:func:`reduce` function.
Python 3.0 adds several new built-in functions and changes the
-semantics of some existing built-ins. Functions that are new in 3.0
+semantics of some existing builtins. Functions that are new in 3.0
such as :func:`bin` have simply been added to Python 2.6, but existing
-built-ins haven't been changed; instead, the :mod:`future_builtins`
+builtins haven't been changed; instead, the :mod:`future_builtins`
module has versions with the new 3.0 semantics. Code written to be
compatible with 3.0 can do ``from future_builtins import hex, map`` as
necessary.
else:
return str(self)
-There's also a :func:`format` built-in that will format a single
+There's also a :func:`format` builtin that will format a single
value. It calls the type's :meth:`__format__` method with the
provided specifier::
feature for Python. The ABC support consists of an :mod:`abc` module
containing a metaclass called :class:`ABCMeta`, special handling of
this metaclass by the :func:`isinstance` and :func:`issubclass`
-built-ins, and a collection of basic ABCs that the Python developers
+builtins, and a collection of basic ABCs that the Python developers
think will be widely useful. Future versions of Python will probably
add more ABCs.
>>> 0b101111
47
-The :func:`oct` built-in still returns numbers
+The :func:`oct` builtin still returns numbers
prefixed with a leading zero, and a new :func:`bin`
-built-in returns the binary representation for a number::
+builtin returns the binary representation for a number::
>>> oct(42)
'052'
>>> bin(173)
'0b10101101'
-The :func:`int` and :func:`long` built-ins will now accept the "0o"
+The :func:`int` and :func:`long` builtins will now accept the "0o"
and "0b" prefixes when base-8 or base-2 are requested, or when the
*base* argument is zero (signalling that the base used should be
determined from the string)::
combined using bitwise operations such as ``&`` and ``|``,
and can be used as array indexes and slice boundaries.
-In Python 3.0, the PEP slightly redefines the existing built-ins
+In Python 3.0, the PEP slightly redefines the existing builtins
:func:`round`, :func:`math.floor`, :func:`math.ceil`, and adds a new
one, :func:`math.trunc`, that's been backported to Python 2.6.
:func:`math.trunc` rounds toward zero, returning the closest
Previously this would have been a syntax error.
(Contributed by Amaury Forgeot d'Arc; :issue:`3473`.)
-* A new built-in, ``next(iterator, [default])`` returns the next item
+* A new builtin, ``next(iterator, [default])`` returns the next item
from the specified iterator. If the *default* argument is supplied,
it will be returned if *iterator* has been exhausted; otherwise,
the :exc:`StopIteration` exception will be raised. (Backported
(Contributed by Phil Schwartz; :issue:`1221598`.)
* The :func:`reduce` built-in function is also available in the
- :mod:`functools` module. In Python 3.0, the built-in has been
+ :mod:`functools` module. In Python 3.0, the builtin has been
dropped and :func:`reduce` is only available from :mod:`functools`;
- currently there are no plans to drop the built-in in the 2.x series.
+ currently there are no plans to drop the builtin in the 2.x series.
(Patched by Christian Heimes; :issue:`1739906`.)
* When possible, the :mod:`getpass` module will now use
* ``filter(predicate, iterable)``,
``map(func, iterable1, ...)``: the 3.0 versions
- return iterators, unlike the 2.x built-ins which return lists.
+ return iterators, unlike the 2.x builtins which return lists.
* ``hex(value)``, ``oct(value)``: instead of calling the
:meth:`__hex__` or :meth:`__oct__` methods, these versions will
- Bug #1244610, #1392915, fix build problem on OpenBSD 3.7 and 3.8.
configure would break checking curses.h.
-- Bug #959576: The pwd module is now builtin. This allows Python to be
+- Bug #959576: The pwd module is now built in. This allows Python to be
built on UNIX platforms without $HOME set.
- Bug #1072182, fix some potential problems if characters are signed.
it will now use a default error message in this case.
- Replaced most Unicode charmap codecs with new ones using the
- new Unicode translate string feature in the builtin charmap
+ new Unicode translate string feature in the built-in charmap
codec; the codecs were created from the mapping tables available
at ftp.unicode.org and contain a few updates (e.g. the Mac OS
encodings now include a mapping for the Apple logo)
current file number.
- Patch #1349274: gettext.install() now optionally installs additional
- translation functions other than _() in the builtin namespace.
+ translation functions other than _() in the builtins namespace.
- Patch #1337756: fileinput now accepts Unicode filenames.
- Patch #881820: look for openpty and forkpty also in libbsd.
- The sources of zlib are now part of the Python distribution (zlib 1.2.3).
- The zlib module is now builtin on Windows.
+ The zlib module is now built in on Windows.
- Use -xcode=pic32 for CCSHARED on Solaris with SunPro.
- Patch #846659. Fix an error in tarfile.py when using
GNU longname/longlink creation.
-- The obsolete FCNTL.py has been deleted. The builtin fcntl module
+- The obsolete FCNTL.py has been deleted. The built-in fcntl module
has been available (on platforms that support fcntl) since Python
1.5a3, and all FCNTL.py did is export fcntl's names, after generating
a deprecation warning telling you to use fcntl directly.
segfault in a debug build, but provided less predictable behavior in
a release build.
-- input() builtin function now respects compiler flags such as
+- input() built-in function now respects compiler flags such as
__future__ statements. SF patch 876178.
- Removed PendingDeprecationWarning from apply(). apply() remains
- Compiler flags set in PYTHONSTARTUP are now active in __main__.
-- Added two builtin types, set() and frozenset().
+- Added two built-in types, set() and frozenset().
-- Added a reversed() builtin function that returns a reverse iterator
+- Added a reversed() built-in function that returns a reverse iterator
over a sequence.
-- Added a sorted() builtin function that returns a new sorted list
+- Added a sorted() built-in function that returns a new sorted list
from any iterable.
- CObjects are now mutable (on the C level) through PyCObject_SetVoidPtr.
When comparing containers with cyclic references to themselves it
will now just hit the recursion limit. See SF patch 825639.
-- str and unicode builtin types now have an rsplit() method that is
+- str and unicode built-in types now have an rsplit() method that is
same as split() except that it scans the string from the end
working towards the beginning. See SF feature request 801847.
- A warning about assignments to module attributes that shadow
builtins, present in earlier releases of 2.3, has been removed.
-- It is not possible to create subclasses of builtin types like str
+- It is not possible to create subclasses of built-in types like str
and tuple that define an itemsize. Earlier releases of Python 2.3
allowed this by mistake, leading to crashes and other problems.
- New format codes B, H, I, k and K have been implemented for
PyArg_ParseTuple and PyBuild_Value.
-- New builtin function sum(seq, start=0) returns the sum of all the
+- New built-in function sum(seq, start=0) returns the sum of all the
items in iterable object seq, plus start (items are normally numbers,
and cannot be strings).
- bool() called without arguments now returns False rather than
raising an exception. This is consistent with calling the
- constructors for the other builtin types -- called without argument
+ constructors for the other built-in types -- called without argument
they all return the false value of that type. (SF patch #724135)
- In support of PEP 269 (making the pgen parser generator accessible
internals, and supplies some helpers for working with pickles, such as
a symbolic pickle disassembler.
-- Xmlrpclib.py now supports the builtin boolean type.
+- xmlrpclib.py now supports the built-in boolean type.
- py_compile has a new 'doraise' flag and a new PyCompileError
exception.
trace function to change which line will execute next. A command to
exploit this from pdb has been added. [SF patch #643835]
-- The _codecs support module for codecs.py was turned into a builtin
- module to assure that at least the builtin codecs are available
+- The _codecs support module for codecs.py was turned into a built-in
+ module to assure that at least the built-in codecs are available
to the Python parser for source code decoding according to PEP 263.
- issubclass now supports a tuple as the second argument, just like
- Unicode objects in sys.path are no longer ignored but treated
as directory names.
-- Fixed string.startswith and string.endswith builtin methods
+- Fixed string.startswith and string.endswith built-in methods
so they accept negative indices. [SF bug 493951]
- Fixed a bug with a continue inside a try block and a yield in the
finally clause. [SF bug 567538]
-- Most builtin sequences now support "extended slices", i.e. slices
+- Most built-in sequences now support "extended slices", i.e. slices
with a third "stride" parameter. For example, "hello world"[::-1]
gives "dlrow olleh".
method no longer exist. xrange repetition and slicing have been
removed.
-- New builtin function enumerate(x), from PEP 279. Example:
+- New built-in function enumerate(x), from PEP 279. Example:
enumerate("abc") is an iterator returning (0,"a"), (1,"b"), (2,"c").
The argument can be an arbitrary iterable object.
Presumably 2.3a1 breaks such systems. If anyone uses such a system, help!
- The configure option --without-doc-strings can be used to remove the
- doc strings from the builtin functions and modules; this reduces the
+ doc strings from the built-in functions and modules; this reduces the
size of the executable.
- The universal newlines option (PEP 278) is on by default. On Unix
available for convenience.
- New Carbon modules File (implementing the APIs in Files.h and Aliases.h)
- and Folder (APIs from Folders.h). The old macfs builtin module is
+ and Folder (APIs from Folders.h). The old macfs built-in module is
gone, and replaced by a Python wrapper around the new modules.
- Pathname handling should now be fully consistent: MacPython-OSX always uses
C API
-----
-- New function PyDict_MergeFromSeq2() exposes the builtin dict
+- New function PyDict_MergeFromSeq2() exposes the built-in dict
constructor's logic for updating a dictionary from an iterable object
producing key-value pairs.
using new-style MRO rules if any base class is a new-style class.
This needs to be documented.
-- The new builtin dictionary() constructor, and dictionary type, have
+- The new built-in dictionary() constructor, and dictionary type, have
been renamed to dict. This reflects a decade of common usage.
- dict() now accepts an iterable object producing 2-sequences. For
The new class must have the same C-level object layout as the old
class.
-- The builtin file type can be subclassed now. In the usual pattern,
- "file" is the name of the builtin type, and file() is a new builtin
- constructor, with the same signature as the builtin open() function.
+- The built-in file type can be subclassed now. In the usual pattern,
+ "file" is the name of the built-in type, and file() is a new built-in
+ constructor, with the same signature as the built-in open() function.
file() is now the preferred way to open a file.
- Previously, __new__ would only see sequential arguments passed to
- Previously, an operation on an instance of a subclass of an
immutable type (int, long, float, complex, tuple, str, unicode),
where the subtype didn't override the operation (and so the
- operation was handled by the builtin type), could return that
+ operation was handled by the built-in type), could return that
instance instead a value of the base type. For example, if s was of
a str subclass type, s[:] returned s as-is. Now it returns a str
with the same value as s.
called for each iteration until it returns an empty string).
- The codecs module has grown four new helper APIs to access
- builtin codecs: getencoder(), getdecoder(), getreader(),
+ built-in codecs: getencoder(), getdecoder(), getreader(),
getwriter().
- SimpleXMLRPCServer: a new module (based upon SimpleHTMLServer)
In all previous version of Python, names were resolved in exactly
three namespaces -- the local namespace, the global namespace, and
- the builtin namespace. According to this old definition, if a
+ the builtins namespace. According to this old definition, if a
function A is defined within a function B, the names bound in B are
not visible in A. The new rules make names bound in B visible in A,
unless A contains a name binding that hides the binding in B.
return str.strip()
Under the old rules, the name str in helper() is bound to the
- builtin function str(). Under the new rules, it will be bound to
+ built-in function str(). Under the new rules, it will be bound to
the argument named str and an error will occur when helper() is
called.
assignment, e.g. +=, was fixed.
- Raise ZeroDivisionError when raising zero to a negative number,
- e.g. 0.0 ** -2.0. Note that math.pow is unrelated to the builtin
+ e.g. 0.0 ** -2.0. Note that math.pow is unrelated to the built-in
power operator and the result of math.pow(0.0, -2.0) will vary by
platform. On Linux, it raises a ValueError.
overriding modules with the same name.
- Fixed some strange exceptions in __del__ methods in library modules
-(e.g. urllib). This happens because the builtin names are already
+(e.g. urllib). This happens because the built-in names are already
deleted by the time __del__ is called. The solution (a hack, but it
works) is to set some instance variables to 0 instead of None.
f(a=1,a=2) is now a syntax error.
-Changes to builtin features
----------------------------
+Changes to built-in features
+----------------------------
- There's a new exception FloatingPointError (used only by Lee Busby's
patches to catch floating point exceptions, at the moment).
- New modules: errno, operator (XXX).
-- Changes for use with Numerical Python: builtin function slice() and
+- Changes for use with Numerical Python: built-in function slice() and
Ellipses object, and corresponding syntax:
x[lo:hi:stride] == x[slice(lo, hi, stride)]
- The functions posix.popen() and posix.fdopen() now have an optional
third argument to specify the buffer size, and default their second
-(mode) argument to 'r' -- in analogy to the builtin open() function.
+(mode) argument to 'r' -- in analogy to the built-in open() function.
The same applies to posixfile.open() and the socket method makefile().
- The thread.exit_thread() function now raises SystemExit so that
- Issue #4618: When unicode arguments are passed to print(), the default
separator and end should be unicode also.
-- Issue #6119: Fixed a incorrect Py3k warning about order comparisons of builtin
- functions and methods.
+- Issue #6119: Fixed an incorrect Py3k warning about order comparisons of
+ built-in functions and methods.
- Issue #6347: Include inttypes.h as well as stdint.h in pyport.h.
This fixes a build failure on HP-UX: int32_t and uint32_t are
correctly rounded.
- Issue #5787: object.__getattribute__(some_type, "__bases__") segfaulted on
- some builtin types.
+ some built-in types.
- Issue #1869: fix a couple of minor round() issues. round(5e15+1)
was giving 5e15+2; round(-0.0) was losing the sign of the zero.
- Fixed a minor memory leak in dictobject.c. The content of the free
list was not freed on interpreter shutdown.
-- Limit free list of method and builtin function objects to 256
+- Limit free list of method and built-in function objects to 256
entries each.
- Patch #1953: Added ``sys._compact_freelists()`` and the C API
- Fix warnings found by the new version of the Coverity checker.
-- The enumerate() builtin function is no longer bounded to sequences
+- The enumerate() built-in function is no longer bounded to sequences
smaller than LONG_MAX. Formerly, it raised an OverflowError. Now,
automatically shifts from ints to longs.
- Deprecate BaseException.message as per PEP 352.
- Issue #1303614: don't expose object's __dict__ when the dict is
- inherited from a builtin base.
+ inherited from a built-in base.
- When __slots__ are set to a unicode string, make it work the same as
setting a plain string, ie don't expand to single letter identifiers.
GNU modes.
- Bug #1586448: the compiler module now emits the same bytecode for
- list comprehensions as the builtin compiler, using the LIST_APPEND
+ list comprehensions as the built-in compiler, using the LIST_APPEND
opcode.
- Fix codecs.EncodedFile which did not use file_encoding in 2.5.0, and
- Bug #1653736: Complain about keyword arguments to time.isoformat.
- Bug #1486663: don't reject keyword arguments for subclasses of
- builtin types.
+ built-in types.
- Patch #1610575: The struct module now supports the 't' code, for C99
_Bool.
- Bug #1629566: clarify the docs on the return values of parsedate()
and parsedate_tz() in email.utils and rfc822.
-- Patch #1671450: add a section about subclassing builtin types to the
+- Patch #1671450: add a section about subclassing built-in types to the
"extending and embedding" tutorial.
- Bug #1629125: fix wrong data type (int -> Py_ssize_t) in PyDict_Next
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