--- /dev/null
+<appendix id="sql-keywords-appendix">
+ <title><acronym>SQL</acronym> Key Words</title>
+
+ <para>
+ <xref linkend="keywords-table"> lists all tokens that are key words
+ in the SQL standard and in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
+ &version;. Background information can be found in <xref
+ linkend="sql-syntax-identifiers">.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ SQL distinguishes between <firstterm>reserved</firstterm> and
+ <firstterm>non-reserved</firstterm> key words. Reserved key words
+ are the only real key words; they are never allowed as identifiers.
+ Non-reserved key words only have a special meaning in particular
+ contexts and can be used as identifiers in other contexts. Most
+ non-reserved key words are actually the names of built-in tables
+ and functions specified by SQL and the concept of non-reserved key
+ words essentially only exists to declare that some predefined meaning
+ is attached to a word in some contexts.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> parser life is a bit
+ more complicated. There are several different classes of tokens
+ ranging from those that can never be used as an identifier to those
+ that have absolutely no special status in the parser as compared to
+ an ordinary identifier. (The latter is usually the case for
+ functions specified by SQL.) Most SQL reserved key words are not
+ completely reserved in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, but
+ can be used as column label (as in <literal>SELECT 55 AS
+ CHECK</literal>, even though <token>CHECK</token> is a reserved key
+ word).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In <xref linkend="keywords-table"> in the column for
+ <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> we classify as
+ <quote>non-reserved</quote> those key words that are explicitly
+ known to the parser but are allowed in most or all contexts where an
+ identifier is expected. Labeled <quote>reserved</quote> are those
+ tokens that are only allowed as <quote>AS</quote> column label names
+ (and perhaps in very few other contexts). The token
+ <token>AS</token> is the only exception: it cannot even be used as a
+ column label. As a general rule, if you get spurious parser errors
+ for commands that contain any of the listed key words as an
+ identifier you should try to quote the identifier to see if the
+ problem goes away.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ It is important to understand before studying <xref
+ linkend="keywords-table"> that the fact that a key word is not
+ reserved in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> does not mean that
+ the feature related to the word is not implemented. Conversely, the
+ presence of a key word does not indicate the existence of a feature.
+ </para>
+
+
+<!--
+ The following table is semi-automatically generated. You can update it
+ manually, but when you have a lot of changes talk to <peter_e@gmx.net>
+ about remaking it.
+-->
+
+<table id="keywords-table">
+ <title><acronym>SQL</acronym> Key Words</title>
+
+ <tgroup cols="4">
+ <thead>
+ <row>
+ <entry>Key Word</entry>
+ <entry><productname>PostgreSQL</productname></entry>
+ <entry><acronym>SQL</acronym> 99</entry>
+ <entry><acronym>SQL</acronym> 92</entry>
+ </row>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ABORT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ABS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ABSOLUTE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ACCESS</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ACTION</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ADA</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ADD</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ADMIN</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>AFTER</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>AGGREGATE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ALIAS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ALL</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ALLOCATE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ALTER</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ANALYSE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ANALYZE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>AND</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ANY</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ARE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ARRAY</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>AS</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ASC</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ASENSITIVE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ASSERTION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ASSIGNMENT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ASYMMETRIC</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>AT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ATOMIC</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>AUTHORIZATION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>AVG</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BACKWARD</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BEFORE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BEGIN</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BETWEEN</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BINARY</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BIT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BITVAR</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BIT_LENGTH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BLOB</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BOOLEAN</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BOTH</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BREADTH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>BY</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>C</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CACHE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CALL</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CALLED</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CARDINALITY</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CASCADE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CASCADED</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CASE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CAST</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CATALOG</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CATALOG_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHAIN</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHAR</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHARACTER</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHARACTERISTICS</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHARACTER_LENGTH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHARACTER_SET_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHAR_LENGTH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHECK</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHECKED</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CHECKPOINT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CLASS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CLASS_ORIGIN</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CLOB</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CLOSE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CLUSTER</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COALESCE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COBOL</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COLLATE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COLLATION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COLLATION_CATALOG</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COLLATION_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COLLATION_SCHEMA</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COLUMN</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COLUMN_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COMMAND_FUNCTION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COMMENT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COMMIT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COMMITTED</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COMPLETION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONDITION_NUMBER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONNECT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONNECTION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONNECTION_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONSTRAINT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONSTRAINTS</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONSTRAINT_CATALOG</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONSTRAINT_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONSTRUCTOR</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONTAINS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONTINUE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CONVERT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COPY</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CORRESPONDING</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>COUNT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CREATE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CREATEDB</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CREATEUSER</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CROSS</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CUBE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CURRENT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CURRENT_DATE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CURRENT_PATH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CURRENT_ROLE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CURRENT_TIME</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CURRENT_USER</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CURSOR</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CURSOR_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>CYCLE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DATA</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DATABASE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DATE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DAY</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DEALLOCATE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DEC</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DECIMAL</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DECLARE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DEFAULT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DEFERRABLE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DEFERRED</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DEFINED</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DEFINER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DELETE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DELIMITERS</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DEPTH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DEREF</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DESC</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DESCRIBE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DESCRIPTOR</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DESTROY</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DESTRUCTOR</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DETERMINISTIC</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DIAGNOSTICS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DICTIONARY</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DISCONNECT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DISPATCH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DISTINCT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DO</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DOMAIN</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DOUBLE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DROP</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DYNAMIC</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DYNAMIC_FUNCTION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EACH</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ELSE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ENCODING</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>END</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>END-EXEC</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EQUALS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ESCAPE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EVERY</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EXCEPT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EXCEPTION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EXCLUSIVE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EXEC</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EXECUTE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EXISTING</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EXISTS</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EXPLAIN</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EXTEND</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EXTERNAL</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>EXTRACT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FALSE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FETCH</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FINAL</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FIRST</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FLOAT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FOR</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FORCE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FOREIGN</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FORTRAN</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FORWARD</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FOUND</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FREE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FROM</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FULL</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>FUNCTION</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>G</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>GENERAL</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>GENERATED</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>GET</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>GLOBAL</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>GO</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>GOTO</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>GRANT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>GRANTED</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>GROUP</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>GROUPING</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>HANDLER</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>HAVING</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>HIERARCHY</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>HOLD</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>HOST</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>HOUR</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>IDENTITY</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>IGNORE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ILIKE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>IMMEDIATE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>IMPLEMENTATION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>IN</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INCREMENT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INDEX</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INDICATOR</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INFIX</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INHERITS</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INITIALIZE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INITIALLY</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INNER</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INOUT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INPUT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INSENSITIVE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INSERT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INSTANCE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INSTANTIABLE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INSTEAD</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INTEGER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INTERSECT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INTERVAL</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INTO</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>INVOKER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>IS</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ISNULL</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ISOLATION</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ITERATE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>JOIN</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>K</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>KEY</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>KEY_MEMBER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>KEY_TYPE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LANCOMPILER</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LANGUAGE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LARGE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LAST</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LATERAL</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LEADING</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LEFT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LENGTH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LESS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LEVEL</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LIKE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LIMIT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LISTEN</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LOAD</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LOCAL</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LOCALTIME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LOCALTIMESTAMP</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LOCATION</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LOCATOR</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LOCK</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>LOWER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>M</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MAP</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MATCH</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MAX</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MAXVALUE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MESSAGE_LENGTH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MESSAGE_TEXT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>METHOD</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MIN</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MINUTE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MINVALUE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MOD</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MODE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MODIFIES</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MODIFY</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MODULE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MONTH</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MORE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MOVE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>MUMPS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NAMES</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NATIONAL</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NATURAL</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NCHAR</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NCLOB</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NEW</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NEXT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NO</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NOCREATEDB</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NOCREATEUSER</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NONE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NOT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NOTHING</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NOTIFY</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NOTNULL</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NULL</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NULLABLE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NULLIF</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NUMBER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>NUMERIC</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OBJECT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OCTET_LENGTH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OF</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OFF</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OFFSET</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OIDS</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OLD</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ON</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ONLY</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OPEN</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OPERATION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OPERATOR</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OPTION</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OPTIONS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OR</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ORDER</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ORDINALITY</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OUT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OUTER</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OUTPUT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OVERLAPS</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OVERLAY</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OVERRIDING</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>OWNER</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PAD</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PARAMETER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PARAMETERS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PARAMETER_MODE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PARAMETER_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PARTIAL</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PASCAL</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PASSWORD</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PATH</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PENDANT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PLI</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>POSITION</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>POSTFIX</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PRECISION</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PREFIX</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PREORDER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PREPARE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PRESERVE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PRIMARY</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PRIOR</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PRIVILEGES</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PROCEDURAL</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PROCEDURE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>PUBLIC</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>READ</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>READS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>REAL</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RECURSIVE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>REF</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>REFERENCES</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>REFERENCING</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>REINDEX</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RELATIVE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RENAME</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>REPEATABLE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RESET</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RESTRICT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RESULT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RETURN</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RETURNED_LENGTH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RETURNED_SQLSTATE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RETURNS</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>REVOKE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RIGHT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ROLE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ROLLBACK</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ROLLUP</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ROUTINE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ROUTINE_CATALOG</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ROUTINE_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ROUTINE_SCHEMA</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ROW</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ROWS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ROW_COUNT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>RULE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SAVEPOINT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SCALE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SCHEMA</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SCHEMA_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SCOPE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SCROLL</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SEARCH</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SECOND</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SECTION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SECURITY</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SELECT</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SELF</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SENSITIVE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SEQUENCE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SERIAL</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SERIALIZABLE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SERVER_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SESSION</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SESSION_USER</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SET</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SETOF</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SETS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SHARE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SHOW</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SIMILAR</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SIMPLE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SIZE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SMALLINT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SOME</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SOURCE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SPACE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SPECIFIC</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SPECIFICTYPE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SPECIFIC_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SQL</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SQLCODE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SQLERROR</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SQLEXCEPTION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SQLSTATE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SQLWARNING</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>START</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>STATE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>STATEMENT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>STATIC</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>STDIN</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>STDOUT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>STRUCTURE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>STYLE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SUBCLASS_ORIGIN</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SUBLIST</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SUBSTRING</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SUM</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SYMMETRIC</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SYSID</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SYSTEM</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>SYSTEM_USER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TABLE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TABLE_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TEMP</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TEMPLATE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TEMPORARY</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TERMINATE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>THAN</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>THEN</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TIME</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TIMESTAMP</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TIMEZONE_HOUR</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TIMEZONE_MINUTE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TO</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TOAST</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRAILING</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRANSACTION</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRANSACTION_ACTIVE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRANSFORM</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRANSFORMS</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRANSLATE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRANSLATION</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TREAT</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRIGGER</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRIGGER_CATALOG</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRIGGER_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRIGGER_SCHEMA</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRIM</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRUE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRUNCATE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TRUSTED</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>TYPE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>UNCOMMITTED</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>UNDER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>UNION</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>UNIQUE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>UNKNOWN</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>UNLISTEN</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>UNNAMED</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>UNNEST</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>UNTIL</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>UPDATE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>UPPER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>USAGE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>USER</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>USING</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>VACUUM</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>VALID</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>VALUE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>VALUES</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>VARCHAR</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>VARIABLE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>VARYING</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>VERBOSE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>VERSION</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>VIEW</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>WHEN</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>WHENEVER</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>WHERE</token></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>WITH</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>WITHOUT</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>WORK</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>WRITE</token></entry>
+ <entry></entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>YEAR</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ <row>
+ <entry><token>ZONE</token></entry>
+ <entry>non-reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ <entry>reserved</entry>
+ </row>
+ </tbody>
+ </tgroup>
+</table>
+
+
+</appendix>
<!--
-$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml,v 1.31 2000/12/22 18:57:50 petere Exp $
+$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml,v 1.32 2001/01/06 11:58:56 petere Exp $
-->
- <chapter id="syntax">
- <title>SQL Syntax</title>
+<chapter id="sql-syntax">
+ <title>SQL Syntax</title>
<abstract>
<para>
</para>
</abstract>
+ <sect1 id="sql-syntax-lexical">
+ <title>Lexical Structure</title>
+
+ <para>
+ SQL input consists of a sequence of
+ <firstterm>commands</firstterm>. A command is composed of a
+ sequence of <firstterm>tokens</firstterm>, which depend on the
+ syntax of the particular command, terminated by a semicolon
+ (<quote>;</quote>). The end of the input stream also terminates a
+ command.
+ </para>
+
<para>
- <acronym>SQL</acronym> manipulates sets of data. The language is
- composed of various <firstterm>key words</firstterm>. Arithmetic
- and procedural expressions are allowed. We will cover these topics
- in this chapter; subsequent chapters will include details on data
- types, functions, and operators.
+ A token can be a <firstterm>key word</firstterm>, an
+ <firstterm>identifier</firstterm>, a <firstterm>quoted
+ identifier</firstterm>, a <firstterm>literal</firstterm> (or
+ constant), or a special character symbol. Tokens are normally
+ separated by whitespace (space, tab, newline), but need not be if
+ there is no ambiguity (which is generally only the case if a
+ special character is adjacent to some other token type).
</para>
- <sect1 id="sql-keywords">
- <title>Key Words</title>
+ <para>
+ Additionally, <firstterm>comments</firstterm> can occur in SQL
+ input. They are not tokens, they are effectively equivalent to
+ whitespace.
+ </para>
+ <informalexample id="sql-syntax-ex-commands">
<para>
- <acronym>SQL92</acronym> defines <firstterm>key words</firstterm>
- for the language
- which have specific meaning. Some key words are
- <firstterm>reserved</firstterm>, which indicates that they are
- restricted to appear in only certain contexts. Other key words are
- <firstterm>not restricted</firstterm>, which indicates that in certain
- contexts they
- have a specific meaning but are not otherwise constrained.
+ For example, the following is (lexically) valid SQL input:
+<programlisting>
+SELECT * FROM MY_TABLE;
+UPDATE MY_TABLE SET A = 5;
+INSERT INTO MY_TABLE VALUES (3, 'hi there');
+</programlisting>
+ This is a sequence of three commands, one per line (although this
+ is not required; more than one command can be on a line, and
+ commands can be usefully split across lines).
</para>
+ </informalexample>
+
+ <para>
+ The SQL syntax is not very consistent regarding what tokens
+ identify commands and which are operands or parameters. The first
+ few tokens are generally the command name, so in the above example
+ we would usually speak of a <quote>SELECT</quote>, an
+ <quote>UPDATE</quote>, and an <quote>INSERT</quote> command. But
+ for instance the <command>UPDATE</command> command always requires
+ a <token>SET</token> token to appear in a certain position, and
+ this particular variation of <command>INSERT</command> also
+ requires a <token>VALUES</token> in order to be complete. The
+ precise syntax rules for each command are described in the
+ <citetitle>Reference Manual</citetitle>.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2 id="sql-syntax-identifiers">
+ <title>Identifiers and Key Words</title>
<para>
- <productname>Postgres</productname> implements an extended subset of the
- <acronym>SQL92</acronym> and <acronym>SQL3</acronym> languages. Some language
- elements are not as restricted in this implementation as is
- called for in the language standards, in part due
- to the extensibility features of <productname>Postgres</productname>.
+ Tokens such as <token>SELECT</token>, <token>UPDATE</token>, or
+ <token>VALUES</token> in the example above are examples of
+ <firstterm>key words</firstterm>, that is, words that have a fixed
+ meaning in the SQL language. The tokens <token>MY_TABLE</token>
+ and <token>A</token> are examples of
+ <firstterm>identifiers</firstterm>. They identify names of
+ tables, columns, or other database objects, depending on the
+ command they are used in. Therefore they are sometimes simply
+ called <quote>names</quote>. Key words and identifiers have the
+ same lexical structure, meaning that one cannot know whether a
+ token is an identifier or a key word without knowing the language.
+ A complete list of key words can be found in <xref
+ linkend="sql-keywords-appendix">.
</para>
<para>
- Information on <acronym>SQL92</acronym> and <acronym>SQL3</acronym> key words
- is derived from <xref linkend="DATE97" endterm="DATE97">.
+ SQL identifiers and key words must begin with a letter
+ (<literal>a</literal>-<literal>z</literal>) or underscore
+ (<literal>_</literal>). Subsequent characters in an identifier or
+ key word can be letters, digits
+ (<literal>0</literal>-<literal>9</literal>), or underscores,
+ although the SQL standard will not define a key word that contains
+ digits or start or ends with an underscore.
</para>
- <sect2>
- <title>Reserved Key Words</title>
-
- <para>
- <acronym>SQL92</acronym> and <acronym>SQL3</acronym> have
- <firstterm>reserved key words</firstterm> which are not allowed
- as identifiers and not allowed in any usage other than as fundamental
- tokens in <acronym>SQL</acronym> statements.
- <productname>Postgres</productname> has additional key words
- which have similar restrictions. In particular, these key words
- are not allowed as column or table names, though in some cases
- they are allowed to be column labels (i.e. in AS clauses).
- </para>
-
- <tip>
- <para>
- Any string can be used as an identifier if surrounded by
- double quotes (<quote>like this!</quote>). Some care is required since
- such an identifier will be case sensitive
- and will retain embedded whitespace and most other special characters.
- </para>
- </tip>
-
- <para>
- The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
- reserved words that are neither <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
- nor <acronym>SQL3</acronym> reserved words. These are allowed
- to be present as column labels, but not as identifiers:
-
- <programlisting>
-ABORT ANALYZE
-BINARY
-CLUSTER CONSTRAINT COPY
-DO
-EXPLAIN EXTEND
-LISTEN LOAD LOCK
-MOVE
-NEW NONE NOTIFY
-OFFSET
-RESET
-SETOF SHOW
-UNLISTEN UNTIL
-VACUUM VERBOSE
- </programlisting>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
- reserved words that are also <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
- or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> reserved words, and that
- are allowed to be present as column labels, but not as identifiers:
-
- <programlisting>
-ALL ANY ASC BETWEEN BIT BOTH
-CASE CAST CHAR CHARACTER CHECK COALESCE COLLATE COLUMN
- CONSTRAINT CROSS CURRENT CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_TIME
- CURRENT_TIMESTAMP CURRENT_USER
-DEC DECIMAL DEFAULT DESC DISTINCT
-ELSE END EXCEPT EXISTS EXTRACT
-FALSE FLOAT FOR FOREIGN FROM FULL
-GLOBAL GROUP
-HAVING
-IN INNER INTERSECT INTO IS
-JOIN
-LEADING LEFT LIKE LOCAL
-NATURAL NCHAR NOT NULL NULLIF NUMERIC
-ON OR ORDER OUTER OVERLAPS
-POSITION PRECISION PRIMARY PUBLIC
-REFERENCES RIGHT
-SELECT SESSION_USER SOME SUBSTRING
-TABLE THEN TO TRANSACTION TRIM TRUE
-UNION UNIQUE USER
-VARCHAR
-WHEN WHERE
- </programlisting>
-
- The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
- reserved words that are also <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
- or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> reserved words:
-
- <programlisting>
-ADD ALTER AND AS
-BEGIN BY
-CASCADE CLOSE COMMIT CREATE CURSOR
-DECLARE DEFAULT DELETE DESC DISTINCT DROP
-EXECUTE EXISTS EXTRACT
-FETCH FLOAT FOR FROM FULL
-GRANT
-HAVING
-IN INNER INSERT INTERVAL INTO INOUT IS
-JOIN
-LEADING LEFT LIKE LOCAL
-NAMES NATIONAL NATURAL NCHAR NO NOT NULL
-ON OR OUT OUTER
-PARTIAL PRIMARY PRIVILEGES PROCEDURE PUBLIC
-REFERENCES REVOKE RIGHT ROLLBACK
-SELECT SESSION SET SUBSTRING
-TO TRAILING TRIM
-UNION UNIQUE UPDATE USING
-VALUES VARCHAR VARYING VIEW
-WHERE WITH WITHOUT WORK
- </programlisting>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following are <acronym>SQL92</acronym> reserved key words that
- are not <productname>Postgres</productname> reserved key words, but that
- if used as function names are always translated into the function
- <function>CHAR_LENGTH</function>:
-
- <programlisting>
-CHARACTER_LENGTH
- </programlisting>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following are <acronym>SQL92</acronym> or <acronym>SQL3</acronym>
- reserved key words that
- are not <productname>Postgres</productname> reserved key words, but
- if used as type names are always translated into an alternate, native type:
-
- <programlisting>
-BOOLEAN DOUBLE FLOAT INT INTEGER INTERVAL REAL SMALLINT
- </programlisting>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following are not keywords of any kind, but when used in the
- context of a type name are translated into a native
- <productname>Postgres</productname> type, and when used in the
- context of a function name are translated into a native function:
-
- <programlisting>
-DATETIME TIMESPAN
- </programlisting>
-
- (translated to <type>TIMESTAMP</type> and <type>INTERVAL</type>,
- respectively). This feature is intended to help with
- transitioning to version 7.0, and will be removed in a future release.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following are either <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
- or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> reserved key words
- that are not key words in <productname>Postgres</productname>.
- These have no proscribed usage in <productname>Postgres</productname>
- at the time of writing (version 7.0) but may become reserved key words in the
- future:
-
- <note>
- <para>
- Some of these key words represent functions in <acronym>SQL92</acronym>.
- These functions are defined in <productname>Postgres</productname>,
- but the parser does not consider the names to be key words and they are allowed
- in other contexts.
- </para>
- </note>
-
- <programlisting>
-ALLOCATE ARE ASSERTION AT AUTHORIZATION AVG
-BIT_LENGTH
-CASCADED CATALOG CHAR_LENGTH CHARACTER_LENGTH COLLATION
- CONNECT CONNECTION CONTINUE CONVERT CORRESPONDING COUNT
- CURRENT_SESSION
-DATE DEALLOCATE DEC DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR
- DIAGNOSTICS DISCONNECT DOMAIN
-ESCAPE EXCEPT EXCEPTION EXEC EXTERNAL
-FIRST FOUND
-GET GO GOTO
-IDENTITY INDICATOR INPUT INTERSECT
-LAST LOWER
-MAX MIN MODULE
-OCTET_LENGTH OPEN OUTPUT OVERLAPS
-PREPARE PRESERVE
-ROWS
-SCHEMA SECTION SESSION SIZE SOME
- SQL SQLCODE SQLERROR SQLSTATE SUM SYSTEM_USER
-TEMPORARY TRANSLATE TRANSLATION
-UNKNOWN UPPER USAGE
-VALUE
-WHENEVER WRITE
- </programlisting>
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Non-reserved Keywords</title>
-
- <para>
- <acronym>SQL92</acronym> and <acronym>SQL3</acronym> have
- <firstterm>non-reserved keywords</firstterm> which have
- a prescribed meaning in the language but which are also allowed
- as identifiers.
- <productname>Postgres</productname> has additional keywords
- which allow similar unrestricted usage.
- In particular, these keywords
- are allowed as column or table names.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
- non-reserved key words that are neither <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
- nor <acronym>SQL3</acronym> non-reserved key words:
-
- <programlisting>
-ACCESS AFTER AGGREGATE
-BACKWARD BEFORE
-CACHE COMMENT CREATEDB CREATEUSER CYCLE
-DATABASE DELIMITERS
-EACH ENCODING EXCLUSIVE
-FORCE FORWARD FUNCTION
-HANDLER
-INCREMENT INDEX INHERITS INSENSITIVE INSTEAD ISNULL
-LANCOMPILER LOCATION
-MAXVALUE MINVALUE MODE
-NOCREATEDB NOCREATEUSER NOTHING NOTIFY NOTNULL
-OIDS OPERATOR
-PASSWORD PROCEDURAL
-RECIPE REINDEX RENAME RETURNS ROW RULE
-SEQUENCE SERIAL SHARE START STATEMENT STDIN STDOUT
-TEMP TRUSTED
-UNLISTEN UNTIL
-VALID VERSION
- </programlisting>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
- non-reserved key words that are <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
- or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> reserved key words:
-
- <programlisting>
-ABSOLUTE ACTION
-CHARACTERISTICS CONSTRAINTS
-DAY DEFERRABLE DEFERRED
-HOUR
-IMMEDIATE INITIALLY INSENSITIVE ISOLATION
-KEY
-LANGUAGE LEVEL
-MATCH MINUTE MONTH
-NEXT
-OF ONLY OPTION
-PATH PENDANT PRIOR PRIVILEGES
-READ RELATIVE RESTRICT
-SCHEMA SCROLL SECOND
-TIME TIMESTAMP TIMEZONE_HOUR TIMEZONE_MINUTE TRIGGER
-YEAR
-ZONE
- </programlisting>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
- non-reserved key words that are also either <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
- or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> non-reserved key words:
-
- <programlisting>
-COMMITTED SERIALIZABLE TYPE
- </programlisting>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The following are either <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
- or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> non-reserved key words that are not
- key words of any kind in <productname>Postgres</productname>:
-
- <programlisting>
-ADA
-C CATALOG_NAME CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG CHARACTER_SET_NAME
- CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA CLASS_ORIGIN COBOL COLLATION_CATALOG
- COLLATION_NAME COLLATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_NAME
- COMMAND_FUNCTION CONDITION_NUMBER
- CONNECTION_NAME CONSTRAINT_CATALOG CONSTRAINT_NAME
- CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA CURSOR_NAME
-DATA DATE_TIME_INTERVAL_CODE DATE_TIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
- DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
-FORTRAN
-LENGTH
-MESSAGE_LENGTH MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH MORE MUMPS
-NAME NULLABLE NUMBER
-PAD PASCAL PLI
-REPEATABLE RETURNED_LENGTH RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
- RETURNED_SQLSTATE ROW_COUNT
-SCALE SCHEMA_NAME SERVER_NAME SPACE SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
-TABLE_NAME
-UNCOMMITTED UNNAMED
- </programlisting>
- </para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 id="sql-comments">
- <title>Comments</title>
-
<para>
- A <firstterm>comment</firstterm>
- is an arbitrary sequence of characters beginning with double dashes
- and extending to the end of the line, e.g.:
-
- <programlisting>
--- This is a standard SQL comment
- </programlisting>
+ The system uses no more than <symbol>NAMEDATALEN</symbol>-1
+ characters of an identifier; longer names can be written in
+ commands, but they will be truncated. By default,
+ <symbol>NAMEDATALEN</symbol> is 32 so the maximum identifier length
+ is 31 (but at the time the system is built,
+ <symbol>NAMEDATALEN</symbol> can be changed in
+ <filename>src/include/postgres_ext.h</filename>).
</para>
<para>
- We also support C-style block comments, e.g.:
-
- <programlisting>
-/* multi-line comment
- * with nesting: /* nested block comment */
- */
- </programlisting>
-
- where the comment begins with "<literal>/*</literal>" and extends
- to the matching occurrence of "<literal>*/</literal>". These block
- comments nest, as specified in SQL99, so that one can comment out
- larger blocks of code that may contain existing block comments.
+ Identifier and key word names are case insensitive. Therefore
+<programlisting>
+UPDATE MY_TABLE SET A = 5;
+</programlisting>
+ can equivalently be written as
+<programlisting>
+uPDaTE my_TabLE SeT a = 5;
+</programlisting>
+ A good convention to adopt is perhaps to write key words in upper
+ case and names in lower case, e.g.,
+<programlisting>
+UPDATE my_table SET a = 5;
+</programlisting>
</para>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1 id="sql-names">
- <title>Names</title>
<para>
- Names in SQL must begin with a letter
- (<literal>a</literal>-<literal>z</literal>) or underscore
- (<literal>_</literal>).
- Subsequent characters in a name can be letters, digits
- (<literal>0</literal>-<literal>9</literal>),
- or underscores. The system uses no more than NAMEDATALEN-1 characters
- of a name; longer names can be written in queries, but they will be
- truncated.
- By default, NAMEDATALEN is 32 so the maximum name length is 31 (but
- at the time the system is built, NAMEDATALEN can be changed in
- <filename>src/include/postgres_ext.h</filename>).
+ There is a second kind of identifier: the <firstterm>delimited
+ identifier</firstterm> or <firstterm>quoted
+ identifier</firstterm>. It is formed by enclosing an arbitrary
+ sequence of characters in double-quotes
+ (<literal>"</literal>). <!-- " font-lock mania --> A delimited
+ identifier is always an identifier, never a key word. So
+ <literal>"select"</literal> could be used to refer to a column or
+ table named <quote>select</quote>, whereas an unquoted
+ <literal>select</literal> would be taken as part of a command and
+ would therefore provoke a parse error when used where a table or
+ column name is expected. The example can be written with quoted
+ identifiers like so:
+<programlisting>
+UPDATE "my_table" SET "a" = 5;
+</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
- Names containing other characters may be formed by surrounding them
- with double quotes (<literal>"</literal>). For example, table or column
- names may contain
- otherwise disallowed characters such as spaces, ampersands, etc. if
- quoted. Quoting a name also makes it case-sensitive,
- whereas unquoted names are always folded to lower case. For example,
- the names <literal>FOO</literal>, <literal>foo</literal>
- and <literal>"foo"</literal> are
- considered the same by <productname>Postgres</productname>, but
- <literal>"Foo"</literal> is a different name.
+ Quoted identifiers can contain any character other than a double
+ quote itself. This allows constructing table or column names that
+ would otherwise not be possible, such as ones containing spaces or
+ ampersands. The length limitation still applies.
</para>
<para>
- Double quotes can also be used to protect a name that would otherwise
- be taken to be an SQL keyword. For example, <literal>IN</literal>
- is a keyword but <literal>"IN"</literal> is a name.
+ Quoting an identifier also makes it case-sensitive, whereas
+ unquoted names are always folded to lower case. For example, the
+ identifiers <literal>FOO</literal>, <literal>foo</literal> and
+ <literal>"foo"</literal> are considered the same by
+ <productname>Postgres</productname>, but <literal>"Foo"</literal>
+ and <literal>"FOO"</literal> are different from these three and
+ each other.
+ <footnote>
+ <para>
+ This is incompatible with SQL, where unquoted names are folded to
+ upper case. Thus, <literal>foo</literal> is equivalent to
+ <literal>"FOO"</literal>. If you want to write portable
+ applications you are advised to always quote a particular name or
+ never quote it.
+ </para>
+ </footnote>
</para>
- </sect1>
+ </sect2>
+
- <sect1 id="sql-constants">
+ <sect2 id="sql-syntax-constants">
<title>Constants</title>
<para>
- There are three kinds of <firstterm>implicitly typed constants</firstterm>
- in <productname>Postgres</productname>: strings, integers,
- and floating point numbers. Constants can
- also be specified with explicit types, which can enable more
- accurate representation and more efficient handling by the
- backend. The implicit constants are described below; explicit
+ There are four kinds of <firstterm>implicitly typed
+ constants</firstterm> in <productname>Postgres</productname>:
+ strings, bit strings, integers, and floating point numbers.
+ Constants can also be specified with explicit types, which can
+ enable more accurate representation and more efficient handling by
+ the system. The implicit constants are described below; explicit
constants are discussed afterwards.
</para>
- <sect2>
+ <sect3>
<title>String Constants</title>
<para>
- <firstterm>Strings</firstterm>
- in SQL are arbitrary sequences of ASCII characters bounded by single
- quotes ("'", e.g. <literal>'This is a string'</literal>).
- SQL92 allows single quotes to be embedded in strings by typing two
- adjacent single quotes (e.g. <literal>'Dianne''s horse'</literal>).
- In <productname>Postgres</productname> single quotes may alternatively
- be escaped with a backslash ("\", e.g.
- <literal>'Dianne\'s horse'</literal>). To include a
+ A string constant in SQL is an arbitrary sequence of characters
+ bounded by single quotes (<quote>'</quote>), e.g., <literal>'This
+ is a string'</literal>. SQL allows single quotes to be embedded
+ in strings by typing two adjacent single quotes (e.g.,
+ <literal>'Dianne''s horse'</literal>). In
+ <productname>Postgres</productname> single quotes may
+ alternatively be escaped with a backslash (<quote>\</quote>,
+ e.g., <literal>'Dianne\'s horse'</literal>).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ C-style backslash escapes are also available:
+ <literal>\b</literal> is a backspace, <literal>\f</literal> is a
+ form feed, <literal>\n</literal> is a newline,
+ <literal>\r</literal> is a carriage return, <literal>\t</literal>
+ is a tab, and <literal>\<replaceable>xxx</replaceable></literal>,
+ where <replaceable>xxx</replaceable> is an octal number, is the
+ character with the corresponding ASCII code. Any other character
+ following a backslash is taken literally. Thus, to include a
backslash in a string constant, type two backslashes.
- Non-printing characters may also be embedded within strings by
- prepending them with a backslash
- (e.g. <literal>'\<replaceable>tab</replaceable>'</literal>).
</para>
- </sect2>
+ <para>
+ The character with the code zero cannot be in a string constant.
+ </para>
- <sect2>
- <title>Integer Constants</title>
+ <para>
+ Two string constants that are only separated by whitespace
+ <emphasis>with at least one newline</emphasis> are concatenated
+ and effectively treated as if the string had been written in one
+ constant. For example:
+<programlisting>
+SELECT 'foo'
+'bar';
+</programlisting>
+ is equivalent to
+<programlisting>
+SELECT 'foobar';
+</programlisting>
+ but
+<programlisting>
+SELECT 'foo' 'bar';
+</programlisting>
+ is not valid syntax.
+ </para>
+ </sect3>
+
+ <sect3>
+ <title>Bit String Constants</title>
<para>
- <firstterm>Integer constants</firstterm>
- in SQL are sequences of ASCII digits with no decimal point.
- The range of legal values depends on which integer datatype is
- used, but the plain <literal>integer</literal> type accepts values
- ranging from -2147483648 to +2147483647.
+ Bit string constants look like string constants with a
+ <literal>B</literal> (upper or lower case) immediately before the
+ opening quote (no intervening whitespace), e.g.,
+ <literal>B'1001'</literal>. The only characters allowed within
+ bit string constants are <literal>0</literal> and
+ <literal>1</literal>. Bit strings constants can be continued
+ across lines in the same way as regular string constants.
</para>
- </sect2>
+ </sect3>
- <sect2>
- <title>Floating Point Constants</title>
+ <sect3>
+ <title>Integer Constants</title>
<para>
- <firstterm>Floating point constants</firstterm>
- consist of an integer part, a decimal point, and a fraction part or
- scientific notation of the following format:
+ Integer constants in SQL are sequences of decimal digits (0
+ though 9) with no decimal point. The range of legal values
+ depends on which integer data type is used, but the plain
+ <type>integer</type> type accepts values ranging from -2147483648
+ to +2147483647. (The optional plus or minus sign is actually a
+ separate unary operator and not part of the integer constant.)
+ </para>
+ </sect3>
- <synopsis>
-{<replaceable>dig</replaceable>}.{<replaceable>dig</replaceable>} [e [+-] {<replaceable>dig</replaceable>}]
- </synopsis>
+ <sect3>
+ <title>Floating Point Constants</title>
- where <replaceable>dig</replaceable> is one or more digits.
- You must include at least one <replaceable>dig</replaceable> after the
- period and after the [+-] if you use those options. An exponent with
- a missing mantissa has a mantissa of 1 inserted. There may be no
- extra characters embedded in the string.
+ <para>
+ Floating point constants are accepted in these general forms:
+<synopsis>
+<replaceable>digits</replaceable>.<optional><replaceable>digits</replaceable></optional><optional>e<optional>+-</optional><replaceable>digits</replaceable></optional>
+<optional><replaceable>digits</replaceable></optional>.<replaceable>digits</replaceable><optional>e<optional>+-</optional><replaceable>digits</replaceable></optional>
+<replaceable>digits</replaceable>e<optional>+-</optional><replaceable>digits</replaceable>
+</synopsis>
+ where <replaceable>digits</replaceable> is one or more decimal
+ digits. At least one digit must be before or after the decimal
+ point and after the <literal>e</literal> if you use that option.
+ Thus, a floating point constant is distinguished from an integer
+ constant by the presence of either the decimal point or the
+ exponent clause (or both). There must not be a space or other
+ characters embedded in the constant.
</para>
+ <informalexample>
+ <para>
+ These are some examples of valid floating point constants:
+<literallayout>
+3.5
+4.
+.001
+5e2
+1.925e-3
+</literallayout>
+ </para>
+ </informalexample>
+
<para>
- Floating point constaints are of type
- <type>float8</type>. <type>float4</type> can be specified
- explicitly by using <acronym>SQL92</acronym> string notation or
+ Floating point constants are of type <type>DOUBLE
+ PRECISION</type>. <type>REAL</type> can be specified explicitly
+ by using <acronym>SQL</acronym> string notation or
<productname>Postgres</productname> type notation:
-float4 '1.23' -- string style
-'1.23'::float4 -- Postgres (historical) style
+<programlisting>
+REAL '1.23' -- string style
+'1.23'::REAL -- Postgres (historical) style
</programlisting>
</para>
- </sect2>
+ </sect3>
- <sect2>
- <title>Constants of Postgres User-Defined Types</title>
+ <sect3>
+ <title>Constants of Other Types</title>
<para>
- A constant of an
- <emphasis>arbitrary</emphasis>
- type can be entered using any one of the following notations:
-
- <synopsis>
+ A constant of an <emphasis>arbitrary</emphasis> type can be
+ entered using any one of the following notations:
+<synopsis>
<replaceable>type</replaceable> '<replaceable>string</replaceable>'
'<replaceable>string</replaceable>'::<replaceable>type</replaceable>
CAST ( '<replaceable>string</replaceable>' AS <replaceable>type</replaceable> )
- </synopsis>
-
- The value inside the string is passed to the input
- conversion routine for the type called
- <replaceable>type</replaceable>. The result is a
- constant of the indicated type. The explicit typecast may be omitted
- if there is no ambiguity as to the type the constant must be, in which
- case it is automatically coerced.
+</synopsis>
+ The value inside the string is passed to the input conversion
+ routine for the type called <replaceable>type</replaceable>. The
+ result is a constant of the indicated type. The explicit type
+ cast may be omitted if there is no ambiguity as to the type the
+ constant must be (for example, when it is passed as an argument
+ to a non-overloaded function), in which case it is automatically
+ coerced.
</para>
<para>
It is also possible to specify a type coercion using a function-like
syntax:
-
- <synopsis>
+<synopsis>
<replaceable>typename</replaceable> ( <replaceable>value</replaceable> )
- </synopsis>
-
+</synopsis>
although this only works for types whose names are also valid as
function names. (For example, <literal>double precision</literal>
can't be used this way --- but the equivalent <literal>float8</literal>
</para>
<para>
- The <literal>::</literal>, <literal>CAST()</literal>, and function-call
- syntaxes can also be used to specify run-time type conversions. But
- the form <replaceable>type</replaceable>
- '<replaceable>string</replaceable>' can only be used to specify the
- type of a literal constant.
+ The <literal>::</literal>, <literal>CAST()</literal>, and
+ function-call syntaxes can also be used to specify the type of
+ arbitrary expressions, but the form
+ <replaceable>type</replaceable>
+ '<replaceable>string</replaceable>' can only be used to specify
+ the type of a literal constant.
</para>
- </sect2>
+ </sect3>
- <sect2>
+ <sect3>
<title>Array constants</title>
<para>
- <firstterm>Array constants</firstterm>
- are n-dimensional arrays of any Postgres datatype.
The general format of an array constant is the following:
-
- <synopsis>
-{ <replaceable>val1</replaceable> <replaceable>delim</replaceable> <replaceable>val2</replaceable> <replaceable>delim</replaceable> ... }
- </synopsis>
-
- where <replaceable>delim</replaceable>
- is the delimiter character for the type, as recorded in its
- <literal>pg_type</literal> class entry.
- (For all built-in types, this is the comma character ",".)
- Each <replaceable>val</replaceable> is either a constant
- of the array element type, or a sub-array.
- An example of an array constant is
-
- <programlisting>
-{{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}}
- </programlisting>
-
+<synopsis>
+'{ <replaceable>val1</replaceable> <replaceable>delim</replaceable> <replaceable>val2</replaceable> <replaceable>delim</replaceable> ... }'
+</synopsis>
+ where <replaceable>delim</replaceable> is the delimiter character
+ for the type, as recorded in its <literal>pg_type</literal>
+ entry. (For all built-in types, this is the comma character
+ ",".) Each <replaceable>val</replaceable> is either a constant
+ of the array element type, or a sub-array. An example of an
+ array constant is
+<programlisting>
+'{{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}}'
+</programlisting>
This constant is a two-dimensional, 3 by 3 array consisting of three
sub-arrays of integers.
</para>
<para>
Individual array elements can be placed between double-quote
- marks (<literal>"</literal>) to avoid ambiguity problems with respect to
- white space.
- Without quote marks, the array-value parser will skip leading white space.
+ marks (<literal>"</literal>) <!-- " --> to avoid ambiguity
+ problems with respect to white space. Without quote marks, the
+ array-value parser will skip leading white space.
</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
- <sect1 id="sql-columns">
+ <para>
+ (Array constants are actually only a special case of the generic
+ type constants discussed in the previous section. The constant
+ is initially treated as a string and passed to the array input
+ conversion routine. An explicit type specification might be
+ necessary.)
+ </para>
+ </sect3>
+ </sect2>
+
+
+ <sect2 id="sql-syntax-operators">
+ <title>Operators</title>
+
+ <para>
+ An operator is a sequence of up to <symbol>NAMEDATALEN</symbol>-1
+ (31 by default) characters from the following list:
+<literallayout>
++ - * / < > = ~ ! @ # % ^ & | ` ? $
+</literallayout>
+
+ There are a few restrictions on operator names, however:
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ "$" (dollar) cannot be a single-character operator, although it
+ can be part of a multi-character operator name.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <literal>--</literal> and <literal>/*</literal> cannot appear
+ anywhere in an operator name, since they will be taken as the
+ start of a comment.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ A multi-character operator name cannot end in "+" or "-",
+ unless the name also contains at least one of these characters:
+<literallayout>
+~ ! @ # % ^ & | ` ? $
+</literallayout>
+ For example, <literal>@-</literal> is an allowed operator name,
+ but <literal>*-</literal> is not. This restriction allows
+ <productname>Postgres</productname> to parse SQL-compliant
+ queries without requiring spaces between tokens.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When working with non-SQL-standard operator names, you will usually
+ need to separate adjacent operators with spaces to avoid ambiguity.
+ For example, if you have defined a left-unary operator named "@",
+ you cannot write <literal>X*@Y</literal>; you must write
+ <literal>X* @Y</literal> to ensure that
+ <productname>Postgres</productname> reads it as two operator names
+ not one.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Special Characters</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Some characters that are not alphanumeric have a special meaning
+ that is different from being an operator. Details on the usage can
+ be found at the location where the respective syntax element is
+ described. This section only exists to advise the existence and
+ summarize the purposes of these characters.
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ A dollar sign (<literal>$</literal>) followed by digits is used
+ to represent the positional parameters in the body of a function
+ definition. In other contexts the dollar sign may be part of an
+ operator name.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Parentheses (<literal>()</literal>) have their usual meaning to
+ group expressions and enforce precedence. In some cases
+ parentheses are required as part of the fixed syntax of a
+ particular SQL command.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Brackets (<literal>[]</literal>) are used to select the elements
+ of an array. See <xref linkend="arrays"> for more information
+ on arrays.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Commas (<literal>,</literal>) are used in some syntactical
+ constructs to separate the elements of a list.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The semicolon (<literal>;</literal>) terminates an SQL command.
+ It cannot appear anywhere within a command, except when quoted
+ as a string constant or identifier.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The colon (<literal>:</literal>) is used to select
+ <quote>slices</quote> from arrays. (See <xref
+ linkend="arrays">.) In certain SQL dialects (such as Embedded
+ SQL), the colon is used to prefix variable names.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The asterisk (<literal>*</literal>) has a special meaning when
+ used in the <command>SELECT</command> command or with the
+ <function>COUNT</function> aggregate function.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ The period (<literal>.</literal>) is used in floating point
+ constants, and to separate table and column names.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="sql-syntax-comments">
+ <title>Comments</title>
+
+ <para>
+ A comment is an arbitrary sequence of characters beginning with
+ double dashes and extending to the end of the line, e.g.:
+<programlisting>
+-- This is a standard SQL92 comment
+</programlisting>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Alternatively, C-style block comments can be used:
+<programlisting>
+/* multi-line comment
+ * with nesting: /* nested block comment */
+ */
+</programlisting>
+ where the comment begins with <literal>/*</literal> and extends to
+ the matching occurrence of <literal>*/</literal>. These block
+ comments nest, as specified in SQL99 but unlike C, so that one can
+ comment out larger blocks of code that may contain existing block
+ comments.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ A comment is removed from the input stream before further syntax
+ analysis and is effectively replaced by whitespace.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+ </sect1>
+
+
+ <sect1 id="sql-syntax-columns">
<title>Fields and Columns</title>
<sect2>
</sect2>
</sect1>
- <sect1 id="sql-operators">
- <title>Operators</title>
-
- <para>
- Any built-in or user-defined operator may be used in SQL.
- For the list of built-in operators consult <xref linkend="functions">.
- For a list of user-defined operators consult your system administrator
- or run a query on the <literal>pg_operator</literal> class.
- Parentheses may be used for arbitrary grouping of operators in expressions.
- </para>
- </sect1>
-
<sect1 id="sql-expressions">
<title>Expressions</title>
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