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+
+<H1 align="center"><a name="h-24">24</a> <a name="entities">Character entity references in
+ HTML 4.0</a></H1>
+<div class="subtoc"><p><strong>Contents</strong>
+<ol>
+<li><a class="tocxref" href="#h-24.1">Introduction to character entity references</a>
+<li><a class="tocxref" href="#h-24.2">Character entity references for ISO 8859-1 characters</a>
+<ol>
+<li><a class="tocxref" href="#h-24.2.1">The list of characters</a>
+</ol>
+<li><a class="tocxref" href="#h-24.3">Character entity references for symbols, mathematical symbols,
+and Greek letters</a>
+<ol>
+<li><a class="tocxref" href="#h-24.3.1">The list of characters</a>
+</ol>
+<li><a class="tocxref" href="#h-24.4">Character entity references for markup-significant
+and internationalization characters</a>
+<ol>
+<li><a class="tocxref" href="#h-24.4.1">The list of characters</a>
+</ol>
+</ol>
+</div>
+<h2><a name="h-24.1">24.1</a> Introduction to character entity references</h2>
+A <a href="../charset.html#entities">character entity reference</a> is an SGML
+construct that references a character of the <a
+href="../charset.html">document character set.</a>
+
+<P>This version of HTML supports several sets of character entity
+references:
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="#iso-88591">ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) characters</a> In
+accordance with section 14 of <a rel="biblioentry"
+href="../references.html#ref-RFC1866" class="informref">[RFC1866]</a>, the set of
+Latin-1 entities has been extended by this specification to cover the
+whole right part of ISO-8859-1 (all code positions with the high-order
+bit set), including the already commonly used &nbsp;, &copy;
+and &reg;. The names of the entities are taken from the appendices
+of SGML (defined in <a rel="biblioentry"
+href="../references.html#ref-ISO8879" class="normref">[ISO8879]</a>).
+<li><a
+href="#sym">symbols, mathematical symbols, and Greek letters</a>. These
+characters may be represented by glyphs in the Adobe font "Symbol".
+<li><a href="#misc">markup-significant and internationalization
+ characters</a> (e.g., for bidirectional text).
+</ul>
+
+<p>The following sections present the complete lists of character
+entity references. Although, by convention, <a rel="biblioentry"
+href="../references.html#ref-ISO10646" class="normref">[ISO10646]</a>
+the comments following each entry are usually written with uppercase
+letters, we have converted them to lowercase in this specification
+for reasons of readability.
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="h-24.2">24.2</a> <a name="iso-88591">Character entity references for ISO 8859-1 characters</a></h2>
+
+<p>The character entity references in this section produce characters whose
+numeric equivalents should already be supported by conforming HTML 2.0
+user agents. Thus, the character entity reference &divide; is a more
+convenient form than &#247; for obtaining the division sign
+(÷).
+
+<P>To support these named entities, user agents need only recognize the
+entity names and convert them to characters that lie within the
+repertoire of <a rel="biblioentry"
+href="../references.html#ref-ISO88591" class="normref">[ISO88591]</a>.
+
+
+
+
+
+<P>Character 65533 (FFFD hexadecimal) is the last valid character in
+UCS-2. 65534 (FFFE hexadecimal) is unassigned and reserved as the
+byte-swapped version of ZERO WIDTH NON-BREAKING SPACE for byte-order
+detection purposes. 65535 (FFFF hexadecimal) is unassigned.
+
+<h3><a name="h-24.2.1">24.2.1</a> The list of characters</h3>
+<div class="dtd-fragment">
+
+<pre>
+<!-- Portions © International Organization for Standardization 1986
+ Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
+ conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in
+ ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
+-->
+<!-- Character entity set. Typical invocation:
+ <!ENTITY % HTMLlat1 PUBLIC
+ "-//W3C//ENTITIES Latin 1//EN//HTML">
+ %HTMLlat1;
+-->
+
+<!ENTITY nbsp CDATA "&#160;" -- no-break space = non-breaking space,
+ U+00A0 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY iexcl CDATA "&#161;" -- inverted exclamation mark, U+00A1 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY cent CDATA "&#162;" -- cent sign, U+00A2 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY pound CDATA "&#163;" -- pound sign, U+00A3 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY curren CDATA "&#164;" -- currency sign, U+00A4 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY yen CDATA "&#165;" -- yen sign = yuan sign, U+00A5 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY brvbar CDATA "&#166;" -- broken bar = broken vertical bar,
+ U+00A6 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY sect CDATA "&#167;" -- section sign, U+00A7 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY uml CDATA "&#168;" -- diaeresis = spacing diaeresis,
+ U+00A8 ISOdia -->
+<!ENTITY copy CDATA "&#169;" -- copyright sign, U+00A9 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY ordf CDATA "&#170;" -- feminine ordinal indicator, U+00AA ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY laquo CDATA "&#171;" -- left-pointing double angle quotation mark
+ = left pointing guillemet, U+00AB ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY not CDATA "&#172;" -- not sign, U+00AC ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY shy CDATA "&#173;" -- soft hyphen = discretionary hyphen,
+ U+00AD ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY reg CDATA "&#174;" -- registered sign = registered trade mark sign,
+ U+00AE ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY macr CDATA "&#175;" -- macron = spacing macron = overline
+ = APL overbar, U+00AF ISOdia -->
+<!ENTITY deg CDATA "&#176;" -- degree sign, U+00B0 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY plusmn CDATA "&#177;" -- plus-minus sign = plus-or-minus sign,
+ U+00B1 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY sup2 CDATA "&#178;" -- superscript two = superscript digit two
+ = squared, U+00B2 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY sup3 CDATA "&#179;" -- superscript three = superscript digit three
+ = cubed, U+00B3 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY acute CDATA "&#180;" -- acute accent = spacing acute,
+ U+00B4 ISOdia -->
+<!ENTITY micro CDATA "&#181;" -- micro sign, U+00B5 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY para CDATA "&#182;" -- pilcrow sign = paragraph sign,
+ U+00B6 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY middot CDATA "&#183;" -- middle dot = Georgian comma
+ = Greek middle dot, U+00B7 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY cedil CDATA "&#184;" -- cedilla = spacing cedilla, U+00B8 ISOdia -->
+<!ENTITY sup1 CDATA "&#185;" -- superscript one = superscript digit one,
+ U+00B9 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY ordm CDATA "&#186;" -- masculine ordinal indicator,
+ U+00BA ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY raquo CDATA "&#187;" -- right-pointing double angle quotation mark
+ = right pointing guillemet, U+00BB ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY frac14 CDATA "&#188;" -- vulgar fraction one quarter
+ = fraction one quarter, U+00BC ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY frac12 CDATA "&#189;" -- vulgar fraction one half
+ = fraction one half, U+00BD ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY frac34 CDATA "&#190;" -- vulgar fraction three quarters
+ = fraction three quarters, U+00BE ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY iquest CDATA "&#191;" -- inverted question mark
+ = turned question mark, U+00BF ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY Agrave CDATA "&#192;" -- latin capital letter A with grave
+ = latin capital letter A grave,
+ U+00C0 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Aacute CDATA "&#193;" -- latin capital letter A with acute,
+ U+00C1 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Acirc CDATA "&#194;" -- latin capital letter A with circumflex,
+ U+00C2 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Atilde CDATA "&#195;" -- latin capital letter A with tilde,
+ U+00C3 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Auml CDATA "&#196;" -- latin capital letter A with diaeresis,
+ U+00C4 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Aring CDATA "&#197;" -- latin capital letter A with ring above
+ = latin capital letter A ring,
+ U+00C5 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY AElig CDATA "&#198;" -- latin capital letter AE
+ = latin capital ligature AE,
+ U+00C6 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Ccedil CDATA "&#199;" -- latin capital letter C with cedilla,
+ U+00C7 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Egrave CDATA "&#200;" -- latin capital letter E with grave,
+ U+00C8 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Eacute CDATA "&#201;" -- latin capital letter E with acute,
+ U+00C9 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Ecirc CDATA "&#202;" -- latin capital letter E with circumflex,
+ U+00CA ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Euml CDATA "&#203;" -- latin capital letter E with diaeresis,
+ U+00CB ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Igrave CDATA "&#204;" -- latin capital letter I with grave,
+ U+00CC ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Iacute CDATA "&#205;" -- latin capital letter I with acute,
+ U+00CD ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Icirc CDATA "&#206;" -- latin capital letter I with circumflex,
+ U+00CE ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Iuml CDATA "&#207;" -- latin capital letter I with diaeresis,
+ U+00CF ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY ETH CDATA "&#208;" -- latin capital letter ETH, U+00D0 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Ntilde CDATA "&#209;" -- latin capital letter N with tilde,
+ U+00D1 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Ograve CDATA "&#210;" -- latin capital letter O with grave,
+ U+00D2 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Oacute CDATA "&#211;" -- latin capital letter O with acute,
+ U+00D3 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Ocirc CDATA "&#212;" -- latin capital letter O with circumflex,
+ U+00D4 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Otilde CDATA "&#213;" -- latin capital letter O with tilde,
+ U+00D5 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Ouml CDATA "&#214;" -- latin capital letter O with diaeresis,
+ U+00D6 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY times CDATA "&#215;" -- multiplication sign, U+00D7 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY Oslash CDATA "&#216;" -- latin capital letter O with stroke
+ = latin capital letter O slash,
+ U+00D8 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Ugrave CDATA "&#217;" -- latin capital letter U with grave,
+ U+00D9 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Uacute CDATA "&#218;" -- latin capital letter U with acute,
+ U+00DA ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Ucirc CDATA "&#219;" -- latin capital letter U with circumflex,
+ U+00DB ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Uuml CDATA "&#220;" -- latin capital letter U with diaeresis,
+ U+00DC ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY Yacute CDATA "&#221;" -- latin capital letter Y with acute,
+ U+00DD ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY THORN CDATA "&#222;" -- latin capital letter THORN,
+ U+00DE ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY szlig CDATA "&#223;" -- latin small letter sharp s = ess-zed,
+ U+00DF ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY agrave CDATA "&#224;" -- latin small letter a with grave
+ = latin small letter a grave,
+ U+00E0 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY aacute CDATA "&#225;" -- latin small letter a with acute,
+ U+00E1 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY acirc CDATA "&#226;" -- latin small letter a with circumflex,
+ U+00E2 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY atilde CDATA "&#227;" -- latin small letter a with tilde,
+ U+00E3 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY auml CDATA "&#228;" -- latin small letter a with diaeresis,
+ U+00E4 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY aring CDATA "&#229;" -- latin small letter a with ring above
+ = latin small letter a ring,
+ U+00E5 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY aelig CDATA "&#230;" -- latin small letter ae
+ = latin small ligature ae, U+00E6 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY ccedil CDATA "&#231;" -- latin small letter c with cedilla,
+ U+00E7 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY egrave CDATA "&#232;" -- latin small letter e with grave,
+ U+00E8 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY eacute CDATA "&#233;" -- latin small letter e with acute,
+ U+00E9 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY ecirc CDATA "&#234;" -- latin small letter e with circumflex,
+ U+00EA ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY euml CDATA "&#235;" -- latin small letter e with diaeresis,
+ U+00EB ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY igrave CDATA "&#236;" -- latin small letter i with grave,
+ U+00EC ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY iacute CDATA "&#237;" -- latin small letter i with acute,
+ U+00ED ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY icirc CDATA "&#238;" -- latin small letter i with circumflex,
+ U+00EE ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY iuml CDATA "&#239;" -- latin small letter i with diaeresis,
+ U+00EF ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY eth CDATA "&#240;" -- latin small letter eth, U+00F0 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY ntilde CDATA "&#241;" -- latin small letter n with tilde,
+ U+00F1 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY ograve CDATA "&#242;" -- latin small letter o with grave,
+ U+00F2 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY oacute CDATA "&#243;" -- latin small letter o with acute,
+ U+00F3 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY ocirc CDATA "&#244;" -- latin small letter o with circumflex,
+ U+00F4 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY otilde CDATA "&#245;" -- latin small letter o with tilde,
+ U+00F5 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY ouml CDATA "&#246;" -- latin small letter o with diaeresis,
+ U+00F6 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY divide CDATA "&#247;" -- division sign, U+00F7 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY oslash CDATA "&#248;" -- latin small letter o with stroke,
+ = latin small letter o slash,
+ U+00F8 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY ugrave CDATA "&#249;" -- latin small letter u with grave,
+ U+00F9 ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY uacute CDATA "&#250;" -- latin small letter u with acute,
+ U+00FA ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY ucirc CDATA "&#251;" -- latin small letter u with circumflex,
+ U+00FB ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY uuml CDATA "&#252;" -- latin small letter u with diaeresis,
+ U+00FC ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY yacute CDATA "&#253;" -- latin small letter y with acute,
+ U+00FD ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY thorn CDATA "&#254;" -- latin small letter thorn with,
+ U+00FE ISOlat1 -->
+<!ENTITY yuml CDATA "&#255;" -- latin small letter y with diaeresis,
+ U+00FF ISOlat1 -->
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="h-24.3">24.3</a> <a name="sym">Character entity references for symbols, mathematical symbols,
+and Greek letters</a></h2>
+
+<p>The character entity references in this section produce characters
+that may be represented by glyphs in the widely available Adobe Symbol
+font, including Greek characters, various bracketing symbols, and a
+selection of mathematical operators such as gradient, product, and
+summation symbols.
+
+<p>To support these entities, user agents may support full <a
+rel="biblioentry"
+href="../references.html#ref-ISO10646" class="normref">[ISO10646]</a> or use
+other means. Display of glyphs for these characters may be obtained by
+being able to display the relevant <a rel="biblioentry"
+href="../references.html#ref-ISO10646" class="normref">[ISO10646]</a> characters
+or by other means, such as internally mapping the listed entities,
+numeric character references, and characters to the appropriate
+position in some font that contains the requisite glyphs.
+
+<div class="note"><P>
+<em><strong>When to use Greek entities.</strong>
+This entity set contains all the letters used in
+modern Greek. However, it does not include Greek punctuation,
+precomposed accented characters nor the non-spacing accents (tonos,
+dialytika) required to compose them. There are no archaic letters,
+Coptic-unique letters, or precomposed letters for Polytonic Greek.
+The entities defined here are not intended for the
+representation of modern Greek text and would not be an efficient
+representation; rather, they are intended for occasional Greek letters
+used in technical and mathematical works.</em>
+</div>
+
+<h3><a name="h-24.3.1">24.3.1</a> The list of characters</h3>
+
+<div class="dtd-fragment">
+
+<pre>
+<!-- Mathematical, Greek and Symbolic characters for HTML -->
+
+<!-- Character entity set. Typical invocation:
+ <!ENTITY % HTMLsymbol PUBLIC
+ "-//W3C//ENTITIES Symbols//EN//HTML">
+ %HTMLsymbol; -->
+
+<!-- Portions © International Organization for Standardization 1986:
+ Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
+ conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in
+ ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
+-->
+
+<!-- Relevant ISO entity set is given unless names are newly introduced.
+ New names (i.e., not in ISO 8879 list) do not clash with any
+ existing ISO 8879 entity names. ISO 10646 character numbers
+ are given for each character, in hex. CDATA values are decimal
+ conversions of the ISO 10646 values and refer to the document
+ character set. Names are Unicode 2.0 names.
+
+-->
+
+<!-- Latin Extended-B -->
+<!ENTITY fnof CDATA "&#402;" -- latin small f with hook = function
+ = florin, U+0192 ISOtech -->
+
+<!-- Greek -->
+<!ENTITY Alpha CDATA "&#913;" -- greek capital letter alpha, U+0391 -->
+<!ENTITY Beta CDATA "&#914;" -- greek capital letter beta, U+0392 -->
+<!ENTITY Gamma CDATA "&#915;" -- greek capital letter gamma,
+ U+0393 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY Delta CDATA "&#916;" -- greek capital letter delta,
+ U+0394 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY Epsilon CDATA "&#917;" -- greek capital letter epsilon, U+0395 -->
+<!ENTITY Zeta CDATA "&#918;" -- greek capital letter zeta, U+0396 -->
+<!ENTITY Eta CDATA "&#919;" -- greek capital letter eta, U+0397 -->
+<!ENTITY Theta CDATA "&#920;" -- greek capital letter theta,
+ U+0398 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY Iota CDATA "&#921;" -- greek capital letter iota, U+0399 -->
+<!ENTITY Kappa CDATA "&#922;" -- greek capital letter kappa, U+039A -->
+<!ENTITY Lambda CDATA "&#923;" -- greek capital letter lambda,
+ U+039B ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY Mu CDATA "&#924;" -- greek capital letter mu, U+039C -->
+<!ENTITY Nu CDATA "&#925;" -- greek capital letter nu, U+039D -->
+<!ENTITY Xi CDATA "&#926;" -- greek capital letter xi, U+039E ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY Omicron CDATA "&#927;" -- greek capital letter omicron, U+039F -->
+<!ENTITY Pi CDATA "&#928;" -- greek capital letter pi, U+03A0 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY Rho CDATA "&#929;" -- greek capital letter rho, U+03A1 -->
+<!-- there is no Sigmaf, and no U+03A2 character either -->
+<!ENTITY Sigma CDATA "&#931;" -- greek capital letter sigma,
+ U+03A3 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY Tau CDATA "&#932;" -- greek capital letter tau, U+03A4 -->
+<!ENTITY Upsilon CDATA "&#933;" -- greek capital letter upsilon,
+ U+03A5 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY Phi CDATA "&#934;" -- greek capital letter phi,
+ U+03A6 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY Chi CDATA "&#935;" -- greek capital letter chi, U+03A7 -->
+<!ENTITY Psi CDATA "&#936;" -- greek capital letter psi,
+ U+03A8 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY Omega CDATA "&#937;" -- greek capital letter omega,
+ U+03A9 ISOgrk3 -->
+
+<!ENTITY alpha CDATA "&#945;" -- greek small letter alpha,
+ U+03B1 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY beta CDATA "&#946;" -- greek small letter beta, U+03B2 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY gamma CDATA "&#947;" -- greek small letter gamma,
+ U+03B3 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY delta CDATA "&#948;" -- greek small letter delta,
+ U+03B4 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY epsilon CDATA "&#949;" -- greek small letter epsilon,
+ U+03B5 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY zeta CDATA "&#950;" -- greek small letter zeta, U+03B6 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY eta CDATA "&#951;" -- greek small letter eta, U+03B7 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY theta CDATA "&#952;" -- greek small letter theta,
+ U+03B8 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY iota CDATA "&#953;" -- greek small letter iota, U+03B9 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY kappa CDATA "&#954;" -- greek small letter kappa,
+ U+03BA ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY lambda CDATA "&#955;" -- greek small letter lambda,
+ U+03BB ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY mu CDATA "&#956;" -- greek small letter mu, U+03BC ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY nu CDATA "&#957;" -- greek small letter nu, U+03BD ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY xi CDATA "&#958;" -- greek small letter xi, U+03BE ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY omicron CDATA "&#959;" -- greek small letter omicron, U+03BF NEW -->
+<!ENTITY pi CDATA "&#960;" -- greek small letter pi, U+03C0 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY rho CDATA "&#961;" -- greek small letter rho, U+03C1 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY sigmaf CDATA "&#962;" -- greek small letter final sigma,
+ U+03C2 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY sigma CDATA "&#963;" -- greek small letter sigma,
+ U+03C3 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY tau CDATA "&#964;" -- greek small letter tau, U+03C4 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY upsilon CDATA "&#965;" -- greek small letter upsilon,
+ U+03C5 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY phi CDATA "&#966;" -- greek small letter phi, U+03C6 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY chi CDATA "&#967;" -- greek small letter chi, U+03C7 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY psi CDATA "&#968;" -- greek small letter psi, U+03C8 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY omega CDATA "&#969;" -- greek small letter omega,
+ U+03C9 ISOgrk3 -->
+<!ENTITY thetasym CDATA "&#977;" -- greek small letter theta symbol,
+ U+03D1 NEW -->
+<!ENTITY upsih CDATA "&#978;" -- greek upsilon with hook symbol,
+ U+03D2 NEW -->
+<!ENTITY piv CDATA "&#982;" -- greek pi symbol, U+03D6 ISOgrk3 -->
+
+<!-- General Punctuation -->
+<!ENTITY bull CDATA "&#8226;" -- bullet = black small circle,
+ U+2022 ISOpub -->
+<!-- bullet is NOT the same as bullet operator, U+2219 -->
+<!ENTITY hellip CDATA "&#8230;" -- horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader,
+ U+2026 ISOpub -->
+<!ENTITY prime CDATA "&#8242;" -- prime = minutes = feet, U+2032 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY Prime CDATA "&#8243;" -- double prime = seconds = inches,
+ U+2033 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY oline CDATA "&#8254;" -- overline = spacing overscore,
+ U+203E NEW -->
+<!ENTITY frasl CDATA "&#8260;" -- fraction slash, U+2044 NEW -->
+
+<!-- Letterlike Symbols -->
+<!ENTITY weierp CDATA "&#8472;" -- script capital P = power set
+ = Weierstrass p, U+2118 ISOamso -->
+<!ENTITY image CDATA "&#8465;" -- blackletter capital I = imaginary part,
+ U+2111 ISOamso -->
+<!ENTITY real CDATA "&#8476;" -- blackletter capital R = real part symbol,
+ U+211C ISOamso -->
+<!ENTITY trade CDATA "&#8482;" -- trade mark sign, U+2122 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY alefsym CDATA "&#8501;" -- alef symbol = first transfinite cardinal,
+ U+2135 NEW -->
+<!-- alef symbol is NOT the same as hebrew letter alef,
+ U+05D0 although the same glyph could be used to depict both characters -->
+
+<!-- Arrows -->
+<!ENTITY larr CDATA "&#8592;" -- leftwards arrow, U+2190 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY uarr CDATA "&#8593;" -- upwards arrow, U+2191 ISOnum-->
+<!ENTITY rarr CDATA "&#8594;" -- rightwards arrow, U+2192 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY darr CDATA "&#8595;" -- downwards arrow, U+2193 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY harr CDATA "&#8596;" -- left right arrow, U+2194 ISOamsa -->
+<!ENTITY crarr CDATA "&#8629;" -- downwards arrow with corner leftwards
+ = carriage return, U+21B5 NEW -->
+<!ENTITY lArr CDATA "&#8656;" -- leftwards double arrow, U+21D0 ISOtech -->
+<!-- Unicode does not say that lArr is the same as the 'is implied by' arrow
+ but also does not have any other character for that function. So ? lArr can
+ be used for 'is implied by' as ISOtech suggests -->
+<!ENTITY uArr CDATA "&#8657;" -- upwards double arrow, U+21D1 ISOamsa -->
+<!ENTITY rArr CDATA "&#8658;" -- rightwards double arrow,
+ U+21D2 ISOtech -->
+<!-- Unicode does not say this is the 'implies' character but does not have
+ another character with this function so ?
+ rArr can be used for 'implies' as ISOtech suggests -->
+<!ENTITY dArr CDATA "&#8659;" -- downwards double arrow, U+21D3 ISOamsa -->
+<!ENTITY hArr CDATA "&#8660;" -- left right double arrow,
+ U+21D4 ISOamsa -->
+
+<!-- Mathematical Operators -->
+<!ENTITY forall CDATA "&#8704;" -- for all, U+2200 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY part CDATA "&#8706;" -- partial differential, U+2202 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY exist CDATA "&#8707;" -- there exists, U+2203 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY empty CDATA "&#8709;" -- empty set = null set = diameter,
+ U+2205 ISOamso -->
+<!ENTITY nabla CDATA "&#8711;" -- nabla = backward difference,
+ U+2207 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY isin CDATA "&#8712;" -- element of, U+2208 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY notin CDATA "&#8713;" -- not an element of, U+2209 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY ni CDATA "&#8715;" -- contains as member, U+220B ISOtech -->
+<!-- should there be a more memorable name than 'ni'? -->
+<!ENTITY prod CDATA "&#8719;" -- n-ary product = product sign,
+ U+220F ISOamsb -->
+<!-- prod is NOT the same character as U+03A0 'greek capital letter pi' though
+ the same glyph might be used for both -->
+<!ENTITY sum CDATA "&#8721;" -- n-ary sumation, U+2211 ISOamsb -->
+<!-- sum is NOT the same character as U+03A3 'greek capital letter sigma'
+ though the same glyph might be used for both -->
+<!ENTITY minus CDATA "&#8722;" -- minus sign, U+2212 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY lowast CDATA "&#8727;" -- asterisk operator, U+2217 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY radic CDATA "&#8730;" -- square root = radical sign,
+ U+221A ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY prop CDATA "&#8733;" -- proportional to, U+221D ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY infin CDATA "&#8734;" -- infinity, U+221E ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY ang CDATA "&#8736;" -- angle, U+2220 ISOamso -->
+<!ENTITY and CDATA "&#8743;" -- logical and = wedge, U+2227 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY or CDATA "&#8744;" -- logical or = vee, U+2228 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY cap CDATA "&#8745;" -- intersection = cap, U+2229 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY cup CDATA "&#8746;" -- union = cup, U+222A ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY int CDATA "&#8747;" -- integral, U+222B ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY there4 CDATA "&#8756;" -- therefore, U+2234 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY sim CDATA "&#8764;" -- tilde operator = varies with = similar to,
+ U+223C ISOtech -->
+<!-- tilde operator is NOT the same character as the tilde, U+007E,
+ although the same glyph might be used to represent both -->
+<!ENTITY cong CDATA "&#8773;" -- approximately equal to, U+2245 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY asymp CDATA "&#8776;" -- almost equal to = asymptotic to,
+ U+2248 ISOamsr -->
+<!ENTITY ne CDATA "&#8800;" -- not equal to, U+2260 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY equiv CDATA "&#8801;" -- identical to, U+2261 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY le CDATA "&#8804;" -- less-than or equal to, U+2264 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY ge CDATA "&#8805;" -- greater-than or equal to,
+ U+2265 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY sub CDATA "&#8834;" -- subset of, U+2282 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY sup CDATA "&#8835;" -- superset of, U+2283 ISOtech -->
+<!-- note that nsup, 'not a superset of, U+2283' is not covered by the Symbol
+ font encoding and is not included. Should it be, for symmetry?
+ It is in ISOamsn -->
+<!ENTITY nsub CDATA "&#8836;" -- not a subset of, U+2284 ISOamsn -->
+<!ENTITY sube CDATA "&#8838;" -- subset of or equal to, U+2286 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY supe CDATA "&#8839;" -- superset of or equal to,
+ U+2287 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY oplus CDATA "&#8853;" -- circled plus = direct sum,
+ U+2295 ISOamsb -->
+<!ENTITY otimes CDATA "&#8855;" -- circled times = vector product,
+ U+2297 ISOamsb -->
+<!ENTITY perp CDATA "&#8869;" -- up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular,
+ U+22A5 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY sdot CDATA "&#8901;" -- dot operator, U+22C5 ISOamsb -->
+<!-- dot operator is NOT the same character as U+00B7 middle dot -->
+
+<!-- Miscellaneous Technical -->
+<!ENTITY lceil CDATA "&#8968;" -- left ceiling = apl upstile,
+ U+2308 ISOamsc -->
+<!ENTITY rceil CDATA "&#8969;" -- right ceiling, U+2309 ISOamsc -->
+<!ENTITY lfloor CDATA "&#8970;" -- left floor = apl downstile,
+ U+230A ISOamsc -->
+<!ENTITY rfloor CDATA "&#8971;" -- right floor, U+230B ISOamsc -->
+<!ENTITY lang CDATA "&#9001;" -- left-pointing angle bracket = bra,
+ U+2329 ISOtech -->
+<!-- lang is NOT the same character as U+003C 'less than'
+ or U+2039 'single left-pointing angle quotation mark' -->
+<!ENTITY rang CDATA "&#9002;" -- right-pointing angle bracket = ket,
+ U+232A ISOtech -->
+<!-- rang is NOT the same character as U+003E 'greater than'
+ or U+203A 'single right-pointing angle quotation mark' -->
+
+<!-- Geometric Shapes -->
+<!ENTITY loz CDATA "&#9674;" -- lozenge, U+25CA ISOpub -->
+
+<!-- Miscellaneous Symbols -->
+<!ENTITY spades CDATA "&#9824;" -- black spade suit, U+2660 ISOpub -->
+<!-- black here seems to mean filled as opposed to hollow -->
+<!ENTITY clubs CDATA "&#9827;" -- black club suit = shamrock,
+ U+2663 ISOpub -->
+<!ENTITY hearts CDATA "&#9829;" -- black heart suit = valentine,
+ U+2665 ISOpub -->
+<!ENTITY diams CDATA "&#9830;" -- black diamond suit, U+2666 ISOpub -->
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<h2><a name="h-24.4">24.4</a> <a name="misc">Character entity references for markup-significant
+and internationalization characters</a></h2>
+
+<p>The character entity references in this section are for escaping
+markup-significant characters (these are the same as those in HTML 2.0
+and 3.2), for denoting spaces and dashes. Other characters in this
+section apply to internationalization issues such as the
+disambiguation of bidirectional text (see the section on
+<a href="../struct/dirlang.html#bidirection">bidirectional
+ text</a> for details).
+
+<p>Entities have also been added for the remaining characters occurring in
+CP-1252 which do not occur in the HTMLlat1 or HTMLsymbol entity sets.
+These all occur in the 128 to 159 range within the cp-1252 charset. These
+entities permit the characters to be denoted in a platform-independent
+manner.
+
+<p>To support these entities, user agents may support full <a
+rel="biblioentry"
+href="../references.html#ref-ISO10646" class="normref">[ISO10646]</a> or use
+other means. Display of glyphs for these characters may be obtained by
+being able to display the relevant <a rel="biblioentry"
+href="../references.html#ref-ISO10646" class="normref">[ISO10646]</a> characters
+or by other means, such as internally mapping the listed entities,
+numeric character references, and characters to the appropriate
+position in some font that contains the requisite glyphs.
+
+<h3><a name="h-24.4.1">24.4.1</a> The list of characters</h3>
+<div class="dtd-fragment">
+
+<pre>
+<!-- Special characters for HTML -->
+
+<!-- Character entity set. Typical invocation:
+ <!ENTITY % HTMLspecial PUBLIC
+ "-//W3C//ENTITIES Special//EN//HTML">
+ %HTMLspecial; -->
+
+<!-- Portions © International Organization for Standardization 1986:
+ Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
+ conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in
+ ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
+-->
+
+<!-- Relevant ISO entity set is given unless names are newly introduced.
+ New names (i.e., not in ISO 8879 list) do not clash with any
+ existing ISO 8879 entity names. ISO 10646 character numbers
+ are given for each character, in hex. CDATA values are decimal
+ conversions of the ISO 10646 values and refer to the document
+ character set. Names are Unicode 2.0 names.
+
+-->
+
+<!-- C0 Controls and Basic Latin -->
+<!ENTITY quot CDATA "&#34;" -- quotation mark = APL quote,
+ U+0022 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY amp CDATA "&#38;" -- ampersand, U+0026 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY lt CDATA "&#60;" -- less-than sign, U+003C ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY gt CDATA "&#62;" -- greater-than sign, U+003E ISOnum -->
+
+<!-- Latin Extended-A -->
+<!ENTITY OElig CDATA "&#338;" -- latin capital ligature OE,
+ U+0152 ISOlat2 -->
+<!ENTITY oelig CDATA "&#339;" -- latin small ligature oe, U+0153 ISOlat2 -->
+<!-- ligature is a misnomer, this is a separate character in some languages -->
+<!ENTITY Scaron CDATA "&#352;" -- latin capital letter S with caron,
+ U+0160 ISOlat2 -->
+<!ENTITY scaron CDATA "&#353;" -- latin small letter s with caron,
+ U+0161 ISOlat2 -->
+<!ENTITY Yuml CDATA "&#376;" -- latin capital letter Y with diaeresis,
+ U+0178 ISOlat2 -->
+
+<!-- Spacing Modifier Letters -->
+<!ENTITY circ CDATA "&#710;" -- modifier letter circumflex accent,
+ U+02C6 ISOpub -->
+<!ENTITY tilde CDATA "&#732;" -- small tilde, U+02DC ISOdia -->
+
+<!-- General Punctuation -->
+<!ENTITY ensp CDATA "&#8194;" -- en space, U+2002 ISOpub -->
+<!ENTITY emsp CDATA "&#8195;" -- em space, U+2003 ISOpub -->
+<!ENTITY thinsp CDATA "&#8201;" -- thin space, U+2009 ISOpub -->
+<!ENTITY zwnj CDATA "&#8204;" -- zero width non-joiner,
+ U+200C NEW RFC 2070 -->
+<!ENTITY zwj CDATA "&#8205;" -- zero width joiner, U+200D NEW RFC 2070 -->
+<!ENTITY lrm CDATA "&#8206;" -- left-to-right mark, U+200E NEW RFC 2070 -->
+<!ENTITY rlm CDATA "&#8207;" -- right-to-left mark, U+200F NEW RFC 2070 -->
+<!ENTITY ndash CDATA "&#8211;" -- en dash, U+2013 ISOpub -->
+<!ENTITY mdash CDATA "&#8212;" -- em dash, U+2014 ISOpub -->
+<!ENTITY lsquo CDATA "&#8216;" -- left single quotation mark,
+ U+2018 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY rsquo CDATA "&#8217;" -- right single quotation mark,
+ U+2019 ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY sbquo CDATA "&#8218;" -- single low-9 quotation mark, U+201A NEW -->
+<!ENTITY ldquo CDATA "&#8220;" -- left double quotation mark,
+ U+201C ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY rdquo CDATA "&#8221;" -- right double quotation mark,
+ U+201D ISOnum -->
+<!ENTITY bdquo CDATA "&#8222;" -- double low-9 quotation mark, U+201E NEW -->
+<!ENTITY dagger CDATA "&#8224;" -- dagger, U+2020 ISOpub -->
+<!ENTITY Dagger CDATA "&#8225;" -- double dagger, U+2021 ISOpub -->
+<!ENTITY permil CDATA "&#8240;" -- per mille sign, U+2030 ISOtech -->
+<!ENTITY lsaquo CDATA "&#8249;" -- single left-pointing angle quotation mark,
+ U+2039 ISO proposed -->
+<!-- lsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardized -->
+<!ENTITY rsaquo CDATA "&#8250;" -- single right-pointing angle quotation mark,
+ U+203A ISO proposed -->
+<!-- rsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardized -->
+<!ENTITY euro CDATA "&#8364;" -- euro sign, U+20AC NEW -->
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="navbar" align="center">
+<hr><a href="framesetdtd.html">previous</a> <a href="../appendix/changes.html">next</a> <a href="../cover.html#toc">contents</a> <a href="../index/elements.html">elements</a> <a href="../index/attributes.html">attributes</a> <a href="../index/list.html">index</a>
+</div>
+</BODY>
+</html>
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