in the documentation.
Many coding styles place begin/end brackets on a line by themselves. This makes
programs considerably longer and wastes valuable screen space, making it harder
to get a good overview of a program. Ideally, a function should fit on one
-screen (say, 20-30 lines). 20 lines of Python can do a lot more work than 20
+screen (say, 20--30 lines). 20 lines of Python can do a lot more work than 20
lines of C. This is not solely due to the lack of begin/end brackets -- the
lack of declarations and the high-level data types are also responsible -- but
the indentation-based syntax certainly helps.
Guido van Rossum and Jelke de Boer, "Interactively Testing Remote Servers
Using the Python Programming Language", CWI Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 4
- (December 1991), Amsterdam, pp 283-303.
+ (December 1991), Amsterdam, pp 283--303.
Are there any books on Python?
hold values ranging from 0 to 255. ASCII codes only went up to 127, so some
machines assigned values between 128 and 255 to accented characters. Different
machines had different codes, however, which led to problems exchanging files.
-Eventually various commonly used sets of values for the 128-255 range emerged.
+Eventually various commonly used sets of values for the 128--255 range emerged.
Some were true standards, defined by the International Standards Organization,
and some were **de facto** conventions that were invented by one company or
another and managed to catch on.
255 characters aren't very many. For example, you can't fit both the accented
characters used in Western Europe and the Cyrillic alphabet used for Russian
-into the 128-255 range because there are more than 128 such characters.
+into the 128--255 range because there are more than 128 such characters.
You could write files using different codes (all your Russian files in a coding
system called KOI8, all your French files in a different coding system called
to represent many different characters from many different alphabets; an initial
goal was to have Unicode contain the alphabets for every single human language.
It turns out that even 16 bits isn't enough to meet that goal, and the modern
-Unicode specification uses a wider range of codes, 0-1,114,111 (0x10ffff in
+Unicode specification uses a wider range of codes, 0--1,114,111 (0x10ffff in
base-16).
There's a related ISO standard, ISO 10646. Unicode and ISO 10646 were
To summarize the previous section: a Unicode string is a sequence of code
points, which are numbers from 0 to 0x10ffff. This sequence needs to be
-represented as a set of bytes (meaning, values from 0-255) in memory. The rules
+represented as a set of bytes (meaning, values from 0--255) in memory. The rules
for translating a Unicode string into a sequence of bytes are called an
**encoding**.
case.)
Latin-1, also known as ISO-8859-1, is a similar encoding. Unicode code points
-0-255 are identical to the Latin-1 values, so converting to this encoding simply
+0--255 are identical to the Latin-1 values, so converting to this encoding simply
requires converting code points to byte values; if a code point larger than 255
is encountered, the string can't be encoded into Latin-1.
~~~~~~~~~~~
Because the default handlers handle redirects (codes in the 300 range), and
-codes in the 100-299 range indicate success, you will usually only see error
-codes in the 400-599 range.
+codes in the 100--299 range indicate success, you will usually only see error
+codes in the 400--599 range.
``BaseHTTPServer.BaseHTTPRequestHandler.responses`` is a useful dictionary of
response codes in that shows all the response codes used by RFC 2616. The
.. method:: itermonthdates(year, month)
- Return an iterator for the month *month* (1-12) in the year *year*. This
+ Return an iterator for the month *month* (1--12) in the year *year*. This
iterator will return all days (as :class:`datetime.date` objects) for the
month and all days before the start of the month or after the end of the
month that are required to get a complete week.
Kahan, W: Branch cuts for complex elementary functions; or, Much ado about
nothing's sign bit. In Iserles, A., and Powell, M. (eds.), The state of the art
- in numerical analysis. Clarendon Press (1987) pp165-211.
+ in numerical analysis. Clarendon Press (1987) pp165--211.
unicode object into a sequence of bytes is called encoding and recreating the
unicode object from the sequence of bytes is known as decoding. There are many
different methods for how this transformation can be done (these methods are
-also called encodings). The simplest method is to map the code points 0-255 to
-the bytes ``0x0``-``0xff``. This means that a unicode object that contains
+also called encodings). The simplest method is to map the code points 0--255 to
+the bytes ``0x0``--``0xff``. This means that a unicode object that contains
code points above ``U+00FF`` can't be encoded with this method (which is called
``'latin-1'`` or ``'iso-8859-1'``). :func:`unicode.encode` will raise a
:exc:`UnicodeEncodeError` that looks like this: ``UnicodeEncodeError: 'latin-1'
There's another group of encodings (the so called charmap encodings) that choose
a different subset of all unicode code points and how these code points are
-mapped to the bytes ``0x0``-``0xff``. To see how this is done simply open
+mapped to the bytes ``0x0``--``0xff``. To see how this is done simply open
e.g. :file:`encodings/cp1252.py` (which is an encoding that is used primarily on
Windows). There's a string constant with 256 characters that shows you which
character is mapped to which byte value.
Return a string representation of the ASCII character *c*. If *c* is printable,
this string is the character itself. If the character is a control character
- (0x00-0x1f) the string consists of a caret (``'^'``) followed by the
+ (0x00--0x1f) the string consists of a caret (``'^'``) followed by the
corresponding uppercase letter. If the character is an ASCII delete (0x7f) the
string is ``'^?'``. If the character has its meta bit (0x80) set, the meta bit
is stripped, the preceding rules applied, and ``'!'`` prepended to the result.
Return the name of the key numbered *k*. The name of a key generating printable
ASCII character is the key's character. The name of a control-key combination
is a two-character string consisting of a caret followed by the corresponding
- printable ASCII character. The name of an alt-key combination (128-255) is a
+ printable ASCII character. The name of an alt-key combination (128--255) is a
string consisting of the prefix 'M-' followed by the name of the corresponding
ASCII character.
preceded by ``+`` or ``-`` (with no space in between) and surrounded by
whitespace. A base-n literal consists of the digits 0 to n-1, with ``a``
to ``z`` (or ``A`` to ``Z``) having
- values 10 to 35. The default *base* is 10. The allowed values are 0 and 2-36.
+ values 10 to 35. The default *base* is 10. The allowed values are 0 and 2--36.
Base-2, -8, and -16 literals can be optionally prefixed with ``0b``/``0B``,
``0o``/``0O``/``0``, or ``0x``/``0X``, as with integer literals in code.
Base 0 means to interpret the string exactly as an integer literal, so that
If *strict* is false (``True`` is the default), then control characters
will be allowed inside strings. Control characters in this context are
- those with character codes in the 0-31 range, including ``'\t'`` (tab),
+ those with character codes in the 0--31 range, including ``'\t'`` (tab),
``'\n'``, ``'\r'`` and ``'\0'``.
If the data being deserialized is not a valid JSON document, a
M. Matsumoto and T. Nishimura, "Mersenne Twister: A 623-dimensionally
equidistributed uniform pseudorandom number generator", ACM Transactions on
- Modeling and Computer Simulation Vol. 8, No. 1, January pp.3-30 1998.
+ Modeling and Computer Simulation Vol. 8, No. 1, January pp.3--30 1998.
Wichmann, B. A. & Hill, I. D., "Algorithm AS 183: An efficient and portable
pseudo-random number generator", Applied Statistics 31 (1982) 188-190.
Convert a character reference to a string, or ``None``. *ref* is the reference
passed in as a string. In the base implementation, *ref* must be a decimal
- number in the range 0-255. It converts the code point found using the
+ number in the range 0--255. It converts the code point found using the
:meth:`convert_codepoint` method. If *ref* is invalid or out of range, this
method returns ``None``. This method is called by the default
:meth:`handle_charref` implementation and by the attribute value parser.
(defaulting to zero), or another type of object. If it is an integer, zero
is considered "successful termination" and any nonzero value is considered
"abnormal termination" by shells and the like. Most systems require it to be
- in the range 0-127, and produce undefined results otherwise. Some systems
+ in the range 0--127, and produce undefined results otherwise. Some systems
have a convention for assigning specific meanings to specific exit codes, but
these are generally underdeveloped; Unix programs generally use 2 for command
line syntax errors and 1 for all other kind of errors. If another type of
character is represented by a string of one item. Characters represent (at
least) 8-bit bytes. The built-in functions :func:`chr` and :func:`ord` convert
between characters and nonnegative integers representing the byte values. Bytes
- with the values 0-127 usually represent the corresponding ASCII values, but the
+ with the values 0--127 usually represent the corresponding ASCII values, but the
interpretation of values is up to the program. The string data type is also
used to represent arrays of bytes, e.g., to hold data read from a file.
...
For a fuller discussion of the line I/O changes, see the python-dev summary for
- January 1-15, 2001 at https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-January/.
+ January 1--15, 2001 at https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-January/.
* A new method, :meth:`popitem`, was added to dictionaries to enable
destructively iterating through the contents of a dictionary; this can be faster
when compared to earlier 2.x versions. Python 2.7 is currently expected to
remain supported by the core development team (receiving security updates
and other bug fixes) until at least 2020 (10 years after its initial
- release, compared to the more typical support period of 18-24 months).
+ release, compared to the more typical support period of 18--24 months).
* As the Python 2.7 standard library ages, making effective use of the
Python Package Index (either directly or via a redistributor) becomes
Gregory Smith; :issue:`1087418`).
* The implementation of ``%`` checks for the left-side operand being
- a Python string and special-cases it; this results in a 1-3%
+ a Python string and special-cases it; this results in a 1--3%
performance increase for applications that frequently use ``%``
with strings, such as templating libraries.
(Implemented by Collin Winter; :issue:`5176`.)
projects / python / commitdiff