in order to make algorithmic complexity attacks on (e.g.) web apps much more complicated.
The environment variable PYTHONHASHSEED and the new command line flag -R control this
behavior.
:const:`ignore_environment` :option:`-E`
:const:`verbose` :option:`-v`
:const:`bytes_warning` :option:`-b`
+ :const:`hash_randomization` :option:`-R`
============================= =============================
+ .. versionadded:: 3.1.5
+ The ``hash_randomization`` attribute.
+
.. data:: float_info
inheritance of :meth:`__hash__` will be blocked, just as if :attr:`__hash__`
had been explicitly set to :const:`None`.
+ See also the :option:`-R` command-line option.
+
.. method:: object.__bool__(self)
When invoking Python, you may specify any of these options::
- python [-bBdEhiOsSuvVWx?] [-c command | -m module-name | script | - ] [args]
+ python [-bBdEhiORsSuvVWx?] [-c command | -m module-name | script | - ] [args]
The most common use case is, of course, a simple invocation of a script::
Discard docstrings in addition to the :option:`-O` optimizations.
+.. cmdoption:: -R
+
+ Turn on hash randomization, so that the :meth:`__hash__` values of str, bytes
+ and datetime objects are "salted" with an unpredictable random value.
+ Although they remain constant within an individual Python process, they are
+ not predictable between repeated invocations of Python.
+
+ This is intended to provide protection against a denial-of-service caused by
+ carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance of a dict
+ insertion, O(n^2) complexity. See
+ http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.
+
+ Changing hash values affects the order in which keys are retrieved from a
+ dict. Although Python has never made guarantees about this ordering (and it
+ typically varies between 32-bit and 64-bit builds), enough real-world code
+ implicitly relies on this non-guaranteed behavior that the randomization is
+ disabled by default.
+
+ See also :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED`.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 3.1.5
+
+
.. cmdoption:: -s
Don't add user site directory to sys.path
.. note:: The line numbers in error messages will be off by one.
+
Options you shouldn't use
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Reserved for alternative implementations of Python to use for their own
purposes.
+
.. _using-on-envvars:
Environment variables
import of source modules.
+.. envvar:: PYTHONHASHSEED
+
+ If this variable is set to ``random``, the effect is the same as specifying
+ the :option:`-R` option: a random value is used to seed the hashes of str,
+ bytes and datetime objects.
+
+ If :envvar:`PYTHONHASHSEED` is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed
+ seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash
+ randomization.
+
+ Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the
+ interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash
+ values.
+
+ The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying
+ the value 0 will lead to the same hash values as when hash randomization is
+ disabled.
+
+ .. versionadded:: 3.1.5
+
+
.. envvar:: PYTHONIOENCODING
Overrides the encoding used for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax
PyAPI_FUNC(long) _Py_HashDouble(double);
PyAPI_FUNC(long) _Py_HashPointer(void*);
+typedef struct {
+ long prefix;
+ long suffix;
+} _Py_HashSecret_t;
+PyAPI_DATA(_Py_HashSecret_t) _Py_HashSecret;
+
/* Helper for passing objects to printf and the like */
#define PyObject_REPR(obj) _PyUnicode_AsString(PyObject_Repr(obj))
PyAPI_DATA(int) Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag;
PyAPI_DATA(int) Py_NoUserSiteDirectory;
PyAPI_DATA(int) Py_UnbufferedStdioFlag;
+PyAPI_DATA(int) Py_HashRandomizationFlag;
/* this is a wrapper around getenv() that pays attention to
Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag. It should be used for getting variables like
PyAPI_FUNC(PyOS_sighandler_t) PyOS_getsig(int);
PyAPI_FUNC(PyOS_sighandler_t) PyOS_setsig(int, PyOS_sighandler_t);
+/* Random */
+PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyOS_URandom (void *buffer, Py_ssize_t size);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
Compact encoding::
>>> import json
- >>> json.dumps([1,2,3,{'4': 5, '6': 7}], separators=(',', ':'))
+ >>> from collections import OrderedDict
+ >>> mydict = OrderedDict([('4', 5), ('6', 7)])
+ >>> json.dumps([1,2,3,mydict], separators=(',', ':'))
'[1,2,3,{"4":5,"6":7}]'
Pretty printing::
except NameError: # statvfs_result may not exist
pass
-if not _exists("urandom"):
- def urandom(n):
- """urandom(n) -> str
-
- Return a string of n random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.
-
- """
- try:
- _urandomfd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY)
- except (OSError, IOError):
- raise NotImplementedError("/dev/urandom (or equivalent) not found")
- bs = b""
- while len(bs) < n:
- bs += read(_urandomfd, n - len(bs))
- close(_urandomfd)
- return bs
-
# Supply os.popen()
def popen(cmd, mode="r", buffering=-1):
if not isinstance(cmd, str):
def _reference(self):
"""Return a dictionary of values which are invariant by storage
in the object under test."""
- return {1:2, "key1":"value1", "key2":(1,2,3)}
+ return {"1": "2", "key1":"value1", "key2":(1,2,3)}
def _empty_mapping(self):
"""Return an empty mapping object"""
return self.type2test()
except ValueError:
print("Couldn't find starting test (%s), using all tests" % start)
if randomize:
+ hashseed = os.getenv('PYTHONHASHSEED')
+ if not hashseed:
+ os.environ['PYTHONHASHSEED'] = str(random_seed)
+ os.execv(sys.executable, [sys.executable] + sys.argv)
+ return
random.seed(random_seed)
print("Using random seed", random_seed)
random.shuffle(tests)
import sys
import os
-import re
import os.path
import tempfile
import subprocess
cmd_line = [sys.executable]
if not env_vars:
cmd_line.append('-E')
- cmd_line.extend(args)
# Need to preserve the original environment, for in-place testing of
# shared library builds.
env = os.environ.copy()
+ # But a special flag that can be set to override -- in this case, the
+ # caller is responsible to pass the full environment.
+ if env_vars.pop('__cleanenv', None):
+ env = {}
env.update(env_vars)
+ cmd_line.extend(args)
p = subprocess.Popen(cmd_line, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
env=env)
import os
import test.support, unittest
-import os
import sys
import subprocess
self.assertTrue(path1.encode('ascii') in stdout)
self.assertTrue(path2.encode('ascii') in stdout)
+ def test_hash_randomization(self):
+ # Verify that -R enables hash randomization:
+ self.verify_valid_flag('-R')
+ hashes = []
+ for i in range(2):
+ code = 'print(hash("spam"))'
+ data, rc = self.start_python_and_exit_code('-R', '-c', code)
+ self.assertEqual(rc, 0)
+ hashes.append(data)
+ self.assertNotEqual(hashes[0], hashes[1])
+
+ # Verify that sys.flags contains hash_randomization
+ code = 'import sys; print("random is", sys.flags.hash_randomization)'
+ data, rc = self.start_python_and_exit_code('-R', '-c', code)
+ self.assertEqual(rc, 0)
+ self.assertIn(b'random is 1', data)
def test_main():
test.support.run_unittest(CmdLineTest)
def test_repr(self):
# Testing dict_proxy.__repr__
+ def sorted_dict_repr(repr_):
+ # Given the repr of a dict, sort the keys
+ assert repr_.startswith('{')
+ assert repr_.endswith('}')
+ kvs = repr_[1:-1].split(', ')
+ return '{' + ', '.join(sorted(kvs)) + '}'
dict_ = {k: v for k, v in self.C.__dict__.items()}
- self.assertEqual(repr(self.C.__dict__), 'dict_proxy({!r})'.format(dict_))
+ repr_ = repr(self.C.__dict__)
+ self.assert_(repr_.startswith('dict_proxy('))
+ self.assert_(repr_.endswith(')'))
+ self.assertEqual(sorted_dict_repr(repr_[len('dict_proxy('):-len(')')]),
+ sorted_dict_repr('{!r}'.format(dict_)))
class PTypesLongInitTest(unittest.TestCase):
#
# Also test that hash implementations are inherited as expected
+import datetime
+import os
+import struct
import unittest
from test import support
+from test.script_helper import assert_python_ok
from collections import Hashable
+IS_64BIT = (struct.calcsize('l') == 8)
+
class HashEqualityTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
for obj in self.hashes_to_check:
self.assertEqual(hash(obj), _default_hash(obj))
+class HashRandomizationTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+ # Each subclass should define a field "repr_", containing the repr() of
+ # an object to be tested
+
+ def get_hash_command(self, repr_):
+ return 'print(hash(%s))' % repr_
+
+ def get_hash(self, repr_, seed=None):
+ env = os.environ.copy()
+ env['__cleanenv'] = True # signal to assert_python not to do a copy
+ # of os.environ on its own
+ if seed is not None:
+ env['PYTHONHASHSEED'] = str(seed)
+ else:
+ env.pop('PYTHONHASHSEED', None)
+ out = assert_python_ok(
+ '-c', self.get_hash_command(repr_),
+ **env)
+ stdout = out[1].strip()
+ return int(stdout)
+
+ def test_randomized_hash(self):
+ # two runs should return different hashes
+ run1 = self.get_hash(self.repr_, seed='random')
+ run2 = self.get_hash(self.repr_, seed='random')
+ self.assertNotEqual(run1, run2)
+
+class StringlikeHashRandomizationTests(HashRandomizationTests):
+ def test_null_hash(self):
+ # PYTHONHASHSEED=0 disables the randomized hash
+ if IS_64BIT:
+ known_hash_of_obj = 1453079729188098211
+ else:
+ known_hash_of_obj = -1600925533
+
+ # Randomization is disabled by default:
+ self.assertEqual(self.get_hash(self.repr_), known_hash_of_obj)
+
+ # It can also be disabled by setting the seed to 0:
+ self.assertEqual(self.get_hash(self.repr_, seed=0), known_hash_of_obj)
+
+ def test_fixed_hash(self):
+ # test a fixed seed for the randomized hash
+ # Note that all types share the same values:
+ if IS_64BIT:
+ h = -4410911502303878509
+ else:
+ h = -206076799
+ self.assertEqual(self.get_hash(self.repr_, seed=42), h)
+
+class StrHashRandomizationTests(StringlikeHashRandomizationTests):
+ repr_ = repr('abc')
+
+ def test_empty_string(self):
+ self.assertEqual(hash(""), 0)
+
+class BytesHashRandomizationTests(StringlikeHashRandomizationTests):
+ repr_ = repr(b'abc')
+
+ def test_empty_string(self):
+ self.assertEqual(hash(b""), 0)
+
+class DatetimeTests(HashRandomizationTests):
+ def get_hash_command(self, repr_):
+ return 'import datetime; print(hash(%s))' % repr_
+
+class DatetimeDateTests(DatetimeTests):
+ repr_ = repr(datetime.date(1066, 10, 14))
+
+class DatetimeDatetimeTests(DatetimeTests):
+ repr_ = repr(datetime.datetime(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7))
+
+class DatetimeTimeTests(DatetimeTests):
+ repr_ = repr(datetime.time(0))
+
+
def test_main():
support.run_unittest(HashEqualityTestCase,
- HashInheritanceTestCase,
- HashBuiltinsTestCase)
+ HashInheritanceTestCase,
+ HashBuiltinsTestCase,
+ StrHashRandomizationTests,
+ BytesHashRandomizationTests,
+ DatetimeDateTests,
+ DatetimeDatetimeTests,
+ DatetimeTimeTests)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
import shutil
from test import support
+from test.script_helper import assert_python_ok
# Detect whether we're on a Linux system that uses the (now outdated
# and unmaintained) linuxthreads threading library. There's an issue
f.close()
class URandomTests(unittest.TestCase):
- def test_urandom(self):
- try:
- self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(1)), 1)
- self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(10)), 10)
- self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(100)), 100)
- self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(1000)), 1000)
- except NotImplementedError:
- pass
+ def test_urandom_length(self):
+ self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(0)), 0)
+ self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(1)), 1)
+ self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(10)), 10)
+ self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(100)), 100)
+ self.assertEqual(len(os.urandom(1000)), 1000)
+
+ def test_urandom_value(self):
+ data1 = os.urandom(16)
+ data2 = os.urandom(16)
+ self.assertNotEqual(data1, data2)
+
+ def get_urandom_subprocess(self, count):
+ code = '\n'.join((
+ 'import os, sys',
+ 'data = os.urandom(%s)' % count,
+ 'sys.stdout.buffer.write(data)',
+ 'sys.stdout.buffer.flush()'))
+ out = assert_python_ok('-c', code)
+ stdout = out[1]
+ self.assertEqual(len(stdout), 16)
+ return stdout
+
+ def test_urandom_subprocess(self):
+ data1 = self.get_urandom_subprocess(16)
+ data2 = self.get_urandom_subprocess(16)
+ self.assertNotEqual(data1, data2)
class ExecTests(unittest.TestCase):
@unittest.skipIf(USING_LINUXTHREADS,
if self.repr is not None:
self.assertEqual(repr(self.set), self.repr)
+ def check_repr_against_values(self):
+ text = repr(self.set)
+ self.assertTrue(text.startswith('{'))
+ self.assertTrue(text.endswith('}'))
+
+ result = text[1:-1].split(', ')
+ result.sort()
+ sorted_repr_values = [repr(value) for value in self.values]
+ sorted_repr_values.sort()
+ self.assertEqual(result, sorted_repr_values)
+
def test_print(self):
try:
fo = open(support.TESTFN, "w")
self.set = set(self.values)
self.dup = set(self.values)
self.length = 3
- self.repr = "{'a', 'c', 'b'}"
+
+ def test_repr(self):
+ self.check_repr_against_values()
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
self.set = set(self.values)
self.dup = set(self.values)
self.length = 3
- self.repr = "{b'a', b'c', b'b'}"
+
+ def test_repr(self):
+ self.check_repr_against_values()
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
self.set = set(self.values)
self.dup = set(self.values)
self.length = 4
- self.repr = "{'a', b'a', 'b', b'b'}"
def tearDown(self):
warnings.filters = self.warning_filters
+ def test_repr(self):
+ self.check_repr_against_values()
+
#==============================================================================
def baditer():
attrs = ("debug", "division_warning",
"inspect", "interactive", "optimize", "dont_write_bytecode",
"no_user_site", "no_site", "ignore_environment", "verbose",
- "bytes_warning")
+ "bytes_warning", "hash_randomization")
for attr in attrs:
self.assertTrue(hasattr(sys.flags, attr), attr)
self.assertEqual(type(getattr(sys.flags, attr)), int, attr)
import sys
import tempfile
import warnings
+import collections
def hexescape(char):
"""Escape char as RFC 2396 specifies"""
self.assertEqual("a=1&a=2", urllib.parse.urlencode({"a": [1, 2]}, True))
self.assertEqual("a=None&a=a",
urllib.parse.urlencode({"a": [None, "a"]}, True))
+ data = collections.OrderedDict([("a", 1), ("b", 1)])
self.assertEqual("a=a&a=b",
- urllib.parse.urlencode({"a": {"a": 1, "b": 1}}, True))
+ urllib.parse.urlencode({"a": data}, True))
def test_urlencode_encoding(self):
# ASCII encoding. Expect %3F with errors="replace'
('a', 'b', 'c')), ("test {a b} c", ()))
# state spec and options
self.assertEqual(ttk._format_elemcreate('image', False, 'test',
- ('a', 'b'), a='x', b='y'), ("test a b", ("-a", "x", "-b", "y")))
+ ('a', 'b'), a='x'), ("test a b", ("-a", "x")))
# format returned values as a tcl script
# state spec with multiple states and an option with a multivalue
self.assertEqual(ttk._format_elemcreate('image', True, 'test',
Python/pymath.o \
Python/pystate.o \
Python/pythonrun.o \
+ Python/random.o \
Python/structmember.o \
Python/symtable.o \
Python/sysmodule.o \
Core and Builtins
-----------------
+- Issue #13703: oCERT-2011-003: add -R command-line option and PYTHONHASHSEED
+ environment variables, to provide an opt-in way to protect against denial of
+ service attacks due to hash collisions within the dict and set types. Patch
+ by David Malcolm, based on work by Victor Stinner.
+
Library
-------
.B \-OO
]
[
+.B \-R
+]
+[
.B -Q
.I argument
]
.B \-OO
Discard docstrings in addition to the \fB-O\fP optimizations.
.TP
+.B \-R
+Turn on "hash randomization", so that the hash() values of str, bytes and
+datetime objects are "salted" with an unpredictable pseudo-random value.
+Although they remain constant within an individual Python process, they are
+not predictable between repeated invocations of Python.
+.IP
+This is intended to provide protection against a denial of service
+caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance
+of a dict insertion, O(n^2) complexity. See
+http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html
+for details.
+.TP
.BI "\-Q " argument
Division control; see PEP 238. The argument must be one of "old" (the
default, int/int and long/long return an int or long), "new" (new
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying
the \fB\-v\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to
specifying \fB\-v\fP multiple times.
+.IP PYTHONHASHSEED
+If this variable is set to "random", the effect is the same as specifying
+the \fB-R\fP option: a random value is used to seed the hashes of str,
+bytes and datetime objects.
+
+If PYTHONHASHSEED is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for
+generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash randomization. Its
+purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the
+interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash
+values.
+
+The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying
+the value 0 will lead to the same hash values as when hash randomization is
+disabled.
.SH AUTHOR
The Python Software Foundation: http://www.python.org/psf
.SH INTERNET RESOURCES
register long x;
p = (unsigned char *) data;
- x = *p << 7;
+ x = _Py_HashSecret.prefix;
+ x ^= *p << 7;
while (--len >= 0)
x = (1000003*x) ^ *p++;
x ^= len;
+ x ^= _Py_HashSecret.suffix;
if (x == -1)
x = -2;
static int orig_argc;
/* command line options */
-#define BASE_OPTS L"bBc:dEhiJm:OsStuvVW:xX?"
+#define BASE_OPTS L"bBc:dEhiJm:ORsStuvVW:xX?"
#define PROGRAM_OPTS BASE_OPTS
-m mod : run library module as a script (terminates option list)\n\
-O : optimize generated bytecode slightly; also PYTHONOPTIMIZE=x\n\
-OO : remove doc-strings in addition to the -O optimizations\n\
+-R : use a pseudo-random salt to make hash() values of various types be\n\
+ unpredictable between separate invocations of the interpreter, as\n\
+ a defence against denial-of-service attacks\n\
-s : don't add user site directory to sys.path; also PYTHONNOUSERSITE\n\
-S : don't imply 'import site' on initialization\n\
";
PYTHONCASEOK : ignore case in 'import' statements (Windows).\n\
PYTHONIOENCODING: Encoding[:errors] used for stdin/stdout/stderr.\n\
";
+static char *usage_6 = "\
+PYTHONHASHSEED: if this variable is set to ``random``, the effect is the same \n\
+ as specifying the :option:`-R` option: a random value is used to seed the\n\
+ hashes of str, bytes and datetime objects. It can also be set to an integer\n\
+ in the range [0,4294967295] to get hash values with a predictable seed.\n\
+";
#ifndef MS_WINDOWS
static FILE*
fputs(usage_3, f);
fprintf(f, usage_4, DELIM);
fprintf(f, usage_5, DELIM, PYTHONHOMEHELP);
+ fputs(usage_6, f);
}
#if defined(__VMS)
if (exitcode == 0) {
PySys_AddWarnOption(_PyOS_optarg);
break;
+ case 'R':
+ Py_HashRandomizationFlag++;
+ break;
+
/* This space reserved for other options */
default:
#endif
gid_t grouplist[MAX_GROUPS];
- /* On MacOSX getgroups(2) can return more than MAX_GROUPS results
+ /* On MacOSX getgroups(2) can return more than MAX_GROUPS results
* This is a helper variable to store the intermediate result when
* that happens.
*
}
#endif
-#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
-
-PyDoc_STRVAR(win32_urandom__doc__,
-"urandom(n) -> str\n\n\
-Return n random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.");
-
-typedef BOOL (WINAPI *CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA)(HCRYPTPROV *phProv,\
- LPCSTR pszContainer, LPCSTR pszProvider, DWORD dwProvType,\
- DWORD dwFlags );
-typedef BOOL (WINAPI *CRYPTGENRANDOM)(HCRYPTPROV hProv, DWORD dwLen,\
- BYTE *pbBuffer );
-
-static CRYPTGENRANDOM pCryptGenRandom = NULL;
-/* This handle is never explicitly released. Instead, the operating
- system will release it when the process terminates. */
-static HCRYPTPROV hCryptProv = 0;
-
-static PyObject*
-win32_urandom(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
-{
- int howMany;
- PyObject* result;
-
- /* Read arguments */
- if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:urandom", &howMany))
- return NULL;
- if (howMany < 0)
- return PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
- "negative argument not allowed");
-
- if (hCryptProv == 0) {
- HINSTANCE hAdvAPI32 = NULL;
- CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA pCryptAcquireContext = NULL;
-
- /* Obtain handle to the DLL containing CryptoAPI
- This should not fail */
- hAdvAPI32 = GetModuleHandle("advapi32.dll");
- if(hAdvAPI32 == NULL)
- return win32_error("GetModuleHandle", NULL);
-
- /* Obtain pointers to the CryptoAPI functions
- This will fail on some early versions of Win95 */
- pCryptAcquireContext = (CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA)GetProcAddress(
- hAdvAPI32,
- "CryptAcquireContextA");
- if (pCryptAcquireContext == NULL)
- return PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
- "CryptAcquireContextA not found");
-
- pCryptGenRandom = (CRYPTGENRANDOM)GetProcAddress(
- hAdvAPI32, "CryptGenRandom");
- if (pCryptGenRandom == NULL)
- return PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
- "CryptGenRandom not found");
-
- /* Acquire context */
- if (! pCryptAcquireContext(&hCryptProv, NULL, NULL,
- PROV_RSA_FULL, CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT))
- return win32_error("CryptAcquireContext", NULL);
- }
-
- /* Allocate bytes */
- result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, howMany);
- if (result != NULL) {
- /* Get random data */
- memset(PyBytes_AS_STRING(result), 0, howMany); /* zero seed */
- if (! pCryptGenRandom(hCryptProv, howMany, (unsigned char*)
- PyBytes_AS_STRING(result))) {
- Py_DECREF(result);
- return win32_error("CryptGenRandom", NULL);
- }
- }
- return result;
-}
-#endif
-
PyDoc_STRVAR(device_encoding__doc__,
"device_encoding(fd) -> str\n\n\
Return a string describing the encoding of the device\n\
return Py_None;
}
-#ifdef __VMS
-/* Use openssl random routine */
-#include <openssl/rand.h>
-PyDoc_STRVAR(vms_urandom__doc__,
+PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_urandom__doc__,
"urandom(n) -> str\n\n\
Return n random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.");
-static PyObject*
-vms_urandom(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
+static PyObject *
+posix_urandom(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
- int howMany;
- PyObject* result;
+ Py_ssize_t size;
+ PyObject *result;
+ int ret;
- /* Read arguments */
- if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:urandom", &howMany))
+ /* Read arguments */
+ if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "n:urandom", &size))
return NULL;
- if (howMany < 0)
+ if (size < 0)
return PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
"negative argument not allowed");
+ result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, size);
+ if (result == NULL)
+ return NULL;
- /* Allocate bytes */
- result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, howMany);
- if (result != NULL) {
- /* Get random data */
- if (RAND_pseudo_bytes((unsigned char*)
- PyBytes_AS_STRING(result),
- howMany) < 0) {
- Py_DECREF(result);
- return PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
- "RAND_pseudo_bytes");
- }
+ ret = _PyOS_URandom(PyBytes_AS_STRING(result),
+ PyBytes_GET_SIZE(result));
+ if (ret == -1) {
+ Py_DECREF(result);
+ return NULL;
}
return result;
}
-#endif
static PyMethodDef posix_methods[] = {
{"access", posix_access, METH_VARARGS, posix_access__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_GETLOADAVG
{"getloadavg", posix_getloadavg, METH_NOARGS, posix_getloadavg__doc__},
#endif
- #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
- {"urandom", win32_urandom, METH_VARARGS, win32_urandom__doc__},
- #endif
- #ifdef __VMS
- {"urandom", vms_urandom, METH_VARARGS, vms_urandom__doc__},
- #endif
+ {"urandom", posix_urandom, METH_VARARGS, posix_urandom__doc__},
{NULL, NULL} /* Sentinel */
};
if (a->ob_shash != -1)
return a->ob_shash;
len = Py_SIZE(a);
+ /*
+ We make the hash of the empty string be 0, rather than using
+ (prefix ^ suffix), since this slightly obfuscates the hash secret
+ */
+ if (len == 0) {
+ a->ob_shash = 0;
+ return 0;
+ }
p = (unsigned char *) a->ob_sval;
- x = *p << 7;
+ x = _Py_HashSecret.prefix;
+ x ^= *p << 7;
while (--len >= 0)
x = (1000003*x) ^ *p++;
x ^= Py_SIZE(a);
+ x ^= _Py_HashSecret.suffix;
if (x == -1)
x = -2;
a->ob_shash = x;
return -1;
}
+_Py_HashSecret_t _Py_HashSecret;
+
long
PyObject_Hash(PyObject *v)
{
if (self->hash != -1)
return self->hash;
len = Py_SIZE(self);
+ /*
+ We make the hash of the empty string be 0, rather than using
+ (prefix ^ suffix), since this slightly obfuscates the hash secret
+ */
+ if (len == 0) {
+ self->hash = 0;
+ return 0;
+ }
p = self->str;
- x = *p << 7;
+ x = _Py_HashSecret.prefix;
+ x ^= *p << 7;
while (--len >= 0)
x = (1000003*x) ^ *p++;
x ^= Py_SIZE(self);
+ x ^= _Py_HashSecret.suffix;
if (x == -1)
x = -2;
self->hash = x;
RelativePath="..\Python\pythonrun.c"\r
>\r
</File>\r
+ <File\r
+ RelativePath="..\Python\random.c"\r
+ >\r
+ </File>\r
<File\r
RelativePath="..\Python\structmember.c"\r
>\r
extern void _PyUnicode_Fini(void);
extern int _PyLong_Init(void);
extern void PyLong_Fini(void);
+extern void _PyRandom_Init(void);
#ifdef WITH_THREAD
extern void _PyGILState_Init(PyInterpreterState *, PyThreadState *);
int Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag; /* e.g. PYTHONPATH, PYTHONHOME */
int Py_NoUserSiteDirectory = 0; /* for -s and site.py */
int Py_UnbufferedStdioFlag = 0; /* Unbuffered binary std{in,out,err} */
+int Py_HashRandomizationFlag = 0; /* for -R and PYTHONHASHSEED */
/* PyModule_GetWarningsModule is no longer necessary as of 2.6
since _warnings is builtin. This API should not be used. */
Py_OptimizeFlag = add_flag(Py_OptimizeFlag, p);
if ((p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE")) && *p != '\0')
Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag = add_flag(Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag, p);
+ /* The variable is only tested for existence here; _PyRandom_Init will
+ check its value further. */
+ if ((p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONHASHSEED")) && *p != '\0')
+ Py_HashRandomizationFlag = add_flag(Py_HashRandomizationFlag, p);
+
+ _PyRandom_Init();
interp = PyInterpreterState_New();
if (interp == NULL)
--- /dev/null
+#include "Python.h"
+#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
+#include <windows.h>
+#else
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#endif
+
+static int random_initialized = 0;
+
+#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
+typedef BOOL (WINAPI *CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA)(HCRYPTPROV *phProv,\
+ LPCSTR pszContainer, LPCSTR pszProvider, DWORD dwProvType,\
+ DWORD dwFlags );
+typedef BOOL (WINAPI *CRYPTGENRANDOM)(HCRYPTPROV hProv, DWORD dwLen,\
+ BYTE *pbBuffer );
+
+static CRYPTGENRANDOM pCryptGenRandom = NULL;
+/* This handle is never explicitly released. Instead, the operating
+ system will release it when the process terminates. */
+static HCRYPTPROV hCryptProv = 0;
+
+static int
+win32_urandom_init(int raise)
+{
+ HINSTANCE hAdvAPI32 = NULL;
+ CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA pCryptAcquireContext = NULL;
+
+ /* Obtain handle to the DLL containing CryptoAPI. This should not fail. */
+ hAdvAPI32 = GetModuleHandle("advapi32.dll");
+ if(hAdvAPI32 == NULL)
+ goto error;
+
+ /* Obtain pointers to the CryptoAPI functions. This will fail on some early
+ versions of Win95. */
+ pCryptAcquireContext = (CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA)GetProcAddress(
+ hAdvAPI32, "CryptAcquireContextA");
+ if (pCryptAcquireContext == NULL)
+ goto error;
+
+ pCryptGenRandom = (CRYPTGENRANDOM)GetProcAddress(hAdvAPI32,
+ "CryptGenRandom");
+ if (pCryptGenRandom == NULL)
+ goto error;
+
+ /* Acquire context */
+ if (! pCryptAcquireContext(&hCryptProv, NULL, NULL,
+ PROV_RSA_FULL, CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT))
+ goto error;
+
+ return 0;
+
+error:
+ if (raise)
+ PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+ else
+ Py_FatalError("Failed to initialize Windows random API (CryptoGen)");
+ return -1;
+}
+
+/* Fill buffer with size pseudo-random bytes generated by the Windows CryptoGen
+ API. Return 0 on success, or -1 on error. */
+static int
+win32_urandom(unsigned char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size, int raise)
+{
+ Py_ssize_t chunk;
+
+ if (hCryptProv == 0)
+ {
+ if (win32_urandom_init(raise) == -1)
+ return -1;
+ }
+
+ while (size > 0)
+ {
+ chunk = size > INT_MAX ? INT_MAX : size;
+ if (!pCryptGenRandom(hCryptProv, chunk, buffer))
+ {
+ /* CryptGenRandom() failed */
+ if (raise)
+ PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
+ else
+ Py_FatalError("Failed to initialized the randomized hash "
+ "secret using CryptoGen)");
+ return -1;
+ }
+ buffer += chunk;
+ size -= chunk;
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+#endif /* MS_WINDOWS */
+
+
+#ifdef __VMS
+/* Use openssl random routine */
+#include <openssl/rand.h>
+static int
+vms_urandom(unsigned char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size, int raise)
+{
+ if (RAND_pseudo_bytes(buffer, size) < 0) {
+ if (raise) {
+ PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+ "RAND_pseudo_bytes");
+ } else {
+ Py_FatalError("Failed to initialize the randomized hash "
+ "secret using RAND_pseudo_bytes");
+ }
+ return -1;
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+#endif /* __VMS */
+
+
+#if !defined(MS_WINDOWS) && !defined(__VMS)
+
+/* Read size bytes from /dev/urandom into buffer.
+ Call Py_FatalError() on error. */
+static void
+dev_urandom_noraise(char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+ int fd;
+ Py_ssize_t n;
+
+ assert (0 < size);
+
+ fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
+ if (fd < 0)
+ Py_FatalError("Failed to open /dev/urandom");
+
+ while (0 < size)
+ {
+ do {
+ n = read(fd, buffer, (size_t)size);
+ } while (n < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+ if (n <= 0)
+ {
+ /* stop on error or if read(size) returned 0 */
+ Py_FatalError("Failed to read bytes from /dev/urandom");
+ break;
+ }
+ buffer += n;
+ size -= (Py_ssize_t)n;
+ }
+ close(fd);
+}
+
+/* Read size bytes from /dev/urandom into buffer.
+ Return 0 on success, raise an exception and return -1 on error. */
+static int
+dev_urandom_python(char *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+ int fd;
+ Py_ssize_t n;
+
+ if (size <= 0)
+ return 0;
+
+ Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+ fd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
+ Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+ if (fd < 0)
+ {
+ PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, "/dev/urandom");
+ return -1;
+ }
+
+ Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
+ do {
+ do {
+ n = read(fd, buffer, (size_t)size);
+ } while (n < 0 && errno == EINTR);
+ if (n <= 0)
+ break;
+ buffer += n;
+ size -= (Py_ssize_t)n;
+ } while (0 < size);
+ Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
+
+ if (n <= 0)
+ {
+ /* stop on error or if read(size) returned 0 */
+ if (n < 0)
+ PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
+ else
+ PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+ "Failed to read %zi bytes from /dev/urandom",
+ size);
+ close(fd);
+ return -1;
+ }
+ close(fd);
+ return 0;
+}
+#endif /* !defined(MS_WINDOWS) && !defined(__VMS) */
+
+/* Fill buffer with pseudo-random bytes generated by a linear congruent
+ generator (LCG):
+
+ x(n+1) = (x(n) * 214013 + 2531011) % 2^32
+
+ Use bits 23..16 of x(n) to generate a byte. */
+static void
+lcg_urandom(unsigned int x0, unsigned char *buffer, size_t size)
+{
+ size_t index;
+ unsigned int x;
+
+ x = x0;
+ for (index=0; index < size; index++) {
+ x *= 214013;
+ x += 2531011;
+ /* modulo 2 ^ (8 * sizeof(int)) */
+ buffer[index] = (x >> 16) & 0xff;
+ }
+}
+
+/* Fill buffer with size pseudo-random bytes, not suitable for cryptographic
+ use, from the operating random number generator (RNG).
+
+ Return 0 on success, raise an exception and return -1 on error. */
+int
+_PyOS_URandom(void *buffer, Py_ssize_t size)
+{
+ if (size < 0) {
+ PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+ "negative argument not allowed");
+ return -1;
+ }
+ if (size == 0)
+ return 0;
+
+#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
+ return win32_urandom((unsigned char *)buffer, size, 1);
+#else
+# ifdef __VMS
+ return vms_urandom((unsigned char *)buffer, size, 1);
+# else
+ return dev_urandom_python((char*)buffer, size);
+# endif
+#endif
+}
+
+void
+_PyRandom_Init(void)
+{
+ char *env;
+ void *secret = &_Py_HashSecret;
+ Py_ssize_t secret_size = sizeof(_Py_HashSecret);
+
+ if (random_initialized)
+ return;
+ random_initialized = 1;
+
+ /*
+ By default, hash randomization is disabled, and only
+ enabled if PYTHONHASHSEED is set to non-empty or if
+ "-R" is provided at the command line:
+ */
+ if (!Py_HashRandomizationFlag) {
+ /* Disable the randomized hash: */
+ memset(secret, 0, secret_size);
+ return;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ Hash randomization is enabled. Generate a per-process secret,
+ using PYTHONHASHSEED if provided.
+ */
+
+ env = Py_GETENV("PYTHONHASHSEED");
+ if (env && *env != '\0' & strcmp(env, "random") != 0) {
+ char *endptr = env;
+ unsigned long seed;
+ seed = strtoul(env, &endptr, 10);
+ if (*endptr != '\0'
+ || seed > 4294967295UL
+ || (errno == ERANGE && seed == ULONG_MAX))
+ {
+ Py_FatalError("PYTHONHASHSEED must be \"random\" or an integer "
+ "in range [0; 4294967295]");
+ }
+ if (seed == 0) {
+ /* disable the randomized hash */
+ memset(secret, 0, secret_size);
+ }
+ else {
+ lcg_urandom(seed, (unsigned char*)secret, secret_size);
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
+ (void)win32_urandom((unsigned char *)secret, secret_size, 0);
+#else /* #ifdef MS_WINDOWS */
+# ifdef __VMS
+ vms_urandom((unsigned char *)secret, secret_size, 0);
+# else
+ dev_urandom_noraise((char*)secret, secret_size);
+# endif
+#endif
+ }
+}
/* {"unbuffered", "-u"}, */
/* {"skip_first", "-x"}, */
{"bytes_warning", "-b"},
+ {"hash_randomization", "-R"},
{0}
};
flags__doc__, /* doc */
flags_fields, /* fields */
#ifdef RISCOS
- 12
+ 13
#else
- 11
+ 12
#endif
};
/* SetFlag(saw_unbuffered_flag); */
/* SetFlag(skipfirstline); */
SetFlag(Py_BytesWarningFlag);
+ SetFlag(Py_HashRandomizationFlag);
#undef SetFlag
if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
projects / python / commitdiff