.. seealso::
- `How to Report Bugs Effectively <http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html>`_
+ `How to Report Bugs Effectively <https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html>`_
Article which goes into some detail about how to create a useful bug report.
This describes what kind of information is useful and why it is useful.
random moments. Therefore, a complete threads implementation requires thread
support for C.
-Answer 2: Fortunately, there is `Stackless Python <http://www.stackless.com>`_,
+Answer 2: Fortunately, there is `Stackless Python <https://bitbucket.org/stackless-dev/stackless/wiki/Home>`_,
which has a completely redesigned interpreter loop that avoids the C stack.
current stable targets. Language bindings are available for a number
of languages including Python, Perl, Ruby, etc.
-wxPython (http://www.wxpython.org) is the Python binding for
+`wxPython <https://www.wxpython.org>`_ is the Python binding for
wxwidgets. While it often lags slightly behind the official wxWidgets
releases, it also offers a number of features via pure Python
extensions that are not available in other language bindings. There
The `GObject introspection bindings <https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/PyGObject>`_
for Python allow you to write GTK+ 3 applications. There is also a
-`Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial <https://python-gtk-3-tutorial.readthedocs.org/en/latest/>`_.
+`Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial <https://python-gtk-3-tutorial.readthedocs.io>`_.
-The older PyGtk bindings for the `Gtk+ 2 toolkit <http://www.gtk.org>`_ have
+The older PyGtk bindings for the `Gtk+ 2 toolkit <https://www.gtk.org>`_ have
been implemented by James Henstridge; see <http://www.pygtk.org>.
Kivy
Back in the days of Python 1.5, Greg Stein actually implemented a comprehensive
patch set (the "free threading" patches) that removed the GIL and replaced it
with fine-grained locking. Adam Olsen recently did a similar experiment
-in his `python-safethread <http://code.google.com/p/python-safethread/>`_
+in his `python-safethread <https://code.google.com/archive/p/python-safethread>`_
project. Unfortunately, both experiments exhibited a sharp drop in single-thread
performance (at least 30% slower), due to the amount of fine-grained locking
necessary to compensate for the removal of the GIL.
http://www.py2exe.org/
-Another tool is Anthony Tuininga's `cx_Freeze <http://cx-freeze.sourceforge.net/>`_.
+Another tool is Anthony Tuininga's `cx_Freeze <https://anthony-tuininga.github.io/cx_Freeze/>`_.
Are there coding standards or a style guide for Python programs?
How do I make an executable from a Python script?
-------------------------------------------------
-See http://cx-freeze.sourceforge.net/ for a distutils extension that allows you
-to create console and GUI executables from Python code.
+See `cx_Freeze <https://anthony-tuininga.github.io/cx_Freeze/>`_ for a distutils extension
+that allows you to create console and GUI executables from Python code.
`py2exe <http://www.py2exe.org/>`_, the most popular extension for building
Python 2.x-based executables, does not yet support Python 3 but a version that
does is in development.
BDFL
Benevolent Dictator For Life, a.k.a. `Guido van Rossum
- <https://www.python.org/~guido/>`_, Python's creator.
+ <https://gvanrossum.github.io/>`_, Python's creator.
binary file
A :term:`file object` able to read and write
* `Writing Programs with NCURSES <http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses-intro.html>`_:
a lengthy tutorial for C programmers.
-* `The ncurses man page <http://linux.die.net/man/3/ncurses>`_
+* `The ncurses man page <https://linux.die.net/man/3/ncurses>`_
* `The ncurses FAQ <http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/ncurses.faq.html>`_
* `"Use curses... don't swear" <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eN1eZtjLEnU>`_:
video of a PyCon 2013 talk on controlling terminals using curses or Urwid.
.. _"What's New": https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/index.html
-.. _Why Python 3 exists: http://www.snarky.ca/why-python-3-exists
+.. _Why Python 3 exists: https://snarky.ca/why-python-3-exists
guide <https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/unicode/guide.html>`_ to reading the
Unicode character tables.
-Another `good introductory article <http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html>`_
+Another `good introductory article <https://www.joelonsoftware.com/2003/10/08/the-absolute-minimum-every-software-developer-absolutely-positively-must-know-about-unicode-and-character-sets-no-excuses/>`_
was written by Joel Spolsky.
If this introduction didn't make things clear to you, you should try
reading this alternate article before continuing.
Some good alternative discussions of Python's Unicode support are:
* `Processing Text Files in Python 3 <http://python-notes.curiousefficiency.org/en/latest/python3/text_file_processing.html>`_, by Nick Coghlan.
-* `Pragmatic Unicode <http://nedbatchelder.com/text/unipain.html>`_, a PyCon 2012 presentation by Ned Batchelder.
+* `Pragmatic Unicode <https://nedbatchelder.com/text/unipain.html>`_, a PyCon 2012 presentation by Ned Batchelder.
The :class:`str` type is described in the Python library reference at
:ref:`textseq`.
:data:`~email.policy.compat32` policy and ``False`` for all others).
*mangle_from_* is intended for use when messages are stored in unix mbox
format (see :mod:`mailbox` and `WHY THE CONTENT-LENGTH FORMAT IS BAD
- <http://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html>`_).
+ <https://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html>`_).
If *maxheaderlen* is not ``None``, refold any header lines that are longer
than *maxheaderlen*, or if ``0``, do not rewrap any headers. If
:data:`~email.policy.compat32` policy and ``False`` for all others).
*mangle_from_* is intended for use when messages are stored in unix mbox
format (see :mod:`mailbox` and `WHY THE CONTENT-LENGTH FORMAT IS BAD
- <http://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html>`_).
+ <https://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html>`_).
If *maxheaderlen* is not ``None``, refold any header lines that are longer
than *maxheaderlen*, or if ``0``, do not rewrap any headers. If
Keyed hashing can be used for authentication as a faster and simpler
replacement for `Hash-based message authentication code
-<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code>`_ (HMAC).
+<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code>`_ (HMAC).
BLAKE2 can be securely used in prefix-MAC mode thanks to the
indifferentiability property inherited from BLAKE.
You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along
with this software. If not, see
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/.
+ https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/.
The following people have helped with development or contributed their changes
to the project and the public domain according to the Creative Commons Public
`PyGObject <https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/PyGObject>`_
PyGObject provides introspection bindings for C libraries using
`GObject <https://developer.gnome.org/gobject/stable/>`_. One of
- these libraries is the `GTK+ 3 <http://www.gtk.org/>`_ widget set.
+ these libraries is the `GTK+ 3 <https://www.gtk.org/>`_ widget set.
GTK+ comes with many more widgets than Tkinter provides. An online
- `Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial <https://python-gtk-3-tutorial.readthedocs.org/en/latest/>`_
+ `Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial <https://python-gtk-3-tutorial.readthedocs.io/>`_
is available.
`PyGTK <http://www.pygtk.org/>`_
Compared to PyQt, its licensing scheme is friendlier to non-open source
applications.
- `wxPython <http://www.wxpython.org>`_
+ `wxPython <https://www.wxpython.org>`_
wxPython is a cross-platform GUI toolkit for Python that is built around
the popular `wxWidgets <https://www.wxwidgets.org/>`_ (formerly wxWindows)
C++ toolkit. It provides a native look and feel for applications on
Return ``True`` if strings *a* and *b* are equal, otherwise ``False``,
in such a way as to reduce the risk of
- `timing attacks <http://codahale.com/a-lesson-in-timing-attacks/>`_.
+ `timing attacks <https://codahale.com/a-lesson-in-timing-attacks/>`_.
See :func:`hmac.compare_digest` for additional details.
break
-Generate an `XKCD-style passphrase <http://xkcd.com/936/>`_:
+Generate an `XKCD-style passphrase <https://xkcd.com/936/>`_:
.. testcode::
Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects
----------------------------------------------
- http://linux.die.net/man/4/epoll
+ https://linux.die.net/man/4/epoll
*eventmask*
The SQLite web page; the documentation describes the syntax and the
available data types for the supported SQL dialect.
- http://www.w3schools.com/sql/
+ https://www.w3schools.com/sql/
Tutorial, reference and examples for learning SQL syntax.
:pep:`249` - Database API Specification 2.0
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. seealso::
- `SSL/TLS & Perfect Forward Secrecy <http://vincent.bernat.im/en/blog/2011-ssl-perfect-forward-secrecy.html>`_
+ `SSL/TLS & Perfect Forward Secrecy <https://vincent.bernat.im/en/blog/2011-ssl-perfect-forward-secrecy>`_
Vincent Bernat.
.. method:: SSLContext.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=False, \
`Programming Python <http://learning-python.com/books/about-pp4e.html>`_
Book by Mark Lutz, has excellent coverage of Tkinter.
- `Modern Tkinter for Busy Python Developers <http://www.amazon.com/Modern-Tkinter-Python-Developers-ebook/dp/B0071QDNLO/>`_
+ `Modern Tkinter for Busy Python Developers <https://www.amazon.com/Modern-Tkinter-Python-Developers-ebook/dp/B0071QDNLO/>`_
Book by Mark Rozerman about building attractive and modern graphical user interfaces with Python and Tkinter.
`Python and Tkinter Programming <https://www.manning.com/books/python-and-tkinter-programming>`_
`ActiveState Tcl Home Page <http://tcl.activestate.com/>`_
The Tk/Tcl development is largely taking place at ActiveState.
- `Tcl and the Tk Toolkit <http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020163337X>`_
+ `Tcl and the Tk Toolkit <https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020163337X>`_
The book by John Ousterhout, the inventor of Tcl.
`Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk <http://www.beedub.com/book/>`_
Kent Beck's original paper on testing frameworks using the pattern shared
by :mod:`unittest`.
- `Nose <https://nose.readthedocs.org/en/latest/>`_ and `py.test <http://pytest.org>`_
+ `Nose <https://nose.readthedocs.io/>`_ and `py.test <https://docs.pytest.org/>`_
Third-party unittest frameworks with a lighter-weight syntax for writing
tests. For example, ``assert func(10) == 42``.
.. _GNU Readline: https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html
.. _IPython: https://ipython.org/
-.. _bpython: http://www.bpython-interpreter.org/
+.. _bpython: https://www.bpython-interpreter.org/
https://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.
*wxPython* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on
-Mac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from http://www.wxpython.org.
+Mac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from https://www.wxpython.org.
*PyQt* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on Mac
OS X. More information can be found at
by Mark Pilgrim, 2004,
ISBN 1-59059-356-1
- `For Windows users <http://python.swaroopch.com/installation.html#installation-on-windows>`_
+ `For Windows users <https://python.swaroopch.com/installation.html#installation-on-windows>`_
in "Installing Python"
- in "`A Byte of Python <http://python.swaroopch.com/>`_"
+ in "`A Byte of Python <https://python.swaroopch.com/>`_"
by Swaroop C H, 2003
cx_Freeze
---------
-`cx_Freeze <http://cx-freeze.sourceforge.net/>`_ is a :mod:`distutils`
+`cx_Freeze <https://anthony-tuininga.github.io/cx_Freeze/>`_ is a :mod:`distutils`
extension (see :ref:`extending-distutils`) which wraps Python scripts into
executable Windows programs (:file:`{*}.exe` files). When you have done this,
you can distribute your application without requiring your users to install
Ttk theme engine, available at
https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/TkCmd/ttk_intro.htm. Some
screenshots of the Python/Ttk code in use are at
-http://code.google.com/p/python-ttk/wiki/Screenshots.
+https://code.google.com/archive/p/python-ttk/wikis/Screenshots.wiki.
The :mod:`ttk` module was written by Guilherme Polo and added in
:issue:`2983`. An alternate version called ``Tile.py``, written by
When used from the command line, the module can automatically discover
tests. It's not as fancy as `py.test <http://pytest.org>`__ or
-`nose <http://code.google.com/p/python-nose/>`__, but provides a simple way
-to run tests kept within a set of package directories. For example,
+`nose <https://nose.readthedocs.io/>`__, but provides a
+simple way to run tests kept within a set of package directories. For example,
the following command will search the :file:`test/` subdirectory for
any importable test files named ``test*.py``::
and Guido van Rossum. Implemented by Ivan Levkivskyi.
Tools that use or will use the new syntax:
- `mypy <http://github.com/python/mypy>`_,
- `pytype <http://github.com/google/pytype>`_, PyCharm, etc.
+ `mypy <http://www.mypy-lang.org/>`_,
+ `pytype <https://github.com/google/pytype>`_, PyCharm, etc.
.. _whatsnew36-pep515:
projects / python / commitdiff