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+ -e s@__FSECTION__@${fsect}@g \
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+ -e s@__FSECTION__@${fsect}@g \
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+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
.TH FILE __CSECTION__ "Copyright but distributable"
-.\" $Id: file.man,v 1.44 2003/02/27 20:47:46 christos Exp $
+.\" $Id: file.man,v 1.45 2003/03/23 04:19:49 christos Exp $
.SH NAME
file
\- determine file type
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B file
[
-.B \-bciknNsvzL
+.B \-bciknsvzL
]
[
.B \-f
.I namefile
]
[
-.B \-F
-separator ]
-[
-.B \-m
+.B \-m
.I magicfiles
]
.I file
-\*[Am]...
+\&...
.br
.B file
.B -C
[
-.B \-m
+.B \-m
magicfile ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents version __VERSION__ of the
that are known to contain binary data.
When modifying the file
.I __MAGIC__
-or the program itself,
+or the program itself,
.B "preserve these keywords" .
People depend on knowing that all the readable files in a directory
have the word ``text'' printed.
implement them)
are intuited if they are defined in
the system header file
-.IR \*[Lt]sys/stat.h\*[Gt] .
+.IR <sys/stat.h> .
.PP
The magic number tests are used to check for files with data in
particular fixed formats.
The canonical example of this is a binary executable (compiled program)
.I a.out
-file, whose format is defined in
+file, whose format is defined in
.I a.out.h
and possibly
.I exec.h
The information identifying these files is read from the compiled
magic file
.I __MAGIC__.mgc ,
-or
+or
.I __MAGIC__
if the compile file does not exist.
.PP
.B .br
indicates that the file is most likely a
.BR troff (1)
-input file, just as the keyword
+input file, just as the keyword
.B struct
indicates a C program.
These tests are less reliable than the previous
two groups, so they are performed last.
The language test routines also test for some miscellany
-(such as
+(such as
.BR tar (1)
archives).
.PP
.TP 8
.B \-c
Cause a checking printout of the parsed form of the magic file.
-This is usually used in conjunction with
+This is usually used in conjunction with
.B \-m
to debug a new magic file before installing it.
.TP 8
file.
.TP 8
.BI \-f " namefile"
-Read the names of the files to be examined from
+Read the names of the files to be examined from
.I namefile
-(one per line)
+(one per line)
before the argument list.
-Either
+Either
.I namefile
or at least one filename argument must be present;
to test the standard input, use ``\-'' as a filename argument.
.TP 8
-.BI \-F " separator"
-Use the specified separator character instead of ``:''.
-.TP 8
.B \-i
Causes the file command to output mime type strings rather than the more
-traditional human readable ones.
-Thus it may say
+traditional human readable ones. Thus it may say
``text/plain; charset=us-ascii''
rather
-than ``ASCII text''.
-In order for this option to work, file changes the way
+than ``ASCII text''. In order for this option to work, file changes the way
it handles files recognised by the command itself (such as many of the
text file types, directories etc), and makes use of an alternative
``magic'' file.
This can be a single file, or a colon-separated list of files.
.TP 8
.B \-n
-Force stdout to be flushed after checking each file.
-This is only useful if checking a list of files.
-It is intended to be used by programs that want filetype output from a pipe.
-.TP 8
-.B \-N
-Don't pad output to align filenames nicely.
+Force stdout to be flushed after checking each file. This is only useful if
+checking a list of files. It is intended to be used by programs that want
+filetype output from a pipe.
.TP 8
.B \-v
Print the version of the program and exit.
since on some systems it reports a zero size for raw disk partitions.
.SH FILES
.I __MAGIC__.mgc
-\- default compiled list of magic numbers
+\- defaults compiled list of magic numbers
.PP
.I __MAGIC__
\- default list of magic numbers
.SH STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
This program is believed to exceed the System V Interface Definition
of FILE(CMD), as near as one can determine from the vague language
-contained therein.
+contained therein.
Its behaviour is mostly compatible with the System V program of the same name.
This version knows more magic, however, so it will produce
-different (albeit more accurate) output in many cases.
+different (albeit more accurate) output in many cases.
.PP
-The one significant difference
+The one significant difference
between this version and System V
is that this version treats any white space
as a delimiter, so that spaces in pattern strings must be escaped.
For example,
.br
-\*[Gt]10 string language impress\ (imPRESS data)
+>10 string language impress\ (imPRESS data)
.br
in an existing magic file would have to be changed to
.br
-\*[Gt]10 string language\e impress (imPRESS data)
+>10 string language\e impress (imPRESS data)
.br
In addition, in this version, if a pattern string contains a backslash,
it must be escaped. For example
.BR file (1)
command derived from the System V one, but with some extensions.
My version differs from Sun's only in minor ways.
-It includes the extension of the `\*[Am]' operator, used as,
+It includes the extension of the `&' operator, used as,
for example,
.br
-\*[Gt]16 long\*[Am]0x7fffffff \*[Gt]0 not stripped
+>16 long&0x7fffffff >0 not stripped
.SH MAGIC DIRECTORY
The magic file entries have been collected from various sources,
mainly USENET, and contributed by various authors.
Christos Zoulas (address below) will collect additional
or corrected magic file entries.
-A consolidation of magic file entries
+A consolidation of magic file entries
will be distributed periodically.
.PP
The order of entries in the magic file is significant.
.B file
command uses a magic file,
keep the old magic file around for comparison purposes
-(rename it to
+(rename it to
.IR __MAGIC__.orig ).
.SH EXAMPLES
.nf
$ file -s /dev/wd0{b,d}
/dev/wd0b: data
/dev/wd0d: x86 boot sector
-$ file -s /dev/hda{,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} # Linux
+$ file -s /dev/hda{,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
/dev/hda: x86 boot sector
/dev/hda1: Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem
/dev/hda2: x86 boot sector
/dev/hda9: empty
/dev/hda10: empty
-$ file -s /dev/rwd0e # BSD
-/dev/rwd0e:
-Unix Fast File system (little-endian),
-last mounted on /usr,
-last written at Mon Feb 10 13:22:40 2003,
-clean flag 2,
-number of blocks 28754208,
-number of data blocks 27812712,
-number of cylinder groups 3566,
-block size 8192,
-fragment size 1024,
-minimum percentage of free blocks 5,
-rotational delay 0ms,
-disk rotational speed 60rps,
-TIME optimization
-
$ file -i file.c file /dev/{wd0a,hda}
file.c: text/x-c
file: application/x-executable, dynamically linked (uses shared libs),
.fi
.SH HISTORY
-There has been a
+There has been a
.B file
command in every \s-1UNIX\s0 since at least Research Version 4
(man page dated November, 1973).
This slowed the program down slightly but made it a lot more flexible.
.PP
This program, based on the System V version,
-was written by Ian Darwin \*[Lt]ian@darwinsys.com\*[Gt]
+was written by Ian Darwin <ian@darwinsys.com>
without looking at anybody else's source code.
.PP
John Gilmore revised the code extensively, making it better than
the first version.
Geoff Collyer found several inadequacies
and provided some magic file entries.
-Contributions by the `\*[Am]' operator by Rob McMahon, cudcv@warwick.ac.uk, 1989.
+Contributions by the `&' operator by Rob McMahon, cudcv@warwick.ac.uk, 1989.
.PP
Guy Harris, guy@netapp.com, made many changes from 1993 to the present.
.PP
.PP
The list of contributors to the "Magdir" directory (source for the
/etc/magic
-file) is too long to include here.
-You know who you are; thank you.
+file) is too long to include here. You know who you are; thank you.
.SH LEGAL NOTICE
Copyright (c) Ian F. Darwin, Toronto, Canada, 1986-1999.
Covered by the standard Berkeley Software Distribution copyright; see the file
program, and are not covered by the above license.
.SH BUGS
There must be a better way to automate the construction of the Magic
-file from all the glop in Magdir.
-What is it?
+file from all the glop in Magdir. What is it?
Better yet, the magic file should be compiled into binary (say,
.BR ndbm (3)
or, better yet, fixed-length
Regular expression support would make this easy.
.PP
The program doesn't grok \s-2FORTRAN\s0.
-It should be able to figure \s-2FORTRAN\s0 by seeing some keywords which
+It should be able to figure \s-2FORTRAN\s0 by seeing some keywords which
appear indented at the start of line.
Regular expression support would make this easy.
.PP
-The list of keywords in
+The list of keywords in
.I ascmagic
probably belongs in the Magic file.
This could be done by using some keyword like `*' for the offset value.
Another optimisation would be to sort
the magic file so that we can just run down all the
tests for the first byte, first word, first long, etc, once we
-have fetched it.
-Complain about conflicts in the magic file entries.
+have fetched it. Complain about conflicts in the magic file entries.
Make a rule that the magic entries sort based on file offset rather
than position within the magic file?
.PP
-The program should provide a way to give an estimate
+The program should provide a way to give an estimate
of ``how good'' a guess is.
We end up removing guesses (e.g. ``From '' as first 5 chars of file) because
they are not as good as other guesses (e.g. ``Newsgroups:'' versus
-``Return-Path:'').
-Still, if the others don't pan out, it should be
-possible to use the first guess.
+``Return-Path:''). Still, if the others don't pan out, it should be
+possible to use the first guess.
.PP
This program is slower than some vendors' file commands.
The new support for multiple character codes makes it even slower.
on
.B ftp.astron.com
in the directory
-.I /pub/file/file-X.YZ.tar.gz
+.I /pub/file/file-X.YY.tar.gz
This manual page documents the format of the magic file as
used by the
.BR file (__CSECTION__)
-command, version __VERSION__.
-The
+command, version __VERSION__. The
.BR file
command identifies the type of a file using,
among other tests,
Each line of the file specifies a test to be performed.
A test compares the data starting at a particular offset
in the file with a 1-byte, 2-byte, or 4-byte numeric value or
-a string.
-If the test succeeds, a message is printed.
+a string. If the test succeeds, a message is printed.
The line consists of the following fields:
.IP offset \w'message'u+2n
A number specifying the offset, in bytes, into the file of the data
which is to be tested.
.IP type
-The type of the data to be tested.
-The possible values are:
+The type of the data to be tested. The possible values are:
.RS
.IP byte \w'message'u+2n
A one-byte value.
.IP long
A four-byte value (on most systems) in this machine's native byte order.
.IP string
-A string of bytes.
-The string type specification can be optionally followed by /[Bbc]*.
-The ``B'' flag compacts whitespace in the target, which must
-contain at least one whitespace character.
-If the magic has "n" consecutive
-blanks, the target needs at least "n" consecutive blanks to match.
-The ``b'' flag treats every blank in the target as an optional blank.
-Finally the ``c''
+A string of bytes. The string type specification can be optionally followed
+by /[Bbc]*. The ``B'' flag compacts whitespace in the target, which must
+contain at least one whitespace character. If the magic has "n" consecutive
+blanks, the target needs at least "n" consecutive blanks to match. The ``b''
+flag treats every blank in the target as an optional blank. Finally the ``c''
flag, specifies case insensitive matching: lowercase characters in the magic
match both lower and upper case characters in the targer, whereas upper case
characters in the magic, only much uppercase characters in the target.
A four-byte value (on most systems) in little-endian byte order,
interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as local time rather
than UTC.
-.IP regex
-A regular expression to be matched with the string at that position in the file.
.RE
.PP
The numeric types may optionally be followed by
-.B \*[Am]
+.B &
and a numeric value,
to specify that the value is to be AND'ed with the
-numeric value before any comparisons are done.
-Prepending a
+numeric value before any comparisons are done. Prepending a
.B u
to the type indicates that ordered comparisons should be unsigned.
.IP test
-The value to be compared with the value from the file.
-If the type is numeric, this value
+The value to be compared with the value from the file. If the type is
+numeric, this value
is specified in C form; if it is a string, it is specified as a C string
with the usual escapes permitted (e.g. \en for new-line).
.IP
It may be
.BR = ,
to specify that the value from the file must equal the specified value,
-.BR \*[Lt] ,
+.BR < ,
to specify that the value from the file must be less than the specified
value,
-.BR \*[Gt] ,
+.BR > ,
to specify that the value from the file must be greater than the specified
value,
-.BR \*[Am] ,
-to specify that the value from the file must have set all of the bits
+.BR & ,
+to specify that the value from the file must have set all of the bits
that are set in the specified value,
.BR ^ ,
-to specify that the value from the file must have clear any of the bits
+to specify that the value from the file must have clear any of the bits
that are set in the specified value, or
.BR x ,
-to specify that any value will match.
-If the character is omitted, it is assumed to be
+to specify that any value will match. If the character is omitted,
+it is assumed to be
.BR = .
.IP
Numeric values are specified in C form; e.g.
is hexadecimal.
.IP
For string values, the byte string from the
-file must match the specified byte string.
+file must match the specified byte string.
The operators
.BR = ,
-.B \*[Lt]
+.B <
and
-.B \*[Gt]
+.B >
(but not
-.BR \*[Am] )
+.BR & )
can be applied to strings.
The length used for matching is that of the string argument
-in the magic file.
-This means that a line can match any string, and
+in the magic file. This means that a line can match any string, and
then presumably print that string, by doing
-.B \*[Gt]\e0
+.B >\e0
(because all strings are greater than the null string).
.IP message
-The message to be printed if the comparison succeeds.
-If the string contains a
+The message to be printed if the comparison succeeds. If the string
+contains a
.BR printf (3)
format specification, the value from the file (with any specified masking
performed) is printed using the message as the format string.
.PP
Some file formats contain additional information which is to be printed
-along with the file type.
-A line which begins with the character
-.B \*[Gt]
-indicates additional tests and messages to be printed.
-The number of
-.B \*[Gt]
+along with the file type. A line which begins with the character
+.B >
+indicates additional tests and messages to be printed. The number of
+.B >
on the line indicates the level of the test; a line with no
-.B \*[Gt]
+.B >
at the beginning is considered to be at level 0.
Each line at level
.IB n \(pl1
.I n
succeeds, the tests specified in all the subsequent lines at level
.IB n \(pl1
-are performed, and the messages printed if the tests succeed.
-The next line at level
+are performed, and the messages printed if the tests succeed. The next
+line at level
.I n
terminates this.
If the first character following the last
-.B \*[Gt]
+.B >
is a
.B (
then the string after the parenthesis is interpreted as an indirect offset.
That means that the number after the parenthesis is used as an offset in
-the file.
-The value at that offset is read, and is used again as an offset
-in the file.
-Indirect offsets are of the form:
+the file. The value at that offset is read, and is used again as an offset
+in the file. Indirect offsets are of the form:
.BI (( x [.[bslBSL]][+-][ y ]).
-The value of
+The value of
.I x
-is used as an offset in the file.
-A byte, short or long is read at that offset depending on the
-.B [bslBSL]
-type specifier.
-The capitalized types interpret the number as a big endian
-value, whereas the small letter versions interpret the number as a little
-endian value.
-To that number the value of
+is used as an offset in the file. A byte, short or long is read at that offset
+depending on the
+.B [bslBSL]
+type specifier. The capitalized types interpret the number as a big endian
+value, whereas the small letter versions interpet the number as a little
+endian value. To that number the value of
.I y
-is added and the result is used as an offset in the file.
-The default type if one is not specified is long.
+is added and the result is used as an offset in the file. The default type
+if one is not specified is long.
.PP
Sometimes you do not know the exact offset as this depends on the length of
-preceding fields.
-You can specify an offset relative to the end of the
+preceding fields. You can specify an offset relative to the end of the
last uplevel field (of course this may only be done for sublevel tests, i.e.
-test beginning with
-.B \*[Gt]
-).
-Such a relative offset is specified using
-.B \*[Am]
+test beginning with
+.B >
+). Such a relative offset is specified using
+.B &
as a prefix to the offset.
.SH BUGS
-The formats
+The formats
.IR long ,
.IR belong ,
.IR lelong ,
and
.I ledate
are system-dependent; perhaps they should be specified as a number
-of bytes (2B, 4B, etc),
+of bytes (2B, 4B, etc),
since the files being recognized typically come from
a system on which the lengths are invariant.
.PP
.\" From: guy@sun.uucp (Guy Harris)
.\" Newsgroups: net.bugs.usg
.\" Subject: /etc/magic's format isn't well documented
-.\" Message-ID: \*[Lt]2752@sun.uucp\*[Gt]
+.\" Message-ID: <2752@sun.uucp>
.\" Date: 3 Sep 85 08:19:07 GMT
.\" Organization: Sun Microsystems, Inc.
.\" Lines: 136
-.\"
+.\"
.\" Here's a manual page for the format accepted by the "file" made by adding
.\" the changes I posted to the S5R2 version.
.\"
.\" Modified for Ian Darwin's version of the file command.
-.\" @(#)$Id: magic.man,v 1.22 2003/03/07 14:59:04 christos Exp $
+.\" @(#)$Id: magic.man,v 1.23 2003/03/23 04:19:49 christos Exp $
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