-========================================
-:mod:`turtle` --- Turtle graphics for Tk
-========================================
+=================================
+:mod:`turtle` --- Turtle graphics
+=================================
.. module:: turtle
- :synopsis: Turtle graphics for Tk
+ :synopsis: An educational framework for simple graphics applications
.. sectionauthor:: Gregor Lingl <gregor.lingl@aon.at>
.. testsetup:: default
or TurtleScreen as argument, so the RawTurtle objects know where to draw.
Derived from RawTurtle is the subclass :class:`Turtle` (alias: :class:`Pen`),
- which draws on "the" :class:`Screen` - instance which is automatically
+ which draws on "the" :class:`Screen` instance which is automatically
created, if not already present.
All methods of RawTurtle/Turtle also exist as functions, i.e. part of the
automatically created whenever any of the functions derived from a Turtle method
is called.
-To use multiple turtles an a screen one has to use the object-oriented interface.
+To use multiple turtles on a screen one has to use the object-oriented interface.
.. note::
In the following documentation the argument list for functions is given.
omitted here.
-Overview over available Turtle and Screen methods
+Overview of available Turtle and Screen methods
=================================================
Turtle methods
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.pos()
(64.28,76.60)
- >>> print(turtle.xcor())
- 64.2787609687
+ >>> print(round(turtle.xcor(), 5))
+ 64.27876
.. function:: ycor()
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print(turtle.pos())
(50.00,86.60)
- >>> print(turtle.ycor())
- 86.6025403784
+ >>> print(round(turtle.ycor(), 5))
+ 86.60254
.. function:: heading()
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
- >>> turtle.degrees(400.0) # angle measurement in gon
+
+ Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
+ grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
+ >>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.degrees(360)
>>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())
[('fillcolor', 'black'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'),
('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),
- ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)]
+ ('shearfactor', 0.0), ('shown', True), ('speed', 9),
+ ('stretchfactor', (1.0, 1.0)), ('tilt', 0.0)]
>>> penstate=turtle.pen()
>>> turtle.color("yellow", "")
>>> turtle.penup()
- >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())
- [('fillcolor', ''), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'yellow'),
- ('pendown', False), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),
- ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)]
+ >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())[:3]
+ [('fillcolor', ''), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'yellow')]
>>> turtle.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
- >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())
- [('fillcolor', 'green'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'),
- ('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),
- ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)]
-
+ >>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())[:3]
+ [('fillcolor', 'green'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red')]
.. function:: isdown()
(0.2, 0.8, 0.5490196078431373)
>>> colormode(255)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
- (51, 204, 140)
+ (51.0, 204.0, 140.0)
>>> turtle.pencolor('#32c18f')
>>> turtle.pencolor()
- (50, 193, 143)
+ (50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
.. function:: fillcolor(*args)
'violet'
>>> col = turtle.pencolor()
>>> col
- (50, 193, 143)
+ (50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
>>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
>>> turtle.fillcolor()
- (50, 193, 143)
+ (50.0, 193.0, 143.0)
>>> turtle.fillcolor('#ffffff')
>>> turtle.fillcolor()
- (255, 255, 255)
+ (255.0, 255.0, 255.0)
.. function:: color(*args)
('red', 'green')
>>> color("#285078", "#a0c8f0")
>>> color()
- ((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))
+ ((40.0, 80.0, 120.0), (160.0, 200.0, 240.0))
See also: Screen method :func:`colormode`.
.. doctest::
>>> turtle.shapesize()
- (1, 1, 1)
+ (1.0, 1.0, 1)
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize()
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5)
>>> turtle.shearfactor()
- >>> 0.5
+ 0.5
.. function:: tilt(angle)
.. doctest::
+ >>> turtle = Turtle()
>>> turtle.shape("square")
>>> turtle.shapesize(4,2)
>>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5)
>>> turtle.shapetransform()
- >>> (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)
+ (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)
.. function:: get_shapepoly()
.. _compoundshapes:
-Excursus about the use of compound shapes
------------------------------------------
+Compound shapes
+---------------
To use compound turtle shapes, which consist of several polygons of different
color, you must use the helper class :class:`Shape` explicitly as described
:param args: a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a
3-tuple of such numbers
+
Set or return background color of the TurtleScreen.
.. doctest::
'orange'
>>> screen.bgcolor("#800080")
>>> screen.bgcolor()
- (128, 0, 128)
+ (128.0, 0.0, 128.0)
.. function:: bgpic(picname=None)
.. note::
This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the
- name ``clearscreen``. The global function ``clear`` is another one
+ name ``clearscreen``. The global function ``clear`` is a different one
derived from the Turtle method ``clear``.
:param n: nonnegative integer
:param delay: nonnegative integer
- Turn turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. If *n* is
- given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be
- used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) Second argument sets
- delay value (see :func:`delay`).
+ Turn turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. If
+ *n* is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really
+ performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex
+ graphics.) When called without arguments, returns the currently
+ stored value of n. Second argument sets delay value (see
+ :func:`delay`).
.. doctest::
:param title: string
:param prompt: string
:param default: number (optional)
- :param prompt: number (optional)
- :param prompt: number (optional)
+ :param minval: number (optional)
+ :param maxval: number (optional)
Pop up a dialog window for input of a number. title is the title of the
dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information
>>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle zoo!")
-The public classes of the module :mod:`turtle`
-==============================================
+Public classes
+==============
.. class:: RawTurtle(canvas)
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| round_dance | dancing turtles rotating | compound shapes, clone|
| | pairwise in opposite | shapesize, tilt, |
-| | direction | get_polyshape, update |
+| | direction | get_shapepoly, update |
+----------------+------------------------------+-----------------------+
| tree | a (graphical) breadth | :func:`clone` |
| | first tree (using generators)| |
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