.\" -*-Nroff-*-
.\" This page Copyright (C) 1993 Matt Welsh, mdw@sunsite.unc.edu.
.\" Freely distributable under the terms of the GPL
-.TH FREE 1 "20 Mar 1993 " "Cohesive Systems" "Linux User's Manual"
+.TH FREE 1 "5 Oct 2009 " "Cohesive Systems" "Linux User's Manual"
.SH NAME
free \- Display amount of free and used memory in the system
.SH SYNOPSIS
-.BR "free " [ "\-b" " | " "\-k" " | " "\-m" "] [" "\-o" "] [" "\-s"
-.I delay
-.RB "] [" "\-t" "] [" "\-V" ]
+.B free
+.RB [ \-b | \-k | \-m | \-g ]
+.RB [ \-c
+.IR count ]
+.RB [ \-l ]
+.RB [ \-o ]
+.RB [ \-t ]
+.RB [ \-s
+.IR delay ]
+.RB [ \-V ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBfree\fP displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap
memory in the system, as well as the buffers used by the kernel.
The shared memory column should be ignored; it is obsolete.
-.SS Options
-The \fB-b\fP switch displays the amount of memory in bytes; the
-\fB-k\fP switch (set by default) displays it in kilobytes; the \fB-m\fP
-switch displays it in megabytes.
-.PP
-The \fB-t\fP switch displays a line containing the totals.
-.PP
-The \fB-o\fP switch disables the display of a "buffer adjusted" line.
-If the -o option is not specified, \fBfree\fP subtracts buffer memory
-from the used memory and adds it to the free memory reported.
-.PP
-The \fB-s\fP switch activates continuous polling \fIdelay\fP seconds apart. You
+.SS OPTIONS
+.TP
+\fB\-b\fR
+Display the amount of memory in bytes.
+.TP
+\fB\-c\fR \fIcount\fR
+Display the result \fIcount\fR times. Requires the \fB\-s\fR option.
+.TP
+\fB\-g\fR
+Display the amount of memory in gigabytes.
+.TP
+\fB\-k\fR
+Display the amount of memory in kilobytes. This is the default.
+.TP
+\fB\-l\fR
+Show detailed low and high memory statistics.
+.TP
+\fB\-m\fR
+Display the amount of memory in megabytes.
+.TP
+\fB\-o\fR
+Display the output in old format, the only difference being this option
+will disable the display of the "buffer adjusted" line.
+.TP
+\fB\-s\fR
+Continuously display the result \fIdelay\fP seconds apart. You
may actually specify any floating point number for \fIdelay\fP,
.BR usleep (3)
is used for microsecond resolution delay times.
-.PP
-The \fB\-V\fP displays version information.
+.TP
+\fB\-t\fR
+Display a line showing the column totals.
+.TP
+\fB\-V\fR
+Display version information.
.SH FILES
-.ta
-.IR /proc/meminfo "\-\- memory information"
+.nf
+/proc/meminfo memory information
.fi
-
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.BR ps (1),
-.BR slabtop (1),
-.BR vmstat (8),
-.BR top(1)
-
.SH AUTHORS
Written by Brian Edmonds.
Send bug reports to <albert@users.sf.net>
-
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.BR ps "(1), " slabtop "(1), " top "(1), " vmstat (8).
+.\"{{{}}}
kill \- send a signal to a process
.SH SYNOPSIS
-.TS
-l l.
-kill pid ... Send SIGTERM to every process listed.
-kill -signal pid ... Send a signal to every process listed.
-kill -s signal pid ... Send a signal to every process listed.
-kill -l List all signal names.
-kill -L List all signal names in a nice table.
-kill -l signal Convert a signal number into a name.
-kill -V,--version Show version of program
-.TE
+\fBkill\fR [ \-\fBsignal\fR | \-s \fBsignal\fR ] \fBpid\fR ...
+.br
+\fBkill\fR [ \-L | -V, \-\-version ]
+.br
+\fBkill\fR \-l [ \fBsignal\fR ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
-The default signal for kill is TERM. Use -l or -L to list available signals.
+The default signal for kill is TERM. Use \-l or \-L to list available signals.
Particularly useful signals include HUP, INT, KILL, STOP, CONT, and 0.
-Alternate signals may be specified in three ways: -9 -SIGKILL -KILL.
+Alternate signals may be specified in three ways: \-9 \-SIGKILL \-KILL.
Negative PID values may be used to choose whole process groups; see the
-PGID column in ps command output. A PID of -1 is special; it indicates
+PGID column in ps command output. A PID of \-1 is special; it indicates
all processes except the kill process itself and init.
.SH SIGNALS
lB rB lB lB
lfCW r l l.
Name Num Action Description
-.TH
0 0 n/a exit code indicates if a signal may be sent
ALRM 14 exit
HUP 1 exit
INT 2 exit
-KILL 9 exit this signal may not be blocked
+KILL 9 exit cannot be blocked
PIPE 13 exit
POLL exit
PROF exit
USR1 exit
USR2 exit
VTALRM exit
-STKFLT exit may not be implemented
-PWR ignore may exit on some systems
+STKFLT exit might not be implemented
+PWR ignore might exit on some systems
WINCH ignore
CHLD ignore
URG ignore
-TSTP stop may interact with the shell
-TTIN stop may interact with the shell
-TTOU stop may interact with the shell
-STOP stop this signal may not be blocked
+TSTP stop might interact with the shell
+TTIN stop might interact with the shell
+TTOU stop might interact with the shell
+STOP stop cannot be blocked
CONT restart continue if stopped, otherwise ignore
ABRT 6 core
FPE 8 core
QUIT 3 core
SEGV 11 core
TRAP 5 core
-SYS core may not be implemented
-EMT core may not be implemented
-BUS core core dump may fail
-XCPU core core dump may fail
-XFSZ core core dump may fail
+SYS core might not be implemented
+EMT core might not be implemented
+BUS core core dump might fail
+XCPU core core dump might fail
+XFSZ core core dump might fail
.TE
.SH NOTES
the conflict.
.SH EXAMPLES
-
-.SS
-.B "kill -9 -1"
-.nf
+.TP
+.B kill \-9 \-1
Kill all processes you can kill.
-.fi
-.PP
-.SS
-.B "kill -l 11"
-.nf
+.TP
+.B kill \-l 11
Translate number 11 into a signal name.
-.fi
-.PP
-.SS
-.B "kill -L"
-.nf
+.TP
+.B kill -L
List the available signal choices in a nice table.
-.fi
-.PP
-.SS
-.B "kill 123 543 2341 3453"
-.nf
+.TP
+.B kill 123 543 2341 3453
Send the default signal, SIGTERM, to all those processes.
-.fi
-.PP
+
.SH "SEE ALSO"
-pkill(1) skill(1) kill(2) renice(1) nice(1) signal(7) killall(1)
+.BR pkill (1),
+.BR skill (1),
+.BR kill (2),
+.BR renice (1),
+.BR nice (1),
+.BR signal (7),
+.BR killall (1).
.SH STANDARDS
-This command meets appropriate standards. The -L flag is Linux-specific.
+This command meets appropriate standards. The \-L flag is Linux-specific.
.SH AUTHOR
Albert Cahalan <albert@users.sf.net> wrote kill in 1999 to replace a
.\" Licensed under version 2 of the GNU General Public License.
.\" Copyright 2000 Kjetil Torgrim Homme
.\"
-.TH PGREP 1 "June 25, 2000" "Linux" "Linux User's Manual"
+.TH PGREP 1 "October 5, 2007" "Linux" "Linux User's Manual"
.SH NAME
pgrep, pkill \- look up or signal processes based on name and other attributes
.SH SYNOPSIS
-pgrep [\-flvx] [\-d \fIdelimiter\fP] [\-n|\-o] [\-P \fIppid\fP,...] [\-g \fIpgrp\fP,...]
-.br
- [\-s \fIsid\fP,...] [\-u \fIeuid\fP,...] [\-U \fIuid\fP,...] [\-G \fIgid\fP,...]
-.br
- [\-t \fIterm\fP,...] [\fIpattern\fP]
-
-pkill [\-\fIsignal\fP] [\-fvx] [\-n|\-o] [\-P \fIppid\fP,...] [\-g \fIpgrp\fP,...]
-.br
- [\-s \fIsid\fP,...] [\-u \fIeuid\fP,...] [\-U \fIuid\fP,...] [\-G \fIgid\fP,...]
-.br
- [\-t \fIterm\fP,...] [\fIpattern\fP]
+.na
+\fBpgrep\fR [\fB\-flvx\fR] [\fB\-d\ \fIdelimiter\fR] [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-o\fR] \
+[\fB\-P\ \fIppid\fR,...] [\fB\-g\ \fIpgrp\fR,...] [\fB\-s\ \fIsid\fR,...] \
+[\fB\-u\ \fIeuid\fR,...] [\fB\-U\ \fIuid\fR,...] [\fB\-G\ \fIgid\fR,...] \
+[\fB\-t\ \fIterm\fR,...] [\fIpattern\fR]
+
+.HP
+\fBpkill\fR [\fB\-\fIsignal\fR] [\fB\-fvx\fR] [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-o\fR] \
+[\fB\-P\ \fIppid\fR,...] [\fB\-g\ \fIpgrp\fR,...] [\fB\-s\ \fIsid\fR,...] \
+[\fB\-u\ \fIeuid\fR,...] [\fB\-U\ \fIuid\fR,...] [\fB\-G\ \fIgid\fR,...] \
+[\fB\-t\ \fIterm\fR,...] [\fIpattern\fR]
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBpgrep\fP looks through the currently running processes and lists the
process IDs which matches the selection criteria to stdout. All
the criteria have to match. For example,
-pgrep -u root sshd
+.IP
+$ pgrep \-u root sshd
+.PP
will only list the processes called \fBsshd\fP AND owned by \fBroot\fP.
On the other hand,
-pgrep -u root,daemon
+.IP
+$ pgrep \-u root,daemon
+.PP
will list the processes owned by \fBroot\fP OR \fBdaemon\fP.
\fBpkill\fP will send the specified signal (by default \fBSIGTERM\fP)
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
-\-d \fIdelimiter\fP
+\fB\-d \fIdelimiter\fP
Sets the string used to delimit each process ID in the output (by
default a newline). (\fBpgrep\fP only.)
.TP
-\-f
+\fB\-f\fR
The \fIpattern\fP is normally only matched against the process name.
-When \-f is set, the full command line is used.
+When \fB\-f\fR is set, the full command line is used.
.TP
-\-g \fIpgrp\fP,...
+\fB\-g \fIpgrp\fP,...
Only match processes in the process group IDs listed. Process group 0
is translated into \fBpgrep\fP's or \fBpkill\fP's own process group.
.TP
Only match processes whose real group ID is listed. Either the
numerical or symbolical value may be used.
.TP
-\-l
+\fB\-l\fR
List the process name as well as the process ID. (\fBpgrep\fP only.)
.TP
-\-n
+\fB\-n\fR
Select only the newest (most recently started) of the matching
processes.
.TP
-\-o
+\fB\-o\fR
Select only the oldest (least recently started) of the matching
processes.
.TP
-\-P \fIppid\fP,...
+\fB\-P \fIppid\fP,...
Only match processes whose parent process ID is listed.
.TP
-\-s \fIsid\fP,...
+\fB\-s \fIsid\fP,...
Only match processes whose process session ID is listed. Session ID 0
is translated into \fBpgrep\fP's or \fBpkill\fP's own session ID.
.TP
-\-t \fIterm\fP,...
+\fB\-t \fIterm\fP,...
Only match processes whose controlling terminal is listed. The
terminal name should be specified without the "/dev/" prefix.
.TP
-\-u \fIeuid\fP,...
+\fB\-u \fIeuid\fP,...
Only match processes whose effective user ID is listed. Either the
numerical or symbolical value may be used.
.TP
-\-U \fIuid\fP,...
+\fB\-U \fIuid\fP,...
Only match processes whose real user ID is listed. Either the
numerical or symbolical value may be used.
.TP
-\-v
+\fB\-v\fR
Negates the matching.
.TP
-\-x
+\fB\-x\fR
Only match processes whose name (or command line if \-f is specified)
\fBexactly\fP match the \fIpattern\fP.
.TP
.SH EXAMPLES
Example 1: Find the process ID of the \fBnamed\fP daemon:
-unix$ pgrep \-u root named
+.IP
+$ pgrep \-u root named
+.PP
Example 2: Make \fBsyslog\fP reread its configuration file:
-unix$ pkill \-HUP syslogd
+.IP
+$ pkill \-HUP syslogd
+.PP
Example 3: Give detailed information on all \fBxterm\fP processes:
-unix$ ps \-fp $(pgrep \-d, \-x xterm)
+.IP
+$ ps \-fp $(pgrep \-d, \-x xterm)
+.PP
Example 4: Make all \fBnetscape\fP processes run nicer:
-unix$ renice +4 `pgrep netscape`
+.IP
+$ renice +4 `pgrep netscape`
.SH "EXIT STATUS"
+.PD 0
.TP
-.I "0"
+.I 0
One or more processes matched the criteria.
.TP
-.I "1"
+.I 1
No processes matched.
.TP
-.I "2"
+.I 2
Syntax error in the command line.
.TP
-.I "3"
+.I 3
Fatal error: out of memory etc.
.SH NOTES
itself as a match.
.SH BUGS
-The options \-n and \-o and \-v can not be combined. Let me know if
-you need to do this.
+The options \fB\-n\fP and \fB\-o\fP and \fB\-v\fP can not be combined.
+Let me know if you need to do this.
Defunct processes are reported.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
-ps(1) regex(7) signal(7) killall(1) skill(1) kill(1) kill(2)
+.BR ps (1),
+.BR regex (7),
+.BR signal (7),
+.BR killall (1),
+.BR skill (1),
+.BR kill (1),
+.BR kill (2)
.SH STANDARDS
\fBpkill\fP and \fBpgrep\fP were introduced in Sun's Solaris 7. This
pmap \- report memory map of a process
.SH SYNOPSIS
-.nf
-pmap [ -x | -d ] [ -q ] pids...
-pmap -V
-.fi
+.B pmap
+.RB [ \-x | \-d ]
+.RB [ \-q ]
+.I pid
+\& ...
+.br
+.B pmap \-V
.SH DESCRIPTION
The pmap command reports the memory map of a process or processes.
.SH "GENERAL OPTIONS"
.TS
-l l l.
--x extended Show the extended format.
--d device Show the device format.
--q quiet Do not display some header/footer lines.
--V show version Displays version of program.
+lB l l.
+\-x extended Show the extended format.
+\-d device Show the device format.
+\-q quiet Do not display some header/footer lines.
+\-V show version Displays version of program.
.TE
.SH "SEE ALSO"
-ps(1) pgrep(1)
+.BR ps (1),
+.BR pgrep (1)
.SH STANDARDS
No standards apply, but pmap looks an awful lot like a SunOS command.
skill, snice \- send a signal or report process status
.SH SYNOPSIS
-.nf
-skill [signal to send] [options] process selection criteria
-snice [new priority] [options] process selection criteria
-.fi
+.B skill
+.RI [ "signal to send" ]
+.RI [ options ]
+.I process selection criteria
+.br
+.B snice
+.RI [ "new priority" ]
+.RI [ options ]
+.I process selection criteria
.SH DESCRIPTION
These tools are probably obsolete and unportable. The command
syntax is poorly defined. Consider using the killall, pkill,
and pgrep commands instead.
-The default signal for skill is TERM. Use -l or -L to list available signals.
+The default signal for skill is TERM. Use \-l or \-L to list available signals.
Particularly useful signals include HUP, INT, KILL, STOP, CONT, and 0.
-Alternate signals may be specified in three ways: -9 -SIGKILL -KILL.
+Alternate signals may be specified in three ways: \-9 \-SIGKILL \-KILL.
The default priority for snice is +4. (snice +4 ...)
-Priority numbers range from +20 (slowest) to -20 (fastest).
+Priority numbers range from +20 (slowest) to \-20 (fastest).
Negative priority numbers are restricted to administrative users.
.SH "GENERAL OPTIONS"
.TS
-l l l.
--f fast mode This is not currently useful.
--i interactive use T{
-You will be asked to approve each action.
-T}
--v verbose output T{
-Display information about selected processes.
-T}
--w warnings enabled This is not currently useful.
--n no action This only displays the process ID.
--V show version Displays version of program.
+lB l l.
+\-f fast mode This is not currently useful.
+\-i interactive use You will be asked to approve each action.
+\-v verbose output Display information about selected processes.
+\-w warnings enabled This is not currently useful.
+\-n no action This only displays the process ID.
+\-V show version Displays version of program.
.TE
.SH "PROCESS SELECTION OPTIONS"
The options below may be used to ensure correct interpretation.
Do not blame Albert for this interesting interface.
.TS
-l l.
--t The next argument is a terminal (tty or pty).
--u The next argument is a username.
--p The next argument is a process ID number.
--c The next argument is a command name.
+lB l.
+\-t The next argument is a terminal (tty or pty).
+\-u The next argument is a username.
+\-p The next argument is a process ID number.
+\-c The next argument is a command name.
.TE
.SH SIGNALS
lB rB lB lB
lfCW r l l.
Name Num Action Description
-.TH
0 0 n/a exit code indicates if a signal may be sent
ALRM 14 exit
HUP 1 exit
lB lB
lfCW l.
Command Description
-.TC
snice seti crack +7 Slow down seti and crack
-skill -KILL -v /dev/pts/* Kill users on new-style PTY devices
-skill -STOP viro lm davem Stop 3 users
-snice -17 root bash Give priority to root's shell
+skill \-KILL \-v /dev/pts/* Kill users on new-style PTY devices
+skill \-STOP viro lm davem Stop 3 users
+snice \-17 root bash Give priority to root's shell
.TE
.SH "SEE ALSO"
-killall(1) pkill(1) kill(1) renice(1) nice(1) signal(7) kill(2)
+.BR killall (1),
+.BR pkill (1),
+.BR kill (1),
+.BR renice (1),
+.BR nice (1),
+.BR kill (2),
+.BR signal (7)
.SH STANDARDS
No standards apply.
slabtop \- display kernel slab cache information in real time
.SH SYNOPSIS
-.BI "slabtop [ " options " ] "
+.B slabtop
+.RI [ options ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.BR slabtop (1)
+.B slabtop
displays detailed kernel slab cache information in real time. It displays a
listing of the top caches sorted by one of the listed sort criteria. It also
displays a statistics header filled with slab layer information.
.SH OPTIONS
Normal invocation of
-.BR slabtop (1)
+.B slabtop
does not require any options. The behavior, however, can be fine-tuned by
specifying one or more of the following flags:
.TP
-.B \-\^\-delay=n, \-d n
-Refresh the display every n seconds. By default,
-.BR slabtop (1)
+.B \-\-delay=\fIn\fR, \fB\-d \fIn
+Refresh the display every
+.I n
+in seconds. By default,
+.B slabtop
refreshes the display every three seconds. To exit the program, hit
.BR q.
.TP
-.B \-\^\-sort=S, \-s S
-Sort by S, where S is one of the sort criteria.
+.B \-\-sort=\fIS\fR, \fB\-s\fR \fIS
+Sort by \fIS\fR, where \fIS\fR is one of the sort criteria.
.TP
-.B \-\^\-once, \-o
+.B \-\-once\fR, \fB\-o
Display the output once and then exit.
.TP
-.B \-\^\-version, \-V
+.B \-\-version\fR, \fB\-V
Display version information and exit.
.TP
-.B \-\^\-help
+.B \-\-help
Display usage information and exit.
.SH SORT CRITERIA
sort by cache utilization
.SH COMMANDS
-.BR slabtop (1)
+.B slabtop
accepts keyboard commands from the user during use. The following are
supported. In the case of letters, both cases are accepted.
Quit the program.
.SH FILES
-.IR /proc/slabinfo " \-\- slab information"
+.TP
+.I /proc/slabinfo
+slab information
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR free (1),
.SH NOTES
Currently,
-.BR slabtop (1)
+.B slabtop
requires a 2.4 or later kernel (specifically, a version 1.1 or later
.IR /proc/slabinfo ).
Kernel 2.2 should be supported in the future.
.SH AUTHORS
Written by Chris Rivera and Robert Love.
-.BR slabtop (1)
+.B slabtop
was inspired by Martin Bligh's perl script,
.BR vmtop .
The procps package is maintained by Albert Cahalan <albert@users.sf.net>.
.SH NAME
sysctl \- configure kernel parameters at runtime
.SH SYNOPSIS
-.B "sysctl [-n] [-e] variable ..."
+.B sysctl
+.RB [ \-n ]
+.RB [ \-e ]
+.I variable
+\&...
.br
-.B "sysctl [-n] [-e] [-q] -w variable=value ..."
+.B sysctl
+.RB [ \-n ]
+.RB [ \-e ]
+.RB [ \-q ]
+.B \-w
+.IR variable = value
+\&...
.br
-.B "sysctl [-n] [-e] [-q] -p <filename>"
+.B sysctl
+.RB [ \-n ]
+.RB [ \-e ]
+.RB [ \-q ]
+.B \-p
+.RI [ filename ]
.br
-.B "sysctl [-n] [-e] -a"
+.B sysctl
+.RB [ \-n ]
+.RB [ \-e ]
+.B \-a
.br
-.B "sysctl [-n] [-e] -A"
+.B sysctl
+.RB [ \-n ]
+.RB [ \-e ]
+.B \-A
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B sysctl
is used to modify kernel parameters at runtime. The parameters available
are those listed under /proc/sys/. Procfs is required for
-.B sysctl(8)
+.B sysctl
support in Linux. You can use
-.B sysctl(8)
+.B sysctl
to both read and write sysctl data.
.SH PARAMETERS
.TP
-.B "variable"
+.I variable
The name of a key to read from. An example is kernel.ostype. The '/'
separator is also accepted in place of a '.'.
.TP
-.B "variable=value"
-To set a key, use the form variable=value, where variable is the key and
-value is the value to set it to. If the value contains quotes or characters
+.IR variable = value
+To set a key, use the form
+.IR variable = value
+where
+.I variable
+is the key and
+.I value
+is the value to set it to. If the value contains quotes or characters
which are parsed by the shell, you may need to enclose the value in double
-quotes. This requires the -w parameter to use.
+quotes. This requires the
+.B \-w
+parameter to use.
.TP
-.B "-n"
+.B \-n
Use this option to disable printing of the key name when printing values.
.TP
-.B "-e"
+.B \-e
Use this option to ignore errors about unknown keys.
.TP
-.B "-N"
+.B \-N
Use this option to only print the names. It may be useful with shells that
have programmable completion.
.TP
-.B "-q"
+.B \-q
Use this option to not display the values set to stdout.
.TP
-.B "-w"
+.B \-w
Use this option when you want to change a sysctl setting.
.TP
-.B "-p"
+.B \-p
Load in sysctl settings from the file specified or /etc/sysctl.conf if none given.
Specifying \- as filename means reading data from standard input.
.TP
-.B "-a"
+.B \-a
Display all values currently available.
.TP
-.B "-A"
+.B \-A
Display all values currently available in table form.
.SH EXAMPLES
-.TP
-/sbin/sysctl -a
-.TP
-/sbin/sysctl -n kernel.hostname
-.TP
-/sbin/sysctl -w kernel.domainname="example.com"
-.TP
-/sbin/sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
+/sbin/sysctl \-a
+.br
+/sbin/sysctl \-n kernel.hostname
+.br
+/sbin/sysctl \-w kernel.domainname="example.com"
+.br
+/sbin/sysctl \-p /etc/sysctl.conf
.SH FILES
.I /proc/sys
+.br
.I /etc/sysctl.conf
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR sysctl.conf (5)
.SH BUGS
-The -A parameter behaves just as -a does.
+The
+.B \-A
+parameter behaves just as
+.B \-a
+does.
.SH AUTHOR
George Staikos, <staikos@0wned.org>
.BI "\-d" " delay"
option sets the time argument for an
.BR alarm (2);
-if -d 0 is specified, the alarm is set to 0, which will never send the
+if \-d 0 is specified, the alarm is set to 0, which will never send the
.B SIGALRM
and update the display.
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B uptime
.br
-.BR uptime " [" "\-V" ]
+.B uptime
+.RB [ \-V ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B uptime
gives a one line display of the following information.
how long the system has been running,
how many users are currently logged on,
and the system load averages for the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes.
-.sp
+
This is the same information contained in the header line displayed by
.BR w (1).
+.sp
+System load averages is the average number of processes that are either
+in a runnable or uninterruptable state. A process in a runnable state is
+either using the CPU or waiting to use the CPU. A process in
+uninterruptable state is waiting for some I/O access, eg waiting for
+disk. The averages are taken over the three time intervals.
+Load averages are not normalized for the number of CPUs in a system, so
+a load average of 1 means a single CPU system is loaded all the time
+while on a 4 CPU system it means it was idle 75% of the time.
.SH FILES
-.IR /var/run/utmp " information about who is currently logged on"
-.br
-.IR /proc " process information"
+.TP
+.I /var/run/utmp
+information about who is currently logged on
+.TP
+.I /proc
+process information
.SH AUTHORS
.B uptime
was written by Larry Greenfield <greenfie@gauss.rutgers.edu> and
.\" This page Copyright (C) 1994 Henry Ware <al172@yfn.ysu.edu>
.\" Distributed under the GPL, Copyleft 1994.
-.TH VMSTAT 8 "27 July 1994 " "Throatwobbler Ginkgo Labs" "Linux Administrator's Manual"
+.TH VMSTAT 8 "2009 Jan 9" "Throatwobbler Ginkgo Labs" "Linux Administrator's Manual"
.SH NAME
vmstat \- Report virtual memory statistics
.SH SYNOPSIS
.RB [ "\-d"]
.br
.B vmstat
+.RB [ "\-D"]
+.br
+.B vmstat
.RB [ "\-p disk partition"]
.br
.B vmstat
.RB [ "\-V" ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
\fBvmstat\fP reports information about processes, memory, paging,
-block IO, traps, and cpu activity.
+block IO, traps, disks and cpu activity.
The first report produced gives averages since the last reboot. Additional
reports give information on a sampling period of length \fIdelay\fP.
The process and memory reports are instantaneous in either case.
.SS Options
-The \fB-a\fP switch displays active/inactive memory, given a 2.5.41 kernel or better.
+The \fB\-a\fP switch displays active/inactive memory, given a 2.5.41 kernel or better.
.PP
-The \fB-f\fP switch displays the number of forks since boot.
+The \fB\-f\fP switch displays the number of forks since boot.
This includes the fork, vfork, and clone system calls, and is
equivalent to the total number of tasks created. Each process
is represented by one or more tasks, depending on thread usage.
This display does not repeat.
.PP
-The \fB-m\fP displays slabinfo.
+The \fB\-m\fP displays slabinfo.
.PP
-The \fB-n\fP switch causes the header to be displayed only once rather than periodically.
+The \fB\-n\fP switch causes the header to be displayed only once rather than periodically.
.PP
-The \fB-s\fP switch displays a table of various event counters
+The \fB\-s\fP switch displays a table of various event counters
and memory statistics. This display does not repeat.
.PP
.I delay
is the number of updates. If no count is specified and delay is
defined, \fIcount\fP defaults to infinity.
.PP
-The \fB-d\fP reports disk statistics (2.5.70 or above required)
+The \fB\-d\fP reports disk statistics (2.5.70 or above required)
+.PP
+The \fB-D\fP reports some summary statistics about disk activity.
.PP
-The \fB-p\fP followed by some partition name for detailed statistics (2.5.70 or above required)
+The \fB\-p\fP followed by some partition name for detailed statistics (2.5.70 or above required)
.PP
-The \fB-S\fP followed by k or K or m or M switches outputs between 1000, 1024, 1000000, or 1048576 bytes
+The \fB\-S\fP followed by k or K or m or M switches outputs between 1000, 1024, 1000000, or 1048576 bytes
.PP
-The \fB-V\fP switch results in displaying version information.
+The \fB\-V\fP switch results in displaying version information.
.PP
.SH FIELD DESCRIPTION FOR VM MODE
.SS
free: the amount of idle memory.
buff: the amount of memory used as buffers.
cache: the amount of memory used as cache.
-inact: the amount of inactive memory. (-a option)
-active: the amount of active memory. (-a option)
+inact: the amount of inactive memory. (\-a option)
+active: the amount of active memory. (\-a option)
.fi
.PP
.SS
.nf
in: The number of interrupts per second, including the clock.
cs: The number of context switches per second.
-.if
+.fi
.PP
.SS
.B "CPU "
These are percentages of total CPU time.
.nf
-us: Time spent running non-kernel code. (user time, including nice time)
+us: Time spent running non\-kernel code. (user time, including nice time)
sy: Time spent running kernel code. (system time)
-id: Time spent idle. Prior to Linux 2.5.41, this includes IO-wait time.
+id: Time spent idle. Prior to Linux 2.5.41, this includes IO\-wait time.
wa: Time spent waiting for IO. Prior to Linux 2.5.41, included in idle.
st: Time stolen from a virtual machine. Prior to Linux 2.6.11, unknown.
-
+.fi
.PP
.SH FIELD DESCRIPTION FOR DISK MODE
.SS
total: Total number of available objects
size: Size of each object
pages: Number of pages with at least one active object
-totpages: Total number of allocated pages
-pslab: Number of pages per slab
.fi
.SH NOTES
.fi
.SH "SEE ALSO"
-iostat(1), sar(1), mpstat(1), ps(1), top(1), free(1)
+.BR iostat (1),
+.BR sar (1),
+.BR mpstat (1),
+.BR ps (1),
+.BR top (1),
+.BR free (1)
.PP
.SH BUGS
Does not tabulate the block io per device or count the number of system calls.
.SH NAME
w \- Show who is logged on and what they are doing.
.SH SYNOPSIS
-.B w \-
-.RB [ husfV ]
+.B w
+.RB [ \-husfV ]
.RI [ user ]
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.B "w "
+.B w
displays information about the users currently on the machine,
and their processes.
The header shows, in this order, the current time,
how long the system has been running,
how many users are currently logged on,
and the system load averages for the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes.
-.sp
+
The following entries are displayed for each user:
login name, the tty name, the remote host, login time, idle time, JCPU, PCPU,
and the command line of their current process.
-.sp
+
The JCPU time is the time used by all processes attached to the tty. It
does not include past background jobs, but does include currently
running background jobs.
-.sp
+
The PCPU time is the time used by the current process, named in the "what"
field.
.TP 0.5i
.B "\-u "
Ignores the username while figuring out the current process and cpu
-times. To demonstrate this, do a "su" and do a "w" and a "w -u".
+times. To demonstrate this, do a "su" and do a "w" and a "w \-u".
.TP 0.5i
.B "\-s "
Use the short format.
-.TH WATCH 1 "1999 Apr 3" " " "Linux User's Manual"
+.TH WATCH 1 "2009 May 11" " " "Linux User's Manual"
.SH NAME
watch \- execute a program periodically, showing output fullscreen
.SH SYNOPSIS
+.na
.B watch
-.I [\-dhvt] [\-n <seconds>] [\-\-differences[=cumulative]] [\-\-help] [\-\-interval=<seconds>] [\-\-no\-title] [\-\-version] <command>
+.RB [ \-dhvt ]
+.RB [ \-n
+.IR seconds ]
+.RB [ \-\-differences[=\fIcumulative\fP]]
+.RB [ \-\-help ]
+.RB [ \-\-interval=\fIseconds\fP]
+.RB [ \-\-no\-title ]
+.RB [ \-\-version ]
+.I command
.SH DESCRIPTION
-.BR watch
+.B watch
runs
.I command
repeatedly, displaying its output (the first screenfull). This allows you to
watch the program output change over time. By default, the program is run
every 2 seconds; use
-.I -n
+.B \-n
or
-.I --interval
+.B \-\-interval
to specify a different interval.
.PP
The
-.I -d
+.B \-d
or
-.I --differences
-flag will highlight the differences between successive updates. The
-.I --cumulative
-option makes highlighting "sticky", presenting a running display of all
+.B \-\-differences
+flag will highlight the differences between successive updates. Using
+.B \-\-differences=\fIcumulative\fP
+makes highlighting "sticky", presenting a running display of all
positions that have ever changed. The
-.I -t
+.B \-t
or
-.I --no-title
+.B \-\-no\-title
option turns off the header showing the interval, command, and current
time at the top of the display, as well as the following blank line.
.PP
-.BR watch
+.B watch
will run until interrupted.
.SH NOTE
Note that
.I command
-is given to "sh -c"
+is given to "sh \-c"
which means that you may need to use extra quoting to get the desired effect.
.PP
Note that POSIX option processing is used (i.e., option processing stops at
-the first non-option argument). This means that flags after
+the first non\-option argument). This means that flags after
.I command
don't get interpreted by
.BR watch
To see the effects of quoting, try these out
.IP
watch echo $$
-.IP
+.br
watch echo '$$'
-.IP
+.br
watch echo "'"'$$'"'"
.PP
You can watch for your administrator to install the latest kernel with
.IP
-watch uname -r
+watch uname \-r
.PP
(Just kidding.)
.SH BUGS
Upon terminal resize, the screen will not be correctly repainted until the
next scheduled update. All
-.I --differences
+.B \-\-differences
highlighting is lost on that update as well.
.PP
Non-printing characters are stripped from program output. Use "cat -v" as
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