Reduce number of bytes examined by convert_one_string_to_scalar().

Reduce number of bytes examined by convert_one_string_to_scalar().

Previously, convert_one_string_to_scalar() would examine up to 20 bytes of
the input string, producing a scalar conversion with theoretical precision
far greater than is of any possible use considering the other limitations
on the accuracy of the resulting selectivity estimate.  (I think this
choice might pre-date the caller-level logic that strips any common prefix
of the strings; before that, there could have been value in scanning the
strings far enough to use all the precision available in a double.)

Aside from wasting cycles to little purpose, this choice meant that the
"denom" variable could grow to as much as 256^21 = 3.74e50, which could
overflow in some non-IEEE float arithmetics.  While we don't really support
any machines with non-IEEE arithmetic anymore, this still seems like quite
an unnecessary platform dependency.  Limit the scan to 12 bytes instead,
thus limiting "denom" to 256^13 = 2.03e31, a value more likely to be
computable everywhere.

Per testing by Greg Stark, which showed overflow failures in our standard
regression tests on VAX.