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+<a href="#3.8">3.8</a>) ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too many
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+<a href="#3.10">3.10</a>) ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL ·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö
+dump ºÍ restore £¿
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+<a href="#4.7">4.7</a>)
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+<a href="#4.9">4.9</a>)
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+<a href="#4.11">4.11</a>) ʲôÊÇ»ùÒò²éѯÓÅ»¯£¨Genetic Query
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+<a href="#4.12">4.12</a>)
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+<a href="#4.15.1">4.15.1</a>)
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+<a href="#4.15.3">4.15.3</a>) ʹÓà currval() ºÍ nextval()
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+<a href="#4.20">4.20</a>) ΪʲôÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°<i>invalid
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+<h2>À©Õ¹ PostgreSQL</h2>
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+<a href="#5.1">5.1</a>) ÎÒдÁËÒ»¸öÓû§¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£µ±ÎÒÔÚ <i>psql</i>
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+<hr />
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+<p>PostgreSQL µÄ¿ª·¢ÓÉ²Î¼Ó PostgreSQL
+¿ª·¢ÓʼþÁбíµÄÒ»¸ö¿ª·¢ÈËԱС×é½øÐС£Ä¿Ç°µÄе÷ÈËÊÇ Marc G. Fournier
+£¨<a href=
+"mailto:scrappy@postgreSQL.org">scrappy@postgreSQL.org</a>
+£©¡££¨¹ØÓÚÈçºÎ¼ÓÈë²Î¼û1.6½Ú£©¡£Õâ¸ö¶ÓÎéÏÖÔÚ¸ºÔð PostgreSQL
+µÄËùÓпª·¢¡£</p>
+<p>PostgreSQL 1.01 µÄ×÷ÕßÊÇ Andrew Yu ºÍ Jolly
+Chen¡£»¹ÓÐÐí¶àÆäËûÈËΪÒÆÖ²£¬²âÊÔ£¬µ÷ÊÔºÍÔöÇ¿´úÂë×öÁË´óÁ¿¹±Ïס£PostgreSQL
+µÄ×î³õÆðÔ´ Postgres£¬ÊÇÔÚ¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ²®¿ËÀû·ÖУµÄ Michael Stonebraker
+½ÌÊÚµÄÖ¸µ¼Ï£¬ÓÉÐí¶àÑо¿Éú£¬±¾¿ÆÉúºÍ±à³ÌÖ°Ô±Íê³ÉµÄ¡£</p>
+<p>Õâ¸öÈí¼þ×î³õÔÚ²®¿ËÀûµÄÃû×ÖÊÇ Postgres¡£ÔÚ 1995 Ä꣬µ±Ôö¼ÓÁË SQL
+¹¦Äܺó£¬ËüµÄÃû×Ö¸Ä³É Postgres95¡£ÔÚ 1996ÄêÄ©£¬²Å¸ÄÃûΪ
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+<h4><a name="1.2"></a>1.2) PostgreSQL µÄ°æȨÊÇʲô?</h4>
+PostgreSQL ÊÜÏÂÃæµÄ°æȨԼÊø¡£
+<p>PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿â¹ÜÀíϵͳ</p>
+<p>£¨PostgreSQL Data Base Management System£©</p>
+<p>²¿·Ö°æȨ£¨c£©1996-2002£¬PostgreSQL È«Çò¿ª·¢Ð¡×é<br />
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+<p>£¨Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software
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+ÔÚÈκÎÇé¿öÏ£¬¼ÓÖÝ´óѧ¶¼²»³Ðµ£ÒòʹÓôËÈí¼þ¼°ÆäÎĵµ¶øµ¼ÖµĶÔÈκε±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÖ±½ÓµÄ£¬¼ä½ÓµÄ£¬ÌØÊâµÄ£¬¸½¼ÓµÄ»òÕßÏà°é¶øÉúµÄË𻵣¬°üÀ¨ÀûÒæËðʧµÄÔðÈΣ¬¼´Ê¹¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÒѾ½¨ÒéÁËÕâЩËðʧµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔʱҲÊÇÈç´Ë¡£</p>
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+¼ÓÖÝ´óѧÃ÷È··ÅÆúÈκα£Ö¤£¬°üÀ¨µ«²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚijһÌض¨ÓÃ;µÄÉÌÒµºÍÀûÒæµÄÒþº¬±£Ö¤¡£ÕâÀïÌṩµÄÕâ·ÝÈí¼þÊÇ»ùÓÚ¡°µ±×÷ÊÇ¡±µÄ»ù´¡µÄ£¬Òò¶ø¼ÓÖÝ´óѧûÓÐÔðÈÎÌṩά»¤£¬Ö§³Ö£¬¸üУ¬ÔöÇ¿»òÕßÐ޸ĵķþÎñ¡£</p>
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+ÉÏÃæ¾ÍÊÇ BSD
+°æȨÉùÃ÷£¬Ò»¸ö¾µäµÄ¿ªÔ´°æȨÉùÃ÷¡£Ëü¶ÔÔ´´úÂëµÄʹÓÃδ×÷ÈκÎÏÞÖÆ¡£ÎÒÃÇϲ»¶Ëü²¢ÇÒ²»´òËã¸Ä±äËü¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="1.3"></a>1.3) PostgreSQL ÔËÐÐÔÚʲô Unix ƽ̨ÉÏ£¿</h4>
+<p>Ò»°ã˵À´£¬Ò»¸öÏÖ´úµÄ UNIX ¼æÈݵÄƽ̨¶¼ÄÜÔËÐÐ PostgreSQL
+¡£ÔÚ°²×°Ö¸ÄÏÀïÁгöÁË·¢²¼Ê±¾¹ýÃ÷È·²âÊÔµÄƽ̨¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="1.4"></a>1.4) ¿ÉÓÃµÄ·Ç Unix ƽ̨ÓÐÄÄЩ£¿</h4>
+¿Í»§¶Ë
+<p>°Ñ libpq C ¿â£¬psql£¬ÆäËû½Ó¿ÚºÍ¿Í»§¶ËÓ¦ÓóÌÐò±àÒë³É¿ÉÒÔÔÚ MS
+Windows ƽ̨ÉÏÔËÐÐÊÇ¿ÉÄܵġ£ÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬¿Í»§¶ËÔÚ MS Windows
+ÉÏÔËÐУ¬²¢ÇÒͨ¹ý TCP/IP ÓëÒ»¸öÔËÐÐÔÚÎÒÃÇÖ§³ÖµÄ Unix
+ƽ̨ÉϵķþÎñÆ÷½øÐÐͨѶ¡£·¢²¼°æ±¾Öаüº¬Ò»¸öÎļþ win32.mak ÓÃÓÚÉú³É
+Win32 libpq ¿âºÍ psql ¡£PostgreSQL Ò²¿ÉÒÔºÍ ODBC ¿Í»§¶ËͨѶ¡£</p>
+<p>·þÎñÆ÷</p>
+<p>Êý¾Ý¿â·þÎñÆ÷ÏÖÔÚ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý Cygwin £¬Cygnus µÄ Unix/NT ÒÆÖ²¿âÔÚ
+Windows NT ºÍ Win2k ÉÏÔËÐС£²ÎÔÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÀïµÄ See
+<i>pgsql/doc/FAQ_MSWIN</i> Îļþ»ò <a href=
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+¡£</p>
+<p>ÒÆÖ²µ½ MS Win NT/2000/XP µÄ±¾»ú°æµÄ¹¤×÷ÕýÔÚ½øÐС£</p>
+<h4><a name="1.5"></a>1.5) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½ PostgreSQL£¿</h4>
+<p>PostgreSQL µÄÖ÷ÄäÃûFTPÕ¾µãÊÇ <a href=
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+<h4><a name="1.6"></a>1.6) ÎÒ´ÓÄÄÀïÄܵõ½¶Ô PostgreSQL
+µÄÖ§³Ö£¿</h4>
+<p>Ö÷ÒªµÄÓʼþÁбíÊÇ£º<a href=
+"mailto:pgsql-general@postgreSQL.org">pgsql-general@postgreSQL.org</a>¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚÄÇÀïÌÖÂÛÓйØ
+PostgreSQL µÄÎÊÌâ¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÁÐ±í£¬·¢Ò»·âÓʼþÄÚÈÝ£¨²»ÊÇÖ÷ÌâÐУ©Îª</p>
+<pre>
+ subscribe
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+µÄÓʼþµ½ <a href=
+"mailto:pgsql-general-request@postgreSQL.org">pgsql-general-request@postgreSQL.org</a>
+¡£
+<p>»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñÈ¡ÕªÒªÁÐ±í¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÕâ¸öÁÐ±í£¬·¢Óʼþµ½£º<a href=
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+<pre>
+ subscribe
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+ÿµ±Ö÷Áбí´ïµ½´óÔ¼ 30k µÄÏûÏ¢ÄÚÈÝʱ£¬ÕªÒª¾Í·¢Ë͸øÕâ¸öÁбíµÄ³ÉÔ±¡£
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+"mailto:bugs-request@postgreSQL.org">bugs-request@postgreSQL.org</a>£¬ÄÚÈÝΪ£º</p>
+<pre>
+ subscribe
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+»¹¿ÉÒԲμӿª·¢ÈËÔ±ÓʼþÁÐ±í¡£Òª¼ÓÈëÕâ¸öÁÐ±í£¬·¢ËÍÒ»¸öÓʼþµ½ <a href=
+"mailto:hackers-request@postgreSQL.org">hackers-request@postgreSQL.org</a>£¬ÄÚÈÝΪ£º
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+ÆäËûµÄ¹ØÓÚ PostgreSQL ÓʼþÁбíºÍÆäËûÐÅÏ¢¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PostgreSQL µÄ WWW
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+ÔÚ EFNet ÀﻹÓÐÒ»¸ö IRC ƵµÀ£¬ÆµµÀ #PostgreSQL¡£ÎÒÓà unix
+ÃüÁî<tt>irc -c '#PostgreSQL' "$USER" irc.phoenix.net</tt>
+<p>ÉÌÒµÖ§³Ö¹«Ë¾µÄÁбíÔÚ <a href=
+"http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/commercial-support.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/commercial-support.html</a>
+¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="1.7"></a>1.7) PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
+PostgreSQL ×îеİ汾ÊÇ°æ±¾ 7.2.3¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÏÖÔÚÓ¦¸ÃÊÇ 7.3.1 ÁË¡££©
+<p>ÎÒÃǼƻ®Ã¿ËĸöÔ·¢²¼Ò»¸öÖ÷Òª°æ±¾¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="1.8"></a>1.8) ÓÐÄÄЩ¿ÉÓÃµÄ PostgreSQL µÄÎĵµ£¿</h4>
+ÔÚ·¢²¼°üÀïÓÐһЩÊֲᣬÊÖ²áÒ³ºÍһЩСµÄ²âÊÔÀý×Ó¡£²Î¼û /doc
+Ŀ¼¡££¨Òë×¢£ºÓ¦Îª $PGHOME/doc£©¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÔÚÏßä¯ÀÀ PostgreSQL
+µÄÊֲᣬÔÚ <a href=
+"http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/users-lounge/docs/</a>
+¡£
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+ÉÏÊÕ¼¯ÁËÓÐ¹Ø PostgreSQL µÄ¼¼ÊõÎÄÕ¡£</p>
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+</a> ºÍ <a href="http://sqlcourse.com/">http://sqlcourse.com</a>
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+<p>ÎÒÃǵÄÐí¶àÓû§Ï²»¶ <i>The Practical SQL Handbook, Bowman, Judith
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+Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÏÂÔØ×îеÄÔ´´úÂë²¢ÔĶÁÎÒÃÇ web Õ¾µã»ò·¢²¼°üÖÐµÄ PostgreSQL
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+Çë·ÃÎÊ <a href=
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+<h4><a name="2.3"></a>2.3) PostgreSQL ÓµÓÐͼÐÎÓû§½çÃæÂð£¿</h4>
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+´ò½»µÀ£¿</h4>
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+<p>µ±È»£¬Ë÷Òý¿ÉÒÔ¼ÓËÙ²éѯ¡£<font size="-1">EXPLAIN</font>
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+ÈçºÎ½âÊÍÄãµÄ²éѯ£¬ÒÔ¼°Ê¹ÓÃÁËÄÄЩË÷Òý¡£</p>
+<p>Èç¹ûÄãÕý´¦ÀíÒ»¶Ñ <font size="-1">INSERT</font>£¬¿¼ÂÇʹÓÃ
+<font size="-1">COPY</font>
+ÃüÁîÒÔ´óÅúÁ¿µÄ·½Ê½½øÐС£ÕâÑù×ö±Èµ¥¶ÀµÄÒ»¸ö¸ö <font size=
+"-1">INSERT</font> ¿ìµÃ¶à¡£Æä´Î£¬Ã»Óд¦ÓÚ <font size="-1">BEGIN
+WORK/COMMIT</font>
+ÊÂÎñ¿éÖ®¼äµÄÓï¾ä±»ÈÏΪÊôÓÚͬһ¸öÊÂÎñ¡£ÊÔ×ÅÔÚÒ»¸öÊÂÎñ¿éÀïÃæ´¦Àí¸ü¶àµÄÓï¾ä¡£ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔ¼õÉÙÊÂÎñ´øÀ´µÄ¶îÍ⿪Ïú¡£Í¬Ñù£¬ÔÚ×ö´óÁ¿µÄÊý¾Ý¸Ä±äʱ¿¼ÂÇɾ³ýºÍÖؽ¨Ë÷Òý¡£</p>
+<p>»¹Óм¸¸öµ÷½ÚµÄÑ¡Ïî¿ÉÒÔʹÓá£Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý´ø <i>-o -F</i> Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯
+postmaster À´½ûÖ¹ fsync()¡£ÕâÑù½«±ÜÃâÿ´ÎÊÂÎñºóµ÷Óà <i>fsync()</i>
+°ÑÊý¾Ýˢе½´ÅÅÌÉÏ¡£</p>
+<p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓà postmaster -B
+Ñ¡ÏîÔö¼Óºó¶Ë½ø³ÌʹÓõĹ²ÏíÄڴ滺³åµÄÊýÄ¿¡£Èç¹ûÄã°ÑÕâ¸ö²ÎÊýÉèÖõÃÌ«´ó£¬postmaster
+¿ÉÄÜÎÞ·¨Æô¶¯£¬ÒòΪÄãÒѾ³¬¹ýÁËÄãµÄÄÚºËÔÚ¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¿Õ¼äÉϵÄÏÞÖÆ¡£Ã¿¸ö»º³åÇøÊÇ
+8K ²¢ÇÒȱʡ 64 ¸ö»º³åÇø¡£</p>
+<p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓúǫ́½ø³ÌµÄ -S
+Ñ¡ÏîÀ´Ôö¼Óÿ¸öºǫ́½ø³ÌÓÃÓÚÁÙʱÅÅÐòÓõÄ×î´óÄÚ´æÊýÁ¿¡£-S
+ÖµÊÇÒÔK×ֽڼƵģ¬È±Ê¡ÊÇ 512 £¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬512K£©¡£</p>
+<p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔʹÓà <font size="-1">CLUSTER</font>
+ÃüÁîÀ´°Ñ±íÀïµÄÊý¾Ý°´ÕÕij¸öË÷Òý½øÐоۼ¯´æ·Å¡£²ÎÔÄ CLUSTER
+µÄÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¸ü¶àϸ½Ú¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="3.7"></a>3.7) PostgreSQL
+Àï¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃʲôÑùµÄµ÷ÊÔÌØÐÔ£¿</h4>
+<p>PostgreSQL
+Óм¸¸öÌØÐÔÓÃÓÚ±¨¸æ״̬ÐÅÏ¢£¬ÕâЩÐÅÏ¢¿ÉÄܶԵ÷ÊÔÓÃ;ºÜÓаïÖú¡£</p>
+<p>Ê×ÏÈ£¬Í¨¹ý¸½´ø --enable-cassert Ñ¡ÏîÔËÐÐ configure£¬Óкܶà
+<i>assert()</i>
+¼à¿Øºǫ́½ø³ÌºÍÔÚ·¢ÉúijЩδÔøÔ¤ÁϵÄÏÖÏóʱֹͣ³ÌÐòÔËÐС£</p>
+<p>postmaster ºÍ postgres ¶¼ÓÐһЩ¿ÉÓõÄÑ¡Ïî¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬µ±ÄãÆô¶¯
+postmaster
+ʱ£¬È·±£Äã°Ñ±ê×¼Êä³öºÍ±ê×¼´íÎóÊä³ö¶¨Ïòµ½ÁËÒ»¸öÈÕÖ¾ÎļþÀïÈ¥ÁË£¬Ïó£º</p>
+<pre>
+ cd /usr/local/pgsql
+ ./bin/postmaster >server.log 2>&1 &
+</pre>
+ÕâÑù½«ÔÚ PostgreSQL ¶¥¼¶Ä¿Â¼ÏÂÊä³öÒ»¸ö server.log
+Îļþ¡£Õâ¸öÎļþ°üº¬·þÎñÆ÷Åöµ½µÄÎÊÌâºÍ´íÎóµÄÓÐÓÃÐÅÏ¢¡£postmaster
+ÓÐÒ»¸ö -d Ñ¡Ï¸ÃÑ¡ÏîÔÊÐíÎÒÃÇ»ñµÃ¸ü¶àµÄϸ½Ú»ã±¨¡£-d
+Ñ¡Ïî½ÓÊÜÒ»¸öÊý×Ö±êÃ÷µ÷ÊÔ¼¶±ð¡£ÐèÒª¾¯¸æµÄÊǸߵĵ÷ÊÔ¼¶±ð¿ÉÄÜ»áÉú³É¾Þ´óµÄÈÕÖ¾Îļþ¡£
+<p>Èç¹û postmaster ûÓÐÔËÐУ¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÔÚÃüÁîÐÐÉÏÆô¶¯ postgres
+ºǫ́½ø³Ì£¬È»ºóÖ±½Ó¼üÈë SQL Óï¾ä¡£ÎÒÃÇ<b>Ö»</b>
+ÍƼöÔÚµ÷ÊÔµÄʱºòÕâô¸É¡£Çë×¢ÒâÕâʱÓû»ÐÐÜÞ¶ø²»ÊǷֺűíʾÓï¾ä½áβ¡£Èç¹ûÄã´ø×ŵ÷ÊÔ·ûºÅ±àÒ룬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷¹Û¿´·¢ÉúÁËʲôÊÂÇé¡£ÒòΪºǫ́½ø³ÌûÓÐÓÉ
+postmaster
+Æô¶¯µÄ£¬Ëü²»ÊǺÍʵ¼ÊµÄÔËÐл·¾³Ò»Ö£¬¶øÇÒËø¶¨/ºǫ́½»»¥ÎÊÌâ¿ÉÄܲ»ÄÜÖØÏÖ¡£</p>
+<p>Èç¹û postmaster ÒѾÔËÐУ¬¿ÉÔÚÒ»¸ö´°¿ÚÖÐÆô¶¯
+<i>psql</i>£¬È»ºóÕÒ³ö <i>psql</i> ¶ÔÓ¦µÄ <i>postgres</i> ½ø³ÌµÄ
+<font size="-1">PID</font>¡£Ê¹ÓÃÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷¸½×ÅÔÚÕâ¸ö
+<i>postgres</i> <font size="-1">PID</font>
+ÉÏ¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔÔÚµ÷ÊÔÆ÷ÀïÉèÖöϵ㲢ÇÒ´Ó <i>psql</i>
+ÀïÖ´Ðвéѯ¡£Èç¹ûÄãÔÚµ÷ÊÔ <i>postgres</i> µÄÆô¶¯£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔÉèÖÃ
+PGOPTIONS="-W n"£¬È»ºóÆô¶¯ <i>psql</i>¡£ÕâÑù½«µ¼ÖÂÆô¶¯ÑÓ³Ù <i>n</i>
+Ã룬ÕâÑùÄã¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¸½¼ÓÒ»¸öµ÷ÊÔÆ÷²¢ÇÒ¸ú×ÙÆô¶¯Ë³ÐòµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£</p>
+<p>postgres ³ÌÐòÓÐ -s£¬-A£¬ºÍ -t
+Ñ¡Ïî¿ÉÄÜÔÚµ÷ÊÔºÍÐÔÄܲâÁ¿µÄʱºò·Ç³£ÓÐÓá£</p>
+<p>Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø profiling
+Ö§³Ö±àÒëºǫ́£¬ÒÔ±ã¹Û²ìÄÄЩº¯ÊýÕ¼ÓõÄÖ´ÐÐʱ¼ä½Ï¶à¡£profile
+Îļþ½«·ÅÔÚ pgsql/data/base/dbname Ŀ¼Ï¡£¿Í»§¶Ë profile
+Îļþ½«·ÅÔÚ¿Í»§¶Ëµ±Ç°Ä¿Â¼Ï¡£ÔÚ Linux ÏÂÖ§³Ö profiling
+ÒªÔÚ±àÒëʱ¼ÓÉÏ<i>-DLINUX_PROFILE</i> ¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="3.8"></a>3.8) ΪʲôÔÚÊÔͼÁ¬½ÓµÇ¼ʱÊÕµ½¡°Sorry, too
+many clients¡±ÏûÏ¢£¿</h4>
+<p>ÄãÐèÒªÔö´ó postmaster Æô¶¯Ê±Ö§³ÖµÄ²¢·¢ºǫ́½ø³ÌÊý¡£</p>
+<p>ȱʡÏÞÖÆÊÇ 32 ½ø³Ì¡£Äã¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý´ø×ÅÊʵ±µÄ <i>-N</i> Öµ¿ª¹ØÆô¶¯
+postmaster Ôö¼ÓÕâ¸öÊýÄ¿¡£»òÕßÐÞ¸Ä <i>postgresql.conf</i> Îļþ¡£</p>
+<p>ҪעÒâÈç¹ûÄã°Ñ <i>-N</i> ÉèÖÃΪ´óÓÚ 32£¬Äã±ØÐëͬÑùÔö´ó
+<i>-B</i>£¬³¬¹ýËüȱʡµÄ 64£»-B ±ØÐë×îÉÙÊÇ -N
+µÄÁ½±¶£¬¶øÇÒΪÁ˸üºÃµÄÐÔÄÜ¿ÉÄÜÒª±ÈÄǸöÊý×ÖÒª´ó¡£¶ÔÓÚ´óÊýÄ¿µÄºó¶Ë½ø³Ì£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜ»¹»á·¢ÏÖÄ㻹ÐèÒªÔö¼ÓÐí¶à
+Unix
+ÄÚºËÅäÖòÎÊýÖµ¡£Òª¼ì²éµÄ¶«Î÷°üÀ¨¹²ÏíÄÚ´æ¿éµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¬<font size=
+"-1">SHMMAX</font>£¬ÐźŵƵÄ×î´óÊýÄ¿£¬<font size="-1">SEMMNS</font>
+ºÍ <font size="-1">SEMMNI</font>£¬×î´óµÄ½ø³ÌÊý£¬<font size=
+"-1">NPROC</font>£¬µ¥Óû§×î´ó½ø³ÌÊý£¬<font size=
+"-1">MAXUPRC</font>£¬ÒÔ¼°´ò¿ªÎļþµÄ×î´óÊýÄ¿£¬<font size=
+"-1">NFILE</font> ºÍ <font size="-1">NINODE</font> ¡£Postgres
+¶ÔÔÊÐíµÄºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýÓÐÏÞÖƵÄÔÒòÊÇΪÁËÈ·±£ÄãµÄϵͳ²»»áÓùâ×ÊÔ´¡£</p>
+<p>ÔÚ Postgres ÔçÓÚ 6.5 µÄ°æ±¾£¬×î´óºǫ́½ø³ÌÊýȱʡÊÇ
+64£¬²¢ÇÒ¶ÔËüµÄÐÞ¸ÄÊ×ÏÈÐèÒªÐÞ¸Ä <i>include/storage/sinvaladt.h</i>
+ÀïµÄ MaxBackendId ³£Á¿£¬È»ºóÖØРBUILD¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="3.9"></a>3.9) pgsql_tmp Ŀ¼ÀﶼÓÐЩʲô£¿</h4>
+<p>¸ÃĿ¼Ï±£´æÁ˲éѯִÐÐÆ÷Éú³ÉµÄÁÙʱÎļþ¡£ÀýÈ磬Èç¹ûÐèҪΪÂú×ã
+<font size="-1">ORDER BY</font> Ìõ¼þ×öÅÅÐò£¬²¢ÇÒÅÅÐòÐèÒª±Èºǫ́µÄ -S
+²ÎÊý¸ø³öµÄ¸ü¶àµÄ¿Õ¼ä£¬ÄÇô¾Í»á´´½¨Ò»¸öÁÙʱÎļþ±£´æ¶à³öÀ´µÄÊý¾Ý¡£</p>
+<p>
+ÁÙʱÎļþÓ¦¸Ã×Ô¶¯É¾³ý£¬²»¹ýÈç¹ûÔÚÅÅÐò¹ý³ÌÖкǫ́±ÀÀ£Á˾ͿÉÄÜÁôÏÂÀ´¡£Í£Ö¹²¢ÖØÆð
+postmaster ½«»áɾ³ýÕâЩÎļþ¡£<br /></p>
+<h4><a name="3.10"></a>3.10) ΪʲôҪÔÚÉý¼¶ PostgreSQL ·¢²¼°æ±¾Ê±×ö
+dump ºÍ restore £¿</h4>
+<p>PostgreSQL ¿ª·¢×é¶Ôÿ´ÎСµÄÉý¼¶½ö×öÁ˽ÏÉÙµÄÐÞ¸Ä,Òò´Ë´Ó 7.2
+Éý¼¶µ½ 7.2.1 ²»ÐèÒª dump ºÍ restore¡£µ«ÊÇÖ÷ÒªµÄÉý¼¶£¨ÀýÈç´Ó 7.2 µ½
+7.3£©Í¨³£»áÐÞ¸Äϵͳ±íºÍÊý¾Ý±íµÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£ÕâЩ±ä»¯Ò»°ã±È½Ï¸´ÔÓ£¬Òò´ËÎÒÃDz»Î¬Êý¾ÝÎļþµÄÏòºó¼æÈÝ¡£dump
+½«Êý¾Ý°´ÕÕͨÓõĸñʽÊä³ö£¬Ëæºó¿ÉÒÔ±»ÖØмÓÔز¢Ê¹ÓÃеÄÄÚ²¿¸ñʽ¡£</p>
+<p>´ÅÅÌÎļþ¸ñʽûÓб仯µÄÉý¼¶£¬¿ÉÒÔÓà <i>pg_upgrade</i>
+½Å±¾£¬¶ø²»ÐèÒª×ö dump ºÍ restor¡£·¢²¼ËµÃ÷script »áÖ¸Ã÷
+<i>pg_upgrade</i> ¶Ô¸Ã´ÎÉý¼¶ÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÓá£</p>
+<hr />
+<center>
+<h2>²Ù×÷ÎÊÌâ</h2>
+</center>
+<h4><a name="4.1"></a>4.1)
+¶þ½øÖÆÓαêºÍÆÕͨÓαêÖ®¼äµÄÇø±ðÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
+²ÎÔÄ <font size="-1">DECLARE</font> ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡ÐÅÏ¢¡£
+<h4><a name="4.2"></a>4.2)ÈçºÎÖ» <font size="-1">SELECT</font>
+Ò»¸ö²éѯ½á¹ûµÄÍ·¼¸ÐУ¿</h4>
+²ÎÔÄ <font size="-1">FETCH</font> ÊÖ²áÒ³£¬»òÕßʹÓà SELECT ...
+LIMIT....
+<p>¼´Ê¹ÄãÖ»ÐèÒª¿ªÍ·µÄ¼¸ÐУ¬Ò²»áÉæ¼°µ½Õû¸ö²éѯ¡£ÊÔ×ÅʹÓôøÓÐ
+<font size="-1">ORDER BY</font> µÄ²éѯ¡£Èç¹ûÓÐÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÓë
+<font size="-1">ORDER BY</font> Æ¥Å䣬PostgreSQL
+¿ÉÄܾÍÖ»´¦ÀíÒªÇóµÄÍ·¼¸Ìõ¼Ç¼£¬·ñÔò½«¶ÔÕû¸ö²éѯ½øÐд¦ÀíÖ±µ½Éú³ÉÐèÒªµÄÐС£</p>
+<h4><a name="4.3"></a>4.3) ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñÈ¡Ò»¸ö±íµÄÁÐ±í£¬»òÕßÊÇÆäËûÎÒÄÜÔÚ
+<i>psql</i> Àï¿´µ½µÄ¶«Î÷£¿</h4>
+Äã¿ÉÒÔÔĶÁ <i>psql</i>
+µÄÔ´´úÂëÎļþ<i>pgsql/src/bin/psql/describe.c</i> ¡£Ëü°üÀ¨ÎªÉú³É
+psql µÄ·´Ð±¸ÜÃüÁîµÄÊä³öµÄ SQL ÃüÁî¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔ´ø <i>-E</i> Ñ¡ÏîÆô¶¯
+<i>psql</i>£¬ÕâÑùËü½«´òÓ¡³öÖ´ÐÐÄã¸ø³öµÄÃüÁîËùÓõIJéѯ¡£
+<h4><a name="4.4"></a>4.4) ÔõÑù´Ó±íÀïÃæɾ³ýÒ»ÁУ¿</h4>
+<p>7.3 ÀïÔö¼ÓÁË <font size="-1">ALTER TABLE DROP
+COLUMN</font>£¬ÒÔÖ§³Ö´ËÏÄÜ¡£ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÕâÑù×ö£º</p>
+<pre>
+ BEGIN;
LOCK TABLE old_table;
SELECT ... -- select all columns but the one you want to remove
INTO TABLE new_table
DROP TABLE old_table;
ALTER TABLE new_table RENAME TO old_table;
COMMIT;
-</PRE>
- <H4><a name="4.5"></a>4.5) Ò»ÐУ¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿</H4>
- ÏÂÃæÊÇһЩÏÞÖÆ£º<PRE> Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿â×î´ó³ß´ç£¿ ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¨´æÔÚ 1TB µÄÊý¾Ý¿â£©
- Ò»¸ö±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿ 16TB
- Ò»ÐеÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿ 1.6TB
+</pre>
+<h4><a name="4.5"></a>4.5)
+Ò»ÐУ¬Ò»¸ö±í£¬Ò»¸ö¿âµÄ×î´ó³ß´çÊǶàÉÙ£¿</h4>
+ÏÂÃæÊÇһЩÏÞÖÆ£º
+<pre>
+ Ò»¸öÊý¾Ý¿â×î´ó³ß´ç£¿ ÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¨´æÔÚ 1TB µÄÊý¾Ý¿â£©
+ Ò»¸ö±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿ 16TB
+ Ò»ÐеÄ×î´ó³ß´ç£¿ 1.6TB
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- Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÐÐÊý£¿ ÎÞÏÞÖÆ
- Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÁÐÊý£¿ ¸úÁÐÀàÐÍÓйØ,250-1600
- Ò»¸ö±íÀïµÄ×î´óË÷ÒýÊýÁ¿£¿ÎÞÏÞÖÆ</PRE>
- µ±È»£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏûÓÐÕæÕýµÄÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¬»¹ÊÇÒªÊÜ¿ÉÓôÅÅ̿ռ䡢¿ÉÓÃÄÚ´æ/½»»»ÇøµÄÖÆÔ¼¡£
- <P>
- ±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç 16 TB ²»ÐèÒª²Ù×÷ϵͳ¶Ô´óÎļþµÄÖ§³Ö¡£´ó±íÓöà¸ö 1
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- <H4><a name="4.6"></a>4.6)´æ´¢Ò»¸öµäÐ͵ÄƽÃæÎļþÀïµÄÊý¾ÝÐèÒª¶àÉÙ´ÅÅ̿ռ䣿</H4>
- Ò»¸ö Postgres Êý¾Ý¿â×î¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒªÏ൱ÓÚÔÚÒ»¸öƽÃæÎļþÀï´æ´¢ÏàͬÊý¾ÝµÄ5±¶µÄ´ÅÅ̿ռ䡣
- <P>ÀýÈ磬¼ÙÉèÓÐÒ»¸ö 100,000 ÐеÄÎļþ£¬Ã¿ÐÐÓÐÒ»¸öÕûÊýºÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÃèÊö¡£¼ÙÉèÎı¾´®µÄƽ¾ù³¤¶Èλ20×Ö½Ú¡£Æ½ÃæÎļþÕ¼Óà 2.8 MB¡£´æ·ÅÕâЩÊý¾ÝµÄ
- PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿âÎļþ´óÔ¼ÊÇ 6.4 MB:<PRE> 36 ×Ö½Ú: ÿÐеÄÍ·£¨¹À¼ÆÖµ£©
+ Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÐÐÊý£¿ ÎÞÏÞÖÆ
+ Ò»¸ö±íÀï×î´óÁÐÊý£¿ ¸úÁÐÀàÐÍÓйØ,250-1600
+ Ò»¸ö±íÀïµÄ×î´óË÷ÒýÊýÁ¿£¿ÎÞÏÞÖÆ
+</pre>
+µ±È»£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏûÓÐÕæÕýµÄÎÞÏÞÖÆ£¬»¹ÊÇÒªÊÜ¿ÉÓôÅÅ̿ռ䡢¿ÉÓÃÄÚ´æ/½»»»ÇøµÄÖÆÔ¼¡£
+<p>±íµÄ×î´ó³ß´ç 16 TB ²»ÐèÒª²Ù×÷ϵͳ¶Ô´óÎļþµÄÖ§³Ö¡£´ó±íÓöà¸ö 1 GB
+µÄÎļþ´æ´¢£¬Òò´ËÎļþϵͳ³ß´çµÄÏÞÖÆÊDz»ÖØÒªµÄ¡£</p>
+<p>Èç¹ûȱʡµÄ¿é´óСÔö³¤µ½ 32K
+£¬×î´óµÄ±í³ß´çºÍ×î´óÁÐÊý¿ÉÒÔÔö¼Ó¡£</p>
+<h4><a name=
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+Ò»¸ö Postgres
+Êý¾Ý¿â×î¶à¿ÉÄÜÐèÒªÏ൱ÓÚÔÚÒ»¸öƽÃæÎļþÀï´æ´¢ÏàͬÊý¾ÝµÄ5±¶µÄ´ÅÅ̿ռ䡣
+<p>ÀýÈ磬¼ÙÉèÓÐÒ»¸ö 100,000
+ÐеÄÎļþ£¬Ã¿ÐÐÓÐÒ»¸öÕûÊýºÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÃèÊö¡£¼ÙÉèÎı¾´®µÄƽ¾ù³¤¶Èλ20×Ö½Ú¡£Æ½ÃæÎļþÕ¼ÓÃ
+2.8 MB¡£´æ·ÅÕâЩÊý¾ÝµÄ PostgreSQL Êý¾Ý¿âÎļþ´óÔ¼ÊÇ 6.4 MB:</p>
+<pre>
+ 36 ×Ö½Ú: ÿÐеÄÍ·£¨¹À¼ÆÖµ£©
24 ×Ö½Ú: Ò»¸öint×ֶκÍÒ»¸öÎı¾ÐÍ×Ö¶Î
+ 4 ×Ö½Ú: Ò³ÃæÄÚÖ¸ÏòÔª×éµÄÖ¸Õë
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- COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';<br>
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+</ul>
+<h4><a name="4.9"></a>4.9)
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+²Î¿¼ <font size="-1">EXPLAIN</font> ÊÖ²áÒ³¡£
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+<p>R-tree Ë÷ÒýÓÃÓÚË÷Òý¿Õ¼äÊý¾Ý¡£Ò»¸ö¹þÏ£Ë÷ÒýÎÞ·¨´¦Àí·¶Î§ËÑË÷¡£¶ø
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+Guttman, A. "R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial
+Searching." Proc of the 1984 ACM SIGMOD Int'l Conf on Mgmt of Data,
+45-57.<br />
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+<h4><a name="4.11"></a>4.11) ʲôÊÇ»ùÒò²éѯÓÅ»¯£¨Genetic Query
+Optimization£©£¿</h4>
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+<h4><a name="4.12"></a>4.12)
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+ SELECT *<br />
+ FROM tab<br />
+ WHERE lower(col) = 'abc';<br />
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+<br />
+ CREATE INDEX tabindex ON tab (lower(col));</p>
+<h4><a name="4.13"></a>4.13) ÔÚÒ»¸ö²éѯÀÎÒÔõÑù¼ì²âÒ»¸ö×Ö¶ÎÊÇ·ñΪ
+NULL£¿</h4>
+<p>Óà IS NULL ºÍ IS NOT NULL ²âÊÔÕâ¸ö×ֶΡ£ <br /></p>
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+<p> ÀàÐÍ ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ ˵Ã÷<br />
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+ÔÚϵͳ±íºÍÔÚһЩ´íÎóÐÅÏ¢ÀïÄ㽫¿´µ½ÄÚ²¿Ãû³Æ¡£ <br />
+<br />
+ÉÏÃæ×îºóËÄÖÖÀàÐÍÊÇ"varlena"£¨±ä³¤£©ÀàÐÍ£¨Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¿ªÍ·µÄËĸö×Ö½ÚÊdz¤¶È£¬ºóÃæ²ÅÊÇÊý¾Ý£©¡£ÓÚÊÇʵ¼ÊÕ¼ÓõĿռä±ÈÉùÃ÷µÄ´óСҪ¶àһЩ¡£È»¶øÕâЩÀàÐͶ¼¿ÉÒÔ±»Ñ¹Ëõ´æ´¢£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓÃ
+TOAST ÍÑ»ú´æ´¢£¬Òò´Ë´ÅÅÌ¿Õ¼äÒ²¿ÉÄܱÈÔ¤ÏëµÄÒªÉÙ¡£<br />
+<br />
+CHAR(n) ×îÊʺÏÓÚ´æ´¢³¤¶È»ù±¾²î²»¶àµÄ×Ö·û´®¡£VARCHAR(n)
+ÔÚ´æ´¢ÏÞÖÆÁË×î´ó³¤¶ÈµÄ±ä³¤×Ö·û´®ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ¡£TEXT
+ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢²»ÏÞÖƳ¤¶ÈµÄ×Ö·û´®£¬×î´ó¿É´ï 1G¡£BYTEA
+ÓÃÓÚ´æ´¢¶þ½øÖÆÊý¾Ý£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇ°üº¬ NULL
+×Ö½Ú£¨¶þ½øÖƵÄ0£©µÄÖµ¡£ÕâЩÀàÐ;ßÓÐÀàÐ͵ÄÐÔÄÜ¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="4.15.1"></a>4.15.1)
+ÎÒÔõÑù´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÅ/×Ô¶¯µÝÔöµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
+<p>PostgreSQL Ö§³Ö SERIAL
+Êý¾ÝÀàÐÍ¡£ËüÔÚ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ×Ô¶¯´´½¨Ò»¸öÐòÁкÍË÷Òý¡£ÀýÈ磬<br />
+ CREATE TABLE person ( <br />
+ id SERIAL, <br />
+ name TEXT <br />
+ );<br />
+<br />
+»á×Ô¶¯×ª»»Îª£º <br />
+ <br />
+ CREATE SEQUENCE person_id_seq;<br />
+ CREATE TABLE person ( <br />
+ id INT4 NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('person_id_seq'),<br />
+ name TEXT <br />
+ );<br />
+ CREATE UNIQUE INDEX person_id_key ON person ( id );<br />
+<br />
+²Î¿¼ create_sequence ÊÖ²áÒ³»ñÈ¡¹ØÓÚÐòÁеĸü¶àÐÅÏ¢¡£Ä㻹¿ÉÒÔÓÃÿÐеÄ
+oid
+×Ö¶Î×÷Ϊһ¸öΨһֵ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹ûÄãÐèÒªÇãµ¹ºÍÖØÔØÊý¾Ý¿â£¬ÄãÐèҪʹÓÃ
+pg_dump µÄ -o Ñ¡Ïî»òÕß COPY WITH OIDS Ñ¡ÏîÒÔ±£Áô OID¡£ </p>
+<h4><a name="4.15.2"></a>4.15.2)
+ÎÒÈçºÎ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö²åÈëµÄÐòÁкŵÄÖµ£¿</h4>
+<p>Ò»ÖÖ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ²åÈë֮ǰÏÈÓú¯Êý nextval() ´ÓÐòÁжÔÏóÀï¼ìË÷³öÏÂÒ»¸ö
+SERIAL Öµ£¬È»ºóÔÙÏÔʽ²åÈ롣ʹÓà <a href="#4.15.1">4.15.1</a>
+ÀïµÄÀý±í£¬¿ÉÓÃαÂëÕâÑùÃèÊö£º <br />
+<br />
+ new_id = execute("SELECT nextval('person_id_seq')");<br />
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (id, name) VALUES (new_id, 'Blaise
+Pascal')");<br />
+<br />
+ÕâÑù»¹ÄÜÔÚÆäËû²éѯÖÐʹÓôæ·ÅÔÚ new_id ÀïµÄÐÂÖµ£¨ÀýÈ磬×÷Ϊ person
+±íµÄÍâ¼ü£©¡£×¢Òâ×Ô¶¯´´½¨µÄ SEQUENCE ¶ÔÏóµÄÃû³Æ½«»áÊÇ
+<table>_<serialcolumn>_seq£¬ÕâÀï table ºÍ serialcolumn
+·Ö±ðÊÇÄãµÄ±íµÄÃû³ÆºÍÄãµÄ SERIAL ×ֶεÄÃû³Æ¡£ <br />
+<br />
+ÀàËƵģ¬ÔÚ SERIAL ¶ÔÏóȱʡ²åÈëºóÄã¿ÉÒÔÓú¯Êý currval() ¼ìË÷¸Õ¸³ÖµµÄ
+SERIAL Öµ£¬ÀýÈ磬 <br />
+<br />
+ execute("INSERT INTO person (name) VALUES ('Blaise
+Pascal')");<br />
+ new_id = execute("SELECT currval('person_id_seq')");<br />
+<br />
+×îºó£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔʹÓÃ´Ó INSERT Óï¾ä·µ»ØµÄ <a href="4.16">OID</a>
+²éÕÒȱʡֵ£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×îȱ·¦ÒÆÖ²ÐԵķ½·¨¡£ÔÚ Perl ÀʹÓôøÓÐ
+Edmund Mergl µÄ DBD::Pg Ä£¿éµÄ DBI£¬oid Öµ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý
+$sth->execute() ºóµÄ $sth->{pg_oid_status} »ñµÃ¡£ </p>
+<h4><a name="4.15.3"></a>4.15.3) ʹÓà currval() ºÍ nextval()
+»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸öÓëÆäËûÓû§Ö®¼äµÄÎÉÂÒÇé¿öÂð£¿</h4>
+<p>²»»á¡£currval()
+·µ»Øºǫ́½ø³Ì¶ø²»ÊÇËùÓÐÓû§¸³ÓèµÄµ±Ç°Öµ¡£<br /></p>
+<h4><a name="4.15.4"></a>4.15.4)
+Ϊʲô²»ÔÚÊÂÎñÒì³£ÖÐÖ¹ºóÖØÓÃÐòÁкÅÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´ÔÚÐòÁкÅ×ֶεÄÈ¡ÖµÖдæÔÚ¼ä¶ÏÄØ£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ΪÁËÌá¸ß²¢·¢ÐÔ£¬ÐòÁкÅÔÚÐèÒªµÄʱºò¸³ÓèÕýÔÚÔËÐеÄÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÇÒÖ»ÔÚÊÂÎñ½áÊø֮ǰ²»·âËø¡£Õâ¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂزÕÛÊÂÎñºóµÄÐòÁкųöÏÖ¼ä¸ô¡£</p>
+<h4><br />
+<a name="4.16"></a>4.16) ʲôÊÇ OID£¿Ê²Ã´ÊÇ TID£¿</h4>
+<p>OID ÊÇ PostgreSQL ÖÐÐеÄΨһ±êʶ¡£PostgreSQL
+Àï´´½¨µÄÿһÐж¼»ñµÃÒ»¸öΨһµÄ OID¡£ËùÓÐÔÚ initdb ¹ý³ÌÖд´½¨µÄ OID
+¶¼Ð¡ÓÚ 16384 £¨²Î¼û include/access/transam.h£©¡£ËùÓÐÓû§´´½¨µÄ OID
+¶¼´óÓÚ»òµÈÓÚÕâ¸öÖµ¡£È±Ê¡Ê±£¬ËùÓÐÕâЩ OID
+²»½öÔÚÒ»¸ö±í»òÒ»¸öÊý¾Ý¿âÀïÃæΨһ£¬¶øÇÒÔÚÕû¸ö PostgreSQL
+°²×°ÀïÒ²ÊÇΨһµÄ¡£ <br />
+<br />
+PostgreSQL ÔÚËüµÄÄÚ²¿ÏµÍ³±íÀïʹÓà OID ÔÚ±íÖ®¼ä½¨Á¢ÁªÏµ¡£ÕâЩ OID
+¿ÉÒÔÓÃÓÚ±êʶÌض¨µÄÓû§ÐÐÒÔ¼°ÓÃÔÚÁ¬½ÓÀï¡£½¨ÒéʹÓÃ×Ö¶ÎÀàÐÍ OID ´æ´¢
+OID Öµ¡£¿ÉÒÔÔÚ OID ×Ö¶ÎÉÏ´´½¨Ò»¸öË÷ÒýÒÔ¿ìËÙ·ÃÎÊ¡£ <br />
+<br />
+OID ´ÓÒ»¸ö±»ËùÓÐÊý¾Ý¿âʹÓõÄÖÐÐÄÇøÓòÀ︳ֵ¸øËùÓÐÐÂÐС£Èç¹ûÄãÏë°Ñ
+OID ¸Ä³É±ðµÄÖµ£¬»òÕßÏë×öÒ»·Ý±íµÄ´øÔʼ OID µÄ¿½±´£¬Äã¿ÉÒÔ×öµ½£º
+<br />
+<br />
+ CREATE TABLE new(old_oid oid, mycol int);<br />
+ SELECT old_oid, mycol INTO new FROM old;<br />
+ COPY new TO '/tmp/pgtable';<br />
+ DELETE FROM new;<br />
+ COPY new WITH OIDS FROM '/tmp/pgtable';<br />
+<br />
+OID
+ÓÃ4×Ö½ÚµÄÕûÊý±£´æ£¬ÔÚ³¬¹ý40ÒÚʱ½«Òç³ö¡£Ã»ÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ³öÏÖ¹ýÒç³ö£¬¶øÎÒÃÇ´òËãÔÚÓÐÈ˱¨¸æ֮ǰÏû³ýÕâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£<br />
+
+<br />
+TID ÓÃÓÚ±êʶ´ø×ÅÊý¾Ý¿é£¨µØÖ·£©ºÍ£¨¿éÄÚ£©Æ«ÒƵÄÌض¨µÄÎïÀíÐС£TID
+ÔÚÐб»¸ü¸Ä»òÖØÔغó·¢Éú¸Ä±ä¡£Ë÷ÒýÈë¿ÚʹÓÃËüÃÇÖ¸ÏòÎïÀíÐС£</p>
+<h4><a name="4.17"></a>4.17) PostgreSQL
+ʹÓõÄһЩÊõÓïµÄº¬ÒåÊÇʲô£¿</h4>
+<p>
+һЩԴ´úÂëºÍһЩ¾ÉÒ»µãµÄÎĵµÊ¹ÓÃһЩÓиü³£ÓÃÓ÷¨µÄÊõÓï¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»²¿·Ö£º
+<br />
+ table, relation, class <br />
+ row, record, tuple <br />
+ column, field, attribute <br />
+ retrieve, select <br />
+ replace, update <br />
+ append, insert <br />
+ OID, serial value <br />
+ portal, cursor <br />
+ range variable, table name, table alias <br />
+<br />
+ÓÐÒ»¸öͨÓÃÊý¾Ý¿âÊõÓïµÄÁÐ±í£º<a href=
+"http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html">http://hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/software/docs/pkgs/pgsql/glossary/glossary.html</a>
+¡£ </p>
+<h4><a name="4.18"></a>4.18) ΪʲôÎÒÊÕµ½´íÎó¡°<i>ERROR: Memory
+exhausted in AllocSetAlloc()</i>¡±£¿</h4>
+<p>
+ÕâºÜ¿ÉÄÜÊÇϵͳµÄÐéÄâÄÚ´æÓùâÁË£¬»òÕßÄں˶ÔijЩ×ÊÔ´Óнϵ͵ÄÏÞÖÆÖµ¡£ÔÚÆô¶¯
+postmaster ֮ǰÊÔÊÔÏÂÃæµÄÃüÁ <br />
+<br />
+ ulimit -d 262144<br />
+ limit datasize 256m<br />
+<br />
+È¡¾öÓÚÄãÓõÄ
+shell£¬ÉÏÃæÃüÁîÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÌõÄܳɹ¦£¬µ«ÊÇËü½«°ÑÄãµÄ½ø³ÌÊý¾Ý¶ÎÏÞÖÆÉèµÃ±È½Ï¸ß£¬Òò¶øÒ²ÐíÄÜÈòéѯÍê³É¡£ÕâÌõÃüÁîÓ¦ÓÃÓÚµ±Ç°½ø³Ì£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐÔÚÕâÌõÃüÁîÔËÐк󴴽¨µÄ×Ó½ø³Ì¡£Èç¹ûÄãÊÇÔÚÔËÐÐSQL¿Í»§¶ËʱÒòΪºǫ́·µ»ØÁËÌ«¶àµÄÊý¾Ý¶ø³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇëÔÚÔËÐпͻ§¶Ë֮ǰִÐÐÉÏÊöÃüÁî¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="4.19"></a>4.19) ÎÒÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜÖªµÀËùÔËÐÐµÄ PostgreSQL
+µÄ°æ±¾£¿</h4>
+<p>´Ó psql À¼üÈë SELECT version()£»<br /></p>
+<h4><a name="4.20"></a>4.20)
+ΪʲôÎҵĴó¶ÔÏó²Ù×÷µ¼Ö´íÎó¡°<i>invalid large obj
+descriptor¡±£¨·Ç·¨µÄ´ó¶ÔÏóÃèÊö·û£©</i>£¿</h4>
+<p>ÄãÐèÒªÔÚʹÓÃÈκδó¶ÔÏó¾ä±úµÄÇ°ºó·ÅÉÏ BEGIN WORK ºÍ
+COMMIT£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬°üΧ lo_open ... lo_close¡£ <br />
+<br />
+Ŀǰ PostgreSQL
+Ç¿ÖÆʵʩÕâÌõ¹æÔò£ºÔÚÊÂÎñÌύʱ¹Ø±Õ´ó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú£¬ÕâÑù£¬£¨Ã»ÓвÉÓÃÊÂÎñʱ£©£¬Ê״ζԴó¶ÔÏó¾ä±ú×öÈκÎÊÂÇéµÄÆóͼ¶¼»áµ¼ÖÂÒ»¸ö
+invalid large obj
+descriptor¡£ËùÒÔ£¬Èç¹ûÄãûÓÐʹÓÃÒ»¸öÊÂÎñ£¬ÒÔÇ°Äܹ¤×÷µÄ´úÂ루ÖÁÉÙÊÇ´ó¶àÊýʱ¼ä£©½«»áÉú³ÉÕâôһ¸ö´íÎóÐÅÏ¢¡£
+<br />
+<br />
+Èç¹ûÄãʹÓÿͻ§¶Ë½Ó¿Ú£¬Èç ODBC£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜÐèÒª set auto-commit off¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="4.21"></a>4.21)
+ÎÒÈçºÎ´´½¨Ò»¸öȱʡֵÊǵ±Ç°Ê±¼äµÄ×ֶΣ¿</h4>
+<p>ʹÓà CURRENT_TIMESTAMP£º<br />
+<br />
+ CREATE TABLE test(x int, modtime timestamp DEFAULT
+CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);</p>
+<h4><a name="4.22"></a>4.22) ΪʲôʹÓà IN µÄ×Ó²éѯÕâôÂý£¿</h4>
+<p>
+Ä¿Ç°£¬ÎÒÃÇͨ¹ýΪÍâ²éѯµÄÿһÐÐ˳ÐòɨÃè×Ó²éѯµÄ½á¹ûÀ´Á¬½Ó×Ó²éѯºÍÍâ²éѯ¡£Èç¹û×Ó²éѯ·µ»ØÉÙÊý¼¸ÐУ¬¶øÍâ²éѯ·µ»ØºÜ¶àÐУ¬IN
+Ö´Ðеúܿ졣ΪÁ˼ӿìÆäËû IN ²éѯµÄÖ´ÐУ¬¿ÉÒÔÓà EXISTS Ìæ»» IN£º
+<br />
+<br />
+ SELECT *<br />
+ FROM tab<br />
+ WHERE col IN (SELECT subcol FROM subtab);<br />
+<br />
+¸ÄΪ£º <br />
+<br />
+ SELECT *<br />
+ FROM tab<br />
+ WHERE EXISTS (SELECT subcol FROM subtab WHERE subcol =
+col);<br />
+<br />
+ºóÕßÒªÏëÖ´Ðеøü¿ì£¬subcol
+Ó¦¸ÃÊÇÒ»¸öË÷ÒýÁС£ÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÔÚδÀ´µÄ·¢²¼°æ±¾ÖÐÐÞ²¹Õâ¸öÏÞÖÆ¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="4.23"></a>4.23) ÎÒÔõÑù½øÐÐ outer join
+£¨ÍâÁ¬½Ó£©£¿</h4>
+<p>PostgreSQL ²ÉÓñê×¼µÄ SQL Óï·¨Ö§³ÖÍâÁ¬½Ó¡£ÕâÀïÊÇÁ½¸öÀý×Ó£º<br />
+<br />
+ SELECT *<br />
+ FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 ON (t1.col = t2.col);<br />
+<br />
+»ò <br />
+ SELECT *<br />
+ FROM t1 LEFT OUTER JOIN t2 USING (col);<br />
+<br />
+ÕâÁ½¸öµÈ¼ÛµÄ²éѯÔÚ t1.col ºÍ t2.col ÉÏ×öÁ¬½Ó£¬²¢ÇÒ·µâ»?t1
+ÖÐËùÓÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐУ¨ÄÇЩÔÚ t2 ÖÐûÓÐÆ¥ÅäµÄÐУ©¡£ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½Ó(RIGHT
+OUTER JOIN)½«·µ»Ø t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£ÍêÈ«ÍâÁ¬½Ó£¨FULL OUTER
+JOIN£©½«·µ»Ø t1 ºÍ t2 ÖÐδÁ¬½ÓµÄÐС£¹Ø¼ü×Ö OUTER
+ÔÚ×ó[Íâ]Á¬½Ó¡¢ÓÒ[Íâ]Á¬½ÓºÍÍêÈ«[Íâ]Á¬½ÓÖÐÊÇ¿ÉÑ¡µÄ£¬ÆÕͨÁ¬½Ó±»³ÉΪÄÚÁ¬½Ó£¨INNER
+JOIN£©¡£<br />
+<br />
+ÔÚ´ËÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬ÍâÁ¬½Ó¿ÉÒÔÓà UNION ºÍ NOT IN
+À´Ä£Äâ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÏÂÃæµÄÀý×ÓÔÚ±í tab1 ºÍ tab2 Ö®¼ä×öÍâÁ¬½Ó£º<br />
+<br />
+ SELECT tab1.col1, tab2.col2<br />
+ FROM tab1, tab2<br />
+ WHERE tab1.col1 = tab2.col1<br />
+<br />
+ UNION ALL<br />
+<br />
+ SELECT tab1.col1, NULL<br />
+ FROM tab1<br />
+ WHERE tab1.col1 NOT IN (SELECT tab2.col1 FROM tab2)<br />
+ ORDER BY col1</p>
+<h4><a name="4.24"></a>4.24) ÈçºÎʹÓÃÉæ¼°¶à¸öÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯ£¿</h4>
+<p>ûÓа취²éѯµ±Ç°Êý¾Ý¿âÖ®ÍâµÄÊý¾Ý¿â¡£ÒòΪ PostgreSQL
+¼ÓÔØÊý¾Ý¿âÏà¹ØµÄϵͳĿ¼£¨ÏµÍ³±í£©£¬¿çÊý¾Ý¿âµÄ²éѯÈçºÎÖ´ÐÐҲδÃ÷È·¡£<br />
+
+<br />
+contrib/dblink
+ÔÊÐí²ÉÓú¯Êýµ÷ÓÃʵÏÖ¿ç¿â²éѯ¡£µ±È»¿ÉÒÔͬʱÁ¬½Óµ½²»Í¬µÄÊý¾Ý¿â²¢ÔÚ¿Í»§¶ËºÏ²¢½á¹û¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="4.25"></a>4.25) ÈçºÎÈú¯Êý·µ»Ø¶àÐлò¶àÁУ¿</h4>
+<p>¿ÉÒÔÔÚ PL/pgSQL º¯ÊýÖÐʹÓà refcursors ·µ»Ø½á¹û¼¯¡£²Î¿´ <a href=
+"http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html">http://www.PostgreSQL.org/idocs/index.php?plpgsql-cursors.html</a>,
+23.7.3.3½Ú¡£<br /></p>
+<h4><a name="4.26"></a>4.26) ΪʲôÔÚ PL/PgSQL
+º¯ÊýÖв»ÄÜ¿É¿¿µØ´´½¨»òɾ³ýÁÙʱ±í£¿</h4>
+<p>PL/PgSQL »º´æº¯ÊýµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö²»ºÃµÄ¸±×÷ÓÃÊÇÈôÒ»¸ö
+PL/PgSQL
+º¯Êý·ÃÎÊÁËÒ»¸öÁÙʱ±í£¬È»ºó¸Ã±í±»É¾³ý²¢Öؽ¨ÁË£¬ÔòÔٴε÷Óøú¯Êý½«Ê§°Ü£¬ÒòΪ»º´æµÄº¯ÊýÄÚÈÝÈÔȻָÏò¾ÉµÄÁÙʱ±í¡£½â¾öµÄ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ
+PL/PgSQL ÖÐÓÃ EXECUTE
+¶ÔÁÙʱ±í½øÐзÃÎÊ¡£ÕâÑù»á±£Ö¤²éѯÔÚÖ´ÐÐÇ°×ÜÊÇÖØзÖÎö¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="4.27"></a>4.27) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ï</h4>
+<p>
+Óм¸ÖÖÖ÷/´Ó·½Ê½µÄ¸´ÖÆÑ¡Ïî¡£ÕâЩѡÏîÖ»ÔÊÐíÖ÷Êý¾Ý¿â½øÐиüУ¬´ÓÊý¾Ý¿âÖ»ÄܽøÐжÁ¡£ÍøÒ³
+<a href=
+"http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research">http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/genpage?replication_research</a>
+ µÄ×îºóÁгöÁËÕâЩѡÏî¡£ÔÚ <a href=
+"http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php">
+http://gborg.PostgreSQL.org/project/pgreplication/projdisplay.php</a>
+ÕýÔÚ½øÐÐÒ»¸ö¶àÖ÷±¾¸´ÖƵĽâ¾ö·½°¸¡£</p>
+<h4><a name="4.28"></a>4.28) ÓÐÄÄЩÊý¾Ý¼ÓÃÜÑ¡Ï</h4>
+<p>contrib/pgcrypto °üº¬Á˺ܶàÔÚ SQL
+²éѯÖÐʹÓõļÓÃܺ¯Êý¡£¼ÓÃÜ¿Í»§¶Ëµ½·þÎñÆ÷¶Ë´«ÊäÊý¾ÝµÄΨһ·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ
+pg_hba.conf ÖвÉÓà hostss ¡£ <br />
+<br />
+7.3 °æ±¾ÖÐ×Ô¶¯¶ÔÊý¾Ý¿âÓû§ÃÜÂë½øÐмÓÃÜ¡£ÔÚÒÔÇ°µÄ°æ±¾ÖУ¬±ØÐëÔÚ
+postgresql.conf Öдò¿ª PASSWORD_ENCRYPTION
+Ñ¡Ïî¡£·þÎñÆ÷¿ÉÒÔÔËÐÐÔÚ¼ÓÃܵÄÎļþϵͳÉÏ£¨ÒÔ´ïµ½¼ÓÃܵÄÄ¿µÄ£©¡£<br />
+<br />
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p>
+<h2 align="center">À©Õ¹ PostgreSQL</h2>
+<h4><a name="5.1"></a>5.1) ÎÒдÁËÒ»¸öÓû§¶¨Ò庯Êý¡£µ±ÎÒÔÚ psql
+ÀïÔËÐÐʱ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´»áµ¼Ö core dump£¿</h4>
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projects / postgresql / commitdiff