A quicker astimezone() implementation, rehabilitating an earlier

A quicker astimezone() implementation, rehabilitating an earlier
suggestion from Guido, along with a formal correctness proof of the
trickiest bit.  The intricacy of the proof reveals how delicate this
is, but also how robust the conclusion:  correctness doesn't rely on
dst() returning +- one hour (not all real time zones do!), it only
relies on:

1. That dst() returns a (any) non-zero value if and only if daylight
   time is in effect.

and

2. That the tzinfo subclass implements a consistent notion of time zone.

The meaning of "consistent" was a hidden assumption, which is now an
explicit requirement in the docs.  Alas, it's an unverifiable (by the
datetime implementation) requirement, but so it goes.