read-cache: speed up has_dir_name (part 1)

read-cache: speed up has_dir_name (part 1)

Teach has_dir_name() to see if the path of the new item
is greater than the last path in the index array before
attempting to search for it.

has_dir_name() is looking for file/directory collisions
in the index and has to consider each sub-directory
prefix in turn.  This can cause multiple binary searches
for each path.

During operations like checkout, merge_working_tree()
populates the new index in sorted order, so we expect
to be able to append in many cases.

This commit is part 1 of 2.  This commit handles the top
of has_dir_name() and the trivial optimization.

Signed-off-by: Jeff Hostetler <jeffhost@microsoft.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>