\item[(1)]
\code{<>} and \code{!=} are alternate spellings for the same operator.
-(I couldn't choose between \ABC{} and \C{}! :-)
+(I couldn't choose between \ABC{} and C! :-)
\index{ABC language@\ABC{} language}
\index{language!ABC@\ABC{}}
-\indexii{C@\C{}}{language}
+\indexii{C}{language}
\code{!=} is the preferred spelling; \code{<>} is obsolescent.
\end{description}
\item[(2)]
Conversion from floating point to (long or plain) integer may round or
-truncate as in \C{}; see functions \function{floor()} and \function{ceil()} in
-module \refmodule{math}\refbimodindex{math} for well-defined conversions.
+truncate as in C; see functions \function{floor()} and
+\function{ceil()} in the \refmodule{math}\refbimodindex{math} module
+for well-defined conversions.
\withsubitem{(in module math)}{\ttindex{floor()}\ttindex{ceil()}}
\indexii{numeric}{conversions}
-\indexii{C@\C{}}{language}
+\indexii{C}{language}
\item[(3)]
See section \ref{built-in-funcs}, ``Built-in Functions,'' for a full
\subsection{Sequence Types \label{typesseq}}
-There are three sequence types: strings, lists and tuples.
+There are five sequence types: strings, Unicode strings, lists,
+tuples, and buffers.
Strings literals are written in single or double quotes:
\code{'xyzzy'}, \code{"frobozz"}. See chapter 2 of the
-\citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual} for more about
-string literals. Lists are constructed with square brackets,
+\citetitle[../ref/strings.html]{Python Reference Manual} for more about
+string literals. Unicode strings are much like strings, but are
+specified in the syntax using a preceeding \character{u} character:
+\code{u'abc'}, \code{u"def"}. Lists are constructed with square brackets,
separating items with commas: \code{[a, b, c]}. Tuples are
constructed by the comma operator (not within square brackets), with
or without enclosing parentheses, but an empty tuple must have the
enclosing parentheses, e.g., \code{a, b, c} or \code{()}. A single
-item tuple must have a trailing comma, e.g., \code{(d,)}.
+item tuple must have a trailing comma, e.g., \code{(d,)}. Buffers are
+not directly support by Python syntax, but can created by calling the
+builtin function \function{buffer()}.\bifuncindex{buffer}
\indexii{sequence}{types}
\indexii{string}{type}
+\indexii{Unicode}{type}
+\indexii{buffer}{type}
\indexii{tuple}{type}
\indexii{list}{type}
\end{description}
-\subsubsection{More String Operations \label{typesseq-strings}}
+\subsubsection{String Methods \label{string-methods}}
+
+These are the string methods which both 8-bit strings and Unicode
+objects support:
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{capitalize}{}
+Return a copy of the string with only its first character capitalized.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{center}{width}
+Return centered in a string of length \var{width}. Padding is done
+using spaces.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{count}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
+Return the number of occurrences of substring \var{sub} in string
+S\code{[\var{start}:\var{end}]}. Optional arguments \var{start} and
+\var{end} are interpreted as in slice notation.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{encode}{\optional{encoding\optional{,errors}}}
+Return an encoded version of the string. Default encoding is the current
+default string encoding. \var{errors} may be given to set a different
+error handling scheme. The default for \var{errors} is
+\code{'strict'}, meaning that encoding errors raise a
+\exception{ValueError}. Other possible values are \code{'ignore'} and
+\code{'replace'}.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{endswith}{suffix\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
+Return true if the string ends with the specified \var{suffix},
+otherwise return false. With optional \var{start}, test beginning at
+that position. With optional \var{end}, stop comparing at that position.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{expandtabs}{\optional{tabsize}}
+Return a copy of the string where all tab characters are expanded
+using spaces. If \var{tabsize} is not given, a tab size of \code{8}
+characters is assumed.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{find}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
+Return the lowest index in the string where substring \var{sub} is
+found, such that \var{sub} is contained in the range [\var{start},
+\var{end}). Optional arguments \var{start} and \var{end} are
+interpreted as in slice notation. Return \code{-1} if \var{sub} is
+not found.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{index}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
+Like \method{find()}, but raise \exception{ValueError} when the
+substring is not found.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{isalnum}{}
+Return true if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and there
+is at least one character, false otherwise.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{isalpha}{}
+Return true if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there
+is at least one character, false otherwise.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{isdigit}{}
+Return true if there are only digit characters, false otherwise.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{islower}{}
+Return true if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and
+there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{isspace}{}
+Return true if there are only whitespace characters in the string and
+the string is not empty, false otherwise.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{istitle}{}
+Return true if the string is a titlecased string, i.e.\ uppercase
+characters may only follow uncased characters and lowercase characters
+only cased ones. Return false otherwise.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{isupper}{}
+Return true if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and
+there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{join}{seq}
+Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
+sequence \var{seq}. The separator between elements is the string
+providing this method.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{ljust}{width}
+Return the string left justified in a string of length \var{width}.
+Padding is done using spaces. The original string is returned if
+\var{width} is less than \code{len(\var{s})}.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{lower}{}
+Return a copy of the string converted to lowercase.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{lstrip}{}
+Return a copy of the string with leading whitespace removed.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{replace}{old, new\optional{, maxsplit}}
+Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of substring
+\var{old} replaced by \var{new}. If the optional argument
+\var{maxsplit} is given, only the first \var{maxsplit} occurrences are
+replaced.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{rfind}{sub \optional{,start \optional{,end}}}
+Return the highest index in the string where substring \var{sub} is
+found, such that \var{sub} is contained within s[start,end]. Optional
+arguments \var{start} and \var{end} are interpreted as in slice
+notation. Return \code{-1} on failure.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{rindex}{sub\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
+Like \method{rfind()} but raises \exception{ValueError} when the
+substring \var{sub} is not found.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{rjust}{width}
+Return the string right justified in a string of length \var{width}.
+Padding is done using spaces. The original string is returned if
+\var{width} is less than \code{len(\var{s})}.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{rstrip}{}
+Return a copy of the string with trailing whitespace removed.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{split}{\optional{sep \optional{,maxsplit}}}
+Return a list of the words in the string, using \var{sep} as the
+delimiter string. If \var{maxsplit} is given, at most \var{maxsplit}
+splits are done. If \var{sep} is not specified or \code{None}, any
+whitespace string is a separator.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{splitlines}{\optional{keepends}}
+Return a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line
+boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless
+\var{keepends} is given and true.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{startswith}{prefix\optional{, start\optional{, end}}}
+Return true if string starts with the \var{prefix}, otherwise
+return false. With optional \var{start}, test string beginning at
+that position. With optional \var{end}, stop comparing string at that
+position.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{strip}{}
+Return a copy of the string with leading and trailing whitespace
+removed.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{swapcase}{}
+Return a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to
+lowercase and vice versa.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{title}{}
+Return a titlecased version of, i.e.\ words start with uppercase
+characters, all remaining cased characters are lowercase.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{translate}{table\optional{, deletechars}}
+Return a copy of the string where all characters occurring in the
+optional argument \var{deletechars} are removed, and the remaining
+characters have been mapped through the given translation table, which
+must be a string of length 256.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}[string]{upper}{}
+Return a copy of the string converted to uppercase.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+
+\subsubsection{String Formatting Operations \label{typesseq-strings}}
String objects have one unique built-in operation: the \code{\%}
operator (modulo) with a string left argument interprets this string
-as a \C{} \cfunction{sprintf()} format string to be applied to the
+as a C \cfunction{sprintf()} format string to be applied to the
right argument, and returns the string resulting from this formatting
operation.
The right argument should be a tuple with one item for each argument
required by the format string; if the string requires a single
argument, the right argument may also be a single non-tuple
-object.\footnote{A tuple object in this case should be a singleton.}
-The following format characters are understood:
+object.\footnote{A tuple object in this case should be a singleton.
+} The following format characters are understood:
\code{\%}, \code{c}, \code{s}, \code{i}, \code{d}, \code{u}, \code{o},
\code{x}, \code{X}, \code{e}, \code{E}, \code{f}, \code{g}, \code{G}.
Width and precision may be a \code{*} to specify that an integer argument
These numbers are fairly arbitrary. They are intended to
avoid printing endless strings of meaningless digits without hampering
correct use and without having to know the exact precision of floating
- point values on a particular machine.}
-All other errors raise exceptions.
+ point values on a particular machine.
+} All other errors raise exceptions.
If the right argument is a dictionary (or any kind of mapping), then
the formats in the string must have a parenthesized key into that
\subsubsection{File Objects\obindex{file}
\label{bltin-file-objects}}
-File objects are implemented using \C{}'s \code{stdio}
-package and can be created with the built-in function
-\function{open()}\bifuncindex{open} described in section
+File objects are implemented using C's \code{stdio} package and can be
+created with the built-in function
+\function{open()}\bifuncindex{open} described in section
\ref{built-in-funcs}, ``Built-in Functions.'' They are also returned
by some other built-in functions and methods, e.g.,
-\function{posix.popen()} and \function{posix.fdopen()} and the
+\function{os.popen()} and \function{os.fdopen()} and the
\method{makefile()} method of socket objects.
-\refbimodindex{posix}
+\refstmodindex{os}
\refbimodindex{socket}
When a file operation fails for an I/O-related reason, the exception
advantage is that (in cases where it might matter, e.g. if you
want to make an exact copy of a file while scanning its lines)
you can tell whether the last line of a file ended in a newline
- or not (yes this happens!).}
- (but may be absent when a file ends with an
+ or not (yes this happens!).
+ } (but may be absent when a file ends with an
incomplete line). If the \var{size} argument is present and
non-negative, it is a maximum byte count (including the trailing
newline) and an incomplete line may be returned.
Classes that are trying to simulate a file object should also have a
writable \member{softspace} attribute, which should be initialized to
zero. This will be automatic for classes implemented in Python; types
-implemented in \C{} will have to provide a writable \member{softspace}
+implemented in C will have to provide a writable \member{softspace}
attribute.
\end{memberdesc}
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