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+ Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓúǫ́½ø³ÌµÄ -S Ñ¡ÏîÀ´Ôö¼Óÿ¸öºǫ́½ø³ÌÓÃÓÚÁÙʱÅÅÐòÓõÄ×î´óÄÚ´æÊýÁ¿¡£-S ÖµÊÇÒÔK×ֽڼƵģ¬È±Ê¡ÊÇ 512 £¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬512K£©¡£<P>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓà <FONT size="-1">
+ CLUSTER</FONT> ÃüÁîÀ´°Ñ±íÀïµÄÊý¾Ý°´ÕÕij¸öË÷Òý½øÐоۼ¯´æ·Å¡£²ÎÔÄ CLUSTER µÄÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¸ü¶àϸ½Ú¡£
+ <H4><a name="3.7"></a>3.7) PostgreSQL Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿</H4>
+ <p>PostgreSQL Óм¸¸öÌØÐÔÓÃÓÚ±¨¸æ״̬ÐÅÏ¢£¬ÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¿ÉÄܶԵ÷ÊÔÓÃ;ºÜÓаïÖú¡£</p>
+ <P>Ê×ÏÈ£¬Í¨¹ý¸½´ø --enable-cassert Ñ¡ÏîÔËÐÐ configure£¬Óкܶà <I>assert()</I>
+ ¼à¿Øºǫ́½ø³ÌºÍÔÚ·¢ÉúijЩδÔøÔ¤ÁϵÄÏÖÏóʱֹͣ³ÌÐòÔËÐС£
+ <P>postmaster ºÍ postgres ¶¼ÓÐһЩ¿ÉÓõÄÑ¡Ïî¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬µ±ÄãÆô¶¯ postmaster
+ ʱ£¬È·±£Äã°Ñ±ê×¼Êä³öºÍ±ê×¼´íÎóÊä³ö¶¨Ïòµ½ÁËÒ»¸öÈÕÖ¾ÎļþÀïÈ¥ÁË£¬Ïó£º
+ <PRE> cd /usr/local/pgsql
+ ./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 &</PRE>
+ ÕâÑù½«ÔÚ PostgreSQL ¶¥¼¶Ä¿Â¼ÏÂÊä³öÒ»¸ö server.log Îļþ¡£Õâ¸öÎļþ°üº¬·þÎñÆ÷Åöµ½µÄÎÊÌâºÍ´íÎóµÄÓÐÓÃÐÅÏ¢¡£postmaster ÓÐÒ»¸ö
+ -d Ñ¡Ï¸ÃÑ¡ÏîÔÊÐíÎÒÃÇ»ñµÃ¸ü¶àµÄϸ½Ú»ã±¨¡£-d Ñ¡Ïî½ÓÊÜÒ»¸öÊý×Ö±êÃ÷µ÷ÊÔ¼¶±ð¡£ÐèÒª¾¯¸æµÄÊǸߵĵ÷ÊÔ¼¶±ð¿ÉÄÜ»áÉú³É¾Þ´óµÄÈÕÖ¾Îļþ¡£<P>Èç¹û postmaster
+ ûÓÐÔËÐУ¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉÏÆô¶¯ postgres ºǫ́½ø³Ì£¬È»ºóÖ±½Ó¼üÈë SQL Óï¾ä¡£ÎÒÃÇ<B>Ö»</B>
+ ÍƼöÔÚµ÷ÊÔµÄʱºòÕâô¸É¡£Çë×¢ÒâÕâʱÓû»ÐÐÜÞ¶ø²»ÊǷֺűíʾÓï¾ä½áβ¡£Èç¹ûÄã´ø×ŵ÷ÊÔ·ûºÅ±àÒ룬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷¹Û¿´·¢ÉúÁËʲôÊÂÇé¡£ÒòΪºǫ́½ø³ÌûÓÐÓÉ
+ postmaster Æô¶¯µÄ£¬Ëü²»ÊǺÍʵ¼ÊµÄÔËÐл·¾³Ò»Ö£¬¶øÇÒËø¶¨/ºǫ́½»»¥ÎÊÌâ¿ÉÄܲ»ÄÜÖØÏÖ¡£
+ <P>Èç¹û postmaster ÒѾÔËÐУ¬¿ÉÔÚÒ»¸ö´°¿ÚÖÐÆô¶¯ <I>psql</I>£¬È»ºóÕÒ³ö <I>psql</I> ¶ÔÓ¦µÄ <I>postgres</I> ½ø³ÌµÄ
+ <FONT size="-1">PID</FONT>¡£Ê¹ÓÃÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷¸½×ÅÔÚÕâ¸ö <I>postgres </I><FONT size="-1">PID</FONT>
+ ÉÏ¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚµ÷ÊÔÆ÷ÀïÉèÖöϵ㲢ÇÒ´Ó <I>psql</I> ÀïÖ´Ðвéѯ¡£Èç¹ûÄãÔÚµ÷ÊÔ <I>postgres</I> µÄÆô¶¯£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÉèÖÃ
+ PGOPTIONS="-W n"£¬È»ºóÆô¶¯ <I>psql</I>¡£ÕâÑù½«µ¼ÖÂÆô¶¯ÑÓ³Ù <I>n</I>
+ Ã룬ÕâÑùÄã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¸½¼ÓÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷²¢ÇÒ¸ú×ÙÆô¶¯Ë³ÐòµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£
+ <P>
+ postgres ³ÌÐòÓÐ -s£¬-A£¬ºÍ -t Ñ¡Ïî¿ÉÄÜÔÚµ÷ÊÔºÍÐÔÄܲâÁ¿µÄʱºò·Ç³£ÓÐÓá£
+ <P>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø profiling Ö§³Ö±àÒëºǫ́£¬ÒÔ±ã¹Û²ìÄÄЩº¯ÊýÕ¼ÓõÄÖ´ÐÐʱ¼ä½Ï¶à¡£profile Îļþ½«·ÅÔÚ pgsql/data/base/dbname
+ Ŀ¼Ï¡£¿Í»§¶Ë profile Îļþ½«·ÅÔÚ¿Í»§¶Ëµ±Ç°Ä¿Â¼Ï¡£ÔÚ Linux ÏÂÖ§³Ö profiling ÒªÔÚ±àÒëʱ¼ÓÉÏ<i>-DLINUX_PROFILE </i>
+ ¡£<H4><a name="3.8"></a>3.8)
+ ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many clients¡±ÏûÏ¢£¿</H4>
+ <p>ÄãÐèÒªÔö´ó postmaster Æô¶¯Ê±Ö§³ÖµÄ²¢·¢ºǫ́½ø³ÌÊý¡£</p>
+ <P>ȱʡÏÞÖÆÊÇ 32 ½ø³Ì¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý´ø×ÅÊʵ±µÄ <I>-N</I> Öµ¿ª¹ØÆô¶¯ postmaster Ôö¼ÓÕâ¸öÊýÄ¿¡£»òÕßÐÞ¸Ä <i>postgresql.conf</i>
+ Îļþ¡£
+ <P>ҪעÒâÈç¹ûÄã°Ñ <I>-N</I> ÉèÖÃΪ´óÓÚ 32£¬Äã±ØÐëͬÑùÔö´ó <I>-B</I>£¬³¬¹ýËüȱʡµÄ 64£»-B ±ØÐë×îÉÙÊÇ -N
+ µÄÁ½±¶£¬¶øÇÒΪÁ˸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ¿ÉÄÜÒª±ÈÄǸöÊý×ÖÒª´ó¡£¶ÔÓÚ´óÊýÄ¿µÄºó¶Ë½ø³Ì£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜ»¹»á·¢ÏÖÄ㻹ÐèÒªÔö¼ÓÐí¶à Unix
+ ÄÚºËÅäÖòÎÊýÖµ¡£Òª¼ì²éµÄ¶«Î÷°üÀ¨¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¿éµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¬<FONT size="-1">SHMMAX</FONT>£¬ÐźŵƵÄ×î´óÊýÄ¿£¬<FONT size="-1">SEMMNS</FONT>
+ ºÍ <FONT size="-1">SEMMNI</FONT>£¬×î´óµÄ½ø³ÌÊý£¬<FONT size="-1">NPROC</FONT>£¬µ¥Óû§×î´ó½ø³ÌÊý£¬<FONT size="-1">MAXUPRC</FONT>£¬ÒÔ¼°´ò¿ªÎļþµÄ×î´óÊýÄ¿£¬<FONT size="-1">NFILE</FONT>
+ ºÍ <FONT size="-1">NINODE</FONT>
+ ¡£Postgres ¶ÔÔÊÐíµÄºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýÓÐÏÞÖƵÄÔÒòÊÇΪÁËÈ·±£ÄãµÄϵͳ²»»áÓùâ×ÊÔ´¡£<P>ÔÚ Postgres ÔçÓÚ 6.5 µÄ°æ±¾£¬×î´óºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýȱʡÊÇ
+ 64£¬²¢ÇÒ¶ÔËüµÄÐÞ¸ÄÊ×ÏÈÐèÒªÐÞ¸Ä <I>include/storage/sinvaladt.h</I> ÀïµÄ MaxBackendId ³£Á¿£¬È»ºóÖØÐÂ
+ BUILD¡£
+ <H4><a name="3.9"></a>3.9) pgsql_tmp Ŀ¼ÀﶼÓÐЩʲô£¿</H4>
+ <p>¸ÃĿ¼Ï±£´æÁ˲éѯִÐÐÆ÷Éú³ÉµÄÁÙʱÎļþ¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûÐèҪΪÂú×ã <FONT size="-1">ORDER BY</FONT> Ìõ¼þ×öÅÅÐò£¬²¢ÇÒÅÅÐòÐèÒª±Èºǫ́µÄ
+ -S ²ÎÊý¸ø³öµÄ¸ü¶àµÄ¿Õ¼ä£¬ÄÇô¾Í»á´´½¨Ò»¸öÁÙʱÎļþ±£´æ¶à³öÀ´µÄÊý¾Ý¡£</p>
+ <P>ÁÙʱÎļþÓ¦¸Ã×Ô¶¯É¾³ý£¬²»¹ýÈç¹ûÔÚÅÅÐò¹ý³ÌÖкǫ́±ÀÀ£Á˾ͿÉÄÜÁôÏÂÀ´¡£Í£Ö¹²¢ÖØÆð postmaster ½«»áɾ³ýÕâЩÎļþ¡£
+ <BR>
+ <h4><a name="3.10"></a>3.10) ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL ·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö dump ºÍ restore £¿</h4>
+ <p>
+ PostgreSQL ¿ª·¢×é¶Ôÿ´ÎСµÄÉý¼¶½ö×öÁ˽ÏÉÙµÄÐÞ¸Ä,Òò´Ë´Ó 7.2 Éý¼¶µ½ 7.2.1 ²»ÐèÒª dump ºÍ restore¡£µ«ÊÇÖ÷ÒªµÄÉý¼¶£¨ÀýÈç´Ó
+ 7.2 µ½ 7.3£©Í¨³£»áÐÞ¸Äϵͳ±íºÍÊý¾Ý±íµÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£ÕâЩ±ä»¯Ò»°ã±È½Ï¸´ÔÓ£¬Òò´ËÎÒÃDz»Î¬Êý¾ÝÎļþµÄÏòºó¼æÈÝ¡£dump
+ ½«Êý¾Ý°´ÕÕͨÓõĸñʽÊä³ö£¬Ëæºó¿ÉÒÔ±»ÖØмÓÔز¢Ê¹ÓÃеÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£</p>
+ <p>
+ ´ÅÅÌÎļþ¸ñʽûÓб仯µÄÉý¼¶£¬¿ÉÒÔÓà <i>pg_upgrade</i> ½Å±¾£¬¶ø²»ÐèÒª×ö dump ºÍ restor¡£·¢²¼ËµÃ÷script »áÖ¸Ã÷ <i>pg_upgrade</i>
+ ¶Ô¸Ã´ÎÉý¼¶ÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÓá£</p>
+ <P>
+ <HR>
+ <CENTER>
+ <H2>²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ</H2>
+ </CENTER>
+ <H4><A name="4.1"></A>4.1)
+ ¶þ½øÖÆÓαêºÍÆÕͨÓαêÖ®¼äµÄÇø±ðÊÇʲô£¿</H4>
+ ²ÎÔÄ <FONT size="-1">DECLARE</FONT> ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢¡£
+ <H4><a name="4.2"></a>4.2)ÈçºÎÖ» <FONT size="-1">SELECT</FONT> Ò»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿</H4>
+ ²ÎÔÄ <FONT size="-1">FETCH</FONT>
+ ÊÖ²áÒ³£¬»òÕßʹÓà SELECT ... LIMIT....
+ <P>¼´Ê¹ÄãÖ»ÐèÒª¿ªÍ·µÄ¼¸ÐУ¬Ò²»áÉæ¼°µ½Õû¸ö²éѯ¡£ÊÔ×ÅʹÓôøÓÐ <FONT size="-1">ORDER BY</FONT> µÄ²éѯ¡£Èç¹ûÓÐÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÓë <FONT size="-1">
+ ORDER BY</FONT> Æ¥Å䣬PostgreSQL ¿ÉÄܾÍÖ»´¦ÀíÒªÇóµÄÍ·¼¸Ìõ¼Ç¼£¬·ñÔò½«¶ÔÕû¸ö²éѯ½øÐд¦ÀíÖ±µ½Éú³ÉÐèÒªµÄÐС£
+ <H4><a name="4.3"></a>4.3) ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñÈ¡Ò»¸ö±íµÄÁÐ±í£¬»òÕßÊÇÆäËûÎÒÄÜÔÚ <I>psql</I> Àï¿´µ½µÄ¶«Î÷£¿</H4>
+ Äã¿ÉÒÔÔĶÁ <I>psql</I> µÄÔ´´úÂëÎļþ<I>pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c</I> ¡£Ëü°üÀ¨ÎªÉú³É psql
+ µÄ·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîµÄÊä³öµÄ SQL ÃüÁî¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø <I>-E</I> Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯ <I>psql</I>£¬ÕâÑùËü½«´òÓ¡³öÖ´ÐÐÄã¸ø³öµÄÃüÁîËùÓõIJéѯ¡£
+ <H4><a name="4.4"></a>4.4) ÔõÑù´Ó±íÀïÃæɾ³ýÒ»ÁУ¿</H4>
+ <P>7.3 ÀïÔö¼ÓÁË <FONT size="-1">ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</FONT>£¬ÒÔÖ§³Ö´ËÏÄÜ¡£ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù×ö£º</P>
+ <PRE> BEGIN;
+ LOCK TABLE old_table;
+ SELECT ... -- select all columns but the one you want to remove
+ INTO TABLE new_table
+ FROM old_table;
+ DROP TABLE old_table;
+ ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
+ COMMIT;
+</PRE>
+ <H4><a name="4.5"></a>4.5) Ò»ÐУ¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿</H4>
+ ÏÂÃæÊÇһЩÏÞÖÆ£º<PRE> Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿â×î´ó³ß´ç£¿ ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¨´æÔÚ 1TB µÄÊý¾Ý¿â£©
+ Ò»¸ö±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿ 16TB
+ Ò»ÐеÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿ 1.6TB
+ Ò»¸ö×ֶεÄ×î´ó³ß´ç? 1GB
+ Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÐÐÊý£¿ ÎÞÏÞÖÆ
+ Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÁÐÊý£¿ ¸úÁÐÀàÐÍÓйØ,250-1600
+ Ò»¸ö±íÀïµÄ×î´óË÷ÒýÊýÁ¿£¿ÎÞÏÞÖÆ</PRE>
+ µ±È»£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏûÓÐÕæÕýµÄÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¬»¹ÊÇÒªÊÜ¿ÉÓôÅÅ̿ռ䡢¿ÉÓÃÄÚ´æ/½»»»ÇøµÄÖÆÔ¼¡£
+ <P>
+ ±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç 16 TB ²»ÐèÒª²Ù×÷ϵͳ¶Ô´óÎļþµÄÖ§³Ö¡£´ó±íÓöà¸ö 1
+ GB µÄÎļþ´æ´¢£¬Òò´ËÎļþϵͳ³ß´çµÄÏÞÖÆÊDz»ÖØÒªµÄ¡£
+ <P>Èç¹ûȱʡµÄ¿é´óСÔö³¤µ½ 32K £¬×î´óµÄ±í³ß´çºÍ×î´óÁÐÊý¿ÉÒÔÔö¼Ó¡£</P>
+ <H4><a name="4.6"></a>4.6)´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄƽÃæÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿</H4>
+ Ò»¸ö Postgres Êý¾Ý¿â×î¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒªÏ൱ÓÚÔÚÒ»¸öƽÃæÎļþÀï´æ´¢ÏàͬÊý¾ÝµÄ5±¶µÄ´ÅÅ̿ռ䡣
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+ PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿âÎļþ´óÔ¼ÊÇ 6.4 MB:<PRE> 36 ×Ö½Ú: ÿÐеÄÍ·£¨¹À¼ÆÖµ£©
+ 24 ×Ö½Ú: Ò»¸öint×ֶκÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÐÍ×Ö¶Î
+ + 4 ×Ö½Ú: Ò³ÃæÄÚÖ¸ÏòÔª×éµÄÖ¸Õë
+ ----------------------------------------
+ 64 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
+
+ PostgreSQL Êý¾ÝÒ³µÄ´óСÊÇ 8192 ×Ö½Ú (8 KB)£¬Ôò£º
+
+ 8192 ×Ö½Úÿҳ
+ ------------------- = 128 ÐÐ/Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÏÂÈ¡Õû£©
+ 64 ×Ö½ÚÿÐÐ
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+ 100000 Êý¾ÝÐÐ
+ -------------------- = 782 Êý¾ÝÒ³£¨ÏòÉÏÈ¡Õû£©
+ 128 ÐÐÿҳ
+
+ 782 Êý¾ÝÒ³ * 8192 ×Ö½Ú/Ò³ = 6,406,144 ×Ö½Ú£¨6.4 MB£©
+</PRE>
+ <P>Ë÷Òý²»ÐèÒªÕâô¶àµÄ¶îÍâÏûºÄ£¬µ«Ò²È·Êµ°üÀ¨±»Ë÷ÒýµÄÊý¾Ý£¬Òò´ËËüÃÇÒ²¿ÉÄܴܺó¡£</P>
+ <P>¿ÕÖµ´æ·ÅÔÚλͼÖУ¬Òò´ËÕ¼ÓúÜÉٵĿռ䡣</P>
+ <H4><a name="4.7"></a>4.7)
+ ÈçºÎ²é¿´±í¡¢Ë÷Òý¡¢Êý¾Ý¿âÒÔ¼°Óû§µÄ¶¨Ò壿</H4>
+ <I> psql</I> ÓÐÐí¶à·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîÓÃÓÚÏÔʾÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£Óà \? ¿´¿´¶¼ÓÐÄÄЩ¡£ÒÔ pg_ ´òÍ·µÄϵͳ±íÒ²ÃèÊöÁËÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¡£ psql -l
+ ¿ÉÒÔÁгöËùÓеÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£
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+ SELECT</FONT>¡£
+ <H4><a name="4.8"></a>4.8) ÎҵIJéѯºÜÂý»òÕßûÓÐÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´£¿</H4>
+ <P>
+ ²¢·Çÿ¸ö²éѯ¶¼»á×Ô¶¯Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ±íµÄ´óС³¬¹ýÒ»¸ö×îСֵ£¬²¢ÇÒ²éѯֻѡÔñ±íÖнÏС±ÈÀýµÄÐÐʱ²ÉÓÃʹÓÃË÷Òý¡£ÕâÊÇÒòΪË÷ÒýɨÃèÒýÆðµÄËæ¼´´ÅÅÌ´æÈ¡¿ÉÄܱÈÖ±½ÓµØ¶ÁÈ¡±í£¨Ë³ÐòɨÃ裩¸üÂý¡£ÎªÁËÅжÏÊÇ·ñʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬PostgreSQL
+ ±ØÐë»ñµÃÓйرíµÄͳ¼ÆÖµ¡£ÕâЩͳ¼ÆÖµ¿ÉÒÔʹÓà VACUUM ANALYZE£¬»ò ANALYZE
+ »ñµÃ¡£Ê¹ÓÃͳ¼ÆÖµ£¬ÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÖªµÀ±íÖÐÓжàÉÙÐУ¬¾ÍÄܹ»¸üºÃµØÅжÏÊÇ·ñÀûÓÃË÷Òý¡£Í³¼ÆÖµ¶ÔÈ·¶¨ÓÅ»¯µÄÁ¬½Ó˳ÐòºÍÁ¬½Ó·½·¨Ò²ºÜÓÐÓá£ÔÚ±íµÄÄÚÈÝ·¢Éú±ä»¯Ê±£¬Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ½øÐÐͳ¼ÆÖµµÄ»ñÈ¡¡£
+ <P>
+ Ë÷Òýͨ³£²»ÓÃÓÚ ORDER BY »òÖ´ÐÐÁ¬½Ó¡£¶ÔÒ»¸ö´ó±íµÄÒ»´Î˳ÐòɨÃ裬ÔÙ×öÒ»¸öÏÔʽµÄÅÅÐòͨ³£±ÈË÷ÒýɨÃèÒª¿ì¡£
+ <P>µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚ LIMIT ºÍ ORDER BY ½áºÏʹÓÃʱ¾³£»áʹÓÃË÷Òý£¬ÒòΪֻ»á·µ»Ø±íµÄһС²¿·Ö¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ËäÈ» MAX() ºÍ MIN() ²¢²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý£¬Í¨¹ý¶Ô
+ ORDER BY ºÍ LLIMIT ʹÓÃË÷ÒýÈ¡µÃ×î´óÖµºÍ×îСֵҲÊÇ¿ÉÒԵģº<BR>
+ <BR>
+ SELECT col<BR>
+ FROM tab<BR>
+ ORDER BY col [ DESC ]<BR>
+ LIMIT 1;
+ <P>µ±Ê¹ÓÃͨÅä·û²Ù×÷£¬ÀýÈç LIKE »ò ~ ʱ£¬Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜÔÚÌض¨µÄÇé¿öÏÂʹÓ㺠<ul><li> ×Ö·û´®µÄ¿ªÊ¼²¿·Ö±ØÐëÊÇÆÕͨ×Ö·û´®£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£º</li>
+ <ul><li>LIKE ģʽ²»ÄÜÒÔ % ´òÍ·¡£</li><li>~ £¨ÕýÔò±í´ïʽ£©Ä£Ê½±ØÐëÒÔ ^ ´òÍ·¡£</li></ul>
+ <li>×Ö·û´®²»ÄÜÒÔÆ¥Åä¶à¸ö×Ö·ûµÄģʽÀà´òÍ·£¬ÀýÈç [a-e]¡£</li><li>´óСдÎ޹صIJéÕÒ£¬Èç ILIKE ºÍ ~* µÈ²»Ê¹ÓÃË÷Òý¡£µ«¿ÉÒÔÓà 4.12 ½ÚÃèÊöµÄº¯ÊýË÷Òý¡£</li><li>ÔÚ×ö initdb ʱ±ØÐë²ÉÓÃȱʡµÄ±¾µØÉèÖà C locale¡£</li></ul>
+ <H4><a name="4.9"></a>4.9)
+ ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ¿´µ½²éѯÓÅ»¯Æ÷ÊÇÔõÑù´¦ÀíÎҵIJéѯµÄ£¿</H4>
+ ²Î¿¼ <FONT size="-1">EXPLAIN</FONT> ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£
+ <H4><a name="4.10"></a>4.10) R-tree Ë÷ÒýÊÇʲô£¿</H4>
+ <P>R-tree Ë÷ÒýÓÃÓÚË÷Òý¿Õ¼äÊý¾Ý¡£Ò»¸ö¹þÏ£Ë÷ÒýÎÞ·¨´¦Àí·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£¶ø B-tree Ë÷ÒýÖ»ÄÜ´¦ÀíһάµÄ·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£R-tree
+ Ë÷Òý¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶àάÊý¾Ý¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹û¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒ»¸öÀàÐÍΪ point µÄ×Ö¶ÎÉϽ¨Á¢Ò»¸ö R-tree Ë÷Òý£¬ÄÇôϵͳÄܸü¸ßЧµØ»Ø´ðÀàËÆ
+ ¡°Ñ¡ÔñÔÚÒ»¸ö³¤·½Ðη¶Î§ÄÚµÄËùÓе㡱¡£<BR>
+ <BR>
+ ÃèÊö×î³õµÄ R-Tree Éè¼ÆµÄÕýʽÂÛÎÄÊÇ£º<BR>
+ <BR>
+ Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching." Proc of
+ the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data, 45-57.
+ <BR>
+ <BR>
+ Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚ Stonebraker µÄ¡°Readings in Database Systems¡±ÀïÕÒµ½ÕâƪÎÄÕ¡£<BR>
+ <BR>
+ ϵͳÄÚÖÃµÄ R-Tree ¿ÉÒÔ´¦Àí¶à±ßÐκͷ½ÐΡ£ÀíÂÛÉÏ˵£¬R-tree ¿ÉÒÔÀ©Õ¹Îª´¦Àí¸ü¶àάÊý¡£²»¹ýÔÚʵ¼ùÉÏ£¬À©Õ¹ R-trees
+ ÐèÒªÒ»¶¨µÄ¹¤×÷Á¿£¬¶øÎÒÃÇĿǰûÓÐÈçºÎ×öµÄÎĵµ¡£<H4><a name="4.11"></a>4.11)
+ ʲôÊÇ»ùÒò²éѯÓÅ»¯£¨Genetic Query Optimization£©£¿</H4>
+ <P>GEQO Ä£¿é²ÉÓûùÒòËã·¨£¨Genetic Algorithm£¬GA£©¼Ó¿ì¶à±íÁ¬½ÓµÄ²éѯÓÅ»¯¡£ËüÔÊÐíͨ¹ý·ÇÇî¾ÙËÑË÷´¦Àí´óµÄÁ¬½Ó²éѯ¡£
+ <H4><a name="4.12"></a>4.12)
+ ÎÒÔõÑù×öÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷ºÍ´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽËÑË÷£¿ÔõÑùÀûÓÃË÷Òý½øÐдóСдÎÞ¹ØËÑË÷£¿</H4>
+ <p>²Ù×÷·û ~ ´¦ÀíÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅ䣬¶ø ~* ´¦Àí´óСдÎ޹صÄÕýÔò±í´ïʽƥÅä¡£´óдЩÎÞ¹ØµÄ LIKE ±äÖÖ³ÉΪ ILIKE¡£<br>
+ <br>
+ ´óСдÎ޹صĵÈʽ±È½Ïͨ³£Ð´×ö£º<br>
+ <br>
+ SELECT *<br>
+ FROM tab<br>
+ WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';<br>
+ <br>
+ ÕâÑù½«²»»áʹÓñê×¼µÄË÷Òý¡£µ«ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´´½¨Ò»¸ö¿É±»ÀûÓõĺ¯ÊýË÷Òý:<br>
+ <br>
+ CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));</p>
+ <h4><a name="4.13"></a>4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ NULL£¿</h4>
+ <p>Óà IS NULL ºÍ IS NOT NULL ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΡ£ <br>
+ </p>
+ <h4><a name="4.14"></a>4.14) ¸÷ÖÖ×Ö·ûÀàÐÍÖ®¼äÓÐʲô²»Í¬£¿</h4>
+ <p> ÀàÐÍ
+ ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ
+ ˵Ã÷<br>
+ --------------------------------------------------<br>
+ "char" char
+ 1¸ö×Ö·û character<br>
+ CHAR(#) bpchar
+ ¶¨³¤×Ö·û´®£¬Êµ¼ÊÊý¾Ý²»×㶨Ò峤¶Èʱ£¬ÒÔ¿Õ¸ñ²¹Æë<br>
+ VARCHAR(#) varchar Ö¸¶¨ÁË×î´ó³¤¶È£¬±ä³¤×Ö·û´®£¬²»×㶨Ò峤¶ÈµÄ²¿·Ö²»²¹Æë<br>
+ TEXT text
+ ´®³¤¶È½öÊÜÐеÄ×î´ó³¤¶ÈÏÞÖÆ<br>
+ BYTEA bytea
+ ±ä³¤×Ö½ÚÐòÁУ¨±ä³¤µÄ¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£©<br>
+ <br>
+ ÔÚϵͳ±íºÍÔÚһЩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄ㽫¿´µ½ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ¡£ <br>
+ <br>
+ ÉÏÃæ×îºóËÄÖÖÀàÐÍÊÇ"varlena"£¨±ä³¤£©ÀàÐÍ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¿ªÍ·µÄËĸö×Ö½ÚÊdz¤¶È£¬ºóÃæ²ÅÊÇÊý¾Ý£©¡£ÓÚÊÇʵ¼ÊÕ¼ÓõĿռä±ÈÉùÃ÷µÄ´óСҪ¶àһЩ¡£È»¶øÕâЩÀàÐͶ¼¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ¹Ëõ´æ´¢£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓà TOAST ÍÑ»ú´æ´¢£¬Òò´Ë´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼äÒ²¿ÉÄܱÈÔ¤ÏëµÄÒªÉÙ¡£<br>
+ <br>
+ CHAR(n) ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶È»ù±¾²î²»¶àµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£VARCHAR(n) ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£TEXT ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢²»ÏÞÖƳ¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®£¬×î´ó¿É´ï 1G¡£BYTEA ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ°üº¬ NULL ×Ö½Ú£¨¶þ½øÖƵÄ0£©µÄÖµ¡£ÕâЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÀàÐ͵ÄÐÔÄÜ¡£</p>
+ <h4><a name="4.15.1"></a>4.15.1) ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
+ <p>PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磬<br>
+ CREATE TABLE person ( <br>
+ id SERIAL, <br>
+ name TEXT <br>
+ );<br>
+ <br>
+ »á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º <br>
+ <br>
+ CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;<br>
+ CREATE TABLE person ( <br>
+ id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),<br>
+ name TEXT <br>
+ );<br>
+ CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );<br>
+ <br>
+ ²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐÐµÄ oid ×Ö¶Î×÷Ϊһ¸öΨһֵ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒªÇãµ¹ºÍÖØÔØÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÄãÐèҪʹÓà pg_dump µÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£ </p>
+ <h4><a name="4.15.2"></a>4.15.2)
+ ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿</h4>
+ <p>Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓÃ
+ <a href="#4.15.1"> 4.15.1</a> ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º <br>
+ <br>
+ new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");<br>
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise Pascal')");<br>
+ <br>
+ ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person ±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ <table>_<serialcolumn>_seq£¬ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn ·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£ <br>
+ <br>
+ ÀàËƵģ¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磬 <br>
+ <br>
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise Pascal')");<br>
+ new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");<br>
+ <br>
+ ×îºó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ´Ó INSERT Óï¾ä·µ»ØµÄ <a href="4.16">OID</a>
+ ²éÕÒȱʡֵ£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×îȱ·¦ÒÆÖ²ÐԵķ½·¨¡£ÔÚ Perl ÀʹÓôøÓÐ Edmund Mergl µÄ DBD::Pg Ä£¿éµÄ DBI£¬oid Öµ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý $sth->execute() ºóµÄ $sth->{pg_oid_status} »ñµÃ¡£ </p>
+ <h4><a name="4.15.3"></a>4.15.3) ʹÓà currval() ºÍ nextval() »áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÓëÆäËûÓû§Ö®¼äµÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿öÂð£¿</h4>
+ <p>²»»á¡£currval() ·µ»Øºǫ́½ø³Ì¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§¸³ÓèµÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£<br>
+ </p>
+ <h4><a name="4.15.4"></a>4.15.4)
+ Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿</h4>
+ <p>ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÖ»ÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊø֮ǰ²»·âËø¡£Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂزÕÛÊÂÎñºóµÄÐòÁкųöÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£</p>
+ <h4><br>
+ <a name="4.16"></a>4.16) ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ TID£¿</h4>
+ <p>OID ÊÇ PostgreSQL ÖÐÐеÄΨһ±êʶ¡£PostgreSQL Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐж¼»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ OID¡£ËùÓÐÔÚ initdb ¹ý³ÌÖд´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼Ð¡ÓÚ 16384 £¨²Î¼û include/access/transam.h£©¡£ËùÓÐÓû§´´½¨µÄ OID ¶¼´óÓÚ»òµÈÓÚÕâ¸öÖµ¡£È±Ê¡Ê±£¬ËùÓÐÕâЩ OID ²»½öÔÚÒ»¸ö±í»òÒ»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÀïÃæΨһ£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL °²×°ÀïÒ²ÊÇΨһµÄ¡£ <br>
+ <br>
+ PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓà OID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£ÕâЩ OID ¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚ±êʶÌض¨µÄÓû§ÐÐÒÔ¼°ÓÃÔÚÁ¬½ÓÀï¡£½¨ÒéʹÓÃ×Ö¶ÎÀàÐÍ OID ´æ´¢ OID Öµ¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚ OID ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ´´½¨Ò»¸öË÷ÒýÒÔ¿ìËÙ·ÃÎÊ¡£ <br>
+ <br>
+ OID ´ÓÒ»¸ö±»ËùÓÐÊý¾Ý¿âʹÓõÄÖÐÐÄÇøÓòÀ︳ֵ¸øËùÓÐÐÂÐС£Èç¹ûÄãÏë°Ñ OID ¸Ä³É±ðµÄÖµ£¬»òÕßÏë×öÒ»·Ý±íµÄ´øÔʼ OID µÄ¿½±´£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ×öµ½£º <br>
+ <br>
+ CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int);<br>
+ SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;<br>
+ COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';<br>
+ DELETE FROM new;<br>
+ COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';<br>
+ <br>
+ OID ÓÃ4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý±£´æ£¬ÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö¡£Ã»ÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ³öÏÖ¹ýÒç³ö£¬¶øÎÒÃÇ´òËãÔÚÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ֮ǰÏû³ýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£<br>
+ <br>
+ TID ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌض¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£TID ÔÚÐб»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔغó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£</p>
+ <h4><a name="4.17"></a>4.17) PostgreSQL ʹÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
+ <p>һЩԴ´úÂëºÍһЩ¾ÉÒ»µãµÄÎĵµÊ¹ÓÃһЩÓиü³£ÓÃÓ÷¨µÄÊõÓï¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»²¿·Ö£º <br>
+ table, relation, class <br>
+ row, record, tuple <br>
+ column, field, attribute <br>
+ retrieve, select <br>
+ replace, update <br>
+ append, insert <br>
+ OID, serial value <br>
+ portal, cursor <br>
+ range variable, table name, table alias <br>
+ <br>
+ ÓÐÒ»¸öͨÓÃÊý¾Ý¿âÊõÓïµÄÁÐ±í£º<a href="http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html">http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html</a>
+ ¡£ </p>
+ <h4><a name="4.18"></a>4.18)
+ ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎó¡°<i>ERROR: Memory exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿</h4>
+ <p>ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯ postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ <br>
+ <br>
+ ulimit -d 262144<br>
+ limit datasize 256m<br>
+ <br>
+ È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓÃµÄ shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£¬Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐк󴴽¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐпͻ§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£</p>
+ <h4><a name="4.19"></a>4.19)
+ ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL µÄ°æ±¾£¿</h4>
+ <p>´Ó psql À¼üÈë SELECT version()£»<br>
+ </p>
+ <h4><a name="4.20"></a>4.20)
+ ΪʲôÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°<I>invalid large obj descriptor¡±£¨·Ç·¨µÄ´ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©</I>£¿</h4>
+ <p>ÄãÐèÒªÔÚʹÓÃÈκδó¶ÔÏó¾ä±úµÄÇ°ºó·ÅÉÏ BEGIN WORK ºÍ COMMIT£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬°üΧ lo_open ... lo_close¡£ <br>
+ <br>
+ Ä¿Ç° PostgreSQL Ç¿ÖÆʵʩÕâÌõ¹æÔò£ºÔÚÊÂÎñÌύʱ¹Ø±Õ´ó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú£¬ÕâÑù£¬£¨Ã»ÓвÉÓÃÊÂÎñʱ£©£¬Ê״ζԴó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú×öÈκÎÊÂÇéµÄÆóͼ¶¼»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸ö invalid large obj descriptor¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÄãûÓÐʹÓÃÒ»¸öÊÂÎñ£¬ÒÔÇ°Äܹ¤×÷µÄ´úÂ루ÖÁÉÙÊÇ´ó¶àÊýʱ¼ä£©½«»áÉú³ÉÕâôһ¸ö´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡£ <br>
+ <br>
+ Èç¹ûÄãʹÓÿͻ§¶Ë½Ó¿Ú£¬Èç ODBC£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜÐèÒª set auto-commit off¡£</p>
+ <h4><a name="4.21"></a>4.21) ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
+ <p>ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º<br>
+ <br>
+ CREATE TABLE test(x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);</p>
+ <h4><a name="4.22"></a>4.22) ΪʲôʹÓà IN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿</h4>
+ <p>Ä¿Ç°£¬ÎÒÃÇͨ¹ýΪÍâ²éѯµÄÿһÐÐ˳ÐòɨÃè×Ó²éѯµÄ½á¹ûÀ´Á¬½Ó×Ó²éѯºÍÍâ²éѯ¡£Èç¹û×Ó²éѯ·µ»ØÉÙÊý¼¸ÐУ¬¶øÍâ²éѯ·µ»ØºÜ¶àÐУ¬IN Ö´Ðеúܿ졣ΪÁ˼ӿìÆäËû IN ²éѯµÄÖ´ÐУ¬¿ÉÒÔÓà EXISTS Ìæ»» IN£º <br>
+ <br>
+ SELECT *<br>
+ FROM tab<br>
+ WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab);<br>
+ <br>
+ ¸ÄΪ£º <br>
+ <br>
+ SELECT *<br>
+ FROM tab<br>
+ WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol = col);<br>
+ <br>
+ ºóÕßÒªÏëÖ´Ðеøü¿ì£¬subcol Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÁС£ÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÔÚδÀ´µÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÖÐÐÞ²¹Õâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£</p>
+ <h4><a name="4.23"></a>4.23) ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join £¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿</h4>
+ <p>PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º<br>
+ <br>
+ SELECT *<br>
+ FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);<br>
+ <br>
+ »ò <br>
+ SELECT *<br>
+ FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);<br>
+ <br>
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+ <br>
+ ÔÚ´ËÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬ÍâÁ¬½Ó¿ÉÒÔÓà UNION ºÍ NOT IN À´Ä£Äâ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ÓÔÚ±í tab1 ºÍ tab2 Ö®¼ä×öÍâÁ¬½Ó£º<br>
+ <br>
+ SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2<br>
+ FROM tab1, tab2<br>
+ WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1<br>
+ <br>
+ UNION ALL<br>
+ <br>
+ SELECT tab1.col1, NULL<br>
+ FROM tab1<br>
+ WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)<br>
+ ORDER BY col1</p>
+ <h4><a name="4.24"></a>4.24)
+ ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿</h4>
+ <p>ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ÒòΪ PostgreSQL ¼ÓÔØÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳĿ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐҲδÃ÷È·¡£<br>
+ <br>
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+ <h4><a name="4.25"></a>4.25)
+ ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿</h4>
+ <p>¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PL/pgSQL º¯ÊýÖÐʹÓà refcursors ·µ»Ø½á¹û¼¯¡£²Î¿´
+ <a href="http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html"> http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html</a>, 23.7.3.3½Ú¡£<br>
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+ <h4><a name="4.26"></a>4.26) ΪʲôÔÚ
+ PL/PgSQL º¯ÊýÖв»ÄÜ¿É¿¿µØ´´½¨»òɾ³ýÁÙʱ±í£¿</h4>
+ <p>PL/PgSQL
+ »º´æº¯ÊýµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö²»ºÃµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊÇÈôÒ»¸ö PL/PgSQL
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+ PL/PgSQL ÖÐÓÃ EXECUTE
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+ <a href="http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research">http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research</a>
+ µÄ×îºóÁгöÁËÕâЩѡÏî¡£ÔÚ <a href="http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php"> http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php</a>
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+ <CENTER>
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+ </h4>
+ <p>contrib/pgcrypto °üº¬Á˺ܶàÔÚ SQL
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+ ÖвÉÓà hostss ¡£ <br>
+ <br>
+ 7.3
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+ postgresql.conf Öдò¿ª PASSWORD_ENCRYPTION
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+ <br>
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p>
+ <h2 align="center">À©Õ¹ PostgreSQL</h2>
+ <h4><a name="5.1"></a>5.1)
+ ÎÒдÁËÒ»¸öÓû§¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£µ±ÎÒÔÚ psql ÀïÔËÐÐʱ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´»áµ¼Ö core dump£¿</h4>
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+ <h4><a name="5.2"></a>5.2) ÎÒÈçºÎÄܸø
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+ <p>½«ÄãµÄÀ©Õ¹·¢Ë͵½ pgsql-hackers
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+ </p>
+ <h4><a name="5.3"></a>5.3) ÎÒÔõÑùдһ¸ö·µ»ØÒ»ÌõÔª×éµÄ C º¯Êý£¿</h4>
+ <p>ÔÚ PostgreSQL 7.3 ÒÔºóµÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬C, PL/PgSQL ºÍ SQL
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+ ³ÌÐòÔ±Ö¸ÄÏ£¨the Programmer's Guide£©¡£ÔÚ contrib/tablefunc
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+ <p> Makefiles ÖÐûÓаüº¬Í·ÎļþµÄÕýÈ·ÒÀÀµ¡£Äú±ØÐëÏÈ×ömake
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+ </BODY>
+</HTML>
projects / postgresql / commitdiff