.. method:: convert_field(value, conversion)
Converts the value (returned by :meth:`get_field`) given a conversion type
- (as in the tuple returned by the :meth:`parse` method.) The default
+ (as in the tuple returned by the :meth:`parse` method). The default
version understands 'r' (repr) and 's' (str) conversion types.
The :meth:`str.format` method and the :class:`Formatter` class share the same
syntax for format strings (although in the case of :class:`Formatter`,
-subclasses can define their own format string syntax.)
+subclasses can define their own format string syntax).
Format strings contain "replacement fields" surrounded by curly braces ``{}``.
Anything that is not contained in braces is considered literal text, which is
preceded by an exclamation point ``'!'``, and a *format_spec*, which is preceded
by a colon ``':'``. These specify a non-default format for the replacement value.
+See also the :ref:`formatspec` section.
+
The *field_name* itself begins with an *arg_name* that is either either a number or a
keyword. If it's a number, it refers to a positional argument, and if it's a keyword,
it refers to a named keyword argument. If the numerical arg_names in a format string
attribute using :func:`getattr`, while an expression of the form ``'[index]'``
does an index lookup using :func:`__getitem__`.
+.. versionchanged:: 3.1
+ The positional argument specifiers can be omitted, so ``'{} {}'`` is
+ equivalent to ``'{0} {1}'``.
+
Some simple format string examples::
"First, thou shalt count to {0}" # References first positional argument
format_spec are substituted before the *format_spec* string is interpreted.
This allows the formatting of a value to be dynamically specified.
-For example, suppose you wanted to have a replacement field whose field width is
-determined by another variable::
-
- "A man with two {0:{1}}".format("noses", 10)
-
-This would first evaluate the inner replacement field, making the format string
-effectively::
-
- "A man with two {0:10}"
-
-Then the outer replacement field would be evaluated, producing::
-
- "noses "
-
-Which is substituted into the string, yielding::
-
- "A man with two noses "
-
-(The extra space is because we specified a field width of 10, and because left
-alignment is the default for strings.)
+See the :ref:`formatexamples` section for some examples.
.. _formatspec:
"Format specifications" are used within replacement fields contained within a
format string to define how individual values are presented (see
-:ref:`formatstrings`.) They can also be passed directly to the built-in
+:ref:`formatstrings`). They can also be passed directly to the built-in
:func:`format` function. Each formattable type may define how the format
specification is to be interpreted.
| Option | Meaning |
+=========+==========================================================+
| ``'<'`` | Forces the field to be left-aligned within the available |
- | | space (This is the default.) |
+ | | space (this is the default). |
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ``'>'`` | Forces the field to be right-aligned within the |
| | available space. |
For a locale aware separator, use the ``'n'`` integer presentation type
instead.
+.. versionchanged:: 3.1
+ Added the ``','`` option (see also :pep:`378`).
+
*width* is a decimal integer defining the minimum field width. If not
specified, then the field width will be determined by the content.
+---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
+.. _formatexamples:
+
+Format examples
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+This section contains examples of the new format syntax and comparison with
+the old ``%``-formatting.
+
+In most of the cases the syntax is similar to the old ``%``-formatting, with the
+addition of the ``{}`` and with ``:`` used instead of ``%``.
+For example, ``'%03.2f'`` can be translated to ``'{:03.2f}'``.
+
+The new format syntax also supports new and different options, shown in the
+follow examples.
+
+Accessing arguments by position::
+
+ >>> '{0}, {1}, {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c')
+ 'a, b, c'
+ >>> '{}, {}, {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c') # 3.1+ only
+ 'a, b, c'
+ >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c')
+ 'c, b, a'
+ >>> '{2}, {1}, {0}'.format(*'abc') # unpacking argument sequence
+ 'c, b, a'
+ >>> '{0}{1}{0}'.format('abra', 'cad') # arguments' indices can be repeated
+ 'abracadabra'
+
+Accessing arguments by name::
+
+ >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(latitude='37.24N', longitude='-115.81W')
+ 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'
+ >>> coord = {'latitude': '37.24N', 'longitude': '-115.81W'}
+ >>> 'Coordinates: {latitude}, {longitude}'.format(**coord)
+ 'Coordinates: 37.24N, -115.81W'
+
+Accessing arguments' attributes::
+
+ >>> c = 3-5j
+ >>> ('The complex number {0} is formed from the real part {0.real} '
+ ... 'and the imaginary part {0.imag}.').format(c)
+ 'The complex number (3-5j) is formed from the real part 3.0 and the imaginary part -5.0.'
+ >>> class Point:
+ ... def __init__(self, x, y):
+ ... self.x, self.y = x, y
+ ... def __str__(self):
+ ... return 'Point({self.x}, {self.y})'.format(self=self)
+ ...
+ >>> str(Point(4, 2))
+ 'Point(4, 2)'
+
+Accessing arguments' items::
+
+ >>> coord = (3, 5)
+ >>> 'X: {0[0]}; Y: {0[1]}'.format(coord)
+ 'X: 3; Y: 5'
+
+Replacing ``%s`` and ``%r``::
+
+ >>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2')
+ "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"
+
+Aligning the text and specifying a width::
+
+ >>> '{:<30}'.format('left aligned')
+ 'left aligned '
+ >>> '{:>30}'.format('right aligned')
+ ' right aligned'
+ >>> '{:^30}'.format('centered')
+ ' centered '
+ >>> '{:*^30}'.format('centered') # use '*' as a fill char
+ '***********centered***********'
+
+Replacing ``%+f``, ``%-f``, and ``% f`` and specifying a sign::
+
+ >>> '{:+f}; {:+f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show it always
+ '+3.140000; -3.140000'
+ >>> '{: f}; {: f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show a space for positive numbers
+ ' 3.140000; -3.140000'
+ >>> '{:-f}; {:-f}'.format(3.14, -3.14) # show only the minus -- same as '{:f}; {:f}'
+ '3.140000; -3.140000'
+
+Replacing ``%x`` and ``%o`` and converting the value to different bases::
+
+ >>> # format also supports binary numbers
+ >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}".format(42)
+ 'int: 42; hex: 2a; oct: 52; bin: 101010'
+ >>> # with 0x, 0o, or 0b as prefix:
+ >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}".format(42)
+ 'int: 42; hex: 0x2a; oct: 0o52; bin: 0b101010'
+
+Using the comma as a thousands separator::
+
+ >>> '{:,}'.format(1234567890)
+ '1,234,567,890'
+
+Expressing a percentage::
+
+ >>> points = 19
+ >>> total = 22
+ >>> 'Correct answers: {:.2%}.'.format(points/total)
+ 'Correct answers: 86.36%'
+
+Using type-specific formatting::
+
+ >>> import datetime
+ >>> d = datetime.datetime(2010, 7, 4, 12, 15, 58)
+ >>> '{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S}'.format(d)
+ '2010-07-04 12:15:58'
+
+Nesting arguments and more complex examples::
+
+ >>> for align, text in zip('<^>', ['left', 'center', 'right']):
+ ... '{0:{align}{fill}16}'.format(text, fill=align, align=align)
+ ...
+ 'left<<<<<<<<<<<<'
+ '^^^^^center^^^^^'
+ '>>>>>>>>>>>right'
+ >>>
+ >>> octets = [192, 168, 0, 1]
+ >>> '{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}'.format(*octets)
+ 'C0A80001'
+ >>> int(_, 16)
+ 3232235521
+ >>>
+ >>> width = 5
+ >>> for num in range(5,12):
+ ... for base in 'dXob':
+ ... print('{0:{width}{base}}'.format(num, base=base, width=width), end=' ')
+ ... print()
+ ...
+ 5 5 5 101
+ 6 6 6 110
+ 7 7 7 111
+ 8 8 10 1000
+ 9 9 11 1001
+ 10 A 12 1010
+ 11 B 13 1011
+
+
+
.. _template-strings:
Template strings
projects / python / commitdiff