<p>ImageMagick utilizes multiple computational threads to increase performance and can read, process, or write mega-, giga-, or tera-pixel image sizes.</p>
<p>ImageMagick is free software delivered as a ready-to-run binary distribution or as source code that you may use, copy, modify, and distribute in both open and proprietary applications. It is distributed under the Apache 2.0 <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/license.html">license</a>.</p>
-<p>The ImageMagick development process ensures a stable API and <a href="http://abi-laboratory.pro/tracker/timeline/imagemagick/">ABI</a>. Before each ImageMagick release, we perform a comprehensive security assessment that includes <a href="https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizer">memory error</a> and <a href="https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizer">thread data race</a> detection to help prevent security vulnerabilities.</p>
+<p>The ImageMagick development process ensures a stable API and <a href="https://abi-laboratory.pro/tracker/timeline/imagemagick/">ABI</a>. Before each ImageMagick release, we perform a comprehensive security assessment that includes <a href="https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizer">memory error</a> and <a href="https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizer">thread data race</a> detection to help prevent security vulnerabilities.</p>
<p>The current release is ImageMagick <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/download.html">7.0.6-0</a>. It runs on <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/download.html#unix">Linux</a>, <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/download.html#windows">Windows</a>, <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/download.html#macosx">Mac Os X</a>, <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/download.html#iOS">iOS</a>, Android OS, and others.</p>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/fourier/">Discrete Fourier transform</a></td>
- <td>implements the forward and inverse <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform">DFT</a>.</td>
+ <td>implements the forward and inverse <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform">DFT</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="www/distribute-pixel-cache.html">Distributed pixel cache</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="www/download.html#iOS">ImageMagick on the iPhone</a></td>
- <td>convert, edit, or compose images on your <a href="http://www.apple.com/ios/">iOS</a> device such as the iPhone or iPad.</td>
+ <td>convert, edit, or compose images on your <a href="https://www.apple.com/ios/">iOS</a> device such as the iPhone or iPad.</td>
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<tr>
<td><a href="www/architecture.html#tera-pixel">Large image support</a></td>
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href="command-line-options.html#thumbnail">‑thumbnail</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#tile">‑tile</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#tile-offset">‑tile‑offset</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#tint">‑tint</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#title">‑title</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#transform">‑transform</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#transparent">‑transparent</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#transparent-color">‑transparent‑color</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#transpose">‑transpose</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#transverse">‑transverse</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#treedepth">‑treedepth</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#trim">‑trim</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#type">‑type</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#undercolor">‑undercolor</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#unique-colors">‑unique‑colors</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#units">‑units</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#unsharp">‑unsharp</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#update">‑update</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#verbose">‑verbose</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#version">‑version</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#view">‑view</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#vignette">‑vignette</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#virtual-pixel">‑virtual‑pixel</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#visual">‑visual</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#watermark">‑watermark</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#wave">‑wave</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#wavelet-denoise">‑wavelet‑denoise</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#weight">‑weight</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#white-point">‑white‑point</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#white-threshold">‑white‑threshold</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#window">‑window</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#window-group">‑window‑group</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#write">‑write</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#write-mask">‑write‑mask</a> </p>
<p class="lead magick-description">Below is list of command-line options recognized by the ImageMagick <a href="command-line-tools.html">command-line tools</a>. If you want a description of a particular option, click on the option name in the navigation bar above and you will go right to it. Unless otherwise noted, each option is recognized by the commands: <a href="convert.html">convert</a> and <a href="mogrify.html">mogrify</a>.</p>
<div style="margin: auto;">
result. If the EXIF profile was previously stripped, the <a
href="command-line-options.html#auto-orient" >-auto-orient</a> operator will do nothing. </p>
+<div style="margin: auto;">
+ <h3><a id="auto-threshold"></a>-auto-threshold <var>method</var></h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class="magick-description">automatically perform image thresholding.</p>
+
+<p>Here are the valid methods:</p>
+
+<dl class="row">
+<dt class="col-md-4">Undefined</dt><dd class="col-md-8">0: No method specified (equivalent to '<code>OTSU</code>').</dd>
+<dt class="col-md-4">Kapur</dt><dd class="col-md-8">maximum entropy thresholding.</dd>
+<dt class="col-md-4">OTSU</dt><dd class="col-md-8">cluster-based image thresholding.</dd>
+<dt class="col-md-4">Triangle</dt><dd class="col-md-8">a geometric thresholding method.</dd>
<div style="margin: auto;">
<h3><a id="average"></a>-average</h3>
<script src="../js/magick.html"></script>
</body>
</html>
-<!-- Magick Cache 30th June 2017 09:56 -->
\ No newline at end of file
+<!-- Magick Cache 3rd July 2017 10:29 -->
\ No newline at end of file
<p class="lead magick-description">The ImageMagick command-line <a href="command-line-tools.html">tools</a> can be as simple as this:</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick image.jpg image.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code> magick image.jpg image.png </code></pre>
<p>Or it can be complex with a plethora of <a href="command-line-processing.html#option">options</a>, as in the following:</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick label.gif +matte \
+<pre><code>magick label.gif +matte \
\( +clone -shade 110x90 -normalize -negate +clone -compose Plus -composite \) \
\( -clone 0 -shade 110x50 -normalize -channel BG -fx 0 +channel -matte \) \
- -delete 0 +swap -compose Multiply -composite button.gif");
-</code></pre>
+ -delete 0 +swap -compose Multiply -composite button.gif");</code></pre>
<p class="bg-info">This example command is long enough that the command must be written across several lines, so we formatted it for clarity by inserting backslashes (<code>\</code>). The backslash is the Unix <var>line-continuation</var> character. In the Windows shell, use a carat character (<code>^</code>) for line-continuation. We use the Unix style on these web pages, as above. Sometimes, however, the lines are wrapped by your browser if the browser window is small enough, but the command-lines, shown in white, are still intended to be typed as one line. Line continuation characters need not be entered. The <var>parentheses</var> that are <var>escaped</var> above using the backslash are not escaped in Windows. There are some other differences between Windows and Unix (involving quotation marks, for instance), but we'll discuss some of those issues later, as they arise. </p>
<p>Given the complexity of the rendering, you might be surprised it is accomplished by a single command-line:</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick -size 320x90 canvas:none -stroke snow4 -size 1x90 -tile gradient:white-snow4 \
+<pre><code>magick -size 320x90 canvas:none -stroke snow4 -size 1x90 -tile gradient:white-snow4 \
-draw 'roundrectangle 16, 5, 304, 85 20,40' +tile -fill snow \
-draw 'roundrectangle 264, 5, 304, 85 20,40' -tile gradient:chartreuse-green \
-draw 'roundrectangle 16, 5, 180, 85 20,40' -tile gradient:chartreuse1-chartreuse3 \
-pointsize 90 -strokewidth 1 -fill red label:'50 %' -trim +repage \( +clone \
-background firebrick3 -shadow 80x3+3+3 \) +swap -background none -layers merge \) \
-insert 0 -gravity center -append -background white -gravity center -extent 320x200 \
- cylinder_shaded.png
-</code></pre>
+ cylinder_shaded.png</code></pre>
<p>In the next sections we dissect the anatomy of the ImageMagick command-line. Hopefully, after carefully reading and better understanding how the command-line works, you should be able to accomplish complex image-processing tasks without resorting to the sometimes daunting <a href="develop.html">program interfaces</a>.</p>
<p>In Unix shells, certain characters such as the asterisk (<code>*</code>) and question mark (<code>?</code>) automagically cause lists of filenames to be generated based on pattern matches. This feature is known as globbing. ImageMagick supports filename globbing for systems, such as Windows, that does not natively support it. For example, suppose you want to convert <code>1.jpg</code>, <code>2.jpg</code>, <code>3.jpg</code>, <code>4.jpg</code>, and <code>5.jpg</code> in your current directory to a GIF animation. You can conveniently refer to all of the JPEG files with this command:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick *.jpg images.gif
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick *.jpg images.gif</code></pre>
<h4>Explicit Image Format</h4>
<p>Images are stored in a myriad of image formats including
so we explicitly set one:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick -size 640x480 -depth 8 rgb:image image.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick -size 640x480 -depth 8 rgb:image image.png</code></pre>
<h4>Built-in Images and Patterns</h4>
<p>ImageMagick has a number of built-in <a href="formats.html#builtin-images">images</a> and <a href="formats.html#builtin-patterns">patterns</a>. To utilize the checkerboard pattern, for example, use:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick -size 640x480 pattern:checkerboard checkerboard.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick -size 640x480 pattern:checkerboard checkerboard.png</code></pre>
<h4>STDIN, STDOUT, and file descriptors</h4>
<p>Unix and Windows permit the output of one command to be piped to the input of another. ImageMagick permits image data to be read and written from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams">standard streams</a> STDIN (<var>standard in</var>) and STDOUT (<var>standard out</var>), respectively, using a pseudo-filename of <code>-</code>. In this example we pipe the output of
<a href="convert.html">convert</a> to the <a href="display.html">display</a> program:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick logo: gif:- | display gif:-
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick logo: gif:- | display gif:-</code></pre>
<p>The second explicit format "<code>gif:</code>" is optional in the preceding example. The GIF image format has a unique signature within the image so ImageMagick's <a href="display.html">display</a> command can readily recognize the format as GIF. The <a href="convert.html">convert</a> program also accepts STDIN as input in this way:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick rose: gif:- | magick - -resize "200%" bigrose.jpg'
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick rose: gif:- | magick - -resize "200%" bigrose.jpg'</code></pre>
<p>Other pipes can be accessed via their <var>file descriptors</var> (as of version 6.4.9-3). The file descriptors 0, 1, and 2 are reserved for the standard streams STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR, respectively, but a pipe associated with a file descriptor number <var>N</var>>2 can be accessed using the pseudonym <code>fd:</code><var>N</var>. (The pseudonyms <code>fd:0</code> and <code>fd:1</code> can be used for STDIN and STDOUT.) The next example shows how to append image data piped from files with descriptors 3 and 4 and direct the result to the file with descriptor number 5.
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick fd:3 fd:4 -append fd:5
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick fd:3 fd:4 -append fd:5</code></pre>
<p>When needed, explicit image formats can be given as mentioned earlier, as in the following.
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick gif:fd:3 jpg:fd:4 -append tif:fd:5
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick gif:fd:3 jpg:fd:4 -append tif:fd:5</code></pre>
<h4>Selecting Frames</h4>
<p>Some images formats contain more than one image frame. Perhaps you only want the first image, or the last, or some number of images in-between. You can specify which image frames to read by appending the image filename with the frame range enclosed in brackets. Here our image (an animated GIF) contains more than one frame but we only want the first:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick 'images.gif[0]' image.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick 'images.gif[0]' image.png</code></pre>
<p class="bg-info">Unix shells generally interpret brackets so we enclosed the filename in quotes above.
In a Windows command shell the brackets are not interpreted but using quotes doesn't hurt. However, in most cases the roles of single-quotes and double-quotes are reversed with respect to Unix and Windows, so Windows users should usually try double-quotes where we display single-quotes, and vice versa.
<p>You can read more than one image from a sequence with a frame range. For example, you can extract the first four frames of an image sequence:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick 'images.gif[0-3]' images.mng
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick 'images.gif[0-3]' images.mng</code></pre>
<p>Finally, you can read more than one image from a sequence, out-of-order. The next command gets the third image in the sequence, followed by the second, and then the fourth:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick 'images.gif[3,2,4]' images.mng
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick 'images.gif[3,2,4]' images.mng</code></pre>
<p>Notice that in the last two commands, a single image is written. The output in this case, where the image type is MNG, is a multi-frame file because the MNG format supports multiple frames. Had the output format been JPG, which only supports single frames, the output would have consisted of separate frames. More about that below, in the section about the <a href="command-line-processing.html#output">Output Filename</a>.
</p>
<p>Raw images are a sequence of color intensities without additional meta information such as width, height, or image signature. With raw image formats, you must specify the image width and height but you can also specify a region of the image to read. In our example, the image is in the raw 8-bit RGB format and is 6000 pixels wide and 4000 pixels high. However, we only want a region of 600 by 400 near the center of the image:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick -size 6000x4000 -depth 8 'rgb:image[600x400+1900+2900]' image.jpg
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick -size 6000x4000 -depth 8 'rgb:image[600x400+1900+2900]' image.jpg</code></pre>
<p>
You can get the same results with the <a href="command-line-options.html#extract">‑extract</a> option:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick -size 6000x4000 -depth 8 -extract 600x400+1900+2900 rgb:image image.jpg
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick -size 6000x4000 -depth 8 -extract 600x400+1900+2900 rgb:image image.jpg</code></pre>
<h4>Inline Image Resize</h4>
<p>It is sometimes convenient to resize an image as they are read. Suppose you have hundreds of large JPEG images you want to convert to a sequence of PNG thumbails:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick '*.jpg' -resize 120x120 thumbnail%03d.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick '*.jpg' -resize 120x120 thumbnail%03d.png</code></pre>
<p>Here <var>all</var> the images are read and subsequently
resized. It is faster and less resource intensive to resize each image it
is read:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick '*.jpg[120x120]' thumbnail%03d.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick '*.jpg[120x120]' thumbnail%03d.png</code></pre>
<h4>Inline Image Crop</h4>
<p>It is sometimes convenient to crop an image as they are read. Suppose you have hundreds of large JPEG images you want to convert to a sequence of PNG thumbails:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick '*.jpg' -crop 120x120+10+5 thumbnail%03d.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick '*.jpg' -crop 120x120+10+5 thumbnail%03d.png</code></pre>
<p>Here <var>all</var> the images are read and subsequently cropped. It is faster and less resource-intensive to crop each image as it is read:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick '*.jpg[120x120+10+5]' thumbnail%03d.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick '*.jpg[120x120+10+5]' thumbnail%03d.png</code></pre>
<h4>Filename References</h4>
The first is with '<code>@</code>' which reads image filenames separated by white space from the specified file. Assume the file <code>myimages.txt</code> consists of a list of filenames, like so:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-frame001.jpg
+<pre>frame001.jpg
frame002.jpg
-frame003.jpg
-</code></pre>
+frame003.jpg</pre>
<p>We then expect this command:</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick @myimages.txt mymovie.gif
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick @myimages.txt mymovie.gif</code></pre>
<p>to read the images <code>frame001.jpg</code>, <code>frame002.jpg</code>, and <code>frame003.jpg</code> and convert them to a GIF image sequence. </p>
<p>If the image path includes one or more spaces, enclose the path in quotes:</p>
-<pre><code>
-'my title.jpg'
-</code></pre>
+<pre>'my title.jpg'</pre>
<p>Some ImageMagick command-line <a href="command-line-options.html">options</a> may exceed the capabilities of
embedding a formatting character in the filename with a scene range. Consider
the filename <code>image-%d.jpg[1-5]</code>. The command</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick image-%d.jpg[1-5]
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick image-%d.jpg[1-5]</code></pre>
<p>causes ImageMagick to attempt to read images with these filenames:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-image-1.jpg
+<pre>image-1.jpg
image-2.jpg
image-3.jpg
image-4.jpg
-image-5.jpg
-</code></pre>
+image-5.jpg</pre>
<h4>Stream Buffering</h4>
<p>By default, the input stream is buffered. To ensure information on the source file or terminal is read as soon as its available, set the buffer size to 0:</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick logo: gif:- | display -define stream:buffer-size=0 gif:-
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick logo: gif:- | display -define stream:buffer-size=0 gif:-</code></pre>
<h2 class="magick-post-title"><a id="option"></a>Command-line Options</h2>
<p>In this example, <var>-channel</var> applies to each of the images, since, as we mentioned, settings persist:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick -channel RGB wand.png wizard.png images.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick -channel RGB wand.png wizard.png images.png</code></pre>
<h4 class="magick-header"><a id="operator"></a>Image Operator</h4>
<p>In this example, <var>-negate</var> negates the wand image but not the wizard:</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick wand.png -negate wizard.png images.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick wand.png -negate wizard.png images.png</code></pre>
<h4 class="magick-header"><a id="channel"></a>Image Channel Operator</h4>
<p>Operate directly on image channels:</p>
<a href="command-line-options.html#append">‑append</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#affinity">‑affinity</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#average">‑average</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#clut">‑clut</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#coalesce">‑coalesce</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#combine">‑combine</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#compare">‑compare</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#complex">‑complex</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#composite">‑composite</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#copy">‑copy</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#crop">‑crop</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#debug">‑debug</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#deconstruct">‑deconstruct</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#delete">‑delete</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#evaluate-sequence">‑evaluate‑sequence</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#fft">‑fft</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#flatten">‑flatten</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#fx">‑fx</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#hald-clut">‑hald‑clut</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#ift">‑ift</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#identify">‑identify</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#insert">‑insert</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#layers">‑layers</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#limit">‑limit</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#map">‑map</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#maximum">‑maximum</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#minimum">‑minimum</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#morph">‑morph</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#mosaic">‑mosaic</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#optimize">‑optimize</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#print">‑print</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#process">‑process</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#quiet">‑quiet</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#swap">‑swap</a> • <a href="command-line-options.html#write">‑write</a> </ul>
<p>In this example, <var>-append</var> appends three images into one:</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick mikayla.png picnic.png beach.png -append vacation.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick mikayla.png picnic.png beach.png -append vacation.png</code></pre>
<h4 class="magick-header"><a id="geometry"></a>Image Geometry</h4>
This fine image</a> is 640 pixels wide and 480 pixels high. We say its <var>dimensions</var> are 640x480. When we give dimensions of an image, the width (the horizontal dimension) always precedes the height (the vertical dimension). This will be true when we speak of coordinates or <var>offsets</var> into an image, which will always be <var>x</var>–value followed by <var>y</var>. Just think of your high school algebra classes and the <var>xy</var>–plane. (Well, almost: our <var>y</var>–axis will always go downward!)
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick logo: -resize '200%' bigWiz.png
+<pre><code>magick logo: -resize '200%' bigWiz.png
magick logo: -resize '200x50%' longShortWiz.png
magick logo: -resize '100x200' notThinWiz.png
magick logo: -resize '100x200^' biggerNotThinWiz.png
-magick logo: -resize '100x200!' dochThinWiz.png
-</code></pre>
+magick logo: -resize '100x200!' dochThinWiz.png</code></pre>
<p>The first of the four commands is simple—it stretches both the width and height of the input image by <code>200%</code> in each direction; it magnifies the whole thing by a factor of two. The second command specifies different percentages for each direction, stretching the width to <code>200</code>% and squashing the height to <code>50%</code>. The resulting image (in this example) has dimensions 1280x240. Notice that the percent symbol needn't be repeated; the following are equivalent: <code>200x50%</code>, <code>200%x50</code>, <code>200%x50%</code>.
</p>
Here are a few more examples:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick logo: -resize '100' wiz1.png
+<pre><code>magick logo: -resize '100' wiz1.png
magick logo: -resize 'x200' wiz2.png
magick logo: -resize '100x200>' wiz3.png
-magick logo: -resize '100x200<' wiz4.png
-</code></pre>
+magick logo: -resize '100x200<' wiz4.png</code></pre>
<p>If only one dimension is given it is taken to be the width. When only the width is specified, as in the first example above, the width is accepted as given and the height is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio of the input image. Similarly, if only the height is specified, as in the second example above, the height is accepted and the width is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio.</p>
<p>Finally, use <code>@</code> to specify the maximum area in pixels of an image, again while attempting to preserve aspect ratio. (Pixels take only integer values, so some approximation is always at work.) In the following example, an area of 10000 pixels is requested. The resulting file has dimensions 115x86, which has 9890 pixels. </p>
-<pre><code>
-magick logo: -resize '10000@' wiz10000.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick logo: -resize '10000@' wiz10000.png</code></pre>
<p class="bg-info">In all the examples above and below, we have enclosed the <var>geometry</var> arguments within quotation marks. Doing so is optional in many cases, but not always. We <var>must</var> enclose the geometry specifications in quotation marks when using <code><</code> or <code>></code> to prevent these characters from being interpreted by the shell as <var>file redirection</var>. On Windows systems, the carat <code>^</code> needs to be within quotes, else it is ignored. To be safe, one should probably maintain a habit of enclosing all <var>geometry</var> arguments in quotes, as we have here.
</p>
<a href="command-line-options.html#region">‑region</a> option. This option allows many other options to modify the pixels within a specified rectangular subregion of an image. As such, it needs to be given the width and height of that region, and also an <var>offset</var> into the image, which is a pair of coordinates that indicate the location of the region within the larger image. Below, in the first example, we specify a region of size <code>100x200</code> to be located at the <var>xy</var>–coordinates <var>x</var>=10, <var>y</var>=20. Let's use the usual algebraic notation (<var>x</var>,<var>y</var>)=(10,20), for convenience.
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick logo: -region '100x200+10+20' -negate wizNeg1.png
+<pre><code>magick logo: -region '100x200+10+20' -negate wizNeg1.png
magick logo: -region '100x200-10+20' -negate wizNeg2.png
-magick logo: -gravity center -region '100x200-10+20' -negate wizNeg3.png
-</code></pre>
+magick logo: -gravity center -region '100x200-10+20' -negate wizNeg3.png</code></pre>
<p>Note that offsets always require +/− signs. The offset is not actually a true location within the image; its coordinates must be added to some other location. Let's refer to that as the <var>current location</var>. In the first two examples above, though, that location is the upper-left hand corner of the image, which has coordinates (0,0). (That is the default situation when there are no other directives given to change it.) The first example above puts the <code>100x200</code> rectangle's own upper-left corner at (10,20). </p>
<p>In school, your teacher probably permitted you to work on problems on a scrap of paper and then copy the results to your test paper. An image stack is similar. It permits you to work on an image or image sequence in isolation and subsequently introduce the results back into the command-line. The image stack is delineated with parenthesis. Image operators only affect images in the current stack. For example, we can limit the image rotation to just the wizard image like this:</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick wand.gif \( wizard.gif -rotate 30 \) +append images.gif
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick wand.gif \( wizard.gif -rotate 30 \) +append images.gif</code></pre>
<p class="bg-info">Notice again that the parentheses are <var>escaped</var> by preceding them with
<p>Images can be stored in a mryiad of image formats including the better known JPEG, PNG, TIFF and others. ImageMagick must know the desired format of the image before it is written. ImageMagick leverages the filename extension to determine the format. For example, <code>image.jpg</code> tells ImageMagick to write the image in the JPEG format. In some cases the filename does not identify the image format. In these cases, the image is written in the format it was originally read unless an explicit image format is specified. For example, suppose we want to write our image to a filename of <code>image</code> in the raw red, green, and blue intensity format:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick image.jpg rgb:image
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick image.jpg rgb:image</code></pre>
<h4>Standard Out</h4>
<p>Unix permits the output of one command to be piped to another. ImageMagick permits piping one command to another with a filename of <code>-</code>. In this example we pipe the output of <a href="convert.html">convert</a> to the <a href="display.html">display</a> program:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick logo: gif:- | display gif:-
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick logo: gif:- | display gif:-</code></pre>
<p>Here the explicit format is optional. The GIF image format has a signature that uniquely identifies it so ImageMagick can readily recognize the format as GIF.</p>
<p>Optionally, use an embedded formatting character to write a sequential image list. Suppose our output filename is <code>image-%d.jpg</code> and our image list includes 3 images. You can expect these images files to be written:
</p>
-<pre><code>
-image-0.jpg
+<pre>image-0.jpg
image-1.jpg
-image-2.jpg
-</code></pre>
+image-2.jpg</pre>
<p>Or retrieve image properties to modify the image filename. For example, the command
</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick rose: -set filename:area '%wx%h' 'rose-%[filename:area].png'
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick rose: -set filename:area '%wx%h' 'rose-%[filename:area].png'</code></pre>
<p>writes an image with this filename:
</p>
-<pre><code>
- rose-70x46.png
-</code></pre>
+<pre>rose-70x46.png</pre>
<p>Finally to convert multiple JPEG images to individual PDF pages, use:</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick *.jpg +adjoin page-%d.pdf
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick *.jpg +adjoin page-%d.pdf</code></pre>
<h4>Stream Buffering</h4>
<p>By default, the output stream is buffered. To ensure information appears on the destination file or terminal as soon as written, set the buffer size to 0:</p>
-<pre><code>
-magick -define stream:buffer-size=0 logo: gif:- | display gif:-
-</code></pre>
+<pre><code>magick -define stream:buffer-size=0 logo: gif:- | display gif:-</code></pre>
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<td>automagically orient image</td>
</tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><a href="command-line-options.html#auto-threshold">-auto-threshold <var>method</var></a></td>
+ <td>automatically perform image thresholding</td>
+ </tr>
+
<tr>
<td><a href="command-line-options.html#background">-background <var>color</var></a></td>
<td>background color</td>
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<div class="magick-header">
<p class="lead magick-description">Here are a few examples of what you can do with an image using ImageMagick from the command line, a program interface, or script. You can generate this image yourself with this <a href="perl-magick.html">PerlMagick</a> script, <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/source/examples.pl">examples.pl</a>.</p>
-<p><img class="img-fluid center-block" src="../images/examples.jpg" alt="[ImageMagick Examples]" width="734" height="2972" name="imagemagick-examples" /></p>
+<p><img class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src="../images/examples.jpg" alt="[ImageMagick Examples]" width="734" height="2972" name="imagemagick-examples" /></p>
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<p>ImageMagick utilizes multiple computational threads to increase performance and can read, process, or write mega-, giga-, or tera-pixel image sizes.</p>
<p>ImageMagick is free software delivered as a ready-to-run binary distribution or as source code that you may use, copy, modify, and distribute in both open and proprietary applications. It is distributed under the Apache 2.0 <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/license.html">license</a>.</p>
-<p>The ImageMagick development process ensures a stable API and <a href="http://abi-laboratory.pro/tracker/timeline/imagemagick/">ABI</a>. Before each ImageMagick release, we perform a comprehensive security assessment that includes <a href="https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizer">memory error</a> and <a href="https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizer">thread data race</a> detection to help prevent security vulnerabilities.</p>
+<p>The ImageMagick development process ensures a stable API and <a href="https://abi-laboratory.pro/tracker/timeline/imagemagick/">ABI</a>. Before each ImageMagick release, we perform a comprehensive security assessment that includes <a href="https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizer">memory error</a> and <a href="https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizer">thread data race</a> detection to help prevent security vulnerabilities.</p>
<p>The current release is ImageMagick <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/download.html">7.0.6-0</a>. It runs on <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/download.html#unix">Linux</a>, <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/download.html#windows">Windows</a>, <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/download.html#macosx">Mac Os X</a>, <a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/download.html#iOS">iOS</a>, Android OS, and others.</p>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/fourier/">Discrete Fourier transform</a></td>
- <td>implements the forward and inverse <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform">DFT</a>.</td>
+ <td>implements the forward and inverse <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform">DFT</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/distribute-pixel-cache.html">Distributed pixel cache</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/download.html#iOS">ImageMagick on the iPhone</a></td>
- <td>convert, edit, or compose images on your <a href="http://www.apple.com/ios/">iOS</a> device such as the iPhone or iPad.</td>
+ <td>convert, edit, or compose images on your <a href="https://www.apple.com/ios/">iOS</a> device such as the iPhone or iPad.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.imagemagick.org/script/architecture.html#tera-pixel">Large image support</a></td>
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<p>Next, launch your Visual Studio IDE and choose <kbd>Open->Project</kbd>. Select the configure workspace from the <kbd>ImageMagick-7.0.6/VisualMagick/configure</kbd> folder and press Open. Choose <kbd>Build->Build Solution</kbd>
to compile the program and on completion run the program.</p>
-<p><img class="img-fluid center-block" src="../images/configure.jpg" alt="[configure]" /></p>
+<p><img class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block" src="../images/configure.jpg" alt="[configure]" /></p>
<p>Press <kbd>Next</kbd> and click on the multi-threaded static build. If you are using the Visual Studio 6.0 IDE, make sure no check is next to the <var>Generate Visual Studio 7</var> format option. Now press, on <kbd>Next</kbd> twice and finally <kbd>Finish</kbd>. The configuration utility just created a workspace required to build ImageMagick from source. Choose <kbd>Open->Project</kbd> and select the VisualStaticMT workspace from the <kbd>ImageMagick-7.0.6/VisualMagick/</kbd> folder. Finally, choose <kbd>Build->Build Solution</kbd> to compile and build the ImageMagick distribution.</p>
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<td>automagically orient image</td>
</tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><a href="command-line-options.html#auto-threshold">-auto-threshold <var>method</var></a></td>
+ <td>automatically perform image thresholding</td>
+ </tr>
+
<tr>
<td><a href="command-line-options.html#background">-background <var>color</var></a></td>
<td>background color</td>
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<td>adjusts an image so that its orientation is suitable for viewing (i.e. top-left orientation)</td>
</tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td>AutoThreshold</td>
+ <td>method=>{Kapur, OTSU, Triangle}</td>
+ <td>automatically perform image thresholding</td>
+ </tr>
+
<tr>
<td>BlackThreshold</td>
<td>threshold=><i>string</i>, channel=>{All, Default, Alpha, Black, Blue, CMYK, Cyan, Gray, Green, Index, Magenta, Opacity, Red, RGB, Yellow}</td>
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