*ciphers* argument that's a string listing the encryption algorithms
to be allowed; the format of the string is described
`in the OpenSSL documentation
- <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
+ <https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man1/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
(Added by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8322`.)
Another change makes the extension load all of OpenSSL's ciphers and
Ttk theme engine, available at
https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/TkCmd/ttk_intro.htm. Some
screenshots of the Python/Ttk code in use are at
-http://code.google.com/p/python-ttk/wiki/Screenshots.
+https://code.google.com/archive/p/python-ttk/wikis/Screenshots.wiki.
The :mod:`ttk` module was written by Guilherme Polo and added in
:issue:`2983`. An alternate version called ``Tile.py``, written by
When used from the command line, the module can automatically discover
tests. It's not as fancy as `py.test <http://pytest.org>`__ or
-`nose <http://code.google.com/p/python-nose/>`__, but provides a simple way
-to run tests kept within a set of package directories. For example,
+`nose <https://nose.readthedocs.io/>`__, but provides a
+simple way to run tests kept within a set of package directories. For example,
the following command will search the :file:`test/` subdirectory for
any importable test files named ``test*.py``::
installation and a user-installed copy of the same version.
(Changed by Ronald Oussoren; :issue:`4865`.)
+ .. versionchanged:: 2.7.13
+
+ As of 2.7.13, this change was removed.
+ ``/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages``, the site-packages directory
+ used by the Apple-supplied system Python 2.7 is no longer appended to
+ ``sys.path`` for user-installed Pythons such as from the python.org
+ installers. As of macOS 10.12, Apple changed how the system
+ site-packages directory is configured, which could cause installation
+ of pip components, like setuptools, to fail. Packages installed for
+ the system Python will no longer be shared with user-installed
+ Pythons. (:issue:`28440`)
+
Port-Specific Changes: FreeBSD
-----------------------------------
maintenance release.
+Two new environment variables for debug mode
+--------------------------------------------
+
+In debug mode, the ``[xxx refs]`` statistic is not written by default, the
+:envvar:`PYTHONSHOWREFCOUNT` environment variable now must also be set.
+(Contributed by Victor Stinner; :issue:`31733`.)
+
+When Python is compiled with ``COUNT_ALLOC`` defined, allocation counts are no
+longer dumped by default anymore: the :envvar:`PYTHONSHOWALLOCCOUNT` environment
+variable must now also be set. Moreover, allocation counts are now dumped into
+stderr, rather than stdout. (Contributed by Victor Stinner; :issue:`31692`.)
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.7.15
+
+
PEP 434: IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches
----------------------------------------------------
certificate store, the :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` class, and other
features. (Contributed by Alex Gaynor and David Reid; :issue:`21308`.)
+ Refer to the "Version added: 2.7.9" notes in the module documentation for
+ specific details.
+
* :func:`os.urandom` was changed to cache a file descriptor to ``/dev/urandom``
instead of reopening ``/dev/urandom`` on every call. (Contributed by Alex
Gaynor; :issue:`21305`.)
+* :data:`hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed` and
+ :data:`hashlib.algorithms_available` were backported from Python 3 to make
+ it easier for Python 2 applications to select the strongest available hash
+ algorithm. (Contributed by Alex Gaynor in :issue:`21307`)
+
+
+PEP 477: Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7
+---------------------------------------------------
+
+:pep:`477` approves the inclusion of the :pep:`453` ensurepip module and the
+improved documentation that was enabled by it in the Python 2.7 maintenance
+releases, appearing first in the Python 2.7.9 release.
+
+
+Bootstrapping pip By Default
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The new :mod:`ensurepip` module (defined in :pep:`453`) provides a standard
+cross-platform mechanism to bootstrap the pip installer into Python
+installations. The version of ``pip`` included with Python 2.7.9 is ``pip``
+1.5.6, and future 2.7.x maintenance releases will update the bundled version to
+the latest version of ``pip`` that is available at the time of creating the
+release candidate.
+
+By default, the commands ``pip``, ``pipX`` and ``pipX.Y`` will be installed on
+all platforms (where X.Y stands for the version of the Python installation),
+along with the ``pip`` Python package and its dependencies.
+
+For CPython :ref:`source builds on POSIX systems <building-python-on-unix>`,
+the ``make install`` and ``make altinstall`` commands do not bootstrap ``pip``
+by default. This behaviour can be controlled through configure options, and
+overridden through Makefile options.
+
+On Windows and Mac OS X, the CPython installers now default to installing
+``pip`` along with CPython itself (users may opt out of installing it
+during the installation process). Window users will need to opt in to the
+automatic ``PATH`` modifications to have ``pip`` available from the command
+line by default, otherwise it can still be accessed through the Python
+launcher for Windows as ``py -m pip``.
+
+As `discussed in the PEP`__, platform packagers may choose not to install
+these commands by default, as long as, when invoked, they provide clear and
+simple directions on how to install them on that platform (usually using
+the system package manager).
+
+__ https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0477/#disabling-ensurepip-by-downstream-distributors
+
+
+Documentation Changes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+As part of this change, the :ref:`installing-index` and
+:ref:`distributing-index` sections of the documentation have been
+completely redesigned as short getting started and FAQ documents. Most
+packaging documentation has now been moved out to the Python Packaging
+Authority maintained `Python Packaging User Guide
+<http://packaging.python.org>`__ and the documentation of the individual
+projects.
+
+However, as this migration is currently still incomplete, the legacy
+versions of those guides remaining available as :ref:`install-index`
+and :ref:`distutils-index`.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+ :pep:`453` -- Explicit bootstrapping of pip in Python installations
+ PEP written by Donald Stufft and Nick Coghlan, implemented by
+ Donald Stufft, Nick Coghlan, Martin von Löwis and Ned Deily.
+
+PEP 476: Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+:pep:`476` updated :mod:`httplib` and modules which use it, such as
+:mod:`urllib2` and :mod:`xmlrpclib`, to now verify that the server
+presents a certificate which is signed by a Certificate Authority in the
+platform trust store and whose hostname matches the hostname being requested
+by default, significantly improving security for many applications. This
+change was made in the Python 2.7.9 release.
+
+For applications which require the old previous behavior, they can pass an
+alternate context::
+
+ import urllib2
+ import ssl
+
+ # This disables all verification
+ context = ssl._create_unverified_context()
+
+ # This allows using a specific certificate for the host, which doesn't need
+ # to be in the trust store
+ context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile="/path/to/file.crt")
+
+ urllib2.urlopen("https://invalid-cert", context=context)
+
+
+PEP 493: HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7
+----------------------------------------------------------
+
+:pep:`493` provides additional migration tools to support a more incremental
+infrastructure upgrade process for environments containing applications and
+services relying on the historically permissive processing of server
+certificates when establishing client HTTPS connections. These additions were
+made in the Python 2.7.12 release.
+
+These tools are intended for use in cases where affected applications and
+services can't be modified to explicitly pass a more permissive SSL context
+when establishing the connection.
+
+For applications and services which can't be modified at all, the new
+``PYTHONHTTPSVERIFY`` environment variable may be set to ``0`` to revert an
+entire Python process back to the default permissive behaviour of Python 2.7.8
+and earlier.
+
+For cases where the connection establishment code can't be modified, but the
+overall application can be, the new :func:`ssl._https_verify_certificates`
+function can be used to adjust the default behaviour at runtime.
+
+
+New ``make regen-all`` build target
+-----------------------------------
+
+To simplify cross-compilation, and to ensure that CPython can reliably be
+compiled without requiring an existing version of Python to already be
+available, the autotools-based build system no longer attempts to implicitly
+recompile generated files based on file modification times.
+
+Instead, a new ``make regen-all`` command has been added to force regeneration
+of these files when desired (e.g. after an initial version of Python has
+already been built based on the pregenerated versions).
+
+More selective regeneration targets are also defined - see
+:source:`Makefile.pre.in` for details.
+
+(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`23404`.)
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.7.14
+
+
+Removal of ``make touch`` build target
+--------------------------------------
+
+The ``make touch`` build target previously used to request implicit regeneration
+of generated files by updating their modification times has been removed.
+
+It has been replaced by the new ``make regen-all`` target.
+
+(Contributed by Victor Stinner in :issue:`23404`.)
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.7.14
.. ======================================================================
and Guido van Rossum. Implemented by Ivan Levkivskyi.
Tools that use or will use the new syntax:
- `mypy <http://github.com/python/mypy>`_,
- `pytype <http://github.com/google/pytype>`_, PyCharm, etc.
+ `mypy <http://www.mypy-lang.org/>`_,
+ `pytype <https://github.com/google/pytype>`_, PyCharm, etc.
.. _whatsnew36-pep515:
cmath
-----
-The new :const:`cmath.tau` (τ) constant has been added.
+The new :const:`cmath.tau` (*τ*) constant has been added.
(Contributed by Lisa Roach in :issue:`12345`, see :pep:`628` for details.)
New constants: :const:`cmath.inf` and :const:`cmath.nan` to
any code relying on the presence of ``default_format`` may
need to be adapted. See :issue:`27819` for more details.
-The ``upload`` command now longer tries to change CR end-of-line characters
-to CRLF. This fixes a corruption issue with sdists that ended with a byte
-equivalent to CR.
-(Contributed by Bo Bayles in :issue:`32304`.)
-
email
-----
math
----
-The tau (τ) constant has been added to the :mod:`math` and :mod:`cmath`
+The tau (*τ*) constant has been added to the :mod:`math` and :mod:`cmath`
modules.
(Contributed by Lisa Roach in :issue:`12345`, see :pep:`628` for details.)
wrapped in ClassVar indicates that a given attribute is intended to be used as
a class variable and should not be set on instances of that class.
(Contributed by Ivan Levkivskyi in `Github #280
-<https://github.com/python/typing/issues/280>`_.)
+<https://github.com/python/typing/pull/280>`_.)
A new :const:`~typing.TYPE_CHECKING` constant that is assumed to be
``True`` by the static type chekers, but is ``False`` at runtime.
* The :c:func:`PyUnicode_FSConverter` and :c:func:`PyUnicode_FSDecoder`
functions will now accept :term:`path-like objects <path-like object>`.
-* The ``PyExc_RecursionErrorInst`` singleton that was part of the public API
- has been removed as its members being never cleared may cause a segfault
- during finalization of the interpreter. Contributed by Xavier de Gaye in
- :issue:`22898` and :issue:`30697`.
-
Other Improvements
==================
.. versionchanged:: 3.6.2
+Notable changes in Python 3.6.4
+===============================
+
+The ``PyExc_RecursionErrorInst`` singleton that was part of the public API
+has been removed as its members being never cleared may cause a segfault
+during finalization of the interpreter.
+(Contributed by Xavier de Gaye in :issue:`22898` and :issue:`30697`.)
+
+
Notable changes in Python 3.6.5
===============================
projects / python / commitdiff