Fixes some redirection links in docs.
locally.
.. _setuptools: https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
-.. _wheel: https://wheel.readthedocs.org
+.. _wheel: https://wheel.readthedocs.io/
Open source licensing and collaboration
=======================================
The Python Packaging User Guide includes more details on the `currently
recommended tools`_.
-.. _currently recommended tools: https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/current/#packaging-tool-recommendations
+.. _currently recommended tools: https://packaging.python.org/guides/tool-recommendations/#packaging-tool-recommendations
Reading the guide
=================
* `Uploading the project to the Python Packaging Index`_
.. _Project structure: \
- https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/distributing/
+ https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/distributing-packages/
.. _Building and packaging the project: \
- https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/distributing/#packaging-your-project
+ https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/distributing-packages/#packaging-your-project
.. _Uploading the project to the Python Packaging Index: \
- https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/distributing/#uploading-your-project-to-pypi
+ https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/distributing-packages/#uploading-your-project-to-pypi
How do I...?
.. seealso::
`Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions
- <https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/extensions>`__
+ <https://packaging.python.org/guides/packaging-binary-extensions/>`__
.. other topics:
This guide only covers the basic tools for building and distributing
extensions that are provided as part of this version of Python. Third party
tools offer easier to use and more secure alternatives. Refer to the `quick
- recommendations section <https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/current/>`__
+ recommendations section <https://packaging.python.org/guides/tool-recommendations/>`__
in the Python Packaging User Guide for more information.
.. toctree::
(7)
The valid classifiers are listed on
- `PyPI <http://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=list_classifiers>`_.
+ `PyPI <https://pypi.python.org/pypi?:action=list_classifiers>`_.
(8)
To preserve backward compatibility, this field also accepts a string. If
avoid writing C extensions and preserve portability to other implementations.
For example, if your use case is calling C library functions or system calls,
you should consider using the :mod:`ctypes` module or the `cffi
- <https://cffi.readthedocs.org>`_ library rather than writing custom C code.
+ <https://cffi.readthedocs.io/>`_ library rather than writing
+ custom C code.
These modules let you write Python code to interface with C code and are more
portable between implementations of Python than writing and compiling a C
extension module.
.. seealso::
- `Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions <https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/extensions/>`_
+ `Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions <https://packaging.python.org/guides/packaging-binary-extensions/>`_
The Python Packaging User Guide not only covers several available
tools that simplify the creation of binary extensions, but also
discusses the various reasons why creating an extension module may be
`www.python.org <https://www.python.org>`_ is graciously hosted by `Rackspace
<https://www.rackspace.com>`_, with CDN caching provided by `Fastly
<https://www.fastly.com>`_. `Upfront Systems
-<http://www.upfrontsystems.co.za/>`_ hosts `bugs.python.org
+<http://www.upfrontsoftware.co.za>`_ hosts `bugs.python.org
<https://bugs.python.org>`_. Many other Python services like `the Wiki
<https://wiki.python.org>`_ are hosted by `Oregon State
University Open Source Lab <https://osuosl.org>`_.
If your logging needs are simple, then use the above examples to incorporate
logging into your own scripts, and if you run into problems or don't
understand something, please post a question on the comp.lang.python Usenet
-group (available at https://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.python) and you
+group (available at https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/comp.lang.python) and you
should receive help before too long.
Still here? You can carry on reading the next few sections, which provide a
.. _Futurize: http://python-future.org/automatic_conversion.html
.. _importlib: https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html#module-importlib
.. _importlib2: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/importlib2
-.. _Modernize: https://python-modernize.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+.. _Modernize: https://python-modernize.readthedocs.io/
.. _mypy: http://mypy-lang.org/
.. _Porting to Python 3: http://python3porting.com/
.. _Pylint: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pylint
-.. _Python 3 Q & A: https://ncoghlan-devs-python-notes.readthedocs.org/en/latest/python3/questions_and_answers.html
+.. _Python 3 Q & A: https://ncoghlan-devs-python-notes.readthedocs.io/en/latest/python3/questions_and_answers.html
.. _pytype: https://github.com/google/pytype
.. _python-future: http://python-future.org/
origin and development of Unicode is also available on the site.
To help understand the standard, Jukka Korpela has written `an introductory
-guide <https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/unicode/guide.html>`_ to reading the
+guide <http://jkorpela.fi/unicode/guide.html>`_ to reading the
Unicode character tables.
Another `good introductory article <https://www.joelonsoftware.com/2003/10/08/the-absolute-minimum-every-software-developer-absolutely-positively-must-know-about-unicode-and-character-sets-no-excuses/>`_
:class:`http.client.HTTPMessage` instance.
Typical headers include 'Content-length', 'Content-type', and so on. See the
-`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_
+`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <http://jkorpela.fi/http.html>`_
for a useful listing of HTTP headers with brief explanations of their meaning
and use.
This guide only covers the basic tools for building and distributing
extensions that are provided as part of this version of Python. Third party
tools offer easier to use and more secure alternatives. Refer to the `quick
- recommendations section <https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/current/>`__
+ recommendations section <https://packaging.python.org/guides/tool-recommendations/>`__
in the Python Packaging User Guide for more information.
repository of open source licensed packages made available for use by
other Python users.
* the `Python Packaging Authority
- <https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/>`__ are the group of
+ <https://www.pypa.io/>`__ are the group of
developers and documentation authors responsible for the maintenance and
evolution of the standard packaging tools and the associated metadata and
file format standards. They maintain a variety of tools, documentation,
.. seealso::
- `Green Tree Snakes <https://greentreesnakes.readthedocs.org/>`_, an external documentation resource, has good
+ `Green Tree Snakes <https://greentreesnakes.readthedocs.io/>`_, an external documentation resource, has good
details on working with Python ASTs.
.. seealso::
More information about color spaces can be found at
- http://www.poynton.com/ColorFAQ.html and
+ http://poynton.ca/ColorFAQ.html and
https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/color-spaces.htm.
The :mod:`colorsys` module defines the following functions:
by the signer.
(`NIST SP-800-106 "Randomized Hashing for Digital Signatures"
- <http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-106/NIST-SP-800-106.pdf>`_)
+ <https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-106/final>`_)
In BLAKE2 the salt is processed as a one-time input to the hash function during
initialization, rather than as an input to each compression function.
https://blake2.net
Official BLAKE2 website.
- http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/fips180-2.pdf
+ https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/publications/fips/180/2/archive/2002-08-01/documents/fips180-2.pdf
The FIPS 180-2 publication on Secure Hash Algorithms.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#Cryptographic_hash_algorithms
`nmh - Message Handling System <http://www.nongnu.org/nmh/>`_
Home page of :program:`nmh`, an updated version of the original :program:`mh`.
- `MH & nmh: Email for Users & Programmers <http://rand-mh.sourceforge.net/book/>`_
+ `MH & nmh: Email for Users & Programmers <https://rand-mh.sourceforge.io/book/>`_
A GPL-licensed book on :program:`mh` and :program:`nmh`, with some information
on the mailbox format.
Tau is a circle constant equal to 2\ *π*, the ratio of a circle's circumference to
its radius. To learn more about Tau, check out Vi Hart's video `Pi is (still)
Wrong <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jG7vhMMXagQ>`_, and start celebrating
- `Tau day <http://tauday.com/>`_ by eating twice as much pie!
+ `Tau day <https://tauday.com/>`_ by eating twice as much pie!
.. versionadded:: 3.6
.. seealso::
- `PList manual page <https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man5/plist.5.html>`_
+ `PList manual page <https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/PropertyLists/>`_
Apple's documentation of the file format.
.. data:: HAS_NPN
Whether the OpenSSL library has built-in support for *Next Protocol
- Negotiation* as described in the `NPN draft specification
- <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-agl-tls-nextprotoneg>`_. When true,
- you can use the :meth:`SSLContext.set_npn_protocols` method to advertise
+ Negotiation* as described in the `Application Layer Protocol
+ Negotiation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-Layer_Protocol_Negotiation>`_.
+ When true, you can use the :meth:`SSLContext.set_npn_protocols` method to advertise
which protocols you want to support.
.. versionadded:: 3.3
The *capath* string, if present, is
the path to a directory containing several CA certificates in PEM format,
following an `OpenSSL specific layout
- <https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.0/ssl/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html>`_.
+ <https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man3/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html>`_.
The *cadata* object, if present, is either an ASCII string of one or more
PEM-encoded certificates or a :term:`bytes-like object` of DER-encoded
Specify which protocols the socket should advertise during the SSL/TLS
handshake. It should be a list of strings, like ``['http/1.1', 'spdy/2']``,
ordered by preference. The selection of a protocol will happen during the
- handshake, and will play out according to the `NPN draft specification
- <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-agl-tls-nextprotoneg>`_. After a
+ handshake, and will play out according to the `Application Layer Protocol Negotiation
+ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-Layer_Protocol_Negotiation>`_. After a
successful handshake, the :meth:`SSLSocket.selected_npn_protocol` method will
return the agreed-upon protocol.
.. method:: SSLContext.session_stats()
Get statistics about the SSL sessions created or managed by this context.
- A dictionary is returned which maps the names of each `piece of information
- <https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.0/ssl/SSL_CTX_sess_number.html>`_ to their
+ A dictionary is returned which maps the names of each `piece of information <https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.0/ssl/SSL_CTX_sess_number.html>`_ to their
numeric values. For example, here is the total number of hits and misses
in the session cache since the context was created::
:meth:`SSLContext.set_ciphers` method. Starting from Python 3.2.3, the
ssl module disables certain weak ciphers by default, but you may want
to further restrict the cipher choice. Be sure to read OpenSSL's documentation
-about the `cipher list format <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
+about the `cipher list format <https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
If you want to check which ciphers are enabled by a given cipher list, use
:meth:`SSLContext.get_ciphers` or the ``openssl ciphers`` command on your
system.
`RFC 1422: Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part II: Certificate-Based Key Management <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1422>`_
Steve Kent
- `RFC 4086: Randomness Requirements for Security <http://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc4086/>`_
+ `RFC 4086: Randomness Requirements for Security <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc4086/>`_
Donald E., Jeffrey I. Schiller
- `RFC 5280: Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile <http://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc5280/>`_
+ `RFC 5280: Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc5280/>`_
D. Cooper
`RFC 5246: The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246>`_
* "Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences", Frederick J Gravetter and
Larry B Wallnau (8th Edition).
- * Calculating the `median <https://www.ualberta.ca/~opscan/median.html>`_.
-
* The `SSMEDIAN
<https://help.gnome.org/users/gnumeric/stable/gnumeric.html#gnumeric-function-SSMEDIAN>`_
function in the Gnome Gnumeric spreadsheet, including `this discussion
`Tcl/Tk manual <https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/>`_
Official manual for the latest tcl/tk version.
- `Programming Python <http://learning-python.com/books/about-pp4e.html>`_
+ `Programming Python <http://learning-python.com/about-pp4e.html>`_
Book by Mark Lutz, has excellent coverage of Tkinter.
`Modern Tkinter for Busy Python Developers <https://www.amazon.com/Modern-Tkinter-Python-Developers-ebook/dp/B0071QDNLO/>`_
.. seealso::
- `Tk Widget Styling Support <https://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/48>`_
+ `Tk Widget Styling Support <https://core.tcl.tk/tips/doc/trunk/tip/48.md>`_
A document introducing theming support for Tk
True
Sometimes this is inconvenient. For example, `one user
-<https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/detail?id=105>`_ is subclassing mock to
+<https://code.google.com/archive/p/mock/issues/105>`_ is subclassing mock to
created a `Twisted adaptor
<https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/11.0.0/api/twisted.python.components.html>`_.
Having this applied to attributes too actually causes errors.
:exc:`AssertionError` directly and provide a more useful failure message.
As of version 1.5, the Python testing library `PyHamcrest
-<https://pyhamcrest.readthedocs.org/>`_ provides similar functionality,
+<https://pyhamcrest.readthedocs.io/>`_ provides similar functionality,
that may be useful here, in the form of its equality matcher
(`hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality
-<https://pyhamcrest.readthedocs.org/en/release-1.8/integration/#module-hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality>`_).
+<https://pyhamcrest.readthedocs.io/en/release-1.8/integration/#module-hamcrest.library.integration.match_equality>`_).
* :meth:`~urllib.response.addinfourl.info` --- return the meta-information of the page, such as headers,
in the form of an :func:`email.message_from_string` instance (see
- `Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_)
+ `Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <http://jkorpela.fi/http.html>`_)
* :meth:`~urllib.response.addinfourl.getcode` -- return the HTTP status code of the response.
This script is also available for download `online
-<https://gist.github.com/4673395>`_.
+<https://gist.github.com/vsajip/4673395>`_.
and a validation tool that checks WSGI servers and applications for conformance
to the WSGI specification (:pep:`3333`).
-See https://wsgi.readthedocs.org/ for more information about WSGI, and links to
-tutorials and other resources.
+See `wsgi.readthedocs.io <https://wsgi.readthedocs.io/>`_ for more information about WSGI, and links
+to tutorials and other resources.
.. XXX If you're just trying to write a web application...
.. seealso::
- `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Specification <https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/>`_
+ `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Specification <https://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-DOM-Level-2-Core-20001113/>`_
The W3C recommendation upon which the Python DOM API is based.
`Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification <https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1/>`_
The W3C recommendation for the DOM supported by :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`.
- `Python Language Mapping Specification <http://www.omg.org/spec/PYTH/1.2/PDF>`_
+ `Python Language Mapping Specification <http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/02-11-05.pdf>`_
This specifies the mapping from OMG IDL to Python.
:program:`BBEdit` or :program:`TextWrangler` from Bare Bones Software (see
http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as is
:program:`TextMate` (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors include
-:program:`Gvim` (http://macvim.org) and :program:`Aquamacs`
+:program:`Gvim` (http://macvim-dev.github.io/macvim/) and :program:`Aquamacs`
(http://aquamacs.org/).
To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that
MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good
introduction to using IDLE can be found at
-https://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dyoo/python/idle_intro/index.html.
+http://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.
.. _mac-package-manager:
for Debian users
https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Packaging
for OpenSuse users
- https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora_Draft_Documentation/0.1/html/RPM_Guide/ch-creating-rpms.html
+ https://docs-old.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora_Draft_Documentation/0.1/html/RPM_Guide/ch-creating-rpms.html
for Fedora users
http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management-making-packages.html
for Slackware users
`ActivePython <https://www.activestate.com/activepython/>`_
Installer with multi-platform compatibility, documentation, PyWin32
-`Anaconda <https://www.continuum.io/downloads/>`_
+`Anaconda <https://www.anaconda.com/download/>`_
Popular scientific modules (such as numpy, scipy and pandas) and the
``conda`` package manager.
-`Canopy <https://www.enthought.com/products/canopy/>`_
+`Canopy <https://www.enthought.com/product/canopy/>`_
A "comprehensive Python analysis environment" with editors and other
development tools.
.. seealso::
- https://support.microsoft.com/kb/100843
+ https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/100843/environment-variables-in-windows-nt
Environment variables in Windows NT
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754250.aspx
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc755104.aspx
The SETX command, for permanently modifying environment variables
- https://support.microsoft.com/kb/310519
+ https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/310519/how-to-manage-environment-variables-in-windows-xp
How To Manage Environment Variables in Windows XP
https://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~louis/software/faq/q1.html
# 'title': 'html2fo 0.3 (Default)'}, ... ]
The :mod:`SimpleXMLRPCServer` module makes it easy to create straightforward
- XML-RPC servers. See http://www.xmlrpc.com/ for more information about XML-RPC.
+ XML-RPC servers. See http://xmlrpc.scripting.com/ for more information about XML-RPC.
* The new :mod:`hmac` module implements the HMAC algorithm described by
:rfc:`2104`. (Contributed by Gerhard Häring.)
source distribution, were updated for 2.3. (Contributed by Sean Reifschneider.)
Other new platforms now supported by Python include AtheOS
-(http://atheos.cx/), GNU/Hurd, and OpenVMS.
+(http://www.atheos.cx/), GNU/Hurd, and OpenVMS.
.. ======================================================================
:pep:`328` - Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative
PEP written by Aahz; implemented by Thomas Wouters.
- https://pylib.readthedocs.org/
+ https://pylib.readthedocs.io/
The py library by Holger Krekel, which contains the :mod:`py.std` package.
.. ======================================================================
item for each change.
Hosting of the Python bug tracker is kindly provided by
-`Upfront Systems <http://www.upfrontsystems.co.za/>`__
+`Upfront Systems <http://www.upfrontsoftware.co.za>`__
of Stellenbosch, South Africa. Martin von Löwis put a
lot of effort into importing existing bugs and patches from
SourceForge; his scripts for this import operation are at
*ciphers* argument that's a string listing the encryption algorithms
to be allowed; the format of the string is described
`in the OpenSSL documentation
- <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
+ <https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
(Added by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8322`.)
Another change makes the extension load all of OpenSSL's ciphers and
* The :func:`ssl.wrap_socket` constructor function now takes a *ciphers*
argument. The *ciphers* string lists the allowed encryption algorithms using
the format described in the `OpenSSL documentation
- <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
+ <https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
* When linked against recent versions of OpenSSL, the :mod:`ssl` module now
supports the Server Name Indication extension to the TLS protocol, allowing
wrapped in ClassVar indicates that a given attribute is intended to be used as
a class variable and should not be set on instances of that class.
(Contributed by Ivan Levkivskyi in `Github #280
-<https://github.com/python/typing/issues/280>`_.)
+<https://github.com/python/typing/pull/280>`_.)
A new :const:`~typing.TYPE_CHECKING` constant that is assumed to be
``True`` by the static type chekers, but is ``False`` at runtime.
projects / python / commitdiff