Fix the internals of our hash functions to used unsigned values during hash

Fix the internals of our hash functions to used unsigned values during hash
computation as the overflow behavior of signed integers is undefined.

NOTE: This change is smaller compared to 3.2 as much of this cleanup had
already been done.  I added the comment that my change in 3.2 added so that the
code would match up.  Otherwise this just adds or synchronizes appropriate UL
designations on some constants to be pedantic.

In practice we require compiling everything with -fwrapv which forces overflow
to be defined as twos compliment but this keeps the code cleaner for checkers
or in the case where someone has compiled it without -fwrapv or their
compiler's equivalent.  We could work to get rid of the -fwrapv requirement
in 3.4 but that requires more planning.

Found by Clang trunk's Undefined Behavior Sanitizer (UBSan).

Cleanup only - no functionality or hash values change.