We've added an extra include::
- #include "structmember.h"
+ #include <structmember.h>
This include provides declarations that we use to handle attributes, as
described a bit later.
while 1:
try:
c = sys.stdin.read(1)
- print "Got character", `c`
+ print "Got character", repr(c)
except IOError: pass
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, oldterm)
How do I emulate os.kill() in Windows?
--------------------------------------
-Use win32api::
+To terminate a process, you can use ctypes::
+
+ import ctypes
def kill(pid):
"""kill function for Win32"""
- import win32api
- handle = win32api.OpenProcess(1, 0, pid)
- return (0 != win32api.TerminateProcess(handle, 0))
+ kernel32 = ctypes.windll.kernel32
+ handle = kernel32.OpenProcess(1, 0, pid)
+ return (0 != kernel32.TerminateProcess(handle, 0))
Why does os.path.isdir() fail on NT shared directories?
+-----------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| iso8859_10 | iso-8859-10, latin6, L6 | Nordic languages |
+-----------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
-| iso8859_13 | iso-8859-13 | Baltic languages |
+| iso8859_13 | iso-8859-13, latin7, L7 | Baltic languages |
+-----------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| iso8859_14 | iso-8859-14, latin8, L8 | Celtic languages |
+-----------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
-| iso8859_15 | iso-8859-15 | Western Europe |
+| iso8859_15 | iso-8859-15, latin9, L9 | Western Europe |
++-----------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
+| iso8859_16 | iso-8859-16, latin10, L10 | South-Eastern Europe |
+-----------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| johab | cp1361, ms1361 | Korean |
+-----------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
Note that there are unavoidable subtleties twice per year in a :class:`tzinfo`
subclass accounting for both standard and daylight time, at the DST transition
points. For concreteness, consider US Eastern (UTC -0500), where EDT begins the
-minute after 1:59 (EST) on the first Sunday in April, and ends the minute after
-1:59 (EDT) on the last Sunday in October::
+minute after 1:59 (EST) on the second Sunday in March, and ends the minute after
+1:59 (EDT) on the first Sunday in November::
UTC 3:MM 4:MM 5:MM 6:MM 7:MM 8:MM
EST 22:MM 23:MM 0:MM 1:MM 2:MM 3:MM
This function can also be used to execute arbitrary code objects (such as
those created by :func:`compile`). In this case pass a code object instead
of a string. If the code object has been compiled with ``'exec'`` as the
- *kind* argument, :func:`eval`\'s return value will be ``None``.
+ *mode* argument, :func:`eval`\'s return value will be ``None``.
Hints: dynamic execution of statements is supported by the :keyword:`exec`
statement. Execution of statements from a file is supported by the
value is ``None``.
*key* specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract a comparison
- key from each list element: ``key=str.lower``. The default value is ``None``.
+ key from each list element: ``key=str.lower``. The default value is ``None``
+ (compare the elements directly).
*reverse* is a boolean value. If set to ``True``, then the list elements are
sorted as if each comparison were reversed.
writing as *fileobj*, and retrieve the resulting memory buffer using the
:class:`StringIO` object's :meth:`getvalue` method.
+ :class:`GzipFile` supports iteration.
.. function:: open(filename[, mode[, compresslevel]])
intro.rst
functions.rst
constants.rst
- objects.rst
stdtypes.rst
exceptions.rst
:class:`Handler` subclass are passed to its :meth:`handleError` method.
The default implementation of :meth:`handleError` in :class:`Handler` checks
-to see if a module-level variable, `raiseExceptions`, is set. If set, a
-traceback is printed to `sys.stderr`. If not set, the exception is swallowed.
+to see if a module-level variable, :data:`raiseExceptions`, is set. If set, a
+traceback is printed to :data:`sys.stderr`. If not set, the exception is swallowed.
-**Note:** The default value of `raiseExceptions` is `True`. This is because
+**Note:** The default value of :data:`raiseExceptions` is ``True``. This is because
during development, you typically want to be notified of any exceptions that
-occur. It's advised that you set `raiseExceptions` to `False` for production
+occur. It's advised that you set :data:`raiseExceptions` to ``False`` for production
usage.
.. _context-info:
+++ /dev/null
-
-.. _builtin:
-
-****************
-Built-in Objects
-****************
-
-.. index::
- pair: built-in; types
- pair: built-in; exceptions
- pair: built-in; functions
- pair: built-in; constants
- single: symbol table
-
-Names for built-in exceptions and functions and a number of constants are found
-in a separate symbol table. This table is searched last when the interpreter
-looks up the meaning of a name, so local and global user-defined names can
-override built-in names. Built-in types are described together here for easy
-reference.
-
-The tables in this chapter document the priorities of operators by listing them
-in order of ascending priority (within a table) and grouping operators that have
-the same priority in the same box. Binary operators of the same priority group
-from left to right. (Unary operators group from right to left, but there you
-have no real choice.) See :ref:`operator-summary` for the complete picture on
-operator priorities.
-
The debugger is extensible --- it is actually defined as the class :class:`Pdb`.
This is currently undocumented but easily understood by reading the source. The
-extension interface uses the modules :mod:`bdb` (undocumented) and :mod:`cmd`.
+extension interface uses the modules :mod:`bdb` and :mod:`cmd`.
The debugger's prompt is ``(Pdb)``. Typical usage to run a program under control
of the debugger is::
.. method:: str.format(*args, **kwargs)
- Perform a string formatting operation. The *format_string* argument can
- contain literal text or replacement fields delimited by braces ``{}``. Each
- replacement field contains either the numeric index of a positional argument,
- or the name of a keyword argument. Returns a copy of *format_string* where
- each replacement field is replaced with the string value of the corresponding
- argument.
+ Perform a string formatting operation. The string on which this method is
+ called can contain literal text or replacement fields delimited by braces
+ ``{}``. Each replacement field contains either the numeric index of a
+ positional argument, or the name of a keyword argument. Returns a copy of
+ the string where each replacement field is replaced with the string value of
+ the corresponding argument.
>>> "The sum of 1 + 2 is {0}".format(1+2)
'The sum of 1 + 2 is 3'
The process ID of the child process.
+ Note that if you set the *shell* argument to ``True``, this is the process ID
+ of the spawned shell.
+
.. attribute:: Popen.returncode
specific.
If given, *default* will be returned if the object does not provide means to
- retrieve the size. Otherwise a `TypeError` will be raised.
+ retrieve the size. Otherwise a :exc:`TypeError` will be raised.
:func:`getsizeof` calls the object's ``__sizeof__`` method and adds an
additional garbage collector overhead if the object is managed by the garbage
>>> queue # Remaining queue in order of arrival
deque(['Michael', 'Terry', 'Graham'])
+However, since lists are implemented as an array of elements, they are not the
+optimal data structure to use as a queue (the ``pop(0)`` needs to move all
+following elements). See :ref:`tut-list-tools` for a look at
+:class:`collections.deque`, which is designed to work efficiently as a queue.
+
.. _tut-functional:
>>> 3*a[:3] + ['Boo!']
['spam', 'eggs', 100, 'spam', 'eggs', 100, 'spam', 'eggs', 100, 'Boo!']
+All slice operations return a new list containing the requested elements. This
+means that the following slice returns a shallow copy of the list *a*::
+
+ >>> a[:]
+ ['spam', 'eggs', 100, 1234]
+
Unlike strings, which are *immutable*, it is possible to change individual
elements of a list::
to the PEP for a particular new feature.
-.. seealso (now defunct)
+.. see also, now defunct
http://www.unixreview.com/documents/s=1356/urm0109h/0109h.htm
"What's So Special About Python 2.2?" is also about the new 2.2 features, and
it out of the config.c file.
Bang on it until you get a >>> prompt. (You may have to disable the
-importing of "site.py" by passing the -S options.)
+importing of "site.py" by passing the -S option.)
Then bang on it until it executes very simple Python statements.
projects / python / commitdiff