\r
+</pre>\r
+<p>\r
+       È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓÃµÄ shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£¬\r
+       Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐк󴴽¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£\r
+       Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐпͻ§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.14"></a>4.14)ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ´Ó psql ÀÊäÈë <code>SELECT version();</code>Ö¸Áî¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.15"></a>4.15)ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+       CREATE TABLE test (x int, modtime TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );\r
+</pre>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.16"></a>4.16)ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º\r
+</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+       SELECT *\r
+       FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);\r
+</pre>\r
+<p>»òÊÇ</p>\r
+<pre>\r
+       SELECT *\r
+       FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);\r
+</pre>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µ»Ø t1 ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£\r
+       ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT OUTER JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£\r
+       ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£\r
+       ¹Ø¼ü×Ö OUTER ÔÚ×ó[Íâ]Á¬½Ó¡¢ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½ÓºÍÍêÈ«[Íâ]Á¬½ÓÖÐÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ£¬ÆÕͨÁ¬½Ó±»³ÆΪÄÚÁ¬½Ó£¨INNER JOIN£©¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.17"></a>4.17)ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£\r
+       ÒòΪ PostgreSQL Òª¼ÓÔØÓëÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳĿ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬Òò´Ë¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐÊDz»¶¨µÄ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ¸½¼ÓÔöֵģ¿écontrib/dblinkÔÊÐí²ÉÓú¯Êýµ÷ÓÃʵÏÖ¿ç¿â²éѯ¡£µ±È»Óû§Ò²¿ÉÒÔͬʱÁ¬½Óµ½²»Í¬µÄÊý¾Ý¿âÖ´ÐвéѯȻºóÔÚ¿Í»§¶ËºÏ²¢½á¹û¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.18"></a>4.18)ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ÔÚº¯ÊýÖзµ»ØÊý¾Ý¼Ç¼¼¯µÄ¹¦ÄÜÊǺÜÈÝÒ×ʹÓõģ¬ÏêÇé²Î¼û£º\r
+       <a href="http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions">http://techdocs.postgresql.org/guides/SetReturningFunctions</a>\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.19"></a>4.19)ΪʲôÎÒÔÚʹÓÃPL/PgSQLº¯Êý´æÈ¡ÁÙʱ±íʱ»áÊÕµ½´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡°relation with OID ##### does not exist¡±£¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       PL/PgSQL»á»º´æº¯ÊýµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö²»ºÃµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊÇÈôÒ»¸ö PL/PgSQL\r
+    º¯Êý·ÃÎÊÁËÒ»¸öÁÙʱ±í£¬È»ºó¸Ã±í±»É¾³ý²¢Öؽ¨ÁË£¬ÔòÔٴε÷Óøú¯Êý½«Ê§°Ü£¬\r
+       ÒòΪ»º´æµÄº¯ÊýÄÚÈÝÈÔȻָÏò¾ÉµÄÁÙʱ±í¡£½â¾öµÄ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ PL/PgSQL ÖÐÓÃ<small>EXECUTE</small>\r
+    ¶ÔÁÙʱ±í½øÐзÃÎÊ¡£ÕâÑù»á±£Ö¤²éѯÔÚÖ´ÐÐÇ°×ܻᱻÖØнâÎö¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+<h4><a name="4.27"></a>4.27)Ä¿Ç°ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸¿ÉÓã¿</h4>\r
+<p>\r
+       ¡°¸´ÖÆ¡±Ö»ÊÇÒ»¸öÊõÓÓкü¸ÖÖ¸´ÖƼ¼Êõ¿ÉʹÓã¬Ã¿ÖÖ¶¼ÓÐÓŵãºÍȱµã£º\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       Ö÷/´Ó¸´ÖÆ·½Ê½ÊÇÔÊÐíÒ»¸öÖ÷·þÎñÆ÷½ÓÊܶÁ/дµÄÉêÇ룬¶ø¶à¸ö´Ó·þÎñÆ÷Ö»ÄܽÓÊܶÁ/<small>SELECT</small>²éѯµÄÉêÇ룬\r
+       Ä¿Ç°×îÁ÷ÐÐÇÒÊÇÃâ·ÑµÄÖ÷/´Ó PostgreSQL¸´ÖÆ·½°¸ÊÇ \r
+       <a href="http://gborg.postgresql.org/project/slony1/projdisplay.php">Slony-I </a>¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       ¶à¸öÖ÷·þÎñÆ÷µÄ¸´ÖÆ·½Ê½ÔÊÐí½«¶Á/дµÄÉêÇë·¢Ë͸ø¶ą̀µÄ¼ÆËã»ú£¬ÕâÖÖ·½Ê½ÓÉÓÚÐèÒªÔÚ¶ą̀·þÎñÆ÷Ö®¼äͬ²½Êý¾Ý±ä¶¯\r
+       ¿ÉÄÜ»á´øÀ´½ÏÑÏÖصÄÐÔÄÜËðʧ£¬<a href="http://pgfoundry.org/projects/pgcluster/">Pgcluster</a>ÊÇÄ¿Ç°ÕâÖÖ·½°¸\r
+       ÖÐ×îºÃµÄ£¬¶øÇÒ»¹¿ÉÒÔÃâ·ÑÏÂÔØ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+<p>\r
+       Ò²ÓÐһЩÉÌÒµÐ踶·ÑºÍ»ùÓÚÓ²¼þµÄÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆ·½°¸£¬Ö§³ÖÉÏÊö¸÷ÖÖ¸´ÖÆÄ£ÐÍ¡£\r
+</p>\r
+\r
+\r
+\r
+</body>\r
+</html>\r
+\r