Return the current process id.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. function:: getppid()
On platforms where :c:func:`strerror` returns ``NULL`` when given an unknown
error number, :exc:`ValueError` is raised.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. data:: supports_bytes_environ
Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. function:: uname()
Close file descriptor *fd*.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. note::
This function is intended for low-level I/O and must be applied to a file
except OSError:
pass
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. function:: device_encoding(fd)
2: stderr), the new file descriptor is :ref:`inheritable
<fd_inheritance>`.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
The new file descriptor is now non-inheritable.
The file descriptor *fd2* is :ref:`inheritable <fd_inheritance>` by default,
or non-inheritable if *inheritable* is ``False``.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
Add the optional *inheritable* parameter.
The :func:`.stat` function.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. function:: fstatvfs(fd)
current position; :const:`SEEK_END` or ``2`` to set it relative to the end of
the file. Return the new cursor position in bytes, starting from the beginning.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. data:: SEEK_SET
SEEK_CUR
Parameters to the :func:`lseek` function. Their values are 0, 1, and 2,
respectively.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionadded:: 3.3
Some operating systems could support additional values, like
:data:`os.SEEK_HOLE` or :data:`os.SEEK_DATA`.
This function can support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
<dir_fd>` with the *dir_fd* parameter.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
The new file descriptor is now non-inheritable.
bytes read. If the end of the file referred to by *fd* has been reached, an
empty bytes object is returned.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. note::
This function is intended for low-level I/O and must be applied to a file
Write the bytestring in *str* to file descriptor *fd*. Return the number of
bytes actually written.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. note::
This function is intended for low-level I/O and must be applied to a file
or not it is available using :data:`os.supports_effective_ids`. If it is
unavailable, using it will raise a :exc:`NotImplementedError`.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. note::
Using :func:`access` to check if a user is authorized to e.g. open a file
This function can support :ref:`specifying a file descriptor <path_fd>`. The
descriptor must refer to an opened directory, not an open file.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionadded:: 3.3
Added support for specifying *path* as a file descriptor
on some platforms.
:ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>` and :ref:`not
following symlinks <follow_symlinks>`.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. note::
Although Windows supports :func:`chmod`, you can only set the file's
Return a string representing the current working directory.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. function:: getcwdb()
Return a bytestring representing the current working directory.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. function:: lchflags(path, flags)
.. note::
To encode ``str`` filenames to ``bytes``, use :func:`~os.fsencode`.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. seealso::
The :func:`scandir` function returns the directory entries with more
It is also possible to create temporary directories; see the
:mod:`tempfile` module's :func:`tempfile.mkdtemp` function.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionadded:: 3.3
The *dir_fd* argument.
This function is identical to :func:`unlink`.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionadded:: 3.3
The *dir_fd* argument.
If you want cross-platform overwriting of the destination, use :func:`replace`.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionadded:: 3.3
The *src_dir_fd* and *dst_dir_fd* arguments.
This function can support specifying *src_dir_fd* and/or *dst_dir_fd* to
supply :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>`.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionadded:: 3.3
This function can support :ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors
<dir_fd>`.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionadded:: 3.3
The *dir_fd* parameter.
>>> statinfo.st_size
264
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. seealso::
:func:`fstat` and :func:`lstat` functions.
name. Please see the documentation for :func:`remove` for
further information.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionadded:: 3.3
The *dir_fd* parameter.
:ref:`paths relative to directory descriptors <dir_fd>` and :ref:`not
following symlinks <follow_symlinks>`.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. versionadded:: 3.3
Added support for specifying an open file descriptor for *path*,
and the *dir_fd*, *follow_symlinks*, and *ns* parameters.
Python signal handler registered for :const:`SIGABRT` with
:func:`signal.signal`.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. function:: execl(path, arg0, arg1, ...)
execle(path, arg0, arg1, ..., env)
Exit the process with status *n*, without calling cleanup handlers, flushing
stdio buffers, etc.
- Availability: Unix, Windows.
-
.. note::
The standard way to exit is ``sys.exit(n)``. :func:`_exit` should
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