Create, Edit, or Compose Bitmap Images With These Command-line Options

+[ ‑adaptive‑blur • ‑adaptive‑resize • ‑adaptive‑sharpen • ‑adjoin • ‑affine • ‑alpha • ‑annotate • ‑antialias • ‑append • ‑attenuate • ‑authenticate • ‑auto‑gamma • ‑auto‑level • ‑auto‑orient • ‑backdrop • ‑background • ‑bench • ‑bias • ‑black‑point‑compensation • ‑black‑threshold • ‑blend • ‑blue‑primary • ‑blue‑shift • ‑blur • ‑border • ‑bordercolor • ‑borderwidth • ‑brightness‑contrast • ‑cache • ‑caption • ‑cdl • ‑channel • ‑charcoal • ‑chop • ‑clamp • ‑clip • ‑clip‑mask • ‑clip‑path • ‑clone • ‑clut • ‑coalesce • ‑colorize • ‑colormap • ‑color‑matrix • ‑colors • ‑colorspace • ‑combine • ‑comment • ‑compose • ‑composite • ‑compress • ‑contrast • ‑contrast‑stretch • ‑convolve • ‑crop • ‑cycle • ‑debug • ‑decipher • ‑deconstruct • ‑define • ‑delay • ‑delete • ‑density • ‑depth • ‑descend • ‑deskew • ‑despeckle • ‑direction • ‑displace • ‑display • ‑dispose • ‑dissimilarity‑threshold • ‑dissolve • ‑distort • ‑dither • ‑draw • ‑duplicate • ‑edge • ‑emboss • ‑encipher • ‑encoding • ‑endian • ‑enhance • ‑equalize • ‑evaluate • ‑evaluate‑sequence • ‑extent • ‑extract • ‑family • ‑features • ‑fft • ‑fill • ‑filter • ‑flatten • ‑flip • ‑floodfill • ‑flop • ‑font • ‑foreground • ‑format • ‑format[identify] • ‑frame • ‑frame[import] • ‑function • ‑fuzz • ‑fx • ‑gamma • ‑gaussian‑blur • ‑geometry • ‑gravity • ‑green‑primary • ‑hald‑clut • ‑help • ‑highlight‑color • ‑iconGeometry • ‑iconic • ‑identify • ‑ift • ‑immutable • ‑implode • ‑insert • ‑intent • ‑interlace • ‑interpolate • ‑interline‑spacing • ‑interword‑spacing • ‑kerning • ‑label • ‑lat • ‑layers • ‑level • ‑level‑colors • ‑limit • ‑linear‑stretch • ‑linewidth • ‑liquid‑rescale • ‑list • ‑log • ‑loop • ‑lowlight‑color • ‑magnify • ‑map • ‑map[stream] • ‑mask • ‑mattecolor • ‑median • ‑metric • ‑mode • ‑modulate • ‑monitor • ‑monochrome • ‑morph • ‑morphology • ‑mosaic • ‑motion‑blur • ‑name • ‑negate • ‑noise • ‑normalize • ‑opaque • ‑ordered‑dither • ‑orient • ‑page • ‑paint • ‑path • ‑pause[animate] • ‑pause[import] • ‑pen • ‑ping • ‑pointsize • ‑polaroid • ‑posterize • ‑precision • ‑preview • ‑print • ‑process • ‑profile • ‑quality • ‑quantize • ‑quiet • ‑radial‑blur • ‑raise • ‑random‑threshold • ‑red‑primary • ‑regard‑warnings • ‑region • ‑remap • ‑remote • ‑render • ‑repage • ‑resample • ‑resize • ‑respect‑parentheses • ‑reverse • ‑roll • ‑rotate • ‑sample • ‑sampling‑factor • ‑scale • ‑scene • ‑screen • ‑seed • ‑segment • ‑selective‑blur • ‑separate • ‑sepia‑tone • ‑set • ‑shade • ‑shadow • ‑shared‑memory • ‑sharpen • ‑shave • ‑shear • ‑sigmoidal‑contrast • ‑silent • ‑size • ‑sketch • ‑smush • ‑snaps • ‑solarize • ‑sparse‑color • ‑splice • ‑spread • ‑statistic • ‑stegano • ‑stereo • ‑stretch • ‑strip • ‑stroke • ‑strokewidth • ‑style • ‑subimage‑search • ‑swap • ‑swirl • ‑synchronize • ‑taint • ‑text‑font • ‑texture • ‑threshold • ‑thumbnail • ‑tile • ‑tile‑offset • ‑tint • ‑title • ‑transform • ‑transparent • ‑transparent‑color • ‑transpose • ‑transverse • ‑treedepth • ‑trim • ‑type • ‑undercolor • ‑unique‑colors • ‑units • ‑unsharp • ‑update • ‑verbose • ‑version • ‑view • ‑vignette • ‑virtual‑pixel • ‑visual • ‑watermark • ‑wave • ‑weight • ‑white‑point • ‑white‑threshold • ‑window • ‑window‑group • ‑write ]

Below is list of command-line options recognized by the ImageMagick command-line +href="command-line-tools.html">command-line tools. If you want a description of a particular option, click on the option name in the navigation bar above and you will go right to it. Unless -otherwise noted, each option is recognized by the commands convert, mogrify.

+otherwise noted, each option is recognized by the commands convert, mogrify.

-adaptive-blur radius[xsigma]

Adaptively blur pixels, with decreasing effect near edges.

A Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma) is used. If sigma is not given it defaults to 1.

+ +

A Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma) is used. If sigma is not given it +defaults to 1.

-adaptive-resize geometry

@@ -215,7 +268,11 @@ otherwise noted, each option is recognized by the commands Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. The -adaptive-resize option defaults to data-dependent triangulation. Use the -filter to choose a different resampling algorithm. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and the -gravity option has no effect.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. The -adaptive-resize +option defaults to data-dependent triangulation. Use the -filter to choose a different resampling algorithm. +Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and the -gravity option has no effect.

-adaptive-sharpen radius[xsigma]

@@ -223,7 +280,9 @@ otherwise noted, each option is recognized by the commands sigma) is used. If sigma is not given it defaults to 1.

A Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma) is used. If sigma is not given it +defaults to 1.

-adjoin

@@ -231,77 +290,113 @@ otherwise noted, each option is recognized by the commands -scene number before the -suffix, in order to make distinct names for each image.

This option is enabled by default. An attempt is made to save all images of +an image sequence into the given output file. However, some formats, such as +JPEG and PNG, do not support more than one image per file, and in that case +ImageMagick is forced to write each image as a separate file. As such, if +more than one image needs to be written, the filename given is modified by +adding a -scene number before the suffix, in order to +make distinct names for each image.

Use +adjoin to force each image to be written -to separate files, whether or not the file format allows multiple images -per file (for example, GIF, MIFF, and TIFF).

Use +adjoin to force each image to be written to +separate files, whether or not the file format allows multiple images per file +(for example, GIF, MIFF, and TIFF).

Including a C-style integer format string in the output filename will automagically enable +adjoin and are used to specify where the -scene number is placed in the filenames. These strings, such as '%d' or '%03d', are familiar to those who have used the standard printf()' C-library function. As an example, the command

Including a C-style integer format string in the output filename will +automagically enable +adjoin and are used to specify +where the -scene number is placed in the filenames. These +strings, such as '%d' or '%03d', are familiar to those +who have used the standard printf()' C-library function. As an +example, the command

$magick> convert logo: rose: -morph 15 my%02dmorph.jpg

will create a sequence of 17 images named my00morph.jpg, my01morph.jpg, my02morph.jpg, ..., my16morph.jpg. -

$ convert logo: rose: -morph 15 my%02dmorph.jpg

will create a sequence of 17 images (the two given plus 15 more created by +-morph), named: my00morph.jpg, my01morph.jpg, +my02morph.jpg, ..., my16morph.jpg.

In summary, ImageMagick tries to write all images to one file, but will use -multiple files if either
- (1) the output image's file format does not allow multi-image files,
- (2) the +adjoin option is given, or
- (3) a printf() integer format string (eg: "%d") is present in the output filename.

In summary, ImageMagick tries to write all images to one file, but will +save to multiple files, if any of the following conditions exist... +

the output image's file format does not allow multi-image files, +
the +adjoin option is given, or +
a printf() integer format string (eg: "%d") is present in the output + filename. +

-affine s_x,r_x,r_y,s_y,t_x,t_y
- -affine s_x,r_x,r_y,s_y

-affine + s_x,r_x,r_y,s_y[,t_x,t_y]

Set the drawing transformation matrix for combined rotating and scaling.

This option sets a transformation matrix, encoded as (s_x, r_x, r_y, s_y, t_x, t_y), for use by subsequent -draw or -transform options.

This option sets a transformation matrix, for use by subsequent -draw or -transform options.

The matrix entries are entered as comma-separated numeric values with no spaces.

The matrix entries are entered as comma-separated numeric values either in +quotes or without spaces.

Internally, the transformation matrix has 3x3 elements, but three of them are omitted from the input because they are constant. The new (transformed) coordinates (x', y') of a pixel at position (x, y) in the original image are calculated using the following matrix equation.

Internally, the transformation matrix has 3x3 elements, but three of them +are omitted from the input because they are constant. The new (transformed) +coordinates (x', y') of a pixel at +position (x, y) in the original +image are calculated using the following matrix equation.

-The size of the resulting image is that of the smallest rectangle that contains the transformed source image. The parameters t_x and t_y subsequently shift the image pixels so that those that are moved out of the image area are cut off.

The size of the resulting image is that of the smallest rectangle that +contains the transformed source image. The parameters t_x and t_y +subsequently shift the image pixels so that those that are moved out of the +image area are cut off.

The transformation matrix complies with the left-handed pixel coordinate system: positive x and y directions are rightward and downward, resp.; positive rotation is clockwise.

The transformation matrix complies with the left-handed pixel coordinate +system: positive x and y directions +are rightward and downward, resp.; positive rotation is clockwise.

If the translation coefficients t_x and t_y are omotted they default to 0,0. Therefore, four parameters suffice for rotation and scaling without translation.

If the translation coefficients t_x and t_y are omitted they default to 0,0. Therefore, +four parameters suffice for rotation and scaling without translation.

Scaling by the factors s_x and s_y in the x and y directions, respectively, is accomplished with the following.

Scaling by the factors s_x and s_y in the x and y directions, +respectively, is accomplished with the following.

- -affine s_x,0,0,s_y -

See -transform, and the -distort method 'Affineprojection for more +information

+ + +

-affine s_x,0,0,s_y

Translation by a displacement (t_x, t_y) is accomplished like so:

-affine 1,0,0,1,t_x,t_y

Rotate clockwise about the origin (the upper left-hand corner) by an angle a by letting -c = cos(a), s = sin(a), and using the following.

Rotate clockwise about the origin (the upper left-hand corner) by an angle +a by letting c = cos(a), s += sin(a), and using the following.

-affine c,s,-s,c

The cumulative effect of a sequence of -affine transformations can be accomplished by instead by a single -affine operation using the matrix equal to the product of the matrices of the individual transformations.

The cumulative effect of a sequence of -affine +transformations can be accomplished by instead by a single -affine operation using the matrix equal to the product of the matrices +of the individual transformations.

An attempt is made to detect near-singular transformation matrices. If the matrix determinant has a sufficiently small absolute value it is rejected.

An attempt is made to detect near-singular transformation matrices. If the +matrix determinant has a sufficiently small absolute value it is rejected.

-alpha type

@@ -380,6 +475,12 @@ channel data, to create an alpha channel, or to perform other operations on the replaced, with appropriate alpha shape. + + Remove + + Composite the image over the background color. + + Background @@ -391,34 +492,56 @@ channel data, to create an alpha channel, or to perform other operations on the -

Note that while the +matte operation is the same as -"-alpha Off", the -matte operation is the same as "-alpha -Set" and not "-alpha On".

Note that while the +matte operation is the same as +"-alpha Off", the -matte operation is the same as "-alpha +Set" and not "-alpha On".

-annotate degrees text
- -annotate XdegreesxYdegrees text
- -annotate XdegreesxYdegrees {+-}t_x{+-}t_y text

+ -annotate XdegreesxYdegrees text
-annotate XdegreesxYdegrees {+-}t_x{+-}t_y text

Annotate an image with text.

This is a convenience for annotating an image with text. For more precise control over text annotations, use -draw.

- - -

The values Xdegrees and Ydegrees control the shears with respect to the , respectively, applied to the text, while t_x and t_y are offsets that give the location of the text relative to the upper left corner of the image.

- -

Using -annotate degrees or -annotate degreesxdegrees produces an unsheared rotation of the text. The direction of the rotation is positive, which means a clockwise rotation if degrees is positive. (This conforms to the usual mathematical convention once it is realized that the positive y–direction is conventionally considered to be downward for images.)

- -

The new (transformed) coordinates (x', y') of a pixel at position (x, y) in the image are calculated using the following matrix equation.

- -

If t_x and t_y are omitted, they default to 0. This makes the bottom-left of the text becomes the upper-left corner of the image, which is probably undesirable. Adding a -gravity option in this case leads to nice results.

- -

Text is any UTF-8 encoded character sequence. If text is of the form '@mytext.txt', the text is read from the file mytext.txt. Text in a file is taken literally; no embedded formatting characters are recognized.

This is a convenience for annotating an image with text. For more precise +control over text annotations, use -draw.

+ + +

The values Xdegrees and Ydegrees +control the shears with respect to the , respectively, applied to the text, +while t_x and t_y are offsets that give the location of the text +relative to the upper left corner of the image.

+ +

Using -annotate degrees +or -annotate degreesxdegrees produces an unsheared rotation of the text. The +direction of the rotation is positive, which means a clockwise rotation if degrees is positive. (This conforms to the usual mathematical +convention once it is realized that the positive y–direction is +conventionally considered to be downward for images.)

+ +

The new (transformed) coordinates (x', y') of a pixel at position (x, y) in the image are calculated using the following matrix +equation.

+ +

If t_x and t_y are omitted, they default to 0. This makes the +bottom-left of the text becomes the upper-left corner of the image, which is +probably undesirable. Adding a -gravity option in this +case leads to nice results.

+ +

Text is any UTF-8 encoded character sequence. If text +is of the form '@mytext.txt', the text is read from the file +mytext.txt. Text in a file is taken literally; no embedded +formatting characters are recognized.

-antialias

@@ -428,7 +551,7 @@ Set" and not "-alpha On".

drawing fonts and lines.

By default, objects (e.g. text, lines, polygons, etc.) are antialiased when -drawn. Use +antialias to disable the addition of +drawn. Use +antialias to disable the addition of antialiasing edge pixels. This will then reduce the number of colors added to an image to just the colors being directly drawn. That is, no mixed colors are added when drawing such objects.

@@ -440,13 +563,13 @@ are added when drawing such objects.

Join current images vertically or horizontally.

This option creates a single longer image image, by joining all the current -images in sequence top-to-bottom. Use +append to +images in sequence top-to-bottom. Use +append to stack images left-to-right.

If they are not of the same width, narrower images are padded with the -current -background color setting, and their +current -background color setting, and their position relative to each other can be controlled by the current -gravity setting.

+href="command-line-options.html#gravity">-gravity setting.

@@ -455,6 +578,7 @@ href="#gravity">-gravity setting.

Lessen (or intensify) when adding noise to an image.

If unset the value is equivelent to 1.0, or a maximum noise addition

-authenticate password

@@ -462,9 +586,12 @@ href="#gravity">-gravity setting.

Decrypt a PDF with a password.

Use this option to supply a password for decrypting a PDF that has been encrypted using Microsoft Crypto API (MSC API). The encrypting using the MSC API is not supported.

Use this option to supply a password for decrypting +a PDF that has been encrypted using Microsoft Crypto API (MSC API). The +encrypting using the MSC API is not supported.

For a different encryption method, see -encipher and -decipher.

For a different encryption method, see -encipher +and -decipher.

@@ -475,7 +602,7 @@ href="#gravity">-gravity setting.

Automagically adjust gamma level of image.

This calculates the mean values of an image, then applies a calculated -gamma adjustment so that is the mean color exists in the +href="command-line-options.html#gamma" >-gamma adjustment so that is the mean color exists in the image it will get a have a value of 50%.

This means that any solid 'gray' image becomes 50% gray.

@@ -485,9 +612,9 @@ light areas, but tend to fail for images with large amounts of bright sky or dark shadows. It also does not work well for diagrams or cartoon like images.

It uses the -channel setting, (including the -'sync' flag for channel syncronization), to determine which color -values is used and modified. As the default It uses the -channel setting, (including the +'sync' flag for channel synchronization), to determine which color +values is used and modified. As the default -channel setting is 'RGB,sync', channels are modified together by the same gamma value, preserving colors.

@@ -501,26 +628,26 @@ together by the same gamma value, preserving colors.

This is a 'perfect' image normalization operator. It finds the exact minimum and maximum color values in the image and then applies a -level operator to stretch the values to the full range of +href="command-line-options.html#level" >-level operator to stretch the values to the full range of values.

The operator is not typically used for real-life images, image scans, or JPEG format images, as a single 'out-rider' pixel can set a bad min/max values -for the -level operation. On the other hand it is the +for the -level operation. On the other hand it is the right operator to use for color stretching gradient images being used to generate Color lookup tables, distortion maps, or other 'mathematically' defined images.

The operator is very similar to the -normalize, -contrast-stretch, and The operator is very similar to the -normalize, -contrast-stretch, and -linear-stretch operators, but without 'histogram binning' or 'clipping' -problems that these operators may have. That is -auto-level is the perfect or ideal version these operators.

It uses the -channel setting, (including the -special 'sync' flag for channel syncronization), to determine +

It uses the -channel setting, (including the +special 'sync' flag for channel synchronization), to determine which color values are used and modified. As the default +channel setting is 'RGB,sync', the +href="command-line-options.html#channel" >+channel setting is 'RGB,sync', the 'sync' ensures that the color channels will are modified together by the same gamma value, preserving colors, and ignoring transparency.

@@ -537,11 +664,11 @@ and then performs the appropriate 90 degree rotation on the image to orient the image, for correct viewing.

This EXIF profile setting is usually set using a gravity sensor in digital -camara, however photos taken directly downward or upward may not have an +camera, however photos taken directly downward or upward may not have an appropriate value. Also images that have been orientation 'corrected' without reseting this setting, may be 'corrected' again resulting in a incorrect -result. If the he EXIF profile was previously stripped, the -auto-orient operator will do nothing.

+result. If the EXIF profile was previously stripped, the -auto-orient operator will do nothing.

@@ -557,9 +684,12 @@ href="#auto-orient" >-auto-orient operator will do nothing.

-backdrop

Display the image centered on a backdrop.

[animate, display]

Display the image centered on a backdrop.

[animate, display]

This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding other X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop is specified as the background color. The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding +other X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop is +specified as the background color. The color is specified using the format +described under the -fill option.

-background color

@@ -567,7 +697,9 @@ href="#auto-orient" >-auto-orient operator will do nothing.

Set the background color.

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option. The default background color (if none is specified or found in the image) is white.

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option. The default background color (if none is +specified or found in the image) is white.

-bench iterations

@@ -575,10 +707,16 @@ href="#auto-orient" >-auto-orient operator will do nothing.

Measure performance.

Repeat the entire command for the given number of iterations and report the user-time and elapsed time. For instance, consider the following command and its output. Modify the benchmark with the -duration to run the benchmark for a fixed number of seconds and -concurrent to run the benchmark in parallel (requires the OpenMP feature).

Repeat the entire command for the given number of iterations and report the user-time and elapsed time. For instance, +consider the following command and its output. Modify the benchmark with the +-duration to run the benchmark for a fixed number of seconds and -concurrent +to run the benchmark in parallel (requires the OpenMP feature).

$magick> convert logo: -resize 1000% -bench 5 logo.pngPerformance: 5i 0.875657ips 6.880u 0:05.710

In this example, 5 iterations were completed at 0.875657 iterations per second, using 6.88 seconds of the user's allotted time, for a total elapsed time of 5.71 seconds.

$ convert logo: -resize 1000% -bench 5 logo.pngPerformance[4]: 5i 0.875657ips 6.880u 0:05.710

In this example, 5 iterations were completed at 0.875657 iterations per +second, using 4 threads and 6.88 seconds of the user's allotted time, for +a total elapsed time of 5.71 seconds.

-bias value{%}

@@ -586,17 +724,26 @@ href="#auto-orient" >-auto-orient operator will do nothing.

Add bias when convolving an image.

This option shifts the output of ‑convolve so that positive and negative results are relative to the specified bias value.

This option shifts the output of ‑convolve so that +positive and negative results are relative to the specified bias value.

This is important for non-HDRI compilations of ImageMagick when dealing with convolutions that contain negative as well as positive values. This is especially the case with convolutions involving high pass filters or edge detection. Without an output bias, the negative values are clipped at zero.

This is important for non-HDRI compilations of ImageMagick when dealing +with convolutions that contain negative as well as positive values. This is +especially the case with convolutions involving high pass filters or edge +detection. Without an output bias, the negative values are clipped at +zero.

When using an ImageMagick with the HDRI compile-time setting, ‑bias is not needed, as ImageMagick is able to store/handle any +

When using an ImageMagick with the HDRI compile-time setting, ‑bias is not needed, as ImageMagick is able to store/handle any negative results without clipping to the color value range (0..QuantumRange).

See the discussion on HDRI implementations of ImageMagick on the page -High Dynamic-Range Images. For more about HDRI go the ImageMagick Usage pages or this Wikipedia entry. -

See the discussion on HDRI implementations of ImageMagick on the page High Dynamic-Range Images. For more +about HDRI go the ImageMagick Usage pages or this +Wikipedia +entry.

-black-point-compensation

@@ -610,15 +757,16 @@ negative results without clipping to the color value range

Force to black all pixels below the threshold while leaving all pixels at or above the threshold unchanged.

The threshold value can be given as a percentage or as an absolute integer value within [0, QuantumRange] corresponding to the desired ‑channel value. See ‑threshold for more details on thresholds and resulting values. -

The threshold value can be given as a percentage or as an absolute integer +value within [0, QuantumRange] corresponding to the +desired ‑channel value. See ‑thresholdfor more details on thresholds and resulting values.

-blend geometry

blend an image into another by the given absolute value or percent.

[composite]

blend an image into another by the given absolute value or percent.

[composite]

Blend will average the images together ('plus') according to the percentages given and each pixels transparency. If only a single percentage @@ -663,18 +811,18 @@ integer. If not given, or set to zero, IM will calculate the largest possible radius that will provide meaningful results for the Gaussian distribution.

The larger the Radius the radius the slower the +

The larger the Radius the slower the operation is. However too small a Radius, and sever aliasing effects may result. As a guideline, Radius should be at least twice the Sigma value, though three -times will produce a more accurite result.

+times will produce a more accurate result.

This option differs from -gaussian-blur simply +

This option differs from -gaussian-blur simply by taking advantage of the separability properties of the distribution. Here we apply a single-dimensional Gaussian matrix in the horizontal direction, then repeat the process in the vertical direction.

The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how +

The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.

@@ -683,7 +831,7 @@ pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.

-blur Width[xHeight[+Angle]]

Variably blur and image according to the overlay mapping.

[composite]

Variably blur and image according to the overlay mapping.

[composite]

Each pixel in the overlaid region is replaced with an Elliptical Weighted Average (EWA) of the source image, scaled according to the grayscale @@ -691,11 +839,11 @@ mapping.

The ellipse is weighted with sigma set to the given Width and Height. The Height -defaults to the Width for a normal circular Guassian +defaults to the Width for a normal circular Gaussian weighting. The Angle will rotate the ellipse from horizontal clock-wise.

The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how +

The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.

@@ -707,20 +855,20 @@ pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.

Surround the image with a border of color.

Set the width and height using the size portion of the -gravity argument. See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. Offsets are +geometry argument. See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. Offsets are ignored.

Set the border color by preceding with the -bordercolor setting.

+href="command-line-options.html#bordercolor">-bordercolor setting.

The -border operation is affected by the current -compose setting and assumes that this is using the default +

The -border operation is affected by the current -compose setting and assumes that this is using the default 'Over' composition method. It generates a image of the appropriate -size colors by the current -bordercolor before +size colors by the current -bordercolor before overlaying the original image in the center of this net image. This means that with the default compose method of 'Over' any transparent parts may -be replaced by the current -bordercolor setting.

See also the -frame option, which has more +be replaced by the current -bordercolor setting.

See also the -frame option, which has more functionality.

@@ -729,7 +877,7 @@ functionality.

Set the border color.

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

The default border color is #DFDFDF, this shade of gray.

@@ -737,7 +885,7 @@ functionality.

-borderwidth geometry

Set the border width.

[animate, display]

Set the border width.

[animate, display]

-brightness-contrast brightness
-brightness-contrast brightness{xcontrast}{%}}

@@ -752,13 +900,13 @@ brightness or contrast and negative values decrease the brightness or contrast. To control only contrast, set the brightness=0. To control only brightness, set contrast=0 or just leave it off.

You may also use -channel to control which channels to +

You may also use -channel to control which channels to apply the brightness and/or contrast change. The default is to apply the same transformation to all channels.

Brightness and Contrast arguments are converted to offset and slope of a linear transform and applied -using -function polynomial "slope,offset".

+using -function polynomial "slope,offset".

The slope varies from 0 at contrast=-100 to almost vertical at contrast=+100. For brightness=0 and contrast=-100, the result are totally @@ -781,7 +929,7 @@ symbol is no different than leaving it off.

-cache threshold

(This option has been replaced by the -limit option.)

-caption string

@@ -791,10 +939,10 @@ symbol is no different than leaving it off.

This option sets the caption meta-data of an image read in after this option has been given. To modify a caption of images already in memory use -"-set caption".

+"-set caption".

The caption can contain special format characters listed in the Format and +href="escape.html">Format and Print Image Properties. These attributes are expanded when the caption is finally assigned to the individual images.

@@ -803,8 +951,8 @@ class="arg">@, the image caption is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. Comments read in from a file are literal; no embedded formatting characters are recognized.

Caption meta-data ais not visible on the image itself. To do that use the --annotate or -draw options +

Caption meta-data is not visible on the image itself. To do that use the +-annotate or -draw options instead.

For example,

@@ -868,115 +1016,110 @@ you can either use

-channel RB

All the channels that is present in an image can be specified using the +

All the channels that are present in an image can be specified using the special channel type All. Not all operators are 'channel capable', but generally any operators that are generally 'grey-scale' image operators, will understand this setting. See individual operator documentation.

On top of the normal channel selection a extra flag can be specified, +

On top of the normal channel selection an extra flag can be specified, 'Sync'. This is turned on by default and if set means that operators that understand this flag should perform: cross-channel -syncronization of the channels. If not specified, then most grey-scale +synchronization of the channels. If not specified, then most grey-scale operators will apply their image processing operations to each individual -channel (as specified by the rest of the -channel +channel (as specified by the rest of the -channel setting) completely independently from each other.

For example for operators such as -auto-level and --auto-gamma the color channels are modified +

For example for operators such as -auto-level and +-auto-gamma the color channels are modified together in exactly the same way so that colors will remain in-sync. Without it being set, then each channel is modified separately and independently, which may produce color distortion.

The -morphology 'Convolve' method -and the -compose mathematical methods, also understands +

The -morphology 'Convolve' method +and the -compose mathematical methods, also understands the 'Sync' flag to modify the behaviour of pixel colors according to the alpha channel (if present). That is to say it will modify the image processing with the understanding that fully-transparent colors should not contribute to the final result.

Basically, by default, operators work with color channels in syncronous, and -treats transparency as special, unless the -channel +

Basically, by default, operators work with color channels in synchronous, and +treats transparency as special, unless the -channel setting is modified so as to remove the effect of the 'Sync' flag. How each operator does this depends on that operators current implementation. Not all operators understands this flag at this time, but that is changing.

To print a complete list of channel types, use -list +

To print a complete list of channel types, use -list channel.

By default, ImageMagick sets -channel to the value +

By default, ImageMagick sets -channel to the value 'RGBK,sync', which specifies that operators act on all color channels except the transparency channel, and that all the color channels are -to be modified in exactly the same way, with a understanding of transprancy +to be modified in exactly the same way, with an understanding of transparency (depending on the operation being applied). The 'plus' form +channel will reset the value back to this default.

+href="command-line-options.html#channel" >+channel will reset the value back to this default.

Options that are affected by the -channel setting +

Options that are affected by the -channel setting include the following. --auto-gamma, --auto-level, --black-threshold, --blur, --clamp, --clut, --combine, --composite (Mathematical compose methods only), --convolve, --contrast-stretch, --evaluate, --function, --fx, --gaussian-blur, --hald-clut, --motion-blur, --morphology, --negate, --normalize, --ordered-dither, --radial-blur, --random-threshold, --separate, --threshold, and --white-threshold. +-auto-gamma, +-auto-level, +-black-threshold, +-blur, +-clamp, +-clut, +-combine, +-composite (Mathematical compose methods only), +-convolve, +-contrast-stretch, +-evaluate, +-function, +-fx, +-gaussian-blur, +-hald-clut, +-motion-blur, +-morphology, +-negate, +-normalize, +-ordered-dither, +-radial-blur, +-random-threshold, +-separate, +-threshold, and +-white-threshold.

Warning, some operators behave differently when the Warning, some operators behave differently when the +channel default setting is in effect, verses ANY user defined -channel setting (including the equivalent of the +href="command-line-options.html#channel" >-channel setting (including the equivalent of the default). These operators have yet to be made to understand the newer 'Sync' flag.

For example -threshold will by default gray-scale -the image before thresholding, if no -channel setting +

For example -threshold will by default gray-scale +the image before thresholding, if no -channel setting has been defined. This is not 'Sync flag controlled, yet.

Also some operators such as -blur, -gaussian-blur, will modify their handling of the +

Also some operators such as -blur, -gaussian-blur, will modify their handling of the color channels if the 'alpha' channel is also enabled by -channel. Generally this done to ensure that +href="command-line-options.html#channel" >-channel. Generally this done to ensure that fully-transparent colors are treated as being fully-transparent, and thus any underlying 'hidden' color has no effect on the final results. Typically -resulting in 'halo' effects. The newer -morphology +resulting in 'halo' effects. The newer -morphology convolution equivalents however does have a understanding of the 'Sync' flag and will thus handle transparency correctly by default.

As a alpha channel is optional within images, some operators will read the color channels of an image as a greyscale alpha mask, when the image has no -alpha channel present, and the -channel setting tells +alpha channel present, and the -channel setting tells the operator to apply the operation using alpha channels. The -clut operator is a good example of this.

- +href="command-line-options.html#clut">-clut operator is a good example of this.

-clamp

Restrict image colors from 0 to the quantum depth.

-charcoal factor

@@ -990,25 +1133,31 @@ href="#clut">-clut operator is a good example of this.

Remove pixels from the interior of an image.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. The width +

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. The width and height given in the of the size portion of the geometry argument give the number of columns and rows to remove. The offset portion of the geometry argument is influenced by -a -gravity setting, if present.

+a -gravity setting, if present.

The -chop option removes entire rows and columns, +

The -chop option removes entire rows and columns, and moves the remaining corner blocks leftward and upward to close the gaps.

While it can remove internal rows and columns of pixels, it is more typically -used with as -gravity setting and a '+0+0' offset -so as to remove a single edge from an image. Compare this to -shave whcih removes equal numbers of pixels from oppisite sides of the image. -

While it can remove internal rows and columns of pixels, it is more +typically used with as -gravity setting and zero +offsets so as to remove a single edge from an image. Compare this to -shave which removes equal numbers of pixels from oppisite +sides of the image.

Using -chop will effectivally undo the results of a --splice that was given the same geometry -and -gravity settings.

Using -chop effectively undoes the results of a -splice that was given the same geometry and -gravity settings.

+ +

-clamp

+ +

Restrict image colors from 0 to the quantum depth.

@@ -1021,10 +1170,11 @@ and -gravity settings.

For example, in the command

$magick> convert -clip -negate cockatoo.tif negated.tif

$ convert -clip -negate cockatoo.tif negated.tif

only the pixels within the clipping path are negated.

The -clip feature requires the XML library. If the XML library is not present, the option is ignored.

The -clip feature requires the XML library. If the XML +library is not present, the option is ignored.

-clip-mask

@@ -1032,17 +1182,33 @@ and -gravity settings.

Clip the image as defined by this mask.

Use the given image as a 'do-not-modify' mask of the current images in the +current image sequence. Assuming the clipmask is a greyscale image the same +size at the one already in memory, any areas that is white will not be +modified by any of the 'image processing operators' that follow, until the +mask is removed. Pixels in the black areas of the clip mask will be modified +as normal.

+ +

In some ways this is similar to (though not the same) as defining +a rectangular -region, or using the negative of the +mask (thrid) image in a three image -composite, +operation.

+ +

-clip-path id

Clip along a named path from the 8BImageMagick profile.

Clip along a named path from the 8BIM profile.

+ +

This is almost identical to -clip.

-clone index(s)

Make a copy of an image (or images).

make a clone of an image (or images).

Inside parenthesis (where the operator is normally used) it will make a clone of the images from the last 'pushed' image sequence, and adds them to @@ -1055,10 +1221,10 @@ example, −1 represents the last image of the sequence. Specify a range of images with a dash (e.g. 0−4). Separate multiple indexes with commas but no spaces (e.g. 0,2,5). A value of '0−−1 will -effectivally clone all the images.

+effectively clone all the images.

The +clone will simply make a copy of the last image -in the image sequence, and is thus equivelent to using a argument of +

The +clone will simply make a copy of the last image +in the image sequence, and is thus equivalent to using a argument of '−1'.

@@ -1076,7 +1242,7 @@ than a single row or column, values are taken from a diagonal line from top-left to bottom-right corners.

The lookup is further controlled by the -interpolate setting, which is especially handy for an +href="command-line-options.html#interpolate">-interpolate setting, which is especially handy for an LUT which is not the full length needed by the ImageMagick installed Quality (Q) level. Good settings for this are the 'bilinear' and 'bicubic' interpolation settings, which give smooth color @@ -1086,25 +1252,25 @@ lookup of color values.

This operator is especially suited to replacing a grayscale image with a specific color gradient from the CLUT image.

Only the channel values defined by the -channel +

Only the channel values defined by the -channel setting will have their values replaced. In particular, since the default -channel setting is RGB, this means that +href="command-line-options.html#channel">-channel setting is RGB, this means that transparency (alpha/matte channel) is not affected, unless the -channel setting is modified. When the alpha channel is -set, it is treated by the -clut operator in the same way +href="command-line-options.html#channel">-channel setting is modified. When the alpha channel is +set, it is treated by the -clut operator in the same way as the other channels, implying that alpha/matte values are replaced using the alpha/matte values of the original image.

If either the image being modified, or the lookup image, contains no -transparency (i.e. -alpha is turned 'off') but the -channel setting includes alpha replacement, then it is +transparency (i.e. -alpha is turned 'off') but the -channel setting includes alpha replacement, then it is assumed that image represents a gray-scale gradient which is used for the replacement alpha values. That is you can use a gray-scale CLUT image to adjust a existing images alpha channel, or you can color a gray-scale image using colors form CLUT containing the desired colors, including transparency.

See also -hald-clut which replaces colors +

See also -hald-clut which replaces colors according to the lookup of the full color RGB value from a 2D representation of a 3D color cube.

@@ -1116,7 +1282,7 @@ of a 3D color cube.

Fully define the look of each frame of an GIF animation sequence, to form a 'film strip' animation.

Overlay each image in an image sequence according to -its -dispose meta-data, to reproduce the look of +its -dispose meta-data, to reproduce the look of an animation at each point in the animation sequence. All images should be the same size, and are assigned appropriate GIF disposal settings for the animation to continue working as expected as a GIF animation. Such frames @@ -1124,7 +1290,7 @@ are more easily viewed and processed than the highly optimized GIF overlay images.

The animation can be re-optimized after processing using -the -layers method 'optimize', although +the -layers method 'optimize', although there is no guarantee that the restored GIF animation optimization is better than the original.

@@ -1133,7 +1299,7 @@ better than the original.

-colorize value

Colorize the image by an amount specified by value using the color specified by the most recent -fill setting.

Specify the amount of colorization as a percentage. Separate colorization values can be applied to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with @@ -1144,13 +1310,13 @@ values (e.g., -colorize 0,0,50).

-colormap type

Define the colormap type.

[animate, display]

Define the colormap type.

[animate, display]

The type can be shared or private.

This option only applies when the default X server visual is PseudoColor or GrayScale. Refer -to -visual for more details. By default, +to -visual for more details. By default, a shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients. Some image colors could be approximated, therefore your image may look very different than intended. @@ -1171,7 +1337,7 @@ duplicate or unused colors removed. The ordering of an existing color palette may be altered. When converting an image from color to grayscale, it is more efficient to convert the image to the gray colorspace before reducing the number of colors. Refer to -the +the color reduction algorithm for more details.

@@ -1190,13 +1356,13 @@ CMYKA images) and offsets are normalized (divide Flash offset by 255).

As an example, to add contrast to an image with offsets, try this command:

-convert kittens.jpg -color-matrix \
-  " 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0, 0.0, -0.157 \
-    0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0, 0.0, -0.157 \
-    0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0, 0.0, -0.157 \
-    0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0, 0.0,  0.0 \
-    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0, 1.0,  0.0 \
-    0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0, 0.0,  1.0" kittens.png
+   convert kittens.jpg -color-matrix \
+     " 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0, 0.0, -0.157 \
+       0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0, 0.0, -0.157 \
+       0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0, 0.0, -0.157 \
+       0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0, 0.0,  0.0 \
+       0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0, 1.0,  0.0 \
+       0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0, 0.0,  1.0" kittens.png

-colorspace value

@@ -1207,33 +1373,19 @@ convert kittens.jpg -color-matrix \

Choices are:

-  CMY
-  CMYK
-  Gray
-  HSB
-  HSL
-  HWB
-  Lab
-  Log
-  OHTA
-  Rec601Luma
-  Rec601YCbCr
-  Rec709Luma
-  Rec709YCbCr
-  RGB
-  sRGB
-  Transparent
-  XYZ
-  YCbCr
-  YCC
-  YIQ
-  YPbPr
-  YUV
+   CMY          CMYK         Gray         HSB
+   HSL          HWB          Lab          Log
+   OHTA         Rec601Luma   Rec601YCbCr  Rec709Luma
+   Rec709YCbCr  RGB          sRGB         Transparent
+   XYZ          YCbCr        YCC          YIQ
+   YPbPr        YUV

To print a complete list of colorspaces, use -list colorspace.

To print a complete list of colorspaces, use -list +colorspace.

For a more accurate color conversion to or from the RGB, CMYK, or grayscale colorspaces, use the -profile option.

For a more accurate color conversion to or from the RGB, CMYK, or grayscale +colorspaces, use the -profile option.

@@ -1297,9 +1449,9 @@ convert kittens.jpg -color-matrix \ - - - + + + @@ -1338,12 +1490,18 @@ convert kittens.jpg -color-matrix \

Conversion Of RGB To Other Color Spaces
sRGB
Cr=(0.500000R−0.454153G−0.045847B)(QuantumRange+1)/2
if Rs ≤ .03928 then Rs=R/12.92 else Rs=((R+.055)/1.055)^2.4
if Gs ≤ .03928 then Gs=B/12.92 else Gs=((G+.055)/1.055)^2.4
if Bs ≤ .03928 then Bs=B/12.92 else Bs=((B+.055)/1.055)^2.4
if R ≤ .04045 then Rs=R/12.92 else Rs=((R+.055)/1.055)^2.4
if G ≤ .04045 then Gs=B/12.92 else Gs=((G+.055)/1.055)^2.4
if B ≤ .04045 then Bs=B/12.92 else Bs=((B+.055)/1.055)^2.4
XYZ
X=0.4124240R+0.3575790G+0.1804640*B

Combine one or more images into a single image.

The channels (previously set by -channel) of the combined image are taken from the grayscale values of each image in the sequence, in order. For the default -channel setting of RGB, this means the first image is assigned to the Red channel, the second to the Green channel, the third to the Blue.

The channels (previously set by -channel) of the +combined image are taken from the grayscale values of each image in the +sequence, in order. For the default -channel setting of RGB, this +means the first image is assigned to the Red channel, the second +to the Green channel, the third to the Blue.

This option can be thought of as the inverse to -separate, so long as the channel settings are the same. Thus, in the following example, the final image should be a copy of the original. -

This option can be thought of as the inverse to -separate, so long as the channel settings are the same. +Thus, in the following example, the final image should be a copy of the +original.

$magick> convert original.png -channel RGB -separate sepimage.png $magick> convert sepimage-0.png sepimage-1.png sepimage-2.png -channel RGB \
-combine imagecopy.png

$ convert original.png -channel RGB -separate sepimage.png $ convert sepimage-0.png sepimage-1.png sepimage-2.png -channel RGB \
-combine imagecopy.png

-comment string

@@ -1352,10 +1510,10 @@ convert kittens.jpg -color-matrix \

This option sets the comment meta-data of an image read in after this option has been given. To modify a comment of images already in memory use -"-set comment".

+"-set comment".

The comment can contain special format characters listed in the Format and +href="escape.html">Format and Print Image Properties. These attributes are expanded when the comment is finally assigned to the individual images.

@@ -1365,7 +1523,7 @@ remaining characters in the string. Comments read in from a file are literal; no embedded formatting characters are recognized.

Comment meta-data are not visible on the image itself. To do that use the --annotate or -draw options +-annotate or -draw options instead.

For example,

@@ -1384,19 +1542,19 @@ that the image bird.miff has a width of 512 and a height of

Set the type of image composition.

See Alpha Compositing for +

See Alpha Compositing for a detailed discussion of alpha compositing.

This setting effects image processing operators that merge two (or more) images together in some way. This includes the operators, --composite, --layers composite, --flatten, --mosaic, --layers merge, --border, --frame, -and -extent.

+-composite, +-layers composite, +-flatten, +-mosaic, +-layers merge, +-border, +-frame, +and -extent.

It is also one of the primary options for the "composite" command.

@@ -1409,9 +1567,9 @@ command.

Perform alpha composition on two images and an optional mask

Take the first image 'destination' and overlay the second 'source' image -according to the current -compose setting. The location +according to the current -compose setting. The location of the 'source' or 'overlay' image is controlled according to -geometry, and -geometry +href="command-line-options.html#geometry" >-geometry, and -geometry settings.

If a third image is given this is treated as a gray-scale 'mask' image @@ -1420,14 +1578,14 @@ the destination can be modified by the image composition. However for the 'displace' compose method, the mask is used to provide a separate Y-displacement image instead.

If a -compose method requires extra numerical +

If a -compose method requires extra numerical arguments or flags these can be provided by setting the -set 'option:compose:args' +href="command-line-options.html#set">-set 'option:compose:args' appropriately for the compose method.

Some -compose methods can modify the 'destination' +

Some -compose methods can modify the 'destination' image outside the overlay area. You can disable this by setting the special -set 'option:compose:outside-overlay' +href="command-line-options.html#set">-set 'option:compose:outside-overlay' to 'false'.

@@ -1437,17 +1595,41 @@ to 'false'.

Use pixel compression specified by type when writing the image.

Choices are: None, BZip, Fax, Group4, JPEG, JPEG2000, Lossless, LZW, RLE or Zip.

To print a complete list of compression types, use -list compress.

To print a complete list of compression types, use -list +compress.

Specify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed format. The default is the compression type of the specified image file.

Specify +compress to store the binary image in an +uncompressed format. The default is the compression type of the specified +image file.

If LZW compression is specified but LZW compression has not been enabled, the image data is written in an uncompressed LZW format that can be read by LZW decoders. This may result in larger-than-expected GIF files.

If LZW compression is specified but LZW compression has not been +enabled, the image data is written in an uncompressed LZW format that can be +read by LZW decoders. This may result in larger-than-expected GIF files.

Lossless refers to lossless JPEG, which is only available if the JPEG library has been patched to support it. Use of lossless JPEG is generally not recommended.

Lossless refers to lossless JPEG, which is only available if the +JPEG library has been patched to support it. Use of lossless JPEG is generally +not recommended.

Use the -quality option to set the compression level to be used by JPEG, PNG, MIFF, and MPEG encoders. Use the -sampling-factor option to set the sampling factor to be used by JPEG, MPEG, and YUV encoders for down-sampling the chroma channels.

+When writing an ICO file, you may request that the images be encoded in +PNG format, by specifying Zip compression.

+ +

+When writing a JNG file, specify Zip compression to request that +the alpha channel be encoded in PNG "IDAT" format, or JPEG +to request that it be encoded in JPG "JDAA" format.

+ +

Use the -quality option to set the compression level +to be used by JPEG, PNG, MIFF, and MPEG encoders. +Use the -sampling-factor option to set the +sampling factor to be used by JPEG, MPEG, and YUV encoders for down-sampling +the chroma channels.

-contrast

@@ -1455,11 +1637,14 @@ to 'false'.

Enhance or reduce the image contrast.

This option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter and darker elements of the image. Use -contrast to enhance the image or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.

This option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter and +darker elements of the image. Use -contrast to enhance +the image or +contrast to reduce the image +contrast.

For a more pronounced effect you can repeat the option:

$magick> convert rose: -contrast -contrast rose_c2.png

$ convert rose: -contrast -contrast rose_c2.png

-contrast-stretch black-point
-contrast-stretch black-point{xwhite-point}{%}}

@@ -1472,7 +1657,7 @@ class="arg" >white-point pixels. Or, if percent is used, black-out at most black-point % pixels and white-out at most white-point % pixels.

Prior to ImageMagick 6.4.7-0, Prior to ImageMagick 6.4.7-0, -contrast-stretch will black-out at most black-point pixels and white-out at most total pixels minus white-point pixels. Or, if percent is used, black-out at most black-point % pixels and white-out at most Note that -contrast-stretch 0 will modify the image such that the image's min and max values are stretched to 0 and QuantumRange, respectively, without any loss of data due to burn-out or -clipping at either end. This is not the same as -normalize, which is equivalent to -contrast-stretch 0.15x0.05% (or prior to ImageMagick 6.4.7-0, -contrast-stretch 2%x99%).

@@ -1491,11 +1676,11 @@ bin to modify the image. As such some colors may be merged together when they originally fell into the same 'bin'.

All the channels are normalized in concert by the came amount so as to -preserve color integrity, when the default +channel -setting is in use. Specifying any other -channel +preserve color integrity, when the default +channel +setting is in use. Specifying any other -channel setting will normalize the RGB channels independently.
-
See also -auto-level for a 'perfect' +
See also -auto-level for a 'perfect' normalization of mathematical images.

This operator is under review for re-development.
@@ -1514,7 +1699,7 @@ supported, and therefore the number of entries in the specified kernel must be 3²=9, 5²=25, 7²=49, etc.
-
Note that the ‑convolve operator supports the ‑bias setting. This option shifts the convolution so that +
Note that the ‑convolve operator supports the ‑bias setting. This option shifts the convolution so that positive and negative results are relative to a user-specified bias value. This is important for non-HDRI compilations of ImageMagick when dealing with convolutions that contain negative as well as positive values. This is @@ -1522,10 +1707,10 @@ especially the case with convolutions involving high pass filters or edge detection. Without an output bias, the negative values is clipped at zero.
-
When using an ImageMagick with the HDRI compile-time setting, ‑bias is not needed, as ImageMagick is able to store/handle any +
When using an ImageMagick with the HDRI compile-time setting, ‑bias is not needed, as ImageMagick is able to store/handle any negative results without clipping to the color value range (0..QuantumRange). See the discussion on HDRI implementations of ImageMagick on the page High +href="high-dynamic-range.html">High Dynamic-Range Images. For more about HDRI go the ImageMagick Usage pages or this Wikipedia @@ -1538,13 +1723,31 @@ entry.

Cut out one or more rectangular regions of the image.
-
See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
- -
The width and height of the geometry argument give the size of the image that remains after cropping, and x and y in the offset (if present) gives the location of the top left corner of the cropped image with respect to the original image. To specify the amount to be removed, use -shave instead.
- -
If the x and y offsets are present, a single image is generated, consisting of the pixels from the cropping region. The offsets specify the location of the upper left corner of the cropping region measured downward and rightward with respect to the upper left corner of the image. If the -gravity option is present with NorthEast, East, or SouthEast gravity, it gives the distance leftward from the right edge of the image to the right edge of the cropping region. Similarly, if the -gravity option is present with SouthWest, South, or SouthEast gravity, the distance is measured upward between the bottom edges.
- -
If the x and y offsets are omitted, a set of tiles of the specified geometry, covering the entire input image, is generated. The rightmost tiles and the bottom tiles are smaller if the specified geometry extends beyond the dimensions of the input image.
+
See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
+ +
The width and height of the geometry argument give the size of the image that remains +after cropping, and x and y in the +offset (if present) gives the location of the top left +corner of the cropped image with respect to the original image. To specify the +amount to be removed, use -shave instead.
+ +
If the x and y offsets are +present, a single image is generated, consisting of the pixels from the +cropping region. The offsets specify the location of the upper left corner of +the cropping region measured downward and rightward with respect to the upper +left corner of the image. If the -gravity option is +present with NorthEast, East, or SouthEast +gravity, it gives the distance leftward from the right edge of the image to +the right edge of the cropping region. Similarly, if the -gravity option is present with SouthWest, +South, or SouthEast gravity, the distance is measured +upward between the bottom edges.
+ +
If the x and y offsets are +omitted, a set of tiles of the specified geometry, covering the entire input +image, is generated. The rightmost tiles and the bottom tiles are smaller if +the specified geometry extends beyond the dimensions of the input image.

By adding a exclamation character flag to the geometry argument, the cropped images virtual canvas page size and offset is set as if the @@ -1556,7 +1759,14 @@ relative top left corner of the region cropped.
special single pixel transparent 'missed' image is returned, and a 'crop missed' warning given.
-
It might be necessary to +repage the image prior to cropping the image to ensure the crop coordinate frame is relocated to the upper-left corner of the visible image.
+
It might be necessary to +repage the image prior to +cropping the image to ensure the crop coordinate frame is relocated to the +upper-left corner of the visible image. + +Similarly you may want to use +repage after cropping to +remove the page offset that will be left behind. This is especially true when +you are going to write to an image format such as PNG that supports an image +offset.

-cycle amount
@@ -1574,32 +1784,49 @@ colormap entry is shifted.

enable debug printout.
-
The events parameter specifies which events are to be logged. It can be either None, All, Trace, or a comma-separated list consisting of one or more of the following domains: Annotate, Blob, Cache, Coder, Configure, Deprecate, Exception, Locale, Render, Resource, Security, TemporaryFile, Transform, X11, or User.
+
The events parameter specifies which events are to be logged. It +can be either None, All, Trace, or +a comma-separated list consisting of one or more of the following domains: +Accelerate, Annotate, Blob, Cache, +Coder, Configure, Deprecate, +Exception, Locale, Render, +Resource, Security, TemporaryFile, +Transform, X11, or User.

For example, to log cache and blob events, use.
-
$magick> convert -debug "Cache,Blob" rose: rose.png
-
The User domain is normally empty, but developers can log user events in their private copy of ImageMagick.
+
$ convert -debug "Cache,Blob" rose: rose.png
+
The User domain is normally empty, but developers can log user +events in their private copy of ImageMagick.
-
To print the complete list of debug methods, use -list debug.
+
To print the complete list of debug methods, use -list +debug.
-
Use the -log option to specify the format for debugging output.
+
Use the -log option to specify the format for debugging +output.
-
Use +debug to turn off all logging.
+
Use +debug to turn off all logging.
-
Debugging may also be set using the MAGICK_DEBUG environment variable. The allowed values for the MAGICK_DEBUG environment variable are the same as for the -debug option.
+
Debugging may also be set using the MAGICK_DEBUG environment variable. The allowed values for the MAGICK_DEBUG +environment variable are the same as for the -debug +option.

-decipher filename

-
Decipher and restore pixels that were previously transformed by -encipher.
+
Decipher and restore pixels that were previously transformed by +-encipher.
-
Get the passphrase from the file specified by filename.
+
Get the passphrase from the file specified by filename.
-
For more information, see the webpage, ImageMagick: Encipher or Decipher an Image.
+
For more information, see the webpage, ImageMagick: Encipher or +Decipher an Image.

@@ -1608,11 +1835,17 @@ colormap entry is shifted.

find areas that has changed between images
-
Given a sequence of images all the same size, such as produced by -coalesce, replace the second and later images, with a smaller image of just the area that changed relative to the previous image.
+
Given a sequence of images all the same size, such as produced by -coalesce, replace the second and later images, with +a smaller image of just the area that changed relative to the previous image. +
-
The resulting sequence of images can be used to optimize an animation sequence, though will not work correctly for GIF animations when parts of the animation can go from opaque to transparent.
+
The resulting sequence of images can be used to optimize an animation +sequence, though will not work correctly for GIF animations when parts of the +animation can go from opaque to transparent.
-
This option is actually equivalent to the -layers method 'compare-any'.
+
This option is actually equivalent to the -layers +method 'compare-any'.

@@ -1626,18 +1859,18 @@ coders and image processing operations.< while reading and writing image data. Definitions are generally used to control image file format coder modules, and image processing operations, beyond what is provided by normal means. Defined settings are listed in -verbose information ("info:" output format) +href="command-line-options.html#verbose" >-verbose information ("info:" output format) as "Artifacts".

If value is missing for a definition, an empty-valued definition of a flag is created with that name. This used to control on/off -options. Use +define key to remove definitions -previously created. Use +define "*" to remove all +options. Use +define key to remove definitions +previously created. Use +define "*" to remove all existing definitions.

The same 'artifact' settings can also be defined using the -set "option:key" "value" option, which also allows the use of Format and Print Image +href="command-line-options.html#set" >-set "option:key" "value" option, which also allows the use of Format and Print Image Properties in the defined value.

The option and key are case-independent (they are @@ -1650,6 +1883,19 @@ is case-dependent.
available:

showkernel=1

+ +
compose:args=arguments
+
Sets certain compose argument values when using convert ... -compose ... + -composite. See Image Composition
+ +
distort:scale=value
+
Sets the output scaling factor for use with -distort
+ +
distort:viewport=WxH+X+Y
+
Sets the viewport for use with -distort
+
dcm:display-range=reset

Set the display range to the minimum and maximum pixel values for the DCM image format.
@@ -1687,13 +1933,36 @@ available:
can use these "defines" to cause it to be written as an 8-bit grayscale, indexed, or even a 64-bit RGBA. But if you have a 16-million color image, you cannot force it to be written as a grayscale or indexed PNG. If you - wish to do this, you must use the appropriate -depth, - -colors, or -type directives to + wish to do this, you must use the appropriate -depth, + -colors, or -type directives to reduce the image quality prior to using the PNG encoder. Note that in indexed PNG files, "bit-depth" refers to the number of bits per index, which can be 1, 2, 4, or 8. In such files, the color samples always have 8-bit depth. +
png:compression-filter=value
+
valid values are 0 through 7. 0-4 are the corresponding PNG filters, + 5 means adaptive filtering except for images with a colormap, 6 means + adaptive filtering for all images, 7 means MNG "loco" compression.
+ +
png:compression-level=value
+
valid values are 0 through 9, with 0 providing the least but fastest + compression and 9 usually providing the best and always the slowest.
+ +
png:compression-strategy=value
+
valid values are 0 through 4, meaning default, filtered, huffman_only, + rle, and fixed ZLIB compression strategy. If you are using an old zlib + that does not support Z_RLE (before 1.2.0) or Z_FIXED (before 1.2.2.2), + values 3 and 4, respectively, will use the zlib default strategy + instead.
+ +
png:format=value
+
valid values are png8, png24, + and png32. This property can be useful for specifying + the specific PNG format to be used, when the usual method of prepending the + format name to the output filename is inconvenient, such as when writing + a PNG-encoded ICO file.
+
png:exclude-chunk=value

png:include-chunk=value

ancillary chunks to be excluded from or included in PNG output. @@ -1705,6 +1974,9 @@ available:
list. Although PNG chunk-names are case-dependent, you can use all lowercase names if you prefer.
+
The "include-chunk" and "exclude-chunk" lists only affect the behavior + of the PNG encoder and have no effect on the PNG decoder.
+
As a special case, if the sRGB chunk is excluded and the gAMA chunk is included, the gAMA chunk will only be written if gamma is not 1/2.2, since most decoders assume @@ -1713,12 +1985,19 @@ available:
can achieve this with a single define:

- -define png:include-chunk=none,gAMA + -define png:include-chunk=none,gAMA
+
As a special case, if the sRGB chunk is not excluded and + the PNG encoder recognizes that the image contains the sRGB ICC profile, + the PNG encoder will write the sRGB chunk instead of the entire + 3144-byte ICC profile. To force the PNG encoder to write the sRGB + profile as an iCCP chunk in the output PNG instead of the + sRGB chunk, exclude the sRGB chunk.
+
The critical PNG chunks IHDR, PLTE, - IDAT, and IEND cannot be excluded. Any of - these entries appearing in the list will be ignored.
+ IDAT, and IEND cannot be excluded. Any such + entries appearing in the list will be ignored.

If the ancillary PNG tRNS chunk is excluded and the image has transparency, the PNG colortype is forced to be 4 or 6 @@ -1726,11 +2005,11 @@ available:
tRNS chunk isn't written anyhow, and there is no effect on the PNG colortype of the output image.
-
The -strip option does the equivalent of the +
The -strip option does the equivalent of the following for PNG output:

- -define png:include-chunk=none,gama + -define png:include-chunk=none,trns,gama

The default behavior is to include all known PNG ancillary chunks @@ -1738,7 +2017,25 @@ available:
and to exclude all PNG chunks that are unknown to ImageMagick, regardless of their PNG "copy-safe" status as described in the PNG specification.
-
+ +
Any chunk names that are not known to ImageMagick are ignored + if they appear in either the "include-chunk" or "exclude-chunk" list. + The ancillary chunks currently known to ImageMagick are + bKGD, cHRM, gAMA, iCCP, + oFFs, pHYs, sRGB, tEXt, + tRNS, vpAg, and zTXt.
+ +
You can also put date in the list to include or exclude + the "Date:create" and "Date:modify" text chunks that ImageMagick normally + inserts in the output PNG.
+ + + +
png:preserve-colormap
+
Use the existing image->colormap. Normally the PNG encoder will + try to optimize the palette, eliminating unused entries and putting + the transparent colors first. If this flag is set, that behavior + is suppressed.

ps:imagemask

If the ps:imagemask flag is defined, the PS3 and EPS3 coders will create @@ -1748,17 +2045,34 @@ available:

quantum:format=type

Set the type to floating-point to specify a floating-point format for raw files (e.g. GRAY:) or for MIFF and TIFF images in HDRI mode - to preserve negative values. If -depth 16 is + to preserve negative values. If -depth 16 is included, the result is a single precision floating point format. - If -depth 32 is included, the result is + If -depth 32 is included, the result is double precision floating point format.
+Outputs (to 'standard error') all the information about a generated -morphology kernel.

tiff:quantum:polarity=min-is-black + +tiff:quantum:polarity=min-is-white

Toggles the photometric interpretation

tiff:rows-per-strip=value

Sets the number of rows per strip

tiff:tile-geometry=WxH

Sets the tile size for pyramid tiffs. Requires the suffix PTIF: before the + outputname

For example, to create a postscript file that will render only the black pixels of a bilevel image, use:

$magick> convert bilevel.tif -define ps:imagemask eps3:stencil.ps

$ convert bilevel.tif -define ps:imagemask eps3:stencil.ps

Set attributes of the image registry by prefixing the value with registry:. For example, to set a temporary path to put work files, use:

@@ -1775,33 +2089,68 @@ use:

display the next image after pausing.

This option is useful for regulating the animation of image sequences ticks/ticks-per-second seconds must expire before the display of the next image. The default is no delay between each showing of the image sequence. The default ticks-per-second is 100.

This option is useful for regulating the animation of image sequences +ticks/ticks-per-second seconds must expire before the display of the +next image. The default is no delay between each showing of the image +sequence. The default ticks-per-second is 100.

Use > to change the image delay only if its current value exceeds the given delay. < changes the image delay only if current value is less than the given delay. For example, if you specify 30> and the image delay is 20, the image delay does not change. However, if the image delay is 40 or 50, the delay it is changed to 30. Enclose the given delay in quotation marks to prevent the < or > from being interpreted by your shell as a file redirection.

Use > to change the image delay only if its current +value exceeds the given delay. < changes the image delay +only if current value is less than the given delay. For example, if +you specify 30> and the image delay is 20, the image delay does +not change. However, if the image delay is 40 or 50, the delay it is changed +to 30. Enclose the given delay in quotation marks to prevent the +< or > from being interpreted by your shell as +a file redirection.

-delete index

-delete indexes

delete the image, specified by its index, from the image sequence.

delete the images specified by index, from the image sequence.

Specify the image by its index in the sequence. The first image is index 0. Negative indexes are relative to the end of the sequence, for example, -1 represents the last image of the sequence. Specify a range of images with a dash (e.g. 0-4). Separate indexes with a comma (e.g. 0,2). Use +delete to delete the last image in the current image sequence.

Specify the image by its index in the sequence. The first image is index +0. Negative indexes are relative to the end of the sequence, for example, -1 +represents the last image of the sequence. Specify a range of images with +a dash (e.g. 0-4). Separate indexes with a comma (e.g. 0,2). Use ++delete to delete the last image in the current image sequence.

-density width
-density widthxheight

Set the horizontal and vertical resolution of an image for rendering to devices.

Set the horizontal and vertical resolution of an image for +rendering to devices.

This option specifies the image resolution to store while encoding a raster image or the canvas resolution while rendering (reading) vector formats such as Postscript, PDF, WMF, and SVG into a raster image. Image resolution provides the unit of measure to apply when rendering to an output device or raster image. The default unit of measure is in dots per inch (DPI). The -units option may be used to select dots per centimeter instead.

This option specifies the image resolution to store while encoding a raster +image or the canvas resolution while rendering (reading) vector formats such +as Postscript, PDF, WMF, and SVG into a raster image. Image resolution +provides the unit of measure to apply when rendering to an output device or +raster image. The default unit of measure is in dots per inch (DPI). The -units option may be used to select dots per centimeter +instead.

The default resolution is 72 dots per inch, which is equivalent to one point per pixel (Macintosh and Postscript standard). Computer screens are normally 72 or 96 dots per inch, while printers typically support 150, 300, 600, or 1200 dots per inch. To determine the resolution of your display, use a ruler to measure the width of your screen in inches, and divide by the number of horizontal pixels (1024 on a 1024x768 display).

The default resolution is 72 dots per inch, which is equivalent to one +point per pixel (Macintosh and Postscript standard). Computer screens are +normally 72 or 96 dots per inch, while printers typically support 150, 300, +600, or 1200 dots per inch. To determine the resolution of your display, use +a ruler to measure the width of your screen in inches, and divide by the +number of horizontal pixels (1024 on a 1024x768 display).

If the file format supports it, this option may be used to update the stored image resolution. Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image resolution from a proprietary embedded profile. If this profile is not stripped from the image, then Photoshop will continue to treat the image using its former resolution, ignoring the image resolution specified in the standard file header.

If the file format supports it, this option may be used to update the +stored image resolution. Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image +resolution from a proprietary embedded profile. If this profile is not +stripped from the image, then Photoshop will continue to treat the image using +its former resolution, ignoring the image resolution specified in the standard +file header.

The -density option sets an attribute and does not alter the underlying raster image. It may be used to adjust the rendered size for desktop publishing purposes by adjusting the scale applied to the pixels. To resize the image so that it is the same size at a different resolution, use the -resample option.

The -density option sets an attribute and +does not alter the underlying raster image. It may be used to adjust the +rendered size for desktop publishing purposes by adjusting the scale applied +to the pixels. To resize the image so that it is the same size at a different +resolution, use the -resample option.

-depth value

@@ -1809,7 +2158,9 @@ use:

depth of the image.

This the number of bits in a color sample within a pixel. Use this option to specify the depth of raw images whose depth is unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK, or to change the depth of any image after it has been read.

This the number of bits in a color sample within a pixel. Use this option +to specify the depth of raw images whose depth is unknown such as GRAY, RGB, +or CMYK, or to change the depth of any image after it has been read.

-descend

@@ -1823,7 +2174,9 @@ use:

straighten an image. A threshold of 40% works for most images.

Use -set option:deskew:auto-crop width to auto crop the image. The set argument is the pixel width of the image background (e.g 40).

Use -set option:deskew:auto-crop +width to auto crop the image. The set argument is the pixel +width of the image background (e.g 40).

-despeckle

@@ -1841,7 +2194,7 @@ use:

-displace horizontal-scale
-displace horizontal-scalexvertical-scale

shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map.

[composite]

shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map.

[composite]

With this option, the 'overlay' image, and optionally the 'mask' image, is used as a displacement map, which is used to displace the lookup of @@ -1887,7 +2240,7 @@ the scale bounds. In other words each pixel can lookup any other nearby pixel, producing complex 2 dimensional displacements, rather than a simple 1 dimensional vector displacements.

Alteratively rather than suppling two separate images, as of IM v6.4.4-0, +

Alternatively rather than supplying two separate images, as of IM v6.4.4-0, you can use the 'red' channel of the overlay image to specify the horizontal or X displacement, and the 'green' channel for the vertical or Y displacement.

@@ -1901,9 +2254,10 @@ overlaid areas will not be effected.

-display host:display[.screen]

Specifies the X server to contact.

[animate, display]

Specifies the X server to contact.

[animate, display]

This option is used with convert for obtaining image or font from this X server. See X(1).

This option is used with convert for obtaining image or font from this +X server. See X(1).

-dispose method

@@ -1919,35 +2273,35 @@ animation is to be overlaid onto the display.

Here are the valid methods:

-Undefined   0  No disposal specified (equivalent to 'none').
-None        1  Do not dispose, just overlay next frame image.
-Background  2  Clear the frame area with the background color.
-Previous    3  Clear to the image prior to this frames overlay.
+   Undefined   0  No disposal specified (equivalent to 'none').
+   None        1  Do not dispose, just overlay next frame image.
+   Background  2  Clear the frame area with the background color.
+   Previous    3  Clear to the image prior to this frames overlay.

You can also use the numbers given above, which is what the GIF format uses internally to represent the above settings.

To print a complete list of dispose methods, use -list dispose.

Use +dispose, turn off the setting and prevent +

Use +dispose, turn off the setting and prevent resetting the layer disposal methods of images being read in.

Use -set 'dispose' method to set the image +

Use -set 'dispose' method to set the image disposal method for images already in memory.

-dissimilarity-threshold value

maximum RMSE for subimage match (default 0.2).

[compare]

maximum RMSE for subimage match (default 0.2).

[compare]

-dissolve src_percent[xdst_percent]

dissolve an image into another by the given percent.

[composite]

dissolve an image into another by the given percent.

[composite]

The opacity of the composite image is multiplied by the given percent, then it is composited 'over' the main image. If src_percent @@ -2021,7 +2375,7 @@ class="arg">method being used.

distortions.
More than 3 sets given control point pairs (12 numbers) is least - squares fitted to best match a lineary affine distortion. If only 2 + squares fitted to best match a linear affine distortion. If only 2 control point pairs (8 numbers) are given a two point image translation rotation and scaling is performed, without any possible shearing, flipping or changes in aspect ratio to the resulting image. If only one @@ -2046,14 +2400,14 @@ class="arg">method being used.

t_x, t_y

- See -affine setting for more detail, and + See -affine setting for more detail, and meanings of these coefficients.
The distortions 'Affine' and 'SRT' provide alternative methods of defining this distortion, with ImageMagick doing the calculations needed to generate the required coefficients. You can see the internally generated coefficients, by using a -verbose setting with those other varients. + href="command-line-options.html#verbose" >-verbose setting with those other variants. @@ -2068,13 +2422,13 @@ class="arg">method being used.

The 'BilinearForward' is used to map rectangles to any quadrilateral, while the 'BilinearReverse' form maps any - quadrilateral to a rectangle, while preserving the straigth line edges + quadrilateral to a rectangle, while preserving the straight line edges in each case.
Note that 'BilinearForward' can generate invalid pixels - which will be colored using the -mattecolor - color setting. Also if the quadraterial becomes 'flipped' the image - may dissappear.
+ which will be colored using the -mattecolor + color setting. Also if the quadrilateral becomes 'flipped' the image + may disappear.
There are future plans to produce a true Bilinear distortion that will attempt to map any quadrilateral to any other quadrilateral, while @@ -2089,14 +2443,14 @@ class="arg">method being used.

Perspective distort the images, using a list of 4 or more sets of control points (as defined below). More that 4 sets (16 numbers) of control points provide least squares fitting for more accurate - distortions (for the purposes of image registration and panarama + distortions (for the purposes of image registration and panorama effects). Less than 4 sets will fall back to a 'Affine' linear distortion.
Perspective Distorted images ensures that straight lines remain straight, but the scale of the distorted image will vary. The horizon is anti-aliased, and the 'sky' color may be set using the - -mattecolor setting. + -mattecolor setting. @@ -2104,8 +2458,8 @@ class="arg">method being used.

Do a 'Perspective' distortion biased on a set of 8 pre-calculated coefficients. You can get these coefficients by looking - at the -verbose output of a - 'Prespective' distortion, or by calculating them yourself. + at the -verbose output of a + 'Perspective' distortion, or by calculating them yourself. If the last two perspective scaling coefficients are zero, the remaining 6 represents a transposed 'Affine Matrix'. @@ -2130,7 +2484,7 @@ class="arg">method being used.

The resulting image is always resized to best fit the resulting image, - (as if using +distort) while attempting to + (as if using +distort) while attempting to preserve scale and aspect ratio of the original image as much as possible with the arguments given by the user. All four arguments will be needed to change the overall aspect ratio of an 'Arc'ed image.
@@ -2161,7 +2515,7 @@ class="arg">method being used.

but will generate the exact reverse of a 'DePolar' with the same arguments.
- If the plus form of distort (+distort) is used + If the plus form of distort (+distort) is used output image center will default to 0,0 of the virtual canvas, and the image size adjusted to ensure the whole input image is made visible in the output image on the virtual canvas. @@ -2193,8 +2547,8 @@ class="arg">method being used.

Barrel Given the four coefficients (A,B,C,D) as defined by Helmut - Dersch, perform a barrell or pin-cushion distortion appropriate to + href="http://wiki.panotools.org/Lens_correction_model" >Helmut + Dersch, perform a barrel or pin-cushion distortion appropriate to correct radial lens distortions. That is in photographs, make straight lines straight again.
@@ -2218,7 +2572,7 @@ class="arg">method being used.

BarrelInverse - This is very simular to 'Barrel' with the same set of + This is very similar to 'Barrel' with the same set of arguments, and argument handling. However it uses the inverse of the radial polynomial, so that it forms the function
@@ -2245,18 +2599,18 @@ class="arg">method being used.

The distortion has been likened to 'taffy pulling' using nails, or pins' stuck in a block of 'jelly' which is then moved to the new - position, distorting te surface of the jelly.
+ position, distorting the surface of the jelly.
- Internally it is equivelent to generating a displacement map (see -displace) for source image color look-up using - the -sparse-color method of the same name. + Internally it is equivalent to generating a displacement map (see -displace) for source image color look-up using + the -sparse-color method of the same name. -

To print a complete list of distortion methods, use -list +

To print a complete list of distortion methods, use -list distort.

Many of the above distortion methods such as 'Affine', @@ -2281,7 +2635,7 @@ perspective distortion of the built-in "rose:" image. Note how spaces were used to group the 4 sets of coordinate pairs, to make it easier to read and understand.

$magick> +

$ convert rose: -virtual-pixel black \
-distort Perspective '0,0,0,0 0,45,0,45 69,0,60,10 69,45,60,35' \
rose_3d_rotated.gif

@@ -2289,7 +2643,7 @@ convert rose: -virtual-pixel black \
a distortion, the distortion method is 'least squares' fitted to produce the best result for all the coordinate pairs given. If less than the ideal number of points are given, the distort will generally fall back to a simpler form of -distortion that can handles the smaller number of coordinates (usally a linear +distortion that can handles the smaller number of coordinates (usually a linear 'Affine' distortion).

By using more coordinates you can make use of image registration tool to @@ -2298,58 +2652,58 @@ find matching coordinate pairs in overlapping images, so as to improve the 'fit' worse. Caution is always advised.

Colors are acquired from the source image according to the -interpolate color lookup setting, when the image is +href="command-line-options.html#interpolate" >-interpolate color lookup setting, when the image is magnified. However if the viewed image is minified (image becomes smaller), a special area resampling function (added ImageMagick v6.3.5-9), is used to produce a higher quality image. For example you can use a 'perspective' distortion to view a infinitely tiled 'plane' all the way to the horizon.

$magick> +

$ convert -size 90x90 pattern:checkerboard -normalize -virtual-pixel tile \
-distort perspective '0,0,5,45 89,0,45,46 0,89,0,89 89,89,89,89' \
checks_tiled.jpg

Note that a infinitely tiled perspective images involving the horizon can be very slow to generate due to the use of the high quality 'area resampling' function (added ImageMagick v6.3.5-9). You can turn off 'area resampling' -using a -filter setting of 'point' +using a -filter setting of 'point' (recommended if you plan to use super-sampling instead).

If an image generates invalid pixels, such as the 'sky' in the last -'perspective' distortion example, -distort -will use the current -mattecolor setting for these +'perspective' distortion example, -distort +will use the current -mattecolor setting for these pixels. If you do not what these pixels to be visible, set the color to match the rest of the ground.

The output image size will by default be the same as the input image. This means that if the part of the distorted image falls outside the viewed area of the 'distorted space', those parts is clipped and lost. However if you use -the plus form of the operator (+distort) the operator +the plus form of the operator (+distort) the operator will attempt (if possible) to show the whole of the distorted image, while retaining a correct 'virtual canvas' offset, for image layering. This offset -may need to be removed using +repage, to remove if it +may need to be removed using +repage, to remove if it is unwanted.

You can alternatively specify a special "-set +

You can alternatively specify a special "-set option:distort:viewport {geometry_string}" setting which will specify the size and the offset of the generated 'viewport' image of the distorted image space.

Adding a "-set option:distort:scale +

Adding a "-set option:distort:scale {scale_factor}" will scale the output image (viewport or otherwise) by that factor without changing the viewed contents of the distorted image. This can be used either for 'super-sampling' the image for a higher quality result, or for panning and zooming around the image (with appropriate viewport changes, or post-distort cropping and resizing).

Setting -verbose setting, will cause -distort to attempt to output the internal coefficients, -and the -fx equivalent to the distortion, for expert study, +

Setting -verbose setting, will cause -distort to attempt to output the internal coefficients, +and the -fx equivalent to the distortion, for expert study, and debugging purposes. This many not be available for all distorts.

Affine rotations and shears (such as 'SRT' distortion), tend to -produce a cleaner result that the equivalent -rotate -and/or -shear operation, with more control of due to the +produce a cleaner result that the equivalent -rotate +and/or -shear operation, with more control of due to the above settings. It is algorithmically slower however, though that may not be the case in ImageMagick's implementation.

@@ -2358,21 +2712,35 @@ the case in ImageMagick's implementation.

-dither method

Apply a Riemersma or Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion dither to images when general color reduction is applied via an option, or automagically when saving to specific formats. This enabled by default.

Apply a Riemersma or Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion dither to +images when general color reduction is applied via an option, or automagically +when saving to specific formats. This enabled by default.

Dithering places two or more colors in neighboring pixels so that to the eye a closer approximation of the images original color is reproduced. This reduces the number of colors needed to reproduce the image but at the cost of a lower level pattern of colors. Error diffusion dithers can use any set of colors (generated or user defined) to an image.

Dithering places two or more colors in neighboring pixels so that to the +eye a closer approximation of the images original color is reproduced. This +reduces the number of colors needed to reproduce the image but at the cost of +a lower level pattern of colors. Error diffusion dithers can use any set of +colors (generated or user defined) to an image.

Dithering is turned on by default, to turn it off use the plus form of the -setting, +dither. This will also also render PostScript +setting, +dither. This will also also render PostScript without text or graphic aliasing. Disabling dithering often (but not always) leads to faster process, a smaller number of colors, but more cartoon like image coloring. Generally resulting in 'color banding' effects in areas with color gradients.

The color reduction operators -colors, -monochrome, -remap, and -posterize, apply dithering to images using the reduced color set they created. These operators are also used as part of automatic color reduction when saving images to formats with limited color support, such as GIF:, XBM:, and others, so dithering may also be used in these cases.

The color reduction operators -colors, -monochrome, -remap, and -posterize, apply dithering to images using the reduced +color set they created. These operators are also used as part of automatic +color reduction when saving images to formats with limited color support, such +as GIF:, XBM:, and others, so dithering may also be used +in these cases.

Alternatively you can use -random-threshold to generate purely random dither. Or use -ordered-dither to apply threshold mapped dither patterns, using uniform color maps, rather than specific color maps.

Alternatively you can use -random-threshold +to generate purely random dither. Or use -ordered-dither to apply threshold mapped dither +patterns, using uniform color maps, rather than specific color maps.

@@ -2381,7 +2749,9 @@ href="#monochrome">-monochrome, -remap, and -monochrome, -remap, and -gravity command-line option, except that it is limited in scope to the -draw option in which it appears.

The text gravity primitive only affects the placement of text and does not +interact with the other primitives. It is equivalent to using the -gravity command-line option, except that it is limited in +scope to the -draw option in which it appears.

The transformation primitives:

-   rotate          degrees
-   translate       dx,dy
-   scale           sx,sy
-   skewX           degrees
-   skewY           degrees
+   rotate     degrees
+   translate  dx,dy
+   scale      sx,sy
+   skewX      degrees
+   skewY      degrees

The pixel operation primitives:

-   color           x0,y0 method
-   matte           x0,y0 method
+   color  x0,y0 method
+   matte  x0,y0 method

The shape primitives are drawn in the color specified by the preceding -fill setting. For unfilled shapes, use -fill none. You can optionally control the stroke (the "outline" of a shape) with the -stroke and -strokewidth settings.

The shape primitives are drawn in the color specified by the preceding -fill setting. For unfilled shapes, use -fill none. You can optionally control the stroke (the +"outline" of a shape) with the -stroke and -strokewidth settings.

A point primitive is specified by a single point in the pixel plane, that is, by an ordered pair of integer coordinates, x,y. (As it involves only a single pixel, a point primitive is not affected by -stroke or -strokewidth.)

A point primitive is specified by a single point in the +pixel plane, that is, by an ordered pair of integer coordinates, +x,y. (As it involves only a single pixel, a point +primitive is not affected by -stroke or -strokewidth.)

A line primitive requires a start point and end point.

A rectangle primitive is specified by the pair of points at the upper left and lower right corners.

A rectangle primitive is specified by the pair of points at the +upper left and lower right corners.

A roundRectangle primitive takes the same corner points as a rectangle followed by the width and height of the rounded corners to be removed.

A roundRectangle primitive takes the same corner points as +a rectangle followed by the width and height of the rounded corners +to be removed.

The circle primitive makes a disk (filled) or circle (unfilled). Give the center and any point on the perimeter (boundary).

The circle primitive makes a disk (filled) or circle (unfilled). +Give the center and any point on the perimeter (boundary).

The arc primitive is used to inscribe an elliptical segment in to a given rectangle. An arc requires the two corners used for rectangle (see above) followed by the start and end angles of the arc of the segment segment (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90). The start and end points produced are then joined with a line segment and the resulting segment of an ellipse is filled.

The arc primitive is used to inscribe an elliptical segment in +to a given rectangle. An arc requires the two corners used for +rectangle (see above) followed by the start and end angles of the +arc of the segment segment (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90). The start and end +points produced are then joined with a line segment and the resulting segment +of an ellipse is filled.

Use ellipse to draw a partial (or whole) ellipse. Give the center point, the horizontal and vertical "radii" (the semi-axes of the ellipse) and start and end angles in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150 0,360).

Use ellipse to draw a partial (or whole) ellipse. Give the +center point, the horizontal and vertical "radii" (the semi-axes of +the ellipse) and start and end angles in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150 +0,360).

The polyline and polygon primitives require three or more points to define their perimeters. A polyline is simply a polygon in which the final point is not stroked to the start point. When unfilled, this is a polygonal line. If the -stroke setting is none (the default), then a polyline is identical to a polygon. -

The polyline and polygon primitives require three or +more points to define their perimeters. A polyline is simply +a polygon in which the final point is not stroked to the start +point. When unfilled, this is a polygonal line. If the -stroke setting is none (the default), then +a polyline is identical to a polygon.

A coordinate is a pair of integers separated by a space or optional comma.

A coordinate is a pair of integers separated by a space or +optional comma.

As an example, to define a circle centered at 100,100 that extends to 150,150 use:

As an example, to define a circle centered at 100,100 that extends to +150,150 use:

-draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'

The Bezier primitive creates a spline curve and requires three or points to define its shape. The first and last points are the knots and these points are attained by the curve, while any intermediate coordinates are control points. If two control points are specified, the line between each end knot and its sequentially respective control point determines the tangent direction of the curve at that end. If one control point is specified, the lines from the end knots to the one control point determines the tangent directions of the curve at each end. If more than two control points are specified, then the additional control points act in combination to determine the intermediate shape of the curve. In order to -draw complex curves, it is highly recommended either to use the path primitive or to draw multiple four-point bezier segments with the start and end knots of each successive segment repeated. For example:

The Bezier primitive creates a spline curve and requires three +or points to define its shape. The first and last points are the +knots and these points are attained by the curve, while any +intermediate coordinates are control points. If two control points +are specified, the line between each end knot and its sequentially respective +control point determines the tangent direction of the curve at that end. If +one control point is specified, the lines from the end knots to the one +control point determines the tangent directions of the curve at each end. If +more than two control points are specified, then the additional control points +act in combination to determine the intermediate shape of the curve. In order +to draw complex curves, it is highly recommended either to use the +path primitive or to draw multiple four-point bezier segments with +the start and end knots of each successive segment repeated. For example:

-draw 'bezier 20,50 45,100 45,0 70,50' @@ -2469,9 +2879,18 @@ draw complex curves, it is highly recommended either to use the path

A path represents an outline of an object, defined in terms of moveto (set a new current point), lineto (draw a straight line), curveto (draw a Bezier curve), arc (elliptical or circular arc) and closepath (close the current shape by drawing a line to the last moveto) elements. Compound paths (i.e., a path with subpaths, each consisting of a single moveto followed by one or more line or curve operations) are possible to allow effects such as donut holes in objects. (See Paths.)

A path represents an outline of an object, defined in terms of +moveto (set a new current point), lineto (draw a straight line), curveto (draw +a Bezier curve), arc (elliptical or circular arc) and closepath (close the +current shape by drawing a line to the last moveto) elements. Compound paths +(i.e., a path with subpaths, each consisting of a single moveto followed by +one or more line or curve operations) are possible to allow effects such as +donut holes in objects. (See Paths.)

Use image to composite an image with another image. Follow the image keyword with the composite operator, image location, image size, and filename:

Use image to composite an image with another image. Follow the +image keyword with the composite operator, image location, image size, and +filename:

-draw 'image SrcOver 100,100 225,225 image.jpg' @@ -2479,31 +2898,52 @@ draw complex curves, it is highly recommended either to use the path

You can use 0,0 for the image size, which means to use the actual dimensions found in the image header. Otherwise, it is scaled to the given -dimensions. See Alpha Compositing for +dimensions. See Alpha Compositing for a detailed discussion of alpha composition methods that are available.

Use text to annotate an image with text. Follow the text coordinates with a string. If the string has embedded spaces, enclose it in single or double quotes.

+The "special augmented compose operators" such as "dissolve" that require +arguments cannot be used at present with the -draw image option. +

For example, the following annotates the image with Works like magick! for an image titled bird.miff.

Use text to annotate an image with text. Follow the text +coordinates with a string. If the string has embedded spaces, enclose it in +single or double quotes.

+ +

For example, the following annotates the image with Works like +magick! for an image titled bird.miff.

- -draw 'text 100,100 "Works like magick!"' + -draw "text 100,100 'Works like magick!' "

See the -annotate option for another convenient way to annotate an image with text.

See the -annotate option for another convenient way +to annotate an image with text.

The rotate primitive rotates subsequent shape primitives and text primitives about the origin of the main image. If the -region option precedes the -draw option, the origin for transformations is the upper left corner of the region.

The rotate primitive rotates subsequent shape primitives and +text primitives about the origin of the main image. If the -region option precedes the -draw +option, the origin for transformations is the upper left corner of the +region.

The translate primitive translates subsequent shape and text primitives.

The translate primitive translates subsequent shape and text +primitives.

The scale primitive scales them.

The skewX and skewY primitives skew them with respect to the origin of the main image or the region.

The skewX and skewY primitives skew them with respect +to the origin of the main image or the region.

The transformations modify the current affine matrix, which is initialized from the initial affine matrix defined by the -affine option. Transformations are cumulative within the -draw option. The initial affine matrix is not affected; that matrix is only changed by the appearance of another -affine option. If another -draw option appears, the current affine matrix is reinitialized from the initial affine -matrix.

The transformations modify the current affine matrix, which is initialized +from the initial affine matrix defined by the -affine +option. Transformations are cumulative within the -draw +option. The initial affine matrix is not affected; that matrix is only changed +by the appearance of another -affine option. If another +-draw option appears, the current affine matrix is +reinitialized from the initial affine matrix.

Use the color primitive to change the color of a pixel to the fill color (see -fill). Follow the pixel coordinate with a method:

Use the color primitive to change the color of a pixel to the +fill color (see -fill). Follow the pixel coordinate with +a method:

    point
@@ -2513,17 +2953,50 @@ matrix.
    reset

Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate. The point method recolors the target pixel. The replace method recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas filltoborder recolors any neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally, reset recolors all pixels.

Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate. The +point method recolors the target pixel. The replace +method recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. +Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target +pixel and is a neighbor, whereas filltoborder recolors any neighbor +pixel that is not the border color. Finally, reset recolors all +pixels.

Use matte to the change the pixel matte value to transparent. Follow the pixel coordinate with a method (see the color primitive for a description of methods). The point method changes the matte value of the target pixel. The replace method changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas filltoborder changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color (-bordercolor). Finally reset changes the matte value of all pixels.

Use matte to the change the pixel matte value to transparent. +Follow the pixel coordinate with a method (see the color primitive +for a description of methods). The point method changes the matte +value of the target pixel. The replace method changes the matte +value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. +Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the +color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas filltoborder +changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color (-bordercolor). Finally reset changes the +matte value of all pixels.

You can set the primitive color, font, and font bounding box color with -fill, -font, and -box respectively. Options are processed in command line order so be sure to use these options before the -draw option.

You can set the primitive color, font, and font bounding box color with -fill, -font, and -box +respectively. Options are processed in command line order so be sure to use +these options before the -draw option.

Strings that begin with a number must be quoted (e.g. use '1.png' rather than 1.png).

Strings that begin with a number must be quoted (e.g. use '1.png' rather +than 1.png).

Drawing primitives conform to the Magick Vector Graphics format.

Drawing primitives conform to the Magick +Vector Graphics format.

-duplicate count,indexes

+ +

duplicate an image one or more times.

+ +

Specify the count and the image to duplicate by its index in the sequence. +The first image is index 0. Negative indexes are relative to the end of the +sequence, for example, -1 represents the last image of the sequence. Specify +a range of images with a dash (e.g. 0-4). Separate indexes with a comma (e.g. +0,2). Use +duplicate to duplicate the last image in the current +image sequence.

-edge radius

@@ -2540,11 +3013,14 @@ matrix.

-encipher filename

Encipher pixels for later deciphering by -decipher.

Get the passphrase from the file specified by filename.

For more information, see the webpage, ImageMagick: Encipher or Decipher an Image.

For more information, see the webpage, ImageMagick: Encipher or +Decipher an Image.

@@ -2554,7 +3030,10 @@ matrix.

specify the text encoding.

Choose from AdobeCustom, AdobeExpert, AdobeStandard, AppleRoman, BIG5, GB2312, Latin 2, None, SJIScode, Symbol, Unicode, Wansung.

Choose from AdobeCustom, AdobeExpert, +AdobeStandard, AppleRoman, BIG5, +GB2312, Latin 2, None, SJIScode, +Symbol, Unicode, Wansung.

-endian type

@@ -2562,9 +3041,9 @@ matrix.

Specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of the image.

To print a complete list of endian types, use the -list endian option.

Use +endian to revert to unspecified endianness.

@@ -2580,11 +3059,17 @@ matrix.

perform histogram equalization on the image channel-by-channel.

To perform histogram equalization on all channels in concert, transform the image into some other color space, such as HSL, OHTA, YIQ or YUV, then equalize the appropriate intensity-like channel, then convert back to RGB.

To perform histogram equalization on all channels in concert, transform the +image into some other color space, such as HSL, OHTA, YIQ or YUV, then +equalize the appropriate intensity-like channel, then convert back to RGB.

For example using HSL, we have: ... -colorspace HSL -channel lightness -equalize -colorspace RGB ...

For example using HSL, we have: ... -colorspace HSL -channel lightness +-equalize -colorspace RGB ...

For YIQ, YUV and OHTA use the red channel. For example, OHTA is a principal components transformation that puts most of the information in the first channel. Here we have ... -colorspace OHTA -channel red -equalize -colorspace RGB ...

For YIQ, YUV and OHTA use the red channel. For example, OHTA is a principal +components transformation that puts most of the information in the first +channel. Here we have ... -colorspace OHTA -channel red -equalize +-colorspace RGB ...

-evaluate operator value

@@ -2592,9 +3077,18 @@ matrix.

Alter channel pixels by evaluating an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression.

(See the -function operator for some multi-parameter functions. See the -fx operator if more elaborate calculations are needed.)

(See the -function operator for some +multi-parameter functions. See the -fx operator if more +elaborate calculations are needed.)

The behaviors of each operator are summarized in the following list. For brevity, the numerical value of a "pixel" referred to below is the value of the corresponding channel of that pixel, while a "normalized pixel" is that number divided by the maximum (installation-dependent) value QuantumRange. (If normalized pixels are used, they are restored, following the other calculations, to the full range by multiplying by QuantumRange.)

The behaviors of each operator are summarized in the +following list. For brevity, the numerical value of a "pixel" referred to +below is the value of the corresponding channel of that pixel, while +a "normalized pixel" is that number divided by the maximum +(installation-dependent) value QuantumRange. (If +normalized pixels are used, they are restored, following the other +calculations, to the full range by multiplying by QuantumRange.)

@@ -2635,7 +3129,7 @@ matrix.

- + @@ -2648,7 +3142,7 @@ matrix.

Gaussian-noise
Impulse-noise
Laplacian-noise
Multiplicative-noise	(These are equivalent to the corresponding -noise operators.)
Multiplicative-noise	(These are equivalent to the corresponding -noise operators.)
PoissonNoise
Uniform-noise

The specified functions are applied only to each previously set -channel in the image. If necessary, the results of the +href="command-line-options.html#channel" >-channel in the image. If necessary, the results of the calculations are truncated (clipped) to fit in the interval [0, QuantumRange]. The transparency channel of the image is represented as a 'alpha' values (0 = fully transparent), so, for example, a @@ -2656,29 +3150,42 @@ represented as a 'alpha' values (0 = fully transparent), so, for example, a semi-transparent. Append the percent symbol '%' to specify a value as a percentage of the QuantumRange.

To print a complete list of -evaluate operators, use --list evaluate.

To print a complete list of -evaluate operators, use +-list evaluate.

The results of the Add, Subtract and Multiply methods can also be achieved using either the -level or the +level operator, with +href="command-line-options.html#level" >-level or the +level operator, with appropriate argument, to linearly modify the overall range of color values. -Please note, however, that -level treats transparency as -'matte' values (0 = opaque), while -evaluate works with +Please note, however, that -level treats transparency as +'matte' values (0 = opaque), while -evaluate works with 'alpha' values.

AddModulus has been added as of ImageMagick 6.4.8-4 and provides addition modulo the QuantumRange. It is therefore equivalent to Add unless the resulting pixel value is outside the interval [0, QuantumRange].

AddModulus has been added as of ImageMagick 6.4.8-4 and provides +addition modulo the QuantumRange. It is therefore +equivalent to Add unless the resulting pixel value is outside the +interval [0, QuantumRange].

Exp or Exponential has been added as of ImageMagick 6.6.5-1 and works on normalized pixel values. The value used with Exp should be negative so as to produce a decaying exponential function. Non-negative values will always produce results larger unity and thus outside the interval [0, QuantumRange]. The formula is expressed below.

Exp or Exponential has been added as of ImageMagick 6.6.5-1 and +works on normalized pixel values. The value used with +Exp should be negative so as to produce a decaying exponential +function. Non-negative values will always produce results larger unity and +thus outside the interval [0, QuantumRange]. The +formula is expressed below.

exp(value × u)

If the input image is squared, for example, using -function polynomial "2 0 0", then a decaying Gaussian function will be the result.

If the input image is squared, for example, using -function polynomial "2 0 0", then a decaying Gaussian function will be +the result.

Log has been added as of ImageMagick 6.4.2-1 and works on normalized pixel values. This a scaled log function. The value used with Log provides a scaling factor that adjusts the curvature in the graph of the log function. The formula applied to a normalized value u is below.

Log has been added as of ImageMagick 6.4.2-1 and works on +normalized pixel values. This a scaled log function. The value used with Log provides a scaling +factor that adjusts the curvature in the graph of the log function. The +formula applied to a normalized value u is below.

log(value × u + 1) / log(value + 1) @@ -2686,9 +3193,9 @@ href="#-function" >-function polynomial "2 0 0", then a decaying Gaussian fu

Pow has been added as of ImageMagick 6.4.1-9, and works on normalized pixel values. Note that Pow is related to the -gamma operator. For example, -gamma 2 is equivalent +href="command-line-options.html#gamma" >-gamma operator. For example, -gamma 2 is equivalent to -evaluate pow 0.5, i.e., a 'square root' function. The value used -with -gamma is simply the reciprocal of the value used +with -gamma is simply the reciprocal of the value used with Pow.

Cosine and Sine was added as of IM v6.4.8-8 and @@ -2707,14 +3214,19 @@ class="QR">QuantumRange.

0.5 + 0.5 × cos(2 π u × value).

See also the -function operator, which is a +

See also the -function operator, which is a multi-value version of evaluate.

-evaluate-sequence operator

Alter channel pixels by evaluating an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression over a sequence of images.

Alter channel pixels by evaluating an arithmetic, relational, or +logical expression over a sequence of images.

+ +

To print a complete list of -evaluate-sequence operators, use -list evaluate.

-extent geometry

@@ -2722,15 +3234,20 @@ multi-value version of evaluate.

Set the image size and offset.

If the image is enlarged, unfilled areas are set to the background color. To position the image, use offsets in the geometry specification or precede with a -gravity setting. To specify how to compose the image with the background, use -compose.

If the image is enlarged, unfilled areas are set to the background color. +To position the image, use offsets in the geometry +specification or precede with a -gravity setting. To +specify how to compose the image with the background, use -compose.

This command reduces or expands a JPEG image to fit on an 800x600 display. If the aspect ratio of the input image isn't exactly 4:3, then the image is centered on an 800x600 black canvas:

$magick> convert input.jpg -resize 800x600 -background black -compose Copy \
-gravity center -extent 800x600 -quality 92 output.jpg

$ convert input.jpg -resize 800x600 -background black -compose Copy \
-gravity center -extent 800x600 -quality 92 output.jpg

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

-extract geometry

@@ -2738,16 +3255,17 @@ image is centered on an 800x600 black canvas:

Extract the specified area from image.

This option is most useful for extracting a subregion of a very large raw image. Note that these two commands are equivalent:

This option is most useful for extracting a subregion of a very large raw +image. Note that these two commands are equivalent:

$magick> convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 -extract 640x480+1280+960 \
image.rgb image.png $magick> convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 'image.rgb[640x480+1280+960]' \
image.rgb image.png

If you omit the offsets, as in

$ convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 -extract 640x480+1280+960 \
image.rgb image.png $ convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 'image.rgb[640x480+1280+960]' \
image.rgb image.png

If you omit the offsets, as in

$magick> convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 -extract 640x480 \
image.rgb image.png

$ convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 -extract 640x480 \
image.rgb image.png

the image is resized to the specified dimensions instead, equivalent to:

$magick> convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 -resize 640x480 image.rgb image.png

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

$ convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 -resize 640x480 image.rgb image.png

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

-family fontFamily

@@ -2755,11 +3273,14 @@ equivalent to:

Set a font family for text.

This setting suggests a font family that ImageMagick should try to use for rendering text. If the family can be found it is used; if not, a default font (e.g., "Arial") or a family known to be similar is substituted (e.g., "Courier" might be used if "System" is requested but not found). -

This setting suggests a font family that ImageMagick should try to use for +rendering text. If the family can be found it is used; if not, a default font +(e.g., "Arial") or a family known to be similar is substituted (e.g., +"Courier" might be used if "System" is requested but not found).

For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -font, -stretch, -style, and -weight. -

For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -font, -stretch, -style, and -weight.

-features distance

@@ -2773,37 +3294,98 @@ equivalent to:

implements the forward discrete Fourier transform (DFT).

This option is new as of ImageMagick 6.5.4-3 (and now working for Windows users in ImageMagick 6.6.0-9). It transforms an image from the normal (spatial) domain to the frequency domain. In the frequency domain, an image is represented as a superposition of complex sinusoidal waves of varying amplitudes. The image x and y coordinates are the possible frequencies along the x and y directions, respectively, and the pixel intensity values are complex numbers that correspond to the sinusoidal wave amplitudes. See for example, Fourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform.

- -

A single image name is provided as output for this option. However, the output result will have two components. It is either a two-frame image or two separate images, depending upon whether the image format specified supports multi-frame images. The reason that we get a dual output result is because the frequency domain represents an image using complex numbers, which cannot be visualized directly. Therefore, the complex values are automagically separated into a two-component image representation. The first component is the magnitude of the complex number and the second is the phase of the complex number. See for example, Complex Numbers.

- -

The magnitude and phase component images must be specified using image formats that do not limit the color or compress the image. Thus, MIFF, TIF, PFM, EXR and PNG are the recommended image formats to use. All of these formats, except PNG support multi-frame images. So for example,

- -

$magick> convert image.png -fft fft_image.miff

generates a magnitude image as fft_image.miff[0] and a phase image as fft_image.miff[1]. Similarly,

- -

$magick> convert image.png -fft fft_image.png

generates a magnitude image as fft_image-0.png and a phase image as fft_image-1.png. If you prefer this representation, then you can force any of the other formats to produce two output images by including +adjoin following -fft in the command line.

- -

The input image can be any size, but if not square and even-dimensioned, it is padded automagically to the larger of the width or height of the input image and to an even number of pixels. The padding will occur at the bottom and/or right sides of the input image. The resulting output magnitude and phase images is square at this size. The kind of padding relies on the -virtual-pixel setting.

- -

Both output components will have dynamic ranges that fit within [0, QuantumRange], so that HDRI need not be enabled. Phase values nominally range from 0 to 2*π, but for non-HDRI compilations of ImageMagick, the phase image is scaled to span the full dynamic range. The magnitude image is not scaled and thus generally will contain very small values. As such, the image normally will appear totally black. In order to view any detail, the magnitude image typically is enhanced with a log function into what is usually called the spectrum. A log function is used to enhance the darker values more in comparison to the lighter values. This can be done, for example, as follows:

- -

$magick> convert fft_image.miff[0] -contrast-stretch 0 \
+

This option is new as of ImageMagick 6.5.4-3 (and now working for Windows +users in ImageMagick 6.6.0-9). It transforms an image from the normal +(spatial) domain to the frequency domain. In the frequency domain, an image is +represented as a superposition of complex sinusoidal waves of varying +amplitudes. The image x and y coordinates are the possible frequencies along +the x and y directions, respectively, and the pixel intensity values are +complex numbers that correspond to the sinusoidal wave amplitudes. See for +example, Fourier +Transform, Discrete Fourier +Transform and Fast Fourier +Transform.

+ +

A single image name is provided as output for this option. However, the +output result will have two components. It is either a two-frame image or two +separate images, depending upon whether the image format specified supports +multi-frame images. The reason that we get a dual output result is because the +frequency domain represents an image using complex numbers, which cannot be +visualized directly. Therefore, the complex values are automagically separated +into a two-component image representation. The first component is the +magnitude of the complex number and the second is the phase of the complex +number. See for example, Complex Numbers.

+ +

The magnitude and phase component images must be specified using image +formats that do not limit the color or compress the image. Thus, MIFF, TIF, +PFM, EXR and PNG are the recommended image formats to use. All of these +formats, except PNG support multi-frame images. So for example,

+ +

$ convert image.png -fft fft_image.miff

generates a magnitude image as fft_image.miff[0] and a phase +image as fft_image.miff[1]. Similarly,

+ +

$ convert image.png -fft fft_image.png

generates a magnitude image as fft_image-0.png and a phase image +as fft_image-1.png. If you prefer this representation, then you can +force any of the other formats to produce two output images by including +adjoin following -fft in the command line.

+ +

The input image can be any size, but if not square and even-dimensioned, it +is padded automagically to the larger of the width or height of the input +image and to an even number of pixels. The padding will occur at the bottom +and/or right sides of the input image. The resulting output magnitude and +phase images is square at this size. The kind of padding relies on the -virtual-pixel setting.

+ +

Both output components will have dynamic ranges that fit within +[0, QuantumRange], so that HDRI need not be enabled. +Phase values nominally range from 0 to 2*π, but is scaled to span the full +dynamic range. (The first few releases had non-HDRI scaled but HDRI not +scaled). The magnitude image is not scaled and thus generally will contain +very small values. As such, the image normally will appear totally black. In +order to view any detail, the magnitude image typically is enhanced with a log +function into what is usually called the spectrum. A log function is used to +enhance the darker values more in comparison to the lighter values. This can +be done, for example, as follows:

+ +

$ convert fft_image.miff[0] -contrast-stretch 0 \
-evaluate log 1000 fft_image_spectrum.png

where the -contrast-stretch 0 is used to scale the image to full dynamic range, first. The argument to the -evaluate log typically is specified between 100 and 10,000, depending upon the amount of detail that one wants to bring out in the spectrum. Larger values produce more visible detail. Too much detail, however, may hide the important features.

- -

The FFTW delegate library is required to use -fft.

- -

Use +fft to produce two output images that are the real and imaginary components of the complex valued Fourier transform.

- -

However, as the real and imaginary components can contain negative values, this requires that IM be configured with HDRI enabled. In this case, you must use either MIFF, TIF or PFM formats for the real and imaginary component results, since they are formats that preserve both negative and fractional values without clipping them or truncating the fractional part.

- -

The real and imaginary component images resulting from +fft is also square, even dimensioned images due to the same padding that was discussed above for the magnitude and phase component images.

- -

See the discussion on HDRI implementations of ImageMagick on the page -High Dynamic-Range Images. For more about HDRI go the ImageMagick Usage pages or this Wikipedia entry. -

where either -contrast-stretch 0 or -auto-level is used to scale the image to full dynamic +range, first. The argument to the -evaluate log +typically is specified between 100 and 10,000, depending upon the amount of +detail that one wants to bring out in the spectrum. Larger values produce more +visible detail. Too much detail, however, may hide the important features.

+ +

The FFTW delegate library is required to +use -fft.

+ +

Use +fft to produce two output images that are the real +and imaginary components of the complex valued Fourier transform.

+ +

However, as the real and imaginary components can contain negative values, +this requires that IM be configured with HDRI enabled. In this case, you must +use either MIFF, TIF, PFM or MPC formats for the real and imaginary component +results, since they are formats that preserve both negative and fractional +values without clipping them or truncating the fractional part. With either +MIFF or TIF, one should add -define quantum:format=32, to allow those image +types to work properly in HDRI mode without clipping.

+ +

The real and imaginary component images resulting from +fft are also square, even dimensioned images due to the same +padding that was discussed above for the magnitude and phase component +images.

+ +

See the discussion on HDRI implementations of ImageMagick on the page High Dynamic-Range Images. For more +about HDRI go the ImageMagick Usage pages, Fred's Fourier Processing With ImageMagick page or this Wikipedia + entry.

@@ -2812,9 +3394,12 @@ equivalent to:

color to use when filling a graphic primitive.

This option accepts a color name, a hex color, or a numerical RGB, RGBA, HSL, HSLA, CMYK, or CMYKA specification. See Color Names for a description of how to properly specify the color argument.

This option accepts a color name, a hex color, or a numerical RGB, RGBA, +HSL, HSLA, CMYK, or CMYKA specification. See Color Names for +a description of how to properly specify the color argument.

Enclose the color specification in quotation marks to prevent the "#" or the parentheses from being interpreted by your shell.

Enclose the color specification in quotation marks to prevent the "#" or +the parentheses from being interpreted by your shell.

For example,

@@ -2828,9 +3413,9 @@ equivalent to:

-fill "rgb(255,255,255)"

See -draw for further details.

To print a complete list of color names, use the -list color option.

-filter type

@@ -2840,7 +3425,7 @@ equivalent to:

distorting an image.

Use this option to affect the resizing operation of an image during -operations such as -resize and -resize and -distort. For example you can use a simple resize filter such as:

@@ -2856,7 +3441,7 @@ clipped to the filters support size. Their direct use is not recommended
 except via expert settings (see below). 
 
 Instead these special filter functions are typically windowed by a windowing
-function that the -filter setting defines.   That is
+function that the -filter setting defines.   That is
 using these functions will define a 'Windowed' filter, appropriate to the
 operator involved.  Windowed filters include: 
 
@@ -2875,12 +3460,12 @@ on the current 'support' or 'lobes' expert settings (see below).
 if the image is enlarged.  Otherwise the filter default to
 Lanczos.
 
-To print a complete list of resize filters, use the -list
+
To print a complete list of resize filters, use the -list
 filter option.
 
 You can modify how the filter behaves as it scales your image through the
-use of these expert settings (see also -define and -set):-
+use of these expert settings (see also -define and -set):-
 
 
 -define filter:blur=factor
@@ -2904,30 +3489,57 @@ href="#set" >-set):-
     designed to be more suited to windowed filters, especially when used for
     image distorts.
 
+-define filter:sigma=value
+The 'sigma' value used to define the Gaussian filter.  Default
+    sigma value is '0.5'.  It only effects Gaussian but
+    does not shrink (but may enlarge) the filter's 'support'.  It can be used
+    to generate very small blurs but without the filter 'missing' pixels due
+    to using a small support setting. A larger value of '0.707'
+    (a value of '1/sqrt(2)') is another common setting. 
+
 -define filter:b=b-spline_factor
 -define filter:c=keys_alpha_factor
 Redefine the values used for cubic filters such as Cubic,
     Catrom, Mitchel, and Hermite, as well as
-    the Parzen Sinc windowing function. If only one of the values
-    are defined, the other is set so as to generate a 'Keys' type cubic
-    filter.  Values meaning was defined by a research paper by
+    the Parzen cubic windowing function. If only one of the values
+    are defined, the other is set so as to generate a 'Cubic-Keys' filter.
+    The values meaning was defined by a research paper by
     Mitchell-Netravali.
 
+-define filter:kaiser-beta=value
+The 'alpha' value used to as part of the Kaiser Windowing function.
+    Default value is '6.5'.  It only effects Kaiser windowing function, and
+    does not effect any other attributes.
+
+Before IM v6.7.6-10, this option was known as "filter:alpha", (an
+    inheritance from the very old "zoom" program). It was changed to bring the
+    function in line with more modern academic research usage, and better
+    assign it be more definitive.  
+
+-define filter:kaiser-alpha=value
+This value when multiplied by 'PI' is equivelent to "kaiser-beta", and
+    will override that setting.  It only effects Kaiser windowing function,
+    and does not effect any other attributes. 
+
 -define filter:filter=filter_function
-Use this function directly as the scaling filter.  This will allow
-    you to directly use a windowing filter such as Blackman,
-    rather than as its normal usage as a windowing function for 'Sinc' or
-    'Bessel' functions. If defined, no windowing function is used, unless the
-    following expert setting is also defined.
+Use this function directly as the weighting filter.  This will allow
+    you to directly use a windowing function such as Blackman,
+    as a resampling filter, rather than as its normal usage as a windowing
+    function. 
+
+If defined, no windowing function also defined, the window function is set
+    to Box). Directly specifying Sinc or Jinc
+    as a filter will also do this. 
 
 -define filter:window=filter_function
-The IIR (infinite impulse response) filters Bessel and
-    Sinc  are windowed (brought down to zero over the defined
+
The IIR (infinite impulse response) filters Sinc and
+    Jinc are windowed (brought down to zero over the defined
     support range) with the given filter. This allows you to specify a filter
-    function that is not normally used as a windowing function, such as
-    Box, (which effectively turns off the windowing function),
-    to window a Sinc, or the function the previous setting defined.
-    
+    function to be used as a windowing function for these IIR filters. 
+
+Many of the defined filters are actually windowing functions for these IIR
+    filters.  A typical choices is Box, (which effectively turns
+    off the windowing function).  
 
 -define filter:verbose=1
 This causes IM to print information on the final internal filter
@@ -2945,26 +3557,37 @@ href="#set" >-set):-
 
 For example, to get a 8 lobe Bessel windowed Bessel filter:
 
- $magick> convert image.png -filter bessel \ 

-          -set filter:window=bessel -set filter:lobes=8 \ 

+
 $ convert image.png -filter bessel \

+          -set filter:window=bessel -set filter:lobes=8 \

           -resize 150%   image.jpg
 Or a raw un-windowed Sinc filter with 4 lobes:
 
- $magick> convert image.png -set filter:filter=sinc -set filter:lobes=4 \ 

+
 $ convert image.png -set filter:filter=sinc -set filter:lobes=4 \

           -resize 150%   image.jpg
-Note that the use of expert options (except for 'blur' with simple resize
-filters, and 'verbose' for viewing the internal filter selection), are
-provided for image processing experts who have studied and understood how
-resize filters work. Without this knowledge, and an understanding of the
-definition of the actual filters involved, using expert settings are more
-likely to be detrimental to your image resizing.
+To extract the data for a raw windowing function, combine it with
+a 'Box' filter.  For example the 'Welsh parabolic
+windowing function. 
+
+ $ convert null: -define filter:filter=Box \

+                 -define filter:window=Welsh \

+                 -define filter:support=1.0 \

+                 -define filter:verbose=1 \

+                 -resize 2 null:  > window_welsh.dat

+  gnuplot

+     set grid

+     plot "window_welsh.dat" with lines
+Note that the use of expert options is provided for image processing experts
+who have studied and understand how resize filters work. Without this
+knowledge, and an understanding of the definition of the actual filters
+involved, using expert settings are more likely to be detrimental to your image
+resizing.
 
 
 
   -flatten
 
 
-This is a simple alias for the -layers method "flatten". 
+This is a simple alias for the -layers method "flatten". 
 
 
 
@@ -2973,13 +3596,30 @@ likely to be detrimental to your image resizing.
 
 create a mirror image. 
 
-reflect the scanlines in the vertical direction.
+reflect the scanlines in the vertical direction. The image will be mirrored
+upside-down. 
+
 
 
   -floodfill {+-}x{+-}y color
 
 
-floodfill the image with color at the specified offset. Using -fuzz to floodfill pixels which only change by a small amount. 
+floodfill the image with color at the specified offset. 
+
+Flood fill starts from the given 'seed point' which is not gravity effected.
+Any color that matches within -fuzz color distance of the
+given color  argument, connected to that 'seed point'
+will be replaced with the current -fill color. 
+
+Note that if the pixel at the 'seed point' does not itself match the given
+color (according to -fuzz), then no
+action will be taken. 
+
+This operator works more like the -opaque option, than
+a more general flood fill that reads the matching color directly at the 'seed
+point'. For this form of flood fill, look at -draw  and
+its 'color floodfill' drawing method.  
+
 
 
   -flop
@@ -2987,7 +3627,8 @@ likely to be detrimental to your image resizing.
 
 create a mirror image. 
 
-reflect the scanlines in the horizontal direction.
+Reflect the scanlines in the horizontal direction, just like the image in
+a vertical mirror. 
 
 
 
@@ -2996,23 +3637,27 @@ likely to be detrimental to your image resizing.
 
 set the font to use when annotating images with text, or creating labels. 
 
-To print a complete list of fonts, use the -list font option (for versions prior to 6.3.6, use 'type' instead of 'font').
+To print a complete list of fonts, use the -list font
+option (for versions prior to 6.3.6, use 'type' instead of 'font').
 
 In addition to the fonts specified by the above pre-defined list, you can
 also specify a font from a specific source.  For example Arial.ttf
 is a TrueType font file, ps:helvetica is PostScript font, and
 x:fixed is X11 font.
 
-For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -family, -stretch, -style, and -weight. 
+For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -family, -stretch, -style, and -weight. 
 
 
 
   -foreground color
 
 
-Define the foreground color. 
+Define the foreground color for menus. [display]
 
-The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.
+The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.
 
 The default foreground color is black.
 
@@ -3022,17 +3667,27 @@ is a TrueType font file, ps:helvetica is PostScript font, and
 
 the image format type. 
 
-When used with the mogrify utility, this option converts any image to the image format you specify.  For a list of image format types supported by ImageMagick, use -list format.
+When used with the mogrify utility, this option converts any
+image to the image format you specify.
+For a list of image format types supported by ImageMagick, use -list format.
 
-By default the file is written to its original name. However, if the filename extension matches a supported format, the extension is replaced with the image format type specified with -format. For example, if you specify tiff as the format type and the input image filename is image.gif, the output image filename becomes image.tiff.
+By default the file is written to its original name. However, if the
+filename extension matches a supported format, the extension is replaced with
+the image format type specified with -format. For
+example, if you specify tiff as the format type and the
+input image filename is image.gif, the output image
+filename becomes image.tiff.
 
 
   -format string
 
 
-output formatted image characteristics. [identify]
+output formatted image characteristics. [identify]
 
-See Format and Print Image Properties for an explanation on how to specify the argument to this option.
+See Format and Print Image
+Properties for an explanation on how to specify the argument to this
+option.
 
 
   -frame geometry
@@ -3040,10 +3695,10 @@ is a TrueType font file, ps:helvetica is PostScript font, and
 
 Surround the image with a border or beveled frame. 
 
-The color of the border is specified with the The color of the border is specified with the -mattecolor command line option. 
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. The size portion of the See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. The size portion of the geometry argument indicates the amount of extra width and
 height that is added to the dimensions of the image. If no offsets are given
 in the geometry argument, then the border added is
@@ -3053,25 +3708,25 @@ thickness x pixels and an inner bevel of thickness
 y pixels. Negative offsets make no sense as frame arguments.
 

 
-The -frame option is affected by the current -compose setting and assumes that this is using the default
+
The -frame option is affected by the current -compose setting and assumes that this is using the default
 'Over' composition method.  It generates a image of the appropriate
-size with the current -bordercolor setting, and then
+size with the current -bordercolor setting, and then
 draws the frame of four distinct colors close to the current -mattecolor.  The original image is then overlaid onto
+href="command-line-options.html#mattecolor">-mattecolor.  The original image is then overlaid onto
 center of this image.  This means that with the default compose method of
 'Over' any transparent parts may be replaced by the current -bordercolor setting.
+href="command-line-options.html#bordercolor">-bordercolor setting.
 
 The image composition is not
-affected by the -gravity option.
+affected by the -gravity option.
 
 
 
   -frame
 
 
-include the X window frame in the imported image. [import]
+include the X window frame in the imported image. [import]
 
 
   -function function parameters
@@ -3079,25 +3734,38 @@ affected by the -gravity option.
 
 Apply a function to channel values. 
 
-This operator performs calculations based on the given arguments to modify each of the color values for each previously set -channel in the image. See -evaluate for details concerning how the results of the calculations are handled.
+This operator performs calculations based on the given arguments to modify
+each of the color values for each previously set -channel in the image. See -evaluate for details concerning how the results of the
+calculations are handled.
 
-This is can be considered a multi-argument version of the -evaluate operator. (Added in ImageMagick 6.4.8−8.)
+This is can be considered a multi-argument version of the -evaluate operator. (Added in
+ImageMagick 6.4.8−8.)
 
-Here,  parameters is a comma-separated list of numerical values. The number of values varies depending on which function is selected. Choose the function from:
+Here,  parameters is a comma-separated list of
+numerical values. The number of values varies depending on which function is selected. Choose the function from:
 
 -  Polynomial
-  Sinusoid
-  Arcsin
-  Arctan
+   Polynomial
+   Sinusoid
+   Arcsin
+   Arctan
 
 
-To print a complete list of -function operators, use -list function. Descriptions follow.
+To print a complete list of -function operators,
+use -list function. Descriptions follow.
 
 
 Polynomial
 
-The Polynomial function takes an arbitrary number of parameters, these being the coefficients of a polynomial, in decreasing order of degree. That is, entering
+
+The Polynomial function takes an arbitrary number of parameters,
+these being the coefficients of a polynomial, in decreasing order of degree.
+That is, entering
 
 
    -function Polynomial a_n,a_n-1,...a₁,a₀
@@ -3113,7 +3781,12 @@ affected by the -gravity option.
 
 where u is pixel's original normalized channel value.
 
-The Polynomial function can be used in place of Set (the constant polynomial) and Add, Divide, Multiply, and Subtract (some linear polynomials) of the -evaluate operator. The -level operator also affects channels linearly. Some correspondences follow.
+The Polynomial function can be used in place of Set
+(the constant polynomial) and Add, Divide,
+Multiply, and Subtract (some linear
+polynomials) of the -evaluate operator. The -level operator also affects channels linearly. Some
+correspondences follow.
 
 @@ -3143,32 +3816,46 @@ affected by the -gravity option.

   

   
 
 
-The Polynomial function gives great versatility, since polynomials can be used to fit any continuous curve to any degree of accuracy desired.
+The Polynomial function gives great versatility, since
+polynomials can be used to fit any continuous curve to any degree of accuracy
+desired.
+
 
 
 Sinusoid
 
-The Sinusoid function can be used to vary the channel values sinusoidally by setting frequency, phase shift, amplitude, and a bias. These values are given as one to four parameters, as follows,
+The Sinusoid function can be used to vary the channel values
+sinusoidally by setting frequency, phase shift, amplitude, and a bias. These
+values are given as one to four parameters, as follows,
 
 
    -function Sinusoid freq,[phase,[amp,[bias]]]
 
 
-where phase is in degrees. (The domain [0,1] of the function corresponds to 0 through freq×360 degrees.) The result is that if a pixel's normalized channel value is originally u, its resulting normalized value is given by 
+where phase is in degrees. (The domain [0,1] of the function
+corresponds to 0 through freq×360 degrees.)
+The result is that if a pixel's normalized channel value is originally
+u, its resulting normalized value is given by 
 
 
 amp * sin(2*π* (freq * u + phase / 360)) + bias
 
 
- For example, the following generates a curve that starts and ends at 0.9 (when u=0 and 1, resp.), oscillating three times between .7−.2=.5 and .7+.2=.9. 
+ For example, the following generates a curve that starts and ends at 0.9
+(when u=0 and 1, resp.), oscillating three times between
+.7−.2=.5 and .7+.2=.9. 
 
 
    -function Sinusoid 3,-90,.2,.7
 
 
-The default values of amp and bias are both .5. The default for phase is 0.
+The default values of amp and bias are both .5. The default for phase
+is 0.
 
-The Sinusoid function generalizes Sin and Cos of the -evaluate operator by allowing varying amplitude, phase and bias. The correspondence is as follows.
+The Sinusoid function generalizes Sin and
+Cos of the -evaluate operator by allowing
+varying amplitude, phase and bias. The correspondence is as follows.
 
 
@@ -3193,7 +3880,7 @@ of values.
    -function ArcSinwidth,[center,[range,[bias]]]
 
 
-with all values given in terms of noramlize color values (0.0 for black,
+
with all values given in terms of normalized color values (0.0 for black,
 1.0 for white). Defaulting to values covering the full range from 0.0 to 1.0
 for bout input (width), and output (width) values. '1.0,0.5,1.0,0.5' 
@@ -3232,9 +3919,16 @@ All these values can be adjusted via the arguments.

    
 
 
Colors within this distance are considered equal. 
 
-A number of algorithms search for a target color. By default the color must be exact. Use this option to match colors that are close to the target color in RGB space. For example, if you want to automagically trim the edges of an image with -trim but the image was scanned and the target background color may differ by a small amount. This option can account for these differences.
+A number of algorithms search for a target color. By default the color must
+be exact. Use this option to match colors that are close to the target color
+in RGB space. For example, if you want to automagically trim the edges of an
+image with -trim but the image was scanned and the target
+background color may differ by a small amount. This option can account for
+these differences.
 
-The distance can be in absolute intensity units or, by appending % as a percentage of the maximum possible intensity (255, 65535, or 4294967295).
+The distance can be in absolute intensity units or, by
+appending % as a percentage of the maximum possible intensity (255,
+65535, or 4294967295).
 
 
 
@@ -3243,9 +3937,13 @@ All these values can be adjusted via the arguments.
 
 apply a mathematical expression to an image or image channels. 
 
-If the first character of expression is @, the expression is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.
+If the first character of expression is @,
+the expression is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the
+string.
 
-See FX, The Special Effects Image Operator for a detailed discussion of this option.
+See FX,
+The Special Effects Image Operator for a detailed discussion of this
+option.
 
 
 
@@ -3254,18 +3952,35 @@ All these values can be adjusted via the arguments.
 
 level of gamma correction. 
 
-The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look different due to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust for this color difference.  Reasonable values extend from 0.8 to 2.3. Gamma less than 1.0 darkens the image and gamma greater than 1.0 lightens it. Large adjustments to image gamma may result in the loss of some image information if the pixel quantum size is only eight bits (quantum range 0 to 255).
+The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look
+different due to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma correction to
+adjust for this color difference.  Reasonable values extend from
+0.8 to 2.3. Gamma less than 1.0 darkens the image and
+gamma greater than 1.0 lightens it. Large adjustments to image gamma may
+result in the loss of some image information if the pixel quantum size is only
+eight bits (quantum range 0 to 255).
 
-Gamma adjusts the image's channel values pixel-by-pixel according to a power law, namely, pow(pixel,1/gamma) or pixel^(1/gamma), where pixel is the normalized or 0 to 1 color value. For example, using a value of gamma=2 is the same as taking the square root of the image.
+Gamma adjusts the image's channel values pixel-by-pixel according to
+a power law, namely, pow(pixel,1/gamma) or pixel^(1/gamma), where pixel is the
+normalized or 0 to 1 color value. For example, using a value of gamma=2 is the
+same as taking the square root of the image.
 
-You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list delimited with commas (e.g., 1.7,2.3,1.2).
+You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels of
+the image with a gamma value list delimited with commas (e.g.,
+1.7,2.3,1.2).
 
-Use +gamma value to set the image gamma level without actually adjusting the image pixels. This option is useful if the image is of a known gamma but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG images).
+Use +gamma value to set the
+image gamma level without actually adjusting the image pixels. This option
+is useful if the image is of a known gamma but not set as an image attribute
+(e.g. PNG images).  Write the "file gamma" which is the reciprocal of the
+display gamma; e.g., if your image is sRGB and you want to write a PNG gAMA
+chunk, use
+
 $ convert input.png +gamma .45455 output.png
(0.45455 is 1/2.2)
 
-Note that gamma adjustments are also available via the -level operator.
+Note that gamma adjustments are also available via the -level operator.
 
 
-  -gaussian-blur radius
-gaussian-blur radiusxsigma
+  -gaussian-blur radius
-gaussian-blur radiusxsigma+bias
 
 
 Blur the image with a Gaussian operator. 
@@ -3289,13 +4004,13 @@ radius that will provide meaningful results for the Gaussian distribution.
 operation is. However too small a Radius, and sever
 aliasing effects may result.  As a guideline, Radius
 should be at least twice the Sigma value, though three
-times will produce a more accurite result. 
+times will produce a more accurate result. 
 
-This differs from the faster -blur operator in that a
+
This differs from the faster -blur operator in that a
 full 2-dimensional convolution is used to generate the weighted average of the
 neighboring pixels. 
 
-The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how
+
The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how
 pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.
 
 
@@ -3306,7 +4021,7 @@ pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.
 
 Set the preferred size and location of the image. 
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
+See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
 
 
   -gravity type
@@ -3314,22 +4029,47 @@ pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.
 
 Sets the current gravity suggestion for various other settings and options. 
 
-Choices include: NorthWest, North, NorthEast,
-West, Center, East, SouthWest,
-South, SouthEast.  Use -list gravity to get a complete
-list of -gravity settings available in your ImageMagick
+
Choices include: NorthWest, North,
+NorthEast, West, Center, East,
+SouthWest, South, SouthEast.  Use -list gravity to get a complete list of -gravity settings available in your ImageMagick
 installation.
 
-The direction you choose specifies where to position text or subimages. For example, a gravity of Center forces the text to be centered within the image. By default, the image gravity is NorthWest. See -draw for more details about graphic primitives.  Only the text primitive of -draw affected by the -gravity option.
-
-The -gravity option is also used in concert with the -geometry setting and other settings or options that take geometry as an argument, such as the -crop option. 
-
-If a -gravity setting occurs before another option or setting having a geometry argument that specifies an offset, the offset is usually applied to the point within the image suggested by the -gravity argument.  Thus, in the following command, for example, suppose the file image.png has dimensions 200x100. The offset specified by the argument to -region is (−40,+20). The argument to -gravity is Center, which suggests the midpoint of the image, at the point (100,50). The offset (−40,20) is applied to that point, giving (100−40,50+20)=(60,70), so the specified 10x10 region is located at that point. (In addition, the -gravity affects the region itself, which is centered at the pixel coordinate (60,70). (See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.)
-
- $magick> convert image.png -gravity Center -region 10x10-40+20 \ 
 -negate output.png
-When used as an option to composite, -gravity gives the direction that the image gravitates within the composite.
-
-When used as an option to montage, -gravity gives the direction that an image gravitates within a tile. The default gravity is Center for this purpose.
+The direction you choose specifies where to position text or subimages. For
+example, a gravity of Center forces the text to be centered within
+the image. By default, the image gravity is NorthWest. See -draw for more details about graphic primitives.  Only the
+text primitive of -draw is affected by the -gravity option.
+
+The -gravity option is also used in concert with the
+-geometry setting and other settings or options that
+take geometry as an argument, such as the -crop option. 
+
+If a -gravity setting occurs before another option
+or setting having a geometry argument that specifies an
+offset, the offset is usually applied to the point within the image suggested
+by the -gravity argument.  Thus, in the following
+command, for example, suppose the file image.png has dimensions
+200x100. The offset specified by the argument to -region
+is (−40,+20). The argument to -gravity is
+Center, which suggests the midpoint of the image, at the point
+(100,50). The offset (−40,20) is applied to that point, giving
+(100−40,50+20)=(60,70), so the specified 10x10 region is located at
+that point. (In addition, the -gravity affects the
+region itself, which is centered at the pixel
+coordinate (60,70). (See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.)
+
+ $ convert image.png -gravity Center -region 10x10-40+20 \ 
 -negate output.png
+When used as an option to composite, -gravity gives the direction that the image gravitates
+within the composite.
+
+When used as an option to montage, -gravity gives the direction that an image gravitates
+within a tile. The default gravity is Center for this purpose.
 
 
 
@@ -3350,7 +4090,7 @@ dimensions.  Create it with the HALD: prefix (e.g. HALD:8).  You
 can apply any color transformation to the Hald image and then use this option
 to apply the transform to the image. 
 
- $magick> convert image.png hald.png -hald-clut transform.png
+ $ convert image.png hald.png -hald-clut transform.png
 This option provides a convenient method for you to use Gimp or Photoshop
 to make color corrections to the Hald CLUT image and subsequently apply them
 to multiple images using an ImageMagick script. 
@@ -3358,11 +4098,11 @@ to multiple images using an ImageMagick script. 
 Note that the representation is only of the normal RGB color space and that
 the whole color value triplet is used for the interpolated lookup of the
 represented Hald color cube image.  Because of this the operation is not -channel setting effected, nor can it adjust or modify an
+href="command-line-options.html#channel" >-channel setting effected, nor can it adjust or modify an
 images transparency or alpha/matte channel.
 
-See also -clut which provides color value replacement
-of the individual color channels, usally involving a simplier gray-scale
+
See also -clut which provides color value replacement
+of the individual color channels, usually involving a simpler gray-scale
 image. E.g:  gray-scale to color replacement, or modification by a histogram
 mapping. 
 
@@ -3385,9 +4125,11 @@ mapping. 
 
 specify the icon geometry. 
 
-Offsets, if present in the geometry specification, are handled in the same manner as the -geometry option, using X11 style to handle negative offsets.
+Offsets, if present in the geometry specification, are handled in the same
+manner as the -geometry option, using X11 style to
+handle negative offsets.
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
+See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
 
 
   -iconic
@@ -3401,11 +4143,18 @@ mapping. 
 
 identify the format and characteristics of the image. 
 
-This information is printed: image scene number; image name; image size; the image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass); the total number of unique colors; and the number of seconds to read and transform the image. Refer to MIFF for a description of the image class.
+This information is printed: image scene number; image name; image size;
+the image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass); the total number of unique colors; and the
+number of seconds to read and transform the image. Refer to MIFF for
+a description of the image class.
 
-If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors in the image and color reduction error values are printed. Refer to color reduction algorithm for a description of these values.
+If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors
+in the image and color reduction error values are printed. Refer to color
+reduction algorithm for a description of these values.
 
-If -verbose precedes this option, copious
+
If -verbose precedes this option, copious
 amounts of image properties are displayed including image statistics, profiles,
 image histogram, and others.
 
@@ -3415,20 +4164,33 @@ image histogram, and others.
 
 implements the inverse discrete Fourier transform (DFT). 
 
-This option is new as of ImageMagick 6.5.4-3 (and now working for Windows users in ImageMagick 6.6.0-9). It transforms a pair of magnitude and phase images from the frequency domain to a single image in the normal or spatial domain. See for example, Fourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform.
+This option is new as of ImageMagick 6.5.4-3 (and now working for Windows
+users in ImageMagick 6.6.0-9). It transforms a pair of magnitude and phase
+images from the frequency domain to a single image in the normal or spatial
+domain. See for example, Fourier Transform,
+Discrete Fourier Transform and
+Fast Fourier Transform.
 
-For example, depending upon the image format used to store the result of the -fft, one would use either
+For example, depending upon the image format used to store the result of
+the -fft, one would use either
 
- $magick> convert fft_image.miff -ift fft_image_ift.png
+ $ convert fft_image.miff -ift fft_image_ift.png
 or
 
- $magick> convert fft_image-0.png fft_image-1.png -ift fft_image_ift.png
+ $ convert fft_image-0.png fft_image-1.png -ift fft_image_ift.png
 
-The resulting image may need to be cropped due to padding introduced when the original image, prior to the -fft or +fft, was not square or even dimensioned. Any padding is at the right and/or bottom sides of the image.
+The resulting image may need to be cropped due to padding introduced when
+the original image, prior to the -fft or +fft, was not square or even dimensioned. Any padding is at
+the right and/or bottom sides of the image.
 
-The FFTW delegate library is required to use -ift.
+The FFTW delegate library is required to
+use -ift.
 
-Use +ift (with HDRI enabled) to transform a pair of real and imaginary images from the frequency domain to a single image in the normal (spatial) domain.
+Use +ift (with HDRI enabled) to transform a pair of real
+and imaginary images from the frequency domain to a single image in the normal
+(spatial) domain.
 
 
   -immutable
@@ -3448,9 +4210,14 @@ image histogram, and others.
 
 insert the last image into the image sequence. 
 
-This option takes last image in the current image sequence and inserts it at the given index. If a negative index is used, the insert position is calculated before the last image is removed from the sequence. As such -insert -1 will result in no change to the image sequence.
+This option takes last image in the current image sequence and inserts it
+at the given index. If a negative index is used, the insert position is
+calculated before the last image is removed from the sequence. As such
+-insert -1 will result in no change to the image sequence.
 
-The +insert option is equivalent to -insert -1. In other words, insert the last image, at the end of the current image sequence. Consequently this has no effect on the image sequence order.
+The +insert option is equivalent to -insert -1. In
+other words, insert the last image, at the end of the current image sequence.
+Consequently this has no effect on the image sequence order.
 
 
   -intent type
@@ -3458,11 +4225,13 @@ image histogram, and others.
 
 use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color. 
 
-Use this option to affect the color management operation of an image (see -profile).  Choose from these intents: Absolute, Perceptual, Relative, Saturation.
+Use this option to affect the color management operation of an image (see
+-profile).  Choose from these intents: Absolute,
+Perceptual, Relative, Saturation.
 
-The default intent is undefined.
+The default intent is Perceptual for the sRGB colorspace and undefined for the RGB and gray colorspaces.
 
-To print a complete list of rendering intents, use -list intent.
+To print a complete list of rendering intents, use -list intent.
 
 
   -interlace type
@@ -3473,16 +4242,17 @@ image histogram, and others.
 Choose from:
 
 -  none
-  line
-  plane
-  partition
-  JPEG
-  GIF
-  PNG
+   none
+   line
+   plane
+   partition
+   JPEG
+   GIF
+   PNG
 
 
-This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image formats such as RGB or YUV.
+This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image
+formats such as RGB or YUV.
 
 None means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...),
 
@@ -3490,13 +4260,14 @@ image histogram, and others.
 
 Plane uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).
 
-Partition is like plane except the different planes are saved to individual files (e.g. image.R,
-image.G, and image.B).
+Partition is like plane except the different planes are saved to
+individual files (e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B).
 
-Use Line or Plane to create an interlaced PNG or GIF or progressive JPEG
-image.
+Use Line or Plane to create an interlaced
+PNG or GIF or progressive JPEG image.
 
-To print a complete list of interlacing schemes, use -list interlace.
+To print a complete list of interlacing schemes, use -list
+interlace.
 
 
   -interpolate type
@@ -3511,23 +4282,23 @@ the pixels surrounding that point.  That is how to determine the color of a
 point that falls between two, or even four different colored pixels. 
 
 -  integer:           The color of the top-left pixel (floor function)
-  nearest-neighbor:  The nearest pixel to the lookup point (rounded function)
-  average:           The average color of the surrounding four pixels
-  bilinear           A double linear interpolation of pixels (the default)
-  mesh               Divide area into two flat triangular interpolations
-  bicubic            Fitted bicubic-spines of surrounding 16 pixels
-  spline             Direct spline curves (colors are blurred)
-  filter             Use resize -filter settings
+   integer           The color of the top-left pixel (floor function)
+   nearest-neighbor  The nearest pixel to the lookup point (rounded function)
+   average           The average color of the surrounding four pixels
+   bilinear          A double linear interpolation of pixels (the default)
+   mesh              Divide area into two flat triangular interpolations
+   bicubic           Fitted bicubic-spines of surrounding 16 pixels
+   spline            Direct spline curves (colors are blurred)
+   filter            Use resize -filter settings
 
 
-This most important for distortion operators such as -distort, -implode, -transform and -fx. 
+This most important for distortion operators such as -distort, -implode, -transform and -fx. 
 
-To print a complete list of interpolation methods, use -list interpolate.
+To print a complete list of interpolation methods, use -list interpolate.
 
-See also -virtual-pixel, for control of the
+
See also -virtual-pixel, for control of the
 lookup for positions outside the boundaries of the image. 
 
 
@@ -3556,7 +4327,7 @@ lookup for positions outside the boundaries of the image. 
 assign a label to an image. 
 
 Use this option to assign a specific label to the image, as it is read in
-or created.  You can use the -set operation to re-assign
+or created.  You can use the -set operation to re-assign
 a the labels of images already read in.  Image formats such as TIFF, PNG,
 MIFF, supports saving the label information with the image.
 
@@ -3565,7 +4336,7 @@ assigned to an image is used as a header string to print above the postscript
 image. 
 
 You can include the image filename, type, width, height, or other image
-attribute by embedding special format character.  See Format and Print Image
+attribute by embedding special format character.  See Format and Print Image
 Properties for details of the percent escape codes.
 
 For example,
@@ -3576,13 +4347,13 @@ Properties for details of the percent escape codes.
 
 assigns an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 to the
 "bird.miff" image and whose width is 512 and height is 480, as it
-is read in.  If a  +label option was used instead, any
+is read in.  If a  +label option was used instead, any
 existing label present in the image would be used.  You can remove all labels
 from an image by assigning the empty string. 
 
 A label is not drawn on the image, but is embedded in the image datastream
 via Label tag or similar mechanism. If you want the label to be
-visible on the image itself, use the -draw option, or
+visible on the image itself, use the -draw option, or
 during the final processing in the creation of a image montage.
 
 If the first character of string is 
 
 
This is commonly used to threshold images with an uneven background.  It is
 based on the assumption that average color of the small window is the
-the local background color, from which to separate the forground color. 

+the local background color, from which to separate the foreground color. 
 
 
 
@@ -3630,10 +4401,10 @@ animation, or a fully-'coalesced' animation sequence. 
     compare-any
     Crop the second and later frames to the smallest rectangle
         that contains all the differences between the two images.  No GIF -dispose methods are taken into account. 
+        href="command-line-options.html#dispose" >-dispose methods are taken into account. 
   
 
-  This exactly the same as the This exactly the same as the -deconstruct operator, and does not preserve animations normal
         working, especially when animation used layer disposal methods such as
         'Previous' or 'Background'. 
@@ -3653,14 +4424,14 @@ animation, or a fully-'coalesced' animation sequence. 
        That is the smallest single overlaid image to add or change colors. 
    
 
-   This can be used with the -compose alpha
+   This can be used with the -compose alpha
        composition method 'change-mask', to reduce the image to
        just the pixels that need to be overlaid. 
    
 
   
     coalesce
-    Equivalent to a call to the Equivalent to a call to the -coalesce operator.  Apply the layer disposal methods set in the
         current image sequence to form a fully defined animation sequence, as
         it should be displayed.  Effectively converting a GIF animation into a
@@ -3678,10 +4449,10 @@ animation, or a fully-'coalesced' animation sequence. 
 
 
   
-    The -geometry offset is adjusted according
-        to -gravity in accordance of the virtual
+    The -geometry offset is adjusted according
+        to -gravity in accordance of the virtual
         canvas size of the first image in each list. Unlike a normal -composite operation, the canvas offset is also
+        href="command-line-options.html#composite" >-composite operation, the canvas offset is also
         added to the final composite positioning of each image.  
 
   
@@ -3697,7 +4468,7 @@ animation, or a fully-'coalesced' animation sequence. 
     This like 'coalesce' but shows the look of
         the animation after the layer disposal method has been applied, before
         the next sub-frame image is overlaid. That is the 'dispose' image that
-        results from the application of the GIF -dispose method.  This allows you to check what
         is going wrong with a particular animation you may be developing.
         
@@ -3706,20 +4477,20 @@ animation, or a fully-'coalesced' animation sequence. 
   
     flatten
     Create a canvas the size of the first images virtual
-        canvas using the current -background color,
-        and -compose each image in turn onto that
+        canvas using the current -background color,
+        and -compose each image in turn onto that
         canvas.  Images falling outside that canvas is clipped. Final
         image will have a zero virtual canvas offset. 
   
 
   
-    This usally used as one of the final 'image layering' operations
+    This usually used as one of the final 'image layering' operations
         overlaying all the prepared image layers into a final image. 
   
 
   
     For a single image this method can also be used to fillout a virtual
-        canvas with real pixels, or to underlay a opaque color to remove
+        canvas with real pixels, or to underlay an opaque color to remove
         transparency from an image.
   
 
@@ -3727,30 +4498,41 @@ animation, or a fully-'coalesced' animation sequence. 
   
     merge
     As 'flatten' method but merging all the given image
-        layers into a new layer image just large enough to hold all the image
-        without clipping or extra space. The new images virtual offset will
-        prevere the position of the new layer, even if this offset is
-        negative.  the virtual canvas size of the first image is preserved.
+        layers to create a new layer image just large enough to hold all the
+        image without clipping or extra space. The new images virtual offset
+        will preserve the position of the new layer, even if this offset is
+        negative.  The virtual canvas size of the first image is preserved.
         
-    
+  
 
-     Caution is advised when handling image layers with negative offsets
-        as few image file formats handle them correctly. 
+  Caution is advised when handling image layers with
+        negative offsets as few image file formats handle them correctly.
+        Following this operation method with +repage
+        will remove the layer offset, and create a image in which all the
+        overlaid image positions relative to each other is preserved, though
+        not necessarily exactly where you specified them.
+        
+  
+
+  See also 'trim-bounds' below which is closely related but
+        without  doing the'flatten' to merge the images together. 
   
 
   
     mosaic
     As 'flatten' method but expanding the initial canvas size
-        of the first image so as to hold all the image layers.  However as a
-        virtual canvas is 'locked' to the origin, by definition, image layers
-        with a negative offsets will still be clipped by the top and left
-        edges.
+        of the first image in a positive direction only so as to hold all the
+        image layers.  However as a virtual canvas is 'locked' to the origin,
+        by its own definition, image layers with a negative offsets will still
+        become clipped by the top and left edges. See 'merge' or 'trim-bounds'
+        if this could be a problem. 
+
   
 
-  This method is commonly used to layout individual image using various
-        offset but without knowing the final canvas size. The resulting image
-        will, like 'flatten' not have any virtual offset, so can be saved to
-        any image file format. 
+  This method is commonly used to layout individual image
+        using various offset but without knowing the final canvas size. The
+        resulting image will, like 'flatten' not have any virtual offset, so
+        can be saved to any image file format. 
   
 
 
@@ -3771,8 +4553,8 @@ animation, or a fully-'coalesced' animation sequence. 
         the result will continue to animate properly. 
   
 
-   There is no guarantee that the best optimization is found. But
-        then no reasonably fast GIF optimization algorithm can do this.
+   There is no guarantee that the best optimization is found.
+        But then no reasonably fast GIF optimization algorithm can do this.
         However this does seem to do better than most other GIF frame
         optimizers seen. 
   
@@ -3789,25 +4571,26 @@ animation, or a fully-'coalesced' animation sequence. 
         'optimize-frame' technique. 
   
 
-  There is the possibility that the change in the disposal style will
-        result in a worsening in the optimization of later frames, though this
-        is unlikely. In other words there no guarantee that it is better than
-        the normal 'optimize-frame' technique. For some animations
-        however you can get a vast improvement in the final animation size. 
+  There is the possibility that the change in the disposal
+        style will result in a worsening in the optimization of later frames,
+        though this is unlikely. In other words there no guarantee that it is
+        better than the normal 'optimize-frame' technique. For some
+        animations however you can get a vast improvement in the final
+        animation size. 
   
 
   
     optimize-transparency
     Given a GIF animation, replace any pixel in the sub-frame
         overlay images with transparency, if it does not change the resulting
-        animation by more than the current -fuzz factor.
+        animation by more than the current -fuzz factor.
         
   
 
-  This should allow a existing frame optimized GIF animation to compress
-        into a smaller file size due to larger areas of one (transparent)
-        color rather than a pattern of multiple colors repeating the current
-        disposed image of the last frame. 
+  This should allow a existing frame optimized GIF animation
+        to compress into a smaller file size due to larger areas of one
+        (transparent) color rather than a pattern of multiple colors repeating
+        the current disposed image of the last frame. 
   
 
   
@@ -3817,10 +4600,10 @@ animation, or a fully-'coalesced' animation sequence. 
         
   
 
-   Usually this a result of using a constant time delay across the
-        whole animation, or after a larger animation was split into smaller
-        sub-animations.  The duplicate frames could also have been used as
-        part of some frame optimization methods. 
+   Usually this a result of using a constant time delay
+        across the whole animation, or after a larger animation was split into
+        smaller sub-animations.  The duplicate frames could also have been
+        used as part of some frame optimization methods. 
   
 
   
@@ -3830,36 +4613,43 @@ animation, or a fully-'coalesced' animation sequence. 
         warning is then issued). 
   
 
-  In a GIF animation, such images are usually frames which provide
-        partial intermediary updates between the frames that are actually
-        displayed to users.  These frames are usally added for improved frame
-        optimization in GIF animations. 
+  In a GIF animation, such images are usually frames which
+        provide partial intermediary updates between the frames that are
+        actually displayed to users.  These frames are usually added for
+        improved frame optimization in GIF animations. 
   
 
   
     trim-bounds
     Find the bounds of all the images in the current
         image sequence, then adjust the offsets so all images are contained on
-        a minimal positive canvas. None of the image data is modified, only
-        there virtual canvas size and offset.  The all the image is given
-        the same canvas size, and and will have a positive offset, but will
-        remain in the same position relative to each other. As a result of the
-        minimal canvas size at least one image will touch every edge of that
-        canvas.  The image data however may be transparent.
-        
+        a minimal positive canvas. None of the image data is modified or
+        merged, only the individual image virtual canvas size and offset.
+        All the images is given the same canvas size, and and will have
+        a positive offset, but will remain in the same position relative to
+        each other. As a result of the minimal canvas size at least one image
+        will touch every edge of that canvas.  The image data touching those
+        edges however may be transparent.  
+  
+
+  The result is much like if you used 'merge' followed by a
+        +repage option, except that all the images
+        have been kept separate.  If 'flatten' is used after using
+        'trim-bounds' you will get the same result.  
   
 
   
 
 
-To print a complete list of layer types, use -list layers.
+To print a complete list of layer types, use -list layers.
 
-The operators -coalesce, -deconstruct, -flatten, and -mosaic are only aliases for the above methods.  Also see  -page,  -repage operators, the -compose setting, and the GIF -dispose and  -delay settings. 
+The operators -coalesce, -deconstruct, -flatten, and -mosaic are only aliases for the above methods and may be depreciated in
+the future.  Also see  -page,  -repage operators, the -compose setting, and the
+GIF -dispose and  -delay
+settings. 
 
 
 
@@ -3870,28 +4660,31 @@ href="#compose" >-compose setting, and the GIF Given one, two or three values delimited with commas: black-point,
 white-point, gamma (for example: 10,250,1.0 or 2%,98%,0.5). The black and
-white points range from 0 to QuantumRange, or from 0 to 100%; if the white
-point is omitted it is set to (QuantumRange - black_point), so as to center
-contrast changes.  If a % sign is present anywhere in the string,
-both black and white points are percentages of the full color range.  Gamma
-will do a -gamma adjustment of the values.  If it is
-omitted, the default of 1.0 (no gamma correction) is assumed.
+white points range from 0 to QuantumRange, or from 0 to
+100%; if the white point is omitted it is set to (QuantumRange - black_point), so as to center contrast changes.
+If a % sign is present anywhere in the string, both black and white
+points are percentages of the full color range.  Gamma will do a -gamma adjustment of the values.  If it is omitted, the
+default of 1.0 (no gamma correction) is assumed.
 
 In normal usage (-level) the image values are stretched so that
-the given 'black_point' value in the original image is set to
-zero (or black), while the given 'white_point' value is set to
-QuantumRange (or white).  This provides you with direct contrast adjustments
-to the image.  The 'gamma' of the resulting image will then be
-adjusted. 
-
-From ImageMagick v6.4.1-9 using the plus form of the operator (+level) or
-adding the special '!' flag anywhere in the argument list, will cause the
-operator to do the reverse of the level adjustment.  That is a zero, or
-QuantumRange value (black, and white, resp.) in the original image, is
-adjusted to the given level values, allowing you to de-contrast, or compress
-the channel values within the image. The 'gamma' is adjusted before the level adjustment to de-contrast the image is made. 
-
-Only the channels defined by the current -channel
+the given 'black_point' value in the original image is set to zero
+(or black), while the given 'white_point' value is set to QuantumRange (or white).  This provides you with direct
+contrast adjustments to the image.  The 'gamma' of the resulting
+image will then be adjusted. 
+
+From ImageMagick v6.4.1-9 using the plus form of the operator
+(+level) or adding the special '!' flag anywhere in the argument
+list, will cause the operator to do the reverse of the level adjustment.  That
+is a zero, or QuantumRange value (black, and white, resp.)
+in the original image, is adjusted to the given level values, allowing you to
+de-contrast, or compress the channel values within the image. The
+'gamma' is adjusted before the level adjustment to de-contrast the
+image is made. 
+
+Only the channels defined by the current -channel
 setting are adjusted (defaults to RGB color channels only), allowing you to
 limit the effect of this operator. 
 
@@ -3906,10 +4699,10 @@ values (0 is opaque) and not as 'alpha' values (0 is transparent).
 
 adjust the level of an image using the provided dash separated colors. 
 
-This function is exactly like -level, except that the
+
This function is exactly like -level, except that the
 value value for each color channel is determined by the
 'black_color' and 'white_color' colors given (as
-described under the -fill option). 
+described under the -fill option). 
 
 This effectually means the colors provided to -level-colors
 is mapped to become 'black' and 'white' respectively, with all the other
@@ -3936,33 +4729,73 @@ color (+ form). 
 
 Set the pixel cache resource limit. 
 
-Choose from: area, disk, file, map, memory, threads, or time.
+Choose from: area, disk, file,
+map, memory, threads, or time.
+
+The value for file is in number of files. The other limits are
+in bytes. Define arguments for the memory, map, area, and disk resource limits
+with SI prefixes (.e.g 100MB).

 
-
The value for file is in number of files. The other limits are in bytes. By default the limits are 768 files, 2GB of image area, 1.5GiB memory, 8GiB memory map, and 18.45EB of disk.  These limits are adjusted relative to the available resources on your computer if this information is available.   When any limit is reached, ImageMagick fails in some fashion but attempts to take compensating actions, if possible. For example, the following limits memory:
+By default the limits are 768 files, 2GB of image area, 1.5GiB memory, 8GiB
+memory map, and 18.45EB of disk.  These limits are adjusted relative to the
+available resources on your computer if this information is available.   When
+any limit is reached, ImageMagick fails in some fashion but attempts to take
+compensating actions, if possible. For example, the following limits
+memory:
 
 
   -limit memory 32MiB -limit map 64MiB
 
 
-Use -list resource to list the current limits. For example, our system shows these limits:
+Use -list resource to list the current limits. For example, our system shows these limits:
 
- $magick> identify -list resource-File         Area       Memory          Map         Disk   Thread         Time
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 768     12.404GB    8.6642GiB    23.104GiB  18.446744EB        8    unlimited
+ $ identify -list resource
+  File         Area       Memory          Map         Disk   Thread         Time
+  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+   768     12.404GB    8.6642GiB    23.104GiB  18.446744EB        8    unlimited
 
 
-Requests for pixel storage to keep intermediate images are satisfied by one of three resource categories: in-memory pool, memory-mapped files pool, and disk pool (in that order) depending on the ‑limit settings and whether the system honors a resource request. If the total size of allocated pixel storage in the given pool reaches the corresponding limit, the request is passed to the next pool. Additionally, requests that exceed the  area limit automagically are allocated on disk.
-
-To illustrate how ImageMagick utilizes resource limits, consider a typical image resource request.  First, ImageMagick tries to allocate the pixels in memory.  The request might be denied if the resource request exceeds the memory limit or if the system does not honor the request.  If a memory request is not honored, the pixels are allocated to disk and the file is memory-mapped. However, if the allocation request exceeds the map limit, the resource allocation goes to disk. In all cases, if the resource request exceeds the area limit, the pixels are automagically cached to disk. If the disk has a hard limit, the program fails.
-
-In most cases you simply do not need to concern yourself with resource limits.  ImageMagick chooses reasonable defaults and most images do not tax your computer resources.  Where limits do come in handy is when you process images that are large or on shared systems where ImageMagick can consume all or most of the available memory. In this case, the ImageMagick workflow slows other processes or, in extreme cases, brings the system to a halt.  Under these circumstances, setting limits give some assurances that the ImageMagick workflow will not interfere with other concurrent uses of the computer.  For example, assume you have a web interface that processes images uploaded from the Internet.  To assure ImageMagick does not exceed 10mb of memory you can simply set the area limit to 10mb:
+Requests for pixel storage to keep intermediate images are satisfied by one
+of three resource categories: in-memory pool, memory-mapped files pool, and
+disk pool (in that order) depending on the ‑limit settings
+and whether the system honors a resource request. If the total size of
+allocated pixel storage in the given pool reaches the corresponding limit, the
+request is passed to the next pool. Additionally, requests that exceed the
+area limit automagically are allocated on disk.
+
+To illustrate how ImageMagick utilizes resource limits, consider a typical
+image resource request.  First, ImageMagick tries to allocate the pixels in
+memory.  The request might be denied if the resource request exceeds the
+memory limit or if the system does not honor the request.  If
+a memory request is not honored, the pixels are allocated to disk and the file
+is memory-mapped. However, if the allocation request exceeds the
+map limit, the resource allocation goes to disk. In all cases, if
+the resource request exceeds the area limit, the pixels are
+automagically cached to disk. If the disk has a hard limit, the program
+fails.
+
+In most cases you simply do not need to concern yourself with resource
+limits.  ImageMagick chooses reasonable defaults and most images do not tax
+your computer resources.  Where limits do come in handy is when you process
+images that are large or on shared systems where ImageMagick can consume all
+or most of the available memory. In this case, the ImageMagick workflow slows
+other processes or, in extreme cases, brings the system to a halt.  Under
+these circumstances, setting limits give some assurances that the ImageMagick
+workflow will not interfere with other concurrent uses of the computer.  For
+example, assume you have a web interface that processes images uploaded from
+the Internet.  To assure ImageMagick does not exceed 10mb of memory you can
+simply set the area limit to 10mb:
 
 
 -limit area 10mb
 
 
-Now whenever a large image is processed, the pixels are automagically cached to disk instead of memory.  This of course implies that large images typically process very slowly, simply because pixel processing in memory can be an order of magnitude faster than on disk.  Because your web site users might inadvertently upload a huge image to process, you should set a disk limit as well:
+Now whenever a large image is processed, the pixels are automagically
+cached to disk instead of memory.  This of course implies that large images
+typically process very slowly, simply because pixel processing in memory can
+be an order of magnitude faster than on disk.  Because your web site users
+might inadvertently upload a huge image to process, you should set a disk
+limit as well:
 
 
 -limit area 10mb -limit disk 500mb
@@ -3970,13 +4803,25 @@ File         Area       Memory          Map         Disk   Thread         Time
 
 
Here ImageMagick stops processing if an image requires more than 500MB of disk storage.
 
-In addition to command-line resource limit option, resources can be set with environment variables. Set the environment variables MAGICK_AREA_LIMIT, MAGICK_DISK_LIMIT, MAGICK_FILE_LIMIT, MAGICK_MEMORY_LIMIT, MAGICK_MAP_LIMIT, MAGICK_THREAD_LIMIT, MAGICK_TIME_LIMIT for limits of  image area, disk space, open files, heap memory, memory map, number of threads of execution, and maximum elapsed time in seconds respectively.
-
- Inquisitive users can try adding -debug cache to their commands and then scouring the generated output for references to the pixel cache, in order to determine how the pixel cache was allocated and how resources were consumed. Advanced Unix/Linux users can pipe that output through grep memory|open|destroy|disk for more readable sifting.
+
In addition to command-line resource limit option, resources can be set
+with environment variables. Set the
+environment variables MAGICK_AREA_LIMIT,
+MAGICK_DISK_LIMIT, MAGICK_FILE_LIMIT,
+MAGICK_MEMORY_LIMIT, MAGICK_MAP_LIMIT,
+MAGICK_THREAD_LIMIT, MAGICK_TIME_LIMIT for limits of
+image area, disk space, open files, heap memory, memory map, number of threads
+of execution, and maximum elapsed time in seconds respectively.
+
+ Inquisitive users can try adding -debug cache to
+their commands and then scouring the generated output for references to the
+pixel cache, in order to determine how the pixel cache was allocated and how
+resources were consumed. Advanced Unix/Linux users can pipe that output
+through grep memory|open|destroy|disk for more readable sifting.
 
 
-For more about ImageMagick's use of resources, see the section Cache Storage and Resource Requirements on the Architecture page.
-
+For more about ImageMagick's use of resources, see the section Cache
+Storage and Resource Requirements on the Architecture page.  
 
 
   -linear-stretch black-point
-linear-stretch black-point{xwhite-point}{%}}
@@ -3984,20 +4829,20 @@ File         Area       Memory          Map         Disk   Thread         Time
 
 Linear with saturation stretch. 
 
-This is very similar to -contrast-stretch,
+
This is very similar to -contrast-stretch,
 and uses a 'histogram bin' to determine the range of color values that needs to
-be stretched.  However it then stretchs those colors using the -level operator.
+be stretched.  However it then stretches those colors using the -level operator.
 
 As such while the initial determination may have 'binning' round off
 effects, the image colors are stretched mathematically, rather than using the
 histogram bins.  This makes the operator more accurate. 
 
-note however that a -linear-stretch of
+
note however that a -linear-stretch of
 '0' does nothing, while a value of '1' does a near
 perfect stretch of the color range. 
 
-See also -auto-level for a 'perfect'
+
See also -auto-level for a 'perfect'
 normalization of mathematical images. 
 
 This operator is under review for re-development. 
@@ -4015,7 +4860,7 @@ normalization of mathematical images. 
 
 rescale image with seam-carving. 
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
+See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
 
 
   -list type
@@ -4024,79 +4869,30 @@ normalization of mathematical images. 
 Print a list of supported arguments for various options or settings.  Choose from these list types: 
 
 -  Align
-  Alpha
-  Boolean
-  Channel
-  Class
-  ClipPath
-  Coder
-  Color
-  Colorspace
-  Command
-  Compose
-  Compress
-  Configure
-  DataType
-  Debug
-  Decoration
-  Delegate
-  Direction
-  Dispose
-  Distort
-  Dither
-  Endian
-  Evaluate
-  FillRule
-  Filter
-  Font
-  Format
-  Function
-  Gravity
-  ImageList
-  Intent
-  Interlace
-  Interpolate
-  Kernel
-  Layers
-  LineCap
-  LineJoin
-  List
-  Locale
-  LogEvent
-  Log
-  Magic
-  Method
-  Metric
-  Mime
-  Mode
-  Morphology
-  Module
-  Noise
-  Orientation
-  Policy
-  PolicyDomain
-  PolicyRights
-  Preview
-  Primitive
-  QuantumFormat
-  Resource
-  SparseColor
-  Storage
-  Stretch
-  Style
-  Threshold
-  Type
-  Units
-  Validate
-  VirtualPixel
+   Align          Alpha          Boolean        Channel
+   Class          ClipPath       Coder          Color
+   Colorspace     Command        Compose        Compress
+   Configure      DataType       Debug          Decoration
+   Delegate       Direction      Dispose        Distort
+   Dither         Endian         Evaluate       FillRule
+   Filter         Font           Format         Function
+   Gravity        ImageList      Intent         Interlace
+   Interpolate    Kernel         Layers         LineCap
+   LineJoin       List           Locale         LogEvent
+   Log            Magic          Method         Metric
+   Mime           Mode           Morphology     Module
+   Noise          Orientation    Policy         PolicyDomain
+   PolicyRights   Preview        Primitive      QuantumFormat
+   Resource       SparseColor    Storage        Stretch
+   Style          Threshold      Type           Units
+   Validate       VirtualPixel
 
 
 These lists vary depending on your version of ImageMagick. Use "-list
 list" to get a complete listing of all the "-list" arguments
 available:
 
- $magick> identify -list list
+ $ identify -list list
 
   -log string
 
@@ -4104,29 +4900,29 @@ available:
 Specify format for debug log. 
 
 This option specifies the format for the log printed when the -debug option is active.
+href="command-line-options.html#debug">-debug option is active.
 
 You can display the following components by embedding special format
 characters:
 
 -   %d   domain
-   %e   event
-   %f   function
-   %l   line
-   %m   module
-   %p   process ID
-   %r   real CPU time
-   %t   wall clock time
-   %u   user CPU time
-   %%   percent sign
-   \n   newline
-   \r   carriage return
+   %d  domain
+   %e  event
+   %f  function
+   %l  line
+   %m  module
+   %p  process ID
+   %r  real CPU time
+   %t  wall clock time
+   %u  user CPU time
+   %%  percent sign
+   \n  newline
+   \r  carriage return
 
 
 For example:
 
- $magick> convert -debug coders -log "%u %m:%l %e" in.gif out.png
+ $ convert -debug coders -log "%u %m:%l %e" in.gif out.png
 The default behavior is to print all of the components.
 
 
@@ -4156,17 +4952,17 @@ times.
   -map type
 
 
-Display image using this type. [animate, display]
+Display image using this type. [animate, display]
 
 Choose from these Standard Colormap types:
 
 -  best
-  default
-  gray
-  red
-  green
-  blue
+   best
+   default
+   gray
+   red
+   green
+   blue
 
 
 The X server must support the Standard
@@ -4180,22 +4976,22 @@ class="arg">xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating Standard Colormaps.
   -map components
 
 
-pixel map. [stream]
+pixel map. [stream]
 
 Here are the valid components of a map:
 
 -  r        red pixel component
-  g        green pixel component
-  b        blue pixel component
-  a        alpha pixel component (0 is transparent)
-  o        opacity pixel component (0 is opaque)
-  i        grayscale intensity pixel component
-  c        cyan pixel component
-  m        magenta pixel component
-  y        yellow pixel component
-  k        black pixel component
-  p        pad component (always 0)
+   r  red pixel component
+   g  green pixel component
+   b  blue pixel component
+   a  alpha pixel component (0 is transparent)
+   o  opacity pixel component (0 is opaque)
+   i  grayscale intensity pixel component
+   c  cyan pixel component
+   m  magenta pixel component
+   y  yellow pixel component
+   k  black pixel component
+   p  pad component (always 0)
 
 
 You can specify as many of these components as needed in any order (e.g.
@@ -4207,17 +5003,24 @@ bgr).  The components can repeat as well (e.g. rgbr).
 filename
 
 
-Composite the image pixels as defined by the mask. 
+Prevent updates to image pixels specified by the mask. 
+
+This the same as using a mask used for composite masking operations, with
+grayscale values causing blended updates of the image the mask is attached to.
+
+
+Use +mask to remove the mask from images.
 
-Use +mask to remove the image mask.
+Also see -clip-mask which work in the same way,
+but with strict boolean masking. 
 
 
   -mattecolor color
 
 
-Specify the color to be used with the -frame option. 
+Specify the color to be used with the -frame option. 
 
-The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.
+The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.
 
 The default matte color is #BDBDBD, this shade of gray.
@@ -4228,12 +5031,22 @@ style="background-color: #bdbdbd;">this shade of gray.
 
 return the maximum intensity of an image sequence. 
 
+Select the 'maximum' value from all the surrounding pixels. 
+
+This is legacy option from the method of the same
+name. 
+
 
-  -median radius
+  -median geometry
 
 
 apply a median filter to the image. 
 
+Select the 'middle' value from all the surrounding pixels. 
+
+This is legacy option from the method of the same
+name. 
+
 
   -metric type
 
@@ -4243,29 +5056,29 @@ style="background-color: #bdbdbd;">this shade of gray.
 Choose from:
 
 - AE      absolute error count, number of different pixels (-fuzz effected)
- FUZZ    mean color distance
- MAE     mean absolute error (normalized), average channel error distance
- MEPP    mean error per pixel (normalized mean error, normalized peak error)
- MSE     mean error squared, average of the channel error squared
- NCC     normalized cross correlation
- PAE     peak absolute (normalize peak absolute)
- PSNR    peak signal to noise ratio
- RMSE    root mean squared (normalized root mean squared)
+  AE     absolute error count, number of different pixels (-fuzz effected)
+  FUZZ   mean color distance
+  MAE    mean absolute error (normalized), average channel error distance
+  MEPP   mean error per pixel (normalized mean error, normalized peak error)
+  MSE    mean error squared, average of the channel error squared
+  NCC    normalized cross correlation
+  PAE    peak absolute (normalize peak absolute)
+  PSNR   peak signal to noise ratio
+  RMSE   root mean squared (normalized root mean squared)
 
 
 Control the 'AE', or absolute count of pixels that are different,
-with the -fuzz factor (ignore pixels which
+with the -fuzz factor (ignore pixels which
 only changed by a small amount).  Use 'PAE' to find the
-size of the -fuzz factor needed to make all pixels
-'similar', while 'MAE' dtermines the factor needed
+size of the -fuzz factor needed to make all pixels
+'similar', while 'MAE' determines the factor needed
 for about half the pixels to be similar. 
 
 The 'MEPP' metric returns three different metrics
 ('MAE', 'MAE' normalized, and 'PAE'
 normalized) from a single comparison run. 
 
-To print a complete list of metrics, use the -list
+
To print a complete list of metrics, use the -list
 metrics option.
 
 
@@ -4275,18 +5088,30 @@ metrics option.
 
 return the minimum intensity of an image sequence. 
 
+Select the 'minimal' value from all the surrounding pixels. 
+
+This is legacy option from the method of the same
+name. 
+
+
 
 
-  -mode value
+  -mode geometry
 
 
-Mode of operation. [montage]
+make each pixel the 'predominant color' of the neighborhood. [convert, mogrify]
+
+
+  -mode value
+
+
+Mode of operation. [montage]
 
 Choose the value from these styles: Frame,
 Unframe, or Concatenate
 
-Use the -list option with a 'Mode' argument
-for a list of -mode arguments available in your
+
Use the -list option with a 'Mode' argument
+for a list of -mode arguments available in your
 ImageMagick installation.
 
 
@@ -4302,7 +5127,7 @@ no change, and any missing values are taken to mean 100.
 
 The brightness is a multiplier of the overall
 brightness of the image, so 0 means pure black, 50 is half as bright, 200 is
-twice as bright. To invert its meaning -negate the image
+twice as bright. To invert its meaning -negate the image
 before and after. 
 
 The saturation controls the amount of color in an
@@ -4318,14 +5143,14 @@ the original image. 
 
 For example, to increase the color brightness by 20% and decrease the color
 saturation by 10% and leave the hue unchanged, use -modulate 120,90.
+href="command-line-options.html#modulate">-modulate 120,90.
 
-Use -set attribute of 'Use -set attribute of 'option:modulate:colorspace' to specify which colorspace to
 modulate.  Choose from HSB, HSL (the default), or
 HWB.  For example,
 
- $magick> convert image.png -set option:modulate:colorspace hsb -modulate 120,90 modulate.png
+ $ convert image.png -set option:modulate:colorspace hsb -modulate 120,90 modulate.png
 
 
   -monitor
@@ -4340,7 +5165,6 @@ modulate.  Choose from HSB, HSL (the default), or
 
 transform the image to black and white. 
 
-
 
   -morph frames
 
@@ -4348,9 +5172,9 @@ modulate.  Choose from HSB, HSL (the default), or
 morphs an image sequence. 
 
 Both the image pixels and size are linearly interpolated to give the
-appearance of a meta-morphosis from one image to the next, over all the images
+appearance of a metamorphosis from one image to the next, over all the images
 in the current image list. The added images are the equivalent of a -blend composition. The frames
+href="command-line-options.html#blend">-blend composition. The frames
 argument determine how many images to interpolate between each image. 
 
 
@@ -4361,7 +5185,7 @@ argument determine how many images to interpolate between each image. 
 
 apply a morphology method to the image. 
 
-Until I get around to writing a option summary for this, see Until I get around to writing an option summary for this, see IM Usage Examples,
 Morphology. 
 
@@ -4370,11 +5194,11 @@ Morphology. 
   -mosaic
 
 
-an simple alias for the -layers method "mosaic" 
+an simple alias for the -layers method "mosaic" 
 
 
 
-  -motion-blur radius
-motion-blur radiusxsigma+angle
+  -motion-blur radius
-motion-blur radiusxsigma+angle+bias
 
 
 simulate motion blur. 
@@ -4386,7 +5210,7 @@ direction people would consider the object is coming from. 
 Note that the blur is not uniform distribution, giving the motion a
 definite sense of direction of movement. 
 
-The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how
+
The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how
 pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.
 
 
@@ -4401,35 +5225,51 @@ pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.
 
 replace each pixel with its complementary color. 
 
-The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated. White becomes black, yellow becomes blue, etc.  Use +negate to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image.
+The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated. White becomes
+black, yellow becomes blue, etc.  Use +negate to only
+negate the grayscale pixels of the image.
 
 
-  -noise radius

+  
-noise geometry

   +noise type
 
 
 Add or reduce noise in an image. 
 
-The principal function of noise peak elimination filter is to smooth the objects within an image without losing edge information and without creating undesired structures.  The central idea of the algorithm is to replace a pixel with its next neighbor in value within a pixel window, if this pixel has been found to be noise. A pixel is defined as noise if and only if this pixel is a maximum or minimum within the pixel window.
+The principal function of noise peak elimination filter is to smooth the
+objects within an image without losing edge information and without creating
+undesired structures.  The central idea of the algorithm is to replace a pixel
+with its next neighbor in value within a pixel window, if this pixel has been
+found to be noise. A pixel is defined as noise if and only if this pixel is
+a maximum or minimum within the pixel window.
 
-Use -noise radius to specify the width of the neighborhood when reducing noise.
+Use -noise radius to
+specify the width of the neighborhood when reducing noise.  This is equivelent
+to using a -statistic NonPeak operation,
+which should be used in preference.
 
-Use +noise followed by a noise type to add noise to an image. Choose from these noise types:
+Use +noise followed by a noise type to add noise to an image. Choose from these noise
+types:
 
 -Gaussian
-Impulse
-Laplacian
-Multiplicative
-Poisson
-Random
-Uniform
+   Gaussian
+   Impulse
+   Laplacian
+   Multiplicative
+   Poisson
+   Random
+   Uniform
 
 
-To print a complete list of noises, use the -list noise option.
+The amount of noise added can be controled by the -attenuate setting. If unset the value is
+equivelent to 1.0, or a maximum noise addition.
+
+To print a complete list of noises, use the -list noise option.
 
-Also see the -evaluate noise functions that allos
-the use of a controlling value to specify teh amount of noise that should be
+
Also see the -evaluate noise functions that allows
+the use of a controlling value to specify the amount of noise that should be
 added to an image. 
 
 
@@ -4443,18 +5283,18 @@ added to an image. 
 values. While doing so, black-out at most 2% of the pixels and
 white-out at most 1% of the pixels.
 
-Note that as of ImageMagick 6.4.7-0, -normalize
-is equivalent to -contrast-stretch 2%x1%.
-(Before this version, it was equivalent to Note that as of ImageMagick 6.4.7-0, -normalize
+is equivalent to -contrast-stretch 2%x1%.
+(Before this version, it was equivalent to -contrast-stretch 2%x99%).
 
 All the channels are normalized in concert by the came amount so as to
-preserve color integrity, when the default +channel
-setting is in use.  Specifying any other -channel
+preserve color integrity, when the default +channel
+setting is in use.  Specifying any other -channel
 setting will normalize the RGB channels independently.
 
-See  -contrast-stretch for more details.
-Also see -auto-level for a 'perfect' normalization
+
See  -contrast-stretch for more details.
+Also see -auto-level for a 'perfect' normalization
 that is better suited to mathematically generated images. 
 
 This operator is under review for re-development. 
@@ -4471,44 +5311,53 @@ given number of levels per color channel .  You can choose from these standard threshold maps:
 
 -threshold        1x1          Threshold 1x1 (non-dither)
-checks           2x1          Checkerboard 2x1 (dither)
-o2x2             2x2          Ordered 2x2 (dispersed)
-o3x3             3x3          Ordered 3x3 (dispersed)
-o4x4             4x4          Ordered 4x4 (dispersed)
-o8x8             8x8          Ordered 8x8 (dispersed)
-h4x4a            4x1          Halftone 4x4 (angled)
-h6x6a            6x1          Halftone 6x6 (angled)
-h8x8a            8x1          Halftone 8x8 (angled)
-h4x4o                         Halftone 4x4 (orthogonal)
-h6x6o                         Halftone 6x6 (orthogonal)
-h8x8o                         Halftone 8x8 (orthogonal)
-h16x16o                       Halftone 16x16 (orthogonal)
-c5x5b            c5x5         Circles 5x5 (black)
-c5x5w                         Circles 5x5 (white)
-c6x6b            c6x6         Circles 6x6 (black)
-c6x6w                         Circles 6x6 (white)
-c7x7b            c7x7         Circles 7x7 (black)
-c7x7w                         Circles 7x7 (white)
+   threshold   1x1   Threshold 1x1 (non-dither)
+   checks      2x1   Checkerboard 2x1 (dither)
+   o2x2        2x2   Ordered 2x2 (dispersed)
+   o3x3        3x3   Ordered 3x3 (dispersed)
+   o4x4        4x4   Ordered 4x4 (dispersed)
+   o8x8        8x8   Ordered 8x8 (dispersed)
+   h4x4a       4x1   Halftone 4x4 (angled)
+   h6x6a       6x1   Halftone 6x6 (angled)
+   h8x8a       8x1   Halftone 8x8 (angled)
+   h4x4o             Halftone 4x4 (orthogonal)
+   h6x6o             Halftone 6x6 (orthogonal)
+   h8x8o             Halftone 8x8 (orthogonal)
+   h16x16o           Halftone 16x16 (orthogonal)
+   c5x5b       c5x5  Circles 5x5 (black)
+   c5x5w             Circles 5x5 (white)
+   c6x6b       c6x6  Circles 6x6 (black)
+   c6x6w             Circles 6x6 (white)
+   c7x7b       c7x7  Circles 7x7 (black)
+   c7x7w             Circles 7x7 (white)
 
 
- The checks pattern produces a 3 level checkerbord dither
-pattern.  Or you can define your own threshold map in a
-personal or system thresholds.xml XML file. 
+ The threshold generated a simple 50% threshold of the image.
+This could be used with level to do the equivalent of -posterize to reduce an image to basic primary colors.
+
+
+The checks pattern produces a 3 level checkerboard  dither
+pattern. That is a grayscale will become a pattern of solid black, solid
+white, and  mid-tone colors into a checkerboard pattern of black and white.
+
 
-To print a complete list of threshold, use the -list
-threshold option.
+You can define your own threshold map for ordered
+dithering and halftoning your images, in either personal or system
+thresholds.xml XML file. See Resources
+for more details of configuration files. 
 
-It is recommended that the +map operator be used after
-applying -ordered-dither to reduce the number of
-colors an animated image sequence, to less that 256 colors. This ensures that
-a common or global color table is used when saving the result to a color
-limited file format such as GIF.  
+To print a complete list of the thresholds that have been defined, use the
+-list threshold option.
 
-Note that at this time the exact same threshold dithering map is used for
-all color channels, no attempt is made to offset or rotate the map for
-different channels is made, to create an offset printing effect. (possible
-future expansion) 
+Note that at this time the same threshold dithering map is used for all
+color channels, no attempt is made to offset or rotate the map for different
+channels is made, to create an offset printing effect. Also as the maps are
+simple threshold levels, the halftone and circle maps will create incomplete
+circles along the edges of a colored area. Also all the effects are purely
+on/off boolean effects, without anti-aliasing to make the circles smooth
+looking. Large dots can be made to look better with a small amount of blurring
+after being created. 
 
 
 
@@ -4518,20 +5367,20 @@ future expansion) 
 change this color to the fill color within the image. 
 
 The color argument is defined using the format
-described under the -fill option.  The -fill option.  The -fuzz setting can be used to match and replace colors similar to the one
 given.
 
-Use +opaque to paint any pixel that does not match
+
Use +opaque to paint any pixel that does not match
 the target color. 
 
-The -transparent  operator is exactly the same
-as -opaque but replaces the matching color with
-transparency rather than the current -fill color setting.
+
The -transparent  operator is exactly the same
+as -opaque but replaces the matching color with
+transparency rather than the current -fill color setting.
 To ensure that it can do this it also ensures that the image has an alpha
-channel enabled, as per "-alpha set", for
+channel enabled, as per "-alpha set", for
 the new transparent colors, and does not require you to modify the -channel to enable alpha channel handling. 
+href="command-line-options.html#channel">-channel to enable alpha channel handling. 
 
 
 
@@ -4543,18 +5392,18 @@ href="#channel">-channel to enable alpha channel handling. 
 Choose from these orientations:
 
 -  bottom-left
-  bottom-right
-  left-bottom
-  left-top
-  right-bottom
-  right-top
-  top-left
-  top-right
-  undefined
+   bottom-left
+   bottom-right
+   left-bottom
+   left-top
+   right-bottom
+   right-top
+   top-left
+   top-right
+   undefined
 
 
-To print a complete list of orientations, use the -list
+
To print a complete list of orientations, use the -list
 orientation option.
 
 
@@ -4567,12 +5416,20 @@ orientation option.
 
 Set the size and location of an image on the larger virtual canvas. 
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
+See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
 
-For convenience you can specify the page size using media (see below). Offsets can then be added as with other geometry arguments (e.g. -page Letter+43+43).
+For convenience you can specify the page size using media (see below). Offsets can then be added as with other
+geometry arguments (e.g. -page Letter+43+43).
 
-Use media as shorthand to specify the dimensions (widthxheight) of the PostScript page in dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels. The choices for a PostScript page are:
-
+Use media as shorthand to specify the dimensions (widthxheight) of the PostScript page in dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels.
+The choices for a PostScript page are:
+
+
@@ -4623,17 +5480,36 @@ orientation option.

 
         
     media
 
 
 
-
-
-This option is also used to place subimages when writing to a multi-image format that supports offsets, such as GIF89 and MNG. When used for this purpose the offsets are always measured from the top left corner of the canvas and are not affected by the -gravity option. To position a GIF or MNG image, use -page{+-}x{+-}y (e.g.  -page +100+200). When writing to a MNG file, a -page option appearing ahead of the first image in the sequence with nonzero width and height defines the width and height values that are written in the MHDR chunk.  Otherwise, the MNG width and height are computed from the bounding box that contains all images in the sequence. When writing a GIF89 file, only the bounding box method is used to determine its dimensions.
-
-For a PostScript page, the image is sized as in -geometry but positioned relative to the lower left-hand corner of the page by {+-}xoffset{+-}y offset. Use -page 612x792, for example, to center the image within the page. If the image size exceeds the PostScript page, it is reduced to fit the page. The default gravity for the -page option is NorthWest, i.e., positive x and y offset are measured rightward and downward from the top left corner of the page, unless the -gravity option is present with a value other than NorthWest.
+This option is also used to place subimages when writing to a multi-image
+format that supports offsets, such as GIF89 and MNG. When used for this
+purpose the offsets are always measured from the top left corner of the canvas
+and are not affected by the -gravity option. To
+position a GIF or MNG image, use -page{+-}x{+-}y (e.g.  -page +100+200). When writing to a MNG
+file, a -page option appearing ahead of the first image in
+the sequence with nonzero width and height defines the width and height values
+that are written in the MHDR chunk.  Otherwise, the MNG width and
+height are computed from the bounding box that contains all images in the
+sequence. When writing a GIF89 file, only the bounding box method is used to
+determine its dimensions.
+
+For a PostScript page, the image is sized as in -geometry but positioned relative to the lower
+left-hand corner of the page by {+-}xoffset{+-}y offset. Use -page 612x792, for example, to center the image within the
+page. If the image size exceeds the PostScript page, it is reduced to fit the
+page. The default gravity for the -page option is NorthWest, i.e., positive x and y offset are measured rightward and downward from the top left
+corner of the page, unless the -gravity option is
+present with a value other than NorthWest.
 
 The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.
 
-This option is used in concert with -density.
+This option is used in concert with -density.
 
-Use +page to remove the page settings for an image.
+Use +page to remove the page settings for an image.
 
 
   -paint radius
@@ -4641,7 +5517,8 @@ orientation option.
 
 simulate an oil painting. 
 
-Each pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular neighborhood whose width is specified with radius.
+Each pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular
+neighborhood whose width is specified with radius.
 
 
   -path path
@@ -4652,7 +5529,7 @@ orientation option.
   -pause seconds
 
 
-Pause between animation loops. [animate]
+Pause between animation loops. [animate]
 
 Pause for the specified number of seconds before repeating the animation.
 
@@ -4660,7 +5537,7 @@ orientation option.
   -pause seconds
 
 
-Pause between snapshots. [import]
+Pause between snapshots. [import]
 
 Pause for the specified number of seconds before taking the next snapshot.
 
@@ -4702,41 +5579,22 @@ orientation option.
 
 image preview type. 
 
-Use this option to affect the preview operation of an image (e.g. convert file.png -preview Gamma Preview:gamma.png). Choose from these previews:
+Use this option to affect the preview operation of an image (e.g.
+convert file.png -preview Gamma Preview:gamma.png). Choose from
+these previews:
 
 -  Rotate
-  Shear
-  Roll
-  Hue
-  Saturation
-  Brightness
-  Gamma
-  Spiff
-  Dull
-  Grayscale
-  Quantize
-  Despeckle
-  ReduceNoise
-  Add Noise
-  Sharpen
-  Blur
-  Threshold
-  EdgeDetect
-  Spread
-  Shade
-  Raise
-  Segment
-  Solarize
-  Swirl
-  Implode
-  Wave
-  OilPaint
-  CharcoalDrawing
-  JPEG
+   Rotate           Shear            Roll             Hue
+   Saturation       Brightness       Gamma            Spiff
+   Dull             Grayscale        Quantize         Despeckle
+   ReduceNoise      Add Noise        Sharpen          Blur
+   Threshold        EdgeDetect       Spread           Shade
+   Raise            Segment          Solarize         Swirl
+   Implode          Wave             OilPaint         CharcoalDrawing
+   JPEG
 
 
-To print a complete list of previews, use the -list preview option.
+To print a complete list of previews, use the -list preview option.
 
 The default preview is JPEG.
 
@@ -4752,7 +5610,10 @@ orientation option.
 
 process the image with a custom image filter. 
 
-The command arguments has the form "module arg1 arg2 arg3 ... argN" where module is the name of the module to invoke (e.g.  "Analyze") and arg1 arg2 arg3 ... argN are an arbitrary number of arguments to pass to the process module.
+The command arguments has the form "module arg1 arg2 arg3 ...
+argN" where module is the name of the module to invoke (e.g.
+"Analyze") and arg1 arg2 arg3 ... argN are an arbitrary number of arguments to
+pass to the process module.
 
 
   -profile filename

@@ -4761,76 +5622,114 @@ orientation option.
 
 Manage ICM, IPTC, or generic profiles in an image. 
 
-Using -profile filename adds an ICM (ICC color management), IPTC (newswire information), or a generic profile to the image.
-
-Use +profile profile_name to remove the indicated profile. ImageMagick uses standard filename globbing, so wildcard expressions may be used to remove more than one profile.  Here we remove all profiles from the image except for the XMP profile:  +profile "!xmp,*". 
-
-Use identify -verbose to find out which profiles are in the image file. Use -strip to remove all profiles (and comments).
-
-To extract a profile, the -profile option is not used. Instead, simply write the file to an image format such as APP1, 8BImageMagick, ICM, or IPTC.
-
-For example, to extract the Exif data (which is stored in JPEG files in the APP1 profile), use.
-
- $magick> convert cockatoo.jpg profile.exif
-It is important to note that results may depend on whether or not the original image already has an included profile. Also, keep in mind that -profile is an "operator" (as opposed to a "setting") and therefore a conversion is made each time it is encountered, in order, in the command-line. For instance, in the following example, if the original image is CMYK with profile, a CMYK-CMYK-RGB conversion results.
-
- $magick> convert CMYK.tif -profile "CMYK.icc" -profile "RGB.icc" RGB.tiff
-Furthermore, since ICC profiles are not necessarily symmetric, extra conversion steps can yield unwanted results.
-CMYK profiles are often very asymmetric since they involve 3−>4 and 4−>3 channel mapping.
+
Using -profile filename adds an
+ICM (ICC color management), IPTC (newswire information), or a generic profile
+to the image.
+
+Use +profile profile_name to
+remove the indicated profile. ImageMagick uses standard filename globbing, so
+wildcard expressions may be used to remove more than one profile.  Here we
+remove all profiles from the image except for the XMP profile:  +profile
+"!xmp,*". 
+
+Use identify -verbose to find out which profiles are in the
+image file. Use -strip to remove all profiles (and
+comments).
+
+To extract a profile, the -profile option is not
+used. Instead, simply write the file to an image format such as APP1, 8BIM, ICM, or IPTC.
+
+For example, to extract the Exif data (which is stored in JPEG files in the
+APP1 profile), use.
+
+ $ convert cockatoo.jpg profile.exif
+It is important to note that results may depend on whether or not the
+original image already has an included profile. Also, keep in mind that -profile is an "operator" (as opposed to a "setting") and
+therefore a conversion is made each time it is encountered, in order, in the
+command-line. For instance, in the following example, if the original image is
+CMYK with profile, a CMYK-CMYK-RGB conversion results.
+
+ $ convert CMYK.tif -profile "CMYK.icc" -profile "RGB.icc" RGB.tiff
+Furthermore, since ICC profiles are not necessarily symmetric, extra
+conversion steps can yield unwanted results.  CMYK profiles are often very
+asymmetric since they involve 3−>4 and 4−>3 channel mapping.
 
 
-The -profile option can also be used to inject
-previously-formatted ancillary chunks into the output PNG file, using
-the commandline option as shown below or by setting the profile via a
-programming interface:
-
-
 $magick> -profile PNG-chunk-x:
-where x is a location flag and
-filename is a file containing the chunk
-name in the first 4 bytes, then a colon (":"), followed by the chunk data.
-This encoder will compute the chunk length and CRC, so those must not
-be included in the file.
-
-"x" can be "b" (before PLTE), "m" (middle, i.e., between PLTE and IDAT),
-or "e" (end, i.e., after IDAT).  If you want to write multiple chunks
-of the same type, then add a short unique string after the "x" to prevent
-subsequent profiles from overwriting the preceding ones, e.g.,
-
-
- $magick> -profile PNG-chunk-b01:file01 -profile PNG-chunk-b02:file02
 
   -quality value
 
 
 JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level. 
 
-For the JPEG and MPEG image formats, quality is 1 (lowest image quality and highest compression) to 100 (best quality but least effective compression). The default is to use the estimate quality of your input image otherwise 92. Use the -sampling-factor option to specify the factors for chroma downsampling.
+For the JPEG and MPEG image formats, quality is 1 (lowest image quality and
+highest compression) to 100 (best quality but least effective compression).
+The default is to use the estimated quality of your input image if it can
+be determined, otherwise 92. When the quality is greater than 90, then the
+chroma channels are not downsampled.
+Use the -sampling-factor option to specify the
+factors for chroma downsampling.
 
-For the MIFF image format, quality/10 is the zlib compression level, which is 0 (worst but fastest compression) to 9 (best but slowest). It has no effect on the image appearance, since the compression is always lossless.
+For the MIFF image format, quality/10 is the zlib compression level, which
+is 0 (worst but fastest compression) to 9 (best but slowest). It has no effect
+on the image appearance, since the compression is always lossless.
 
-For the JPEG-2000 image format, quality is mapped using a non-linear equation to the compression ratio required by the Jasper library. This non-linear equation is intended to loosely approximate the quality provided by the JPEG v1 format. The default quality value 100, a request for non-lossy compression.  A quality of 75 results in a request for 16:1 compression.
+For the JPEG-2000 image format, quality is mapped using a non-linear
+equation to the compression ratio required by the Jasper library. This
+non-linear equation is intended to loosely approximate the quality provided by
+the JPEG v1 format. The default quality value 100, a request for non-lossy
+compression.  A quality of 75 results in a request for 16:1 compression.
 
-For the MNG and PNG image formats, the quality value sets the zlib compression level (quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10). For compression level 0, the Huffman-only strategy is used, which is fastest but not necessarily the worst compression.  The default PNG compression is 75.
+For the MNG and PNG image formats, the quality value sets the zlib
+compression level (quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10).  The default
+PNG "quality" is 75, which means compression level 7 with adaptive PNG
+filtering, unless the image has a color map, in which case it means
+compression level 7 with no PNG filtering.
 
-If filter-type is 4 or less, the specified filter-type is used for all scanlines:
+For compression level 0, the Huffman-only strategy is used, which is
+fastest but not necessarily the worst compression.
+
+If filter-type is 4 or less, the specified PNG filter-type is used for
+all scanlines:
 
 -  0: none
-  1: sub
-  2: up
-  3: average
-  4: Paeth
+   0: none
+   1: sub
+   2: up
+   3: average
+   4: Paeth
 
 
-If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is greater than 50 and the image does not have a color map, otherwise no filtering is used.
+If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is greater
+than 50 and the image does not have a color map, otherwise no filtering is
+used.
+
+If filter-type is 6, adaptive filtering
+with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values is used.
 
-If filter-type is 6, adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values is used.
+Only if the output is MNG, if filter-type is 7, the LOCO color
+transformation (intrapixel differencing) and adaptive filtering
+with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values are used.
 
-Only if the output is MNG, if filter-type is 7, the LOCO color transformation and adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values are used.
+If the filter-type is 8 the zlib Z_RLE compression strategy is used with
+ no PNG filtering.
 
-The quality setting has no effect on the appearance of PNG and MNG images, since the compression is always lossless.
+If the filter-type is 9 the zlib Z_RLE compression strategy is used with
+ adaptive PNG filtering.
 
-For further information, see the PNG specification.
+The quality setting has no effect on the appearance or signature of PNG
+and MNG images, since the compression is always lossless.
+
+Not all combinations of compression level, strategy, and PNG filter type
+can be obtained using the -quality option.  For more precise control,
+you can use the PNG:compression-level=N, PNG:compression-strategy=N, and
+PNG:compression-filter=N defines, respectively, instead.
+See -define. Values from the defines take precedence
+over values from the -quality option.
+
+For further information, see
+the PNG specification.
 
 
   -quantize colorspace
@@ -4840,7 +5739,7 @@ subsequent profiles from overwriting the preceding ones, e.g.,
 
 This setting defines the colorspace used to sort out and reduce the number
 of colors needed by an image (for later dithering) by operators such as -colors, Note that color reducion also happens
+href="command-line-options.html#colors" >-colors, Note that color reduction also happens
 automatically when saving images to color-limited image file formats, such as
 GIF, and PNG8.
 
@@ -4860,7 +5759,7 @@ GIF, and PNG8.
 Note that this is actually a rotational blur rather than a radial and as
 such actually mis-named. 
 
-The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how
+
The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how
 pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.
 
 
@@ -4871,10 +5770,11 @@ pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.
 
 Lighten or darken image edges. 
 
-This will create a 3-D effect. Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.
-
+This will create a 3-D effect. Use -raise to create
+a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.  
 
-Unlike the similar -frame option, -raise does not alter the dimensions of the image.
+Unlike the similar -frame option, -raise does not alter the dimensions of the image.
 
 
   -random-threshold lowxhigh
@@ -4900,28 +5800,28 @@ pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.
 
 Reduce the number of colors in an image to the colors used by this image. 
 
-If the -dither setting is enabled (the default) then
+
If the -dither setting is enabled (the default) then
 the given colors are dithered over the image as necessary, otherwise the closest
 color (in RGB colorspace) is selected to replace that pixel in the image. 
 
-As a side effect of applying a -remap of colors across all
+
As a side effect of applying a -remap of colors across all
 images in the current image sequence, all the images will have the same color
 table.  That means that when saved to a file format such as GIF, it will use
 that color table as a single common or global color table, for all the images,
 without requiring extra local color tables. 
 
-Use +remap to reduce all images in the current image
+
Use +remap to reduce all images in the current image
 sequence to use a common color map over all the images. This equivalent to
 appending all the images together (without extra background colors) and color
-reducing those images using -colors with a 256 color
-limit, then -remap those colors over the original list of
+reducing those images using -colors with a 256 color
+limit, then -remap those colors over the original list of
 images. This ensures all the images follow a single color map. 
 
 If the number of colors over all the images is less than 256, then +remap should not perform any color reduction or dithering, as
+href="command-line-options.html#remap">+remap should not perform any color reduction or dithering, as
 no color changes are needed. In that case, its only effect is to force the use
 of a global color table.  This recommended after using either -colors or -ordered-dither to
+href="command-line-options.html#colors">-colors or -ordered-dither to
 reduce the number of colors in an animated image sequence. 
 
 
@@ -4930,9 +5830,10 @@ reduce the number of colors in an animated image sequence. 
 
 Set a region in which subsequent operations apply. 
 
-The x and y offsets are treated in the same manner as in -crop.
+The x and y offsets are treated
+in the same manner as in -crop.
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
+See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
 
 
   -remote
@@ -4942,7 +5843,9 @@ reduce the number of colors in an animated image sequence. 
 
 The only command recognized is the name of an image file to load.
 
-If you have more than one display application running simultaneously, use the  window option to specify which application to control.
+If you have more than one display application
+running simultaneously, use the  window option to
+specify which application to control.
 
 
   -render
@@ -4950,7 +5853,8 @@ reduce the number of colors in an animated image sequence. 
 
 render vector operations. 
 
-Use +render to turn off rendering vector operations. This useful when saving the result to vector formats such as MVG or SVG.
+Use +render to turn off rendering vector operations.
+This useful when saving the result to vector formats such as MVG or SVG.
 
 
 -repage geometry
@@ -4958,11 +5862,11 @@ reduce the number of colors in an animated image sequence. 
 
 Adjust the canvas and offset information of the image. 
 
-This option is like -page but acts as an image operator
+
This option is like -page but acts as an image operator
 rather than a setting.  You can separately set the canvas size or the offset
 of the image on that canvas by only providing those components. 
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
+See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
 
 If a ! flag is given the offset given is added to the existing
 offset to move the image relative to its previous position. This useful for
@@ -4972,10 +5876,10 @@ animation sequences. 
 recalculate the canvas size so the image (at its current offset) will appear
 completely on that canvas (unless it has a negative offset).
 
-Use +repage to completely remove/reset the virtual
+
Use +repage to completely remove/reset the virtual
 canvas meta-data from the images. 
 
-The -set 'page' option can be used to
+
The -set 'page' option can be used to
 directly assign virtual canvas meta-data. 
 
 
@@ -4985,9 +5889,20 @@ directly assign virtual canvas meta-data. 
 
 Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution. 
 
-Resize the image so that its rendered size remains the same as the original at the specified target resolution. For example, if a 300 DPI image renders at 3 inches by 2 inches on a 300 DPI device, when the image has been resampled to 72 DPI, it will render at 3 inches by 2 inches on a 72 DPI device.  Note that only a small number of image formats (e.g. JPEG, PNG, and TIFF) are capable of storing the image resolution. For formats which do not support an image resolution, the original resolution of the image must be specified via -density on the command line prior to specifying the resample resolution.
+Resize the image so that its rendered size remains the same as the original
+at the specified target resolution. For example, if a 300 DPI image renders at
+3 inches by 2 inches on a 300 DPI device, when the image has been resampled to
+72 DPI, it will render at 3 inches by 2 inches on a 72 DPI device.  Note that
+only a small number of image formats (e.g. JPEG, PNG, and TIFF) are capable of
+storing the image resolution. For formats which do not support an image
+resolution, the original resolution of the image must be specified via -density on the command line prior to specifying the
+resample resolution.
 
-Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image resolution from a proprietary embedded profile. If this profile exists in the image, then Photoshop will continue to treat the image using its former resolution, ignoring the image resolution specified in the standard file header.
+Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image resolution from a proprietary
+embedded profile. If this profile exists in the image, then Photoshop will
+continue to treat the image using its former resolution, ignoring the image
+resolution specified in the standard file header.
 
 
   -resize geometry
@@ -4995,13 +5910,18 @@ directly assign virtual canvas meta-data. 
 
 Resize an image. 
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and the -gravity option has no effect.
+See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are
+ignored, and the -gravity option has no effect.
 
-If the -filter option precedes the -resize option, the image is resized with the specified filter.
+If the -filter option precedes the -resize option, the image is resized with the specified
+filter.
 
-Many image processing algorithms assume your image is in a linear-light coding.  If your image is gamma-corrected, you can remove the nonlinear gamma correction, apply the transform, then restore it like this:
+Many image processing algorithms assume your image is in a linear-light
+coding.  If your image is gamma-corrected, you can remove the nonlinear gamma
+correction, apply the transform, then restore it like this:
 
- $magick> convert portrait.jpg -gamma .45455 -resize 25% -gamma 2.2  \ 
 -quality 92 passport.jpg
+ $ convert portrait.jpg -gamma .45455 -resize 25% -gamma 2.2  \ 
 -quality 92 passport.jpg
 
   -respect-parentheses
 
@@ -5021,7 +5941,8 @@ directly assign virtual canvas meta-data. 
 
 roll an image vertically or horizontally by the amount given. 
 
-A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right. A negative y offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.
+A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right.
+A negative y offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.
 
 
 
@@ -5030,12 +5951,18 @@ directly assign virtual canvas meta-data. 
 
 Apply Paeth image rotation (using shear operations) to the image. 
 
-Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the height. < rotates the image only if its width is less than the height. For example, if you specify -rotate "-90>" and the image size is 480x640, the image is not rotated. However, if the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees. If you use > or <, enclose it in quotation marks to prevent it from being misinterpreted as a file redirection.
+Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the
+height. < rotates the image only if its width is less
+than the height. For example, if you specify -rotate "-90>" and
+the image size is 480x640, the image is not rotated. However, if the image is
+640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees. If you use > or
+<, enclose it in quotation marks to prevent it from being
+misinterpreted as a file redirection.
 
 Empty triangles in the corners, left over from rotating the image, are
 filled with the background color. 
 
-See also the -distort operator and specifically the
+
See also the -distort operator and specifically the
 'ScaleRotateTranslate' distort method. 
 
 
@@ -5049,17 +5976,17 @@ filled with the background color. 
 image.  When magnifying, pixels are replicated in blocks.  When minifying,
 pixels are sub-sampled (i.e., some rows and columns are skipped over). 
 
-The results are thus equivalent to using -resize with
-a -filter setting of point (nearest
-neighbour), though -sample is a lot faster, as it
+
The results are thus equivalent to using -resize with
+a -filter setting of point (nearest
+neighbour), though -sample is a lot faster, as it
 avoids all the filter processing of the image. As such it completely ignores
-the current -filter setting. 
+the current -filter setting. 
 
-The key feature of the -sample is that no new colors
+
The key feature of the -sample is that no new colors
 will be added to the resulting image, though some colors may disappear. 
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are
-ignored, unlike -resize. 
+See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are
+ignored, unlike -resize. 
 
 
 
@@ -5068,7 +5995,13 @@ ignored, unlike -resize. 
 
 sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder. 
 
-This option specifies the sampling factors to be used by the JPEG encoder for chroma downsampling. If this option is omitted, the JPEG library will use its own default values. When reading or writing the YUV format and when writing the M2V (MPEG-2) format, use -sampling-factor 2x1 or -sampling-factor 4:2:2 to specify the 4:2:2 downsampling method.
+This option specifies the sampling factors to be used by the JPEG encoder
+for chroma downsampling. If this option is omitted, the JPEG library will use
+its own default values. When reading or writing the YUV format and when
+writing the M2V (MPEG-2) format, use -sampling-factor 2x1 or -sampling-factor 4:2:2 to specify the 4:2:2
+downsampling method.
 
 
   -scale geometry
@@ -5077,15 +6010,15 @@ ignored, unlike -resize. 
 minify/magnify the image using pixel block averaging and pixel replication, respectively. 
 
 Change the image size simply by replacing pixels by averaging pixels
-together when minifying, or replacing pixels when magnifing.  
+together when minifying, or replacing pixels when magnifying.  
 
-The results are thus equivalent to using -resize with
-a -filter setting of box.  Though it is a lot
+
The results are thus equivalent to using -resize with
+a -filter setting of box.  Though it is a lot
 faster, as it avoids all the filter processing of the image. As such it
-completely ignores the current -filter setting. 
+completely ignores the current -filter setting. 
 
 If when shrinking (minifying) images the original image is some integer
-multiple of the new image size, the number of pixels avergaed together to
+multiple of the new image size, the number of pixels averaged together to
 produce the new pixel color is the same across the whole image. This is
 a special case known as 'binning' and is often used as a method of reducing
 noise in image such as those generated by digital cameras, especially in low
@@ -5106,7 +6039,11 @@ light conditions. 
 
 specify the screen to capture. 
 
-This option indicates that the GetImage request used to obtain the image should be done on the root window, rather than directly on the specified window. In this way, you can obtain pieces of other windows that overlap the specified window, and more importantly, you can capture menus or other popups that are independent windows but appear over the specified window.
+This option indicates that the GetImage request used to obtain the image
+should be done on the root window, rather than directly on the specified
+window. In this way, you can obtain pieces of other windows that overlap the
+specified window, and more importantly, you can capture menus or other popups
+that are independent windows but appear over the specified window.
 
 
   -seed
@@ -5120,31 +6057,35 @@ light conditions. 
 
 segment the colors of an image. 
 
-Segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique. This is part of the ImageMagick color quantization routines. 
+Segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and
+identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique. This
+is part of the ImageMagick color quantization routines. 
 
-Specify cluster threshold as the number of pixels in each cluster that must exceed the cluster threshold to be considered valid. Smoothing threshold eliminates noise in the second derivative of the histogram. As the value is increased, you can expect a smoother second derivative.  The default is 1.5.
+Specify cluster threshold as the number of pixels in
+each cluster that must exceed the cluster threshold to be considered valid.
+Smoothing threshold eliminates noise in the second
+derivative of the histogram. As the value is increased, you can expect
+a smoother second derivative.  The default is 1.5.
 
-If the -verbose setting is defined, a detailed report
+
If the -verbose setting is defined, a detailed report
 of the color clusters is returned.
 
 
 
-  -selective-blur geometry
-
-
-
-  -selective-blur radius
-unsharp radiusxsigma{+threshold}
+  -selective-blur radius
-selective-blur radiusxsigma{+threshold}
 
 
 Selectively blur pixels within a contrast threshold. 
 
-Blurs those pixels that are less than or equal to the threshold in contrast. The threshold may be expressed as a fraction of QuantumRange or as a percentage.
+Blurs those pixels that are less than or equal to the threshold in
+contrast. The threshold may be expressed as a fraction of QuantumRange or as a percentage.
 
 
   -separate
 
 
-separate an image channel into a grayscale image.  Specify the channel with -channel. 
+separate an image channel into a grayscale image.  Specify the channel with -channel. 
 
 
   -sepia-tone threshold
@@ -5154,7 +6095,11 @@ of the color clusters is returned.
 
 Specify threshold as the percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%).
 
-This option applies a special effect to the image, similar to the effect achieved in a photo darkroom by sepia toning.  Threshold ranges from 0 to QuantumRange and is a measure of the extent of the sepia toning.  A threshold of 80% is a good starting point for a reasonable tone.
+This option applies a special effect to the image, similar to the effect
+achieved in a photo darkroom by sepia toning.  Threshold ranges from 0 to QuantumRange and is a measure of the extent of the sepia
+toning.  A threshold of 80% is a good starting point for a reasonable
+tone.
 
 
 
@@ -5167,69 +6112,90 @@ of the color clusters is returned.
 image sequence.
 
 This will assign (or modify) specific settings attached to all the images
-in the current image sequence.  Using the +set form of the
+in the current image sequence.  Using the +set form of the
 option will either remove, or reset that setting to a default state, as
 appropriate.  
 
 For example, it will modify specific well known image meta-data
 'attributes' such as those normally overridden by: the options -delay, -dispose, and -page, -colorspace; generally
+href="command-line-options.html#delay" >-delay, -dispose, and -page, -colorspace; generally
 assigned before the image is read in, by using a key of
 the same name. 
 
 If the given key does not match a specific known
 'attribute ', such as shown above, the setting is stored as a a free form
-'properity' string.  Such settings are listed in -verbose information ("info:" output format) as "Properties".
 
 
-This includes string 'properities' that are set by and assigned to images
-using the options -comment, -label, -caption. These options actually assign
-a global 'artifact' which are automatically assigned (and any Format Percent
+
This includes string 'properties' that are set by and assigned to images
+using the options -comment, -label, -caption. These options actually assign
+a global 'artifact' which are automatically assigned (and any Format Percent
 Escapes expanded) to images as they are read in.  For example:
 
- $magick> convert rose: -set comment 'Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose' rose.pngidentify -format %c rose.png $magick> Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose
-The set value can also make use of Format and Print Image
+
 $ convert rose: -set comment 'Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose' rose.pngidentify -format %c rose.png $ Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose

+The set value can also make use of Format and Print Image
 Properties in the defined value.  For example:
 
- $magick> convert rose: -set origsize '%wx%h' -resize 50% \        -format 'Old size = %[origsize]  New size = %wx%h' info: $magick> Old size = 70x46  New size = 35x23
-Other well known 'properities' that can be  include:
+
 $ convert rose: -set origsize '%wx%h' -resize 50% \        -format 'Old size = %[origsize]  New size = %wx%h' info: $ Old size = 70x46  New size = 35x23
+Other well known 'properties' that are availible include:
 'date:create' and 'date:modify' and
 'signature'. 
 
-The -repage operator will also allow you to modify
+
The -repage operator will also allow you to modify
 the 'page' attribute of an image for images already in memory (also
-see -page).  However it is designed to provide a finer
-control of the sub-parts of this 'attribute'. The -set page
+see -page).  However it is designed to provide a finer
+control of the sub-parts of this 'attribute'. The -set page
 option will only provide a direct, unmodified assignment of  'page'
 attribute. 
 
 This option can also associate a colorspace or profile with your image.
 For example,
 
- $magick> convert image.psd -set profile ISOcoated_v2_eci.icc image-icc.psd
+ $ convert image.psd -set profile ISOcoated_v2_eci.icc image-icc.psd
 Some 'properties' must be defined in a specific way to be used. For
 example only 'properties' prefixed with "filename:" can be used to
 modify the output filename of an image. For example
 
- $magick> convert rose: -set filename:mysize '%wx%h' 'rose_%[filename:mysize].png'
+ $ convert rose: -set filename:mysize '%wx%h' 'rose_%[filename:mysize].png'
 If the setting value is prefixed with "option:" the setting will
 be saved as a global "Artifact" exactly as if it was set using the -define option. As such settings are globel in scope, they
-can be used to pass 'attributes' and 'properities' of one specific image,
+href="command-line-options.html#define" >-define option. As such settings are global in scope, they
+can be used to pass 'attributes' and 'properties' of one specific image,
 in a way that allows you to use them in a completely different image, even if
 the original image has long since been modified or destroyed. For example: 
 
- $magick> convert rose:  -set option:rosesize '%wx%h' -delete 0 \        label:'%[rosesize]'   label_size_of_rose.gif
-Note that Format Percent Escapes will only match
+
 $ convert rose:  -set option:rosesize '%wx%h' -delete 0 \        label:'%[rosesize]'   label_size_of_rose.gif
+Note that Format Percent Escapes will only match
 a 'artifact' if the given key does not match an existing
-'attribute' or 'properity'.  
+'attribute' or 'property'.  
 
 You can set the attributes of the image registry by prefixing the value
 with registry:.
 
+The -set profile option can also be used to inject
+previously-formatted ancillary chunks into the output PNG file, using
+the commandline option as shown below or by setting the profile via a
+programming interface:
+
+ $ convert in.png -set profile PNG-chunk-x:<filename> out.png
+where x is a location flag and
+filename is a file containing the chunk
+name in the first 4 bytes, then a colon (":"), followed by the chunk data.
+This encoder will compute the chunk length and CRC, so those must not
+be included in the file.
+
+"x" can be "b" (before PLTE), "m" (middle, i.e., between PLTE and IDAT),
+or "e" (end, i.e., after IDAT).  If you want to write multiple chunks
+of the same type, then add a short unique string after the "x" to prevent
+subsequent profiles from overwriting the preceding ones, e.g.,
+
+
+ $ convert in.png -set profile PNG-chunk-b01:file01 / 

+            -profile PNG-chunk-b02:file02 out.png
+ 
 
 
 
@@ -5238,7 +6204,9 @@ with registry:.
 
 shade the image using a distant light source. 
 
-Specify azimuth and elevation as the position of the light source. Use +shade to return the shading results as a grayscale image.
+Specify azimuth and elevation as
+the position of the light source. Use +shade to return
+the shading results as a grayscale image.
 
 
   -shadow percent-opacity{xsigma}{+-}x{+-}y{%}
@@ -5253,10 +6221,13 @@ id="shared-memory">-shared-memory
 
 use shared memory. 
 
-This option specifies whether the utility should attempt to use shared memory for pixmaps. ImageMagick must be compiled with shared memory support, and the display must support the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this option is ignored. The default is True.
+This option specifies whether the utility should attempt to use shared
+memory for pixmaps. ImageMagick must be compiled with shared memory support,
+and the display must support the MIT-SHM extension.
+Otherwise, this option is ignored. The default is True.
 
 
-  -sharpen radius{xsigma}
+  -sharpen radius
-sharpen radiusxsigma+bias
 
 
 sharpen the image. 
@@ -5269,9 +6240,12 @@ id="shared-memory">-shared-memory
 
 Shave pixels from the image edges. 
 
-The size portion of the geometry argument specifies the width of the region to be removed from both sides of the image and the height of the regions to be removed from top and bottom. Offsets are ignored.
+The size portion of the geometry
+argument specifies the width of the region to be removed from both sides of
+the image and the height of the regions to be removed from top and bottom.
+Offsets are ignored.
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
+See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
 
 
   -shear Xdegrees[xYdegrees]
@@ -5279,25 +6253,57 @@ id="shared-memory">-shared-memory
 
 Shear the image along the x-axis and/or y-axis. 
 
-The shear angles may be positive, negative, or zero. When Ydegrees is omitted it defaults to 0. When both angles are given, the horizontal component of the shear is performed before the vertical component.
-
-Shearing slides one edge of an image along the x-axis or y-axis (i.e., horizontally or vertically, respectively),creating a parallelogram. The amount of each is controlled by the respective shear angle. For horizontal shears, Xdegrees is measured clockwise relative to "up" (the negative y-axis), sliding the top edge to the right when 0°<Xdegrees<90° and to the left when 90°<Xdegrees<180°.  For vertical shears Ydegrees is measured clockwise relative to "right" (the positive x-axis), sliding the right edge down when 0°<Ydegrees<90° and up when 90°<Ydegrees<180°.
-
-Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are filled with the color defined by the -background option. The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.
-
-The horizontal shear is performed before the vertical part. This is important to note, since horizontal and vertical shears do not commute, i.e., the order matters in a sequence of shears. For example, the following two commands are not equivalent.
-
- $magick> convert logo: -shear 20x0 -shear 0x60 logo-sheared.png $magick> convert logo: -shear 0x60 -shear 20x0 logo-sheared.png
-The first of the two commands above is equivalent to the following, except for the amount of empty space created; the command that follows generates a smaller image, and so is a better choice in terms of time and space.
-
- $magick> convert logo: -shear 20x60 logo-sheared.png
+The shear angles may be positive, negative, or zero. When Ydegrees is omitted it defaults to 0. When both angles are
+given, the horizontal component of the shear is performed before the vertical
+component.
+
+Shearing slides one edge of an image along the x-axis or y-axis (i.e.,
+horizontally or vertically, respectively),creating a parallelogram. The amount
+of each is controlled by the respective shear angle. For horizontal shears,
+Xdegrees is measured clockwise relative to "up" (the
+negative y-axis), sliding the top edge to the right when 0°<Xdegrees<90° and to the left when 90°<Xdegrees<180°.  For vertical shears Ydegrees is measured clockwise relative to "right" (the
+positive x-axis), sliding the right edge down when 0°<Ydegrees<90° and up when 90°<Ydegrees<180°.
+
+Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are filled with the color
+defined by the -background option. The color is specified
+using the format described under the -fill option.
+
+The horizontal shear is performed before the vertical part. This is
+important to note, since horizontal and vertical shears do not
+commute, i.e., the order matters in a sequence of shears. For
+example, the following two commands are not equivalent.
+
+ $ convert logo: -shear 20x0 -shear 0x60 logo-sheared.png $ convert logo: -shear 0x60 -shear 20x0 logo-sheared.png
+The first of the two commands above is equivalent to the following, except
+for the amount of empty space created; the command that follows generates
+a smaller image, and so is a better choice in terms of time and space.
+
+ $ convert logo: -shear 20x60 logo-sheared.png
 
   -sigmoidal-contrast contrastxmid-point
 
 
 increase the contrast without saturating highlights or shadows. 
 
-Increase the contrast of the image using a sigmoidal transfer function without saturating highlights or shadows. Contrast indicates how much to increase the contrast (0 is none; 3 is typical; 20 is a lot); mid-point indicates where midtones fall in the resultant image (0 is white; 50% is middle-gray; 100% is black).  By default the image contrast is increased, use +sigmoidal-contrast to decrease the contrast.
+Increase the contrast of the image using a sigmoidal transfer function
+without saturating highlights or shadows. Contrast
+indicates how much to increase the contrast. For example, near 0 is none, 3 is
+typical and 20 is a lot. Note that exactly zero is invalid, but 0.0001 is
+negligibly different from no change in contrast. mid-point indicates where midtones fall in the resultant
+image (0 is white; 50% is middle-gray; 100% is black).  By default the image
+contrast is increased, use +sigmoidal-contrast to
+decrease the contrast.
+
+To achieve the equivalent of a sigmoidal brightness change, use -sigmoidal-contrast brightnessx0% to increase brightness and
+class="arg">+sigmoidal-contrast brightnessx0% to decrease brightness.
 
 
   -silent
@@ -5311,16 +6317,21 @@ id="shared-memory">-shared-memory
 
 set the width and height of the image. 
 
-Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK. In addition to width and height, use -size with an offset to skip any header information in the image or tell the number of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).
+Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose
+dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or
+CMYK. In addition to width and height, use -size with an offset to skip any header information in the
+image or tell the number of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g. -size
+640x512+256).
 
 For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:
 
 -  192x128
-  384x256
-  768x512
-  1536x1024
-  3072x2048
+   192x128
+   384x256
+   768x512
+   1536x1024
+   3072x2048
 
 
 
@@ -5329,13 +6340,21 @@ id="shared-memory">-shared-memory
 
 simulate a pencil sketch. 
 
-Sketch with the given radius, standard deviation (sigma), and angle.   The angle given is the angle toward which the image is sketched.  That is the direction people would consider the object is coming from.  
+Sketch with the given radius, standard deviation (sigma), and angle.   The
+angle given is the angle toward which the image is sketched.  That is the
+direction people would consider the object is coming from.  
+
+
+  -smush offset
+
+
+smush an image sequence together. 
 
 
   -snaps value
 
 
-Set the number of screen snapshots. [import]
+Set the number of screen snapshots. [import]
 
 Use this option to grab more than one image from the X server screen, to create an animation sequence.
 
@@ -5347,7 +6366,8 @@ id="shared-memory">-shared-memory
 
 Specify factor as the percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%).
 
-This option produces a solarization effect seen when exposing a photographic film to light during the development process.
+This option produces a solarization effect seen when
+exposing a photographic film to light during the development process.
 
 
   -sparse-color -shared-memory

     Description
   
 
+  
+    barycentric
+    three point triangle of color given 3 points.
+        Giving only 2 points will form a linear gradient between those points.
+        The gradient generated extends beyond the triangle created by those
+        3 points. 
+  
+
+  
+    bilinear
+    Like barycentric but for 4 points. Less than 4 points
+        fall back to barycentric. 
+  
   
     voronoi
     Simply map each pixel to the to nearest color point
@@ -5375,35 +6408,33 @@ id="shared-memory">-shared-memory
     Colors points biased on the ratio of inverse distance
         squared. Generating spots of color in a sea of the average of
         colors. 
-    
-
-  
-    barycentric
-    three point triangle of color given 3 points.
-        Giving only 2 points will form a linear gradient between those points.
-        Gradient is however not restricted to just the triangle or line. 
   
 
   
-    bilinear
-    Like barycentric but for 4 points. Less than 4 points
-        fall back to barycentric. 
+    inverse
+    Colors points biased on the ratio of inverse distance.
+        This generates sharper points of color rather than rounded spots of
+        'shepards'  Generating spots of color in a sea of the
+        average of colors. 
   
 
   
 
 
 The points are placed according to the images location on the virtual
-canvas (-page or -repage
+canvas (-page or -repage
 offset), and do not actually have to exist on the given image, but may be
 some point beyond the edge of the image. All points are floating point values.
 
 
-Only the color channels defined by the -channel are
-modified, whcih means the matte/alpha transparency channel is not effected by
-default. If enabled, the image also needs a the matte/alpha channel to be
-enabled for this operator to effect an images transparency. This is typical
-transparency handling for images. 
+Only the color channels defined by the -channel are
+modified, which means that by default matte/alpha transparency channel is not
+effected. Typically transparency channel is turned off either before or after
+the operation. 
+
+Of course if some color points are transparent to generate a transparent
+gradient, then the image also requires transparency enabled to store the
+values. 
 
 All the above methods when given a single point of color will replace all
 the colors in the image with the color given, regardless of the point. This is
@@ -5417,7 +6448,21 @@ default value. 
 
 Splice the current background color into the image. 
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. See -background to reset the background color.
+This will add rows and columns of the current -background color into the given image according to the
+given  -gravity geometry setting.  >See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. Essentially -splice will divide the
+image into four quadrants, separating them by the inserted rows and columns.
+
+
+If a dimension of geometry is zero no rows or columns will be added for that
+dimension.  Similarly using a zero offset with the appropriate -gravity setting will add rows and columns to the edges of
+the image, padding the image only along that one edge. Edge padding is what -splice is most commonly used for. 
+
+If the exact same  geometry and -gravity is later used with -chop the
+added added all splices removed. 
 
 
   -spread amount
@@ -5425,7 +6470,26 @@ default value. 
 
 displace image pixels by a random amount. 
 
-The argument amount defines the size of the neighborhood around each pixel from which to choose a candidate pixel to swap.
+The argument amount defines the size of the
+neighborhood around each pixel from which to choose a candidate pixel to
+swap.
+
+
+  -statistic type geometry
+
+
+replace each pixel with corresponding statistic from the neighborhood. [convert, mogrify]
+
+Choose from these statistic types:
++   Gradient   maximum difference in area
+   Maximum    maximum value per channel in neighborhood
+   Minimum    minimum value per channel in neighborhood
+   Mean       average value per channel in neighborhood
+   Median     median value per channel in neighborhood
+   Mode       mode (most frequent) value per channel in neighborhood
+   Nonpeak    value just before or after the median value per channel in neighborhood
+
 
 
   -stegano offset
@@ -5433,15 +6497,20 @@ default value. 
 
 hide watermark within an image. 
 
-Use an offset to start the image hiding some number of pixels from the beginning of the image. Note this offset and the image size. You will need this information to recover the steganographic image (e.g. display -size 320x256+35 stegano:image.png).
+Use an offset to start the image hiding some number of pixels from the
+beginning of the image. Note this offset and the image size. You will need
+this information to recover the steganographic image (e.g. display -size
+320x256+35 stegano:image.png).
 
 
   -stereo +x{+y}
 
 
-composite two images to create a stereo anaglyph. [composite]
+composite two images to create a stereo anaglyph. [composite]
 
-The left side of the stereo pair is saved as the red channel of the output image. The right side is saved as the green channel. Red-green stereo glasses are required to properly view the stereo image.
+The left side of the stereo pair is saved as the red channel of the output
+image. The right side is saved as the green channel. Red-green stereo glasses
+are required to properly view the stereo image.
 
 
   -storage-type type
@@ -5450,13 +6519,13 @@ default value. 
 pixel storage type.  Here are the valid types: 
 
 -  char        store pixels as unsigned characters
-  double      store pixels as doubles
-  float       store pixels as floats
-  integer     store pixels as integers
-  long        store pixels as longs
-  quantum     store pixels in the native depth of your ImageMagick distribution
-  short       store pixels as unsigned shorts
+   char     unsigned characters
+   double   doubles
+   float    floats
+   integer  integers
+   long     longs
+   quantum  pixels in the native depth of your ImageMagick distribution
+   short    unsigned shorts
 
 
 Float and double types are normalized from 0.0 to 1.0 otherwise the pixels
@@ -5468,24 +6537,29 @@ values range from 0 to the maximum value the storage type can support.
 
 Set a type of stretch style for fonts. 
 
-This setting suggests a type of stretch that ImageMagick should try to apply to the currently selected font family. Select fontStretch from the following.
+This setting suggests a type of stretch that ImageMagick should try to
+apply to the currently selected font family. Select fontStretch from the following.
 
 -        Any
-        Condensed
-        Expanded
-        ExtraCondensed
-        ExtraExpanded
-        Normal
-        SemiCondensed
-        SemiExpanded
-        UltraCondensed
-        UltraExpanded
+   Any
+   Condensed
+   Expanded
+   ExtraCondensed
+   ExtraExpanded
+   Normal
+   SemiCondensed
+   SemiExpanded
+   UltraCondensed
+   UltraExpanded
 
 
-To print a complete list of stretch types, use -list stretch.
+To print a complete list of stretch types, use -list
+stretch.
 
-For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -font, -family, -style, and -weight. 
+For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -font, -family, -style, and -weight. 
 
 
   -strip
@@ -5499,9 +6573,9 @@ values range from 0 to the maximum value the storage type can support.
 
 color to use when stroking a graphic primitive. 
 
-The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.
+The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.
 
-See -draw for further details.
+See -draw for further details.
 
 
   -strokewidth value
@@ -5509,7 +6583,7 @@ values range from 0 to the maximum value the storage type can support.
 
 set the stroke width. 
 
-See -draw for further details.
+See -draw for further details.
 
 
   -style fontStyle
@@ -5522,19 +6596,21 @@ the currently selected font family. Select fontStyle from
 the following.
 
 -        Any
-        Italic
-        Normal
-        Oblique
+   Any
+   Italic
+   Normal
+   Oblique
 
 
-For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -font, -family, -stretch, and -weight. 
+For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -font, -family, -stretch, and -weight. 
 
 
   -subimage-search
 
 
-search for subimage. [compare]
+search for subimage. [compare]
 
 This option is required to have compare search for the best match location
 of a small image within a larger image. This search will produce two images
@@ -5547,9 +6623,9 @@ be the size of the larger_image - sub_image + 1.  The brightest location in
 this image is the location s the locate on the best match that is also
 reported. Note that this may or may nor be a perfect match, and the actual
 brightness will reflect this. Other bright 'peaks' can be used to locate other
-possible matching loctions. 
+possible matching locations. 
 
-Note that the search will try to compare teh sub-image at every possible
+
Note that the search will try to compare the sub-image at every possible
 location in the larger image, as such it can be very slow.  The smaller the
 sub-image the faster this search is. 
 
@@ -5560,8 +6636,8 @@ sub-image the faster this search is. 
 
 Swap the positions of two images in the image sequence. 
 
-For example, -swap 0,2 swaps the first and the third
-images in the current image sequence. Use +swap to switch
+
For example, -swap 0,2 swaps the first and the third
+images in the current image sequence. Use +swap to switch
 the last two images in the sequence.
 
 
@@ -5590,9 +6666,12 @@ the last two images in the sequence.
 
 font for writing fixed-width text. 
 
-Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style) formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.
+Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style)
+formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.
 
-You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType, or OPTION1 font. For example, Courier.ttf is a TrueType font and x:fixed is OPTION1.
+You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType, or
+OPTION1 font. For example, Courier.ttf is a TrueType font and
+x:fixed is OPTION1.
 
 
   -texture filename
@@ -5605,27 +6684,42 @@ the last two images in the sequence.
 
 
 
 
 Apply simultaneous black/white threshold to the image. 
 
-Any pixel values (more specifically, those channels set using ‑channel) that exceed the specified threshold are reassigned the maximum channel value, while all other values are assigned the minimum.
-
- The threshold value can be given as a percentage or as an absolute integer value corresponding to the desired channel value. When given as an integer, the minimum attainable value is 0 (corresponding to black when all channels are affected), but the maximum value (corresponding to white) is that of the quantum depth of the particular build of ImageMagick, and is therefore dependent on the installation. For that reason, a reasonable recommendation for most applications is to specify the threshold values as a percentage.
+
Any pixel values (more specifically, those channels set using ‑channel) that exceed the specified threshold are reassigned the
+maximum channel value, while all other values are assigned the minimum.
+
+ The threshold value can be given as a percentage or as an absolute integer
+value corresponding to the desired channel value. When given as an integer,
+the minimum attainable value is 0 (corresponding to black when all channels
+are affected), but the maximum value (corresponding to white) is that of the
+quantum depth of the particular build of ImageMagick, and is
+therefore dependent on the installation. For that reason, a reasonable
+recommendation for most applications is to specify the threshold values as
+a percentage.  
+
+ The following would force pixels with red values above 50% to have 100%
+red values, while those at or below 50% red would be set to 0 in the red
+channel. The green, blue, and alpha channels (if present) would be unchanged.
 
 
- The following would force pixels with red values above 50% to have 100% red values, while those at or below 50% red would be set to 0 in the red channel. The green, blue, and alpha channels (if present) would be unchanged. 
-
- $magick> convert in.png -channel red -threshold 50% out.png
-As (possibly) impractical but instructive examples, the following would generate an all-black and an all-white image with the same dimensions as the input image.
+ $ convert in.png -channel red -threshold 50% out.png
+As (possibly) impractical but instructive examples, the following would
+generate an all-black and an all-white image with the same dimensions as the
+input image.
 
 
- $magick> convert in.png -threshold 100% black.png $magick> convert in.png -threshold -1 white.png
+ $ convert in.png -threshold 100% black.png $ convert in.png -threshold -1 white.png
 Note that the values of the transparency channel is treated as 'matte'
 values (0 is opaque) and not as 'alpha' values (0 is transparent).
 
- See also ‑black‑threshold and ‑white‑threshold.
+
 See also ‑black‑threshold and ‑white‑threshold.
 
 
 
@@ -5634,9 +6728,12 @@ values (0 is opaque) and not as 'alpha' values (0 is transparent).
 
 Create a thumbnail of the image. 
 
-This is similar to -resize, except it is optimized for speed and any image profile, other than a color profile, is removed to reduce the thumbnail size.  To strip the color profiles as well, add -strip just before of after this option.
+This is similar to -resize, except it is optimized
+for speed and any image profile, other than a color profile, is removed to
+reduce the thumbnail size.  To strip the color profiles as well, add -strip just before of after this option.
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
+See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
 
 
   -tile filename
@@ -5648,15 +6745,15 @@ values (0 is opaque) and not as 'alpha' values (0 is transparent).
   -tile geometry
 
 
-Specify the layout of images . [montage]
+Specify the layout of images . [montage]
 
-See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
+See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.
 
 
   -tile
 
 
-Specifies that a subsequent composite operation is repeated across and down image. [composite]
+Specifies that a subsequent composite operation is repeated across and down image. [composite]
 
 
   -tile-offset {+-}x{+-}y
@@ -5664,9 +6761,13 @@ values (0 is opaque) and not as 'alpha' values (0 is transparent).
 
 Specify the offset for tile images, relative to the background image it is tiled on. 
 
-This should be set before the tiling image is set by -tile or -texture, or directly applied for creating a tiled canvas using TILE: or PATTERN: input formats. 
+This should be set before the tiling image is set by -tile or -texture, or directly applied for
+creating a tiled canvas using TILE: or PATTERN: input
+formats. 
 
-Internally ImageMagick does a -roll of the tile image by the arguments given when the tile image is set. 
+Internally ImageMagick does a -roll of the tile image
+by the arguments given when the tile image is set. 
 
 
   -tint value
@@ -5676,15 +6777,21 @@ values (0 is opaque) and not as 'alpha' values (0 is transparent).
 
 Tint the image with the fill color.
 
-Specify the amount of tinting as a percentage.  Pure colors like black, white red, yellow, will not be affected by -tint. Only mid-range colors such as the various shades of grey.
+Specify the amount of tinting as a percentage.  Pure colors like black,
+white red, yellow, will not be affected by -tint. Only mid-range colors such
+as the various shades of grey.
 
 
   -title string
 
 
-Assign a title to displayed image. [animate, display, montage]
+Assign a title to displayed image. [animate, display, montage]
 
-Use this option to assign a specific title to the image. This assigned to the image window and is typically displayed in the window title bar. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, Exif data, or other image attribute by embedding special format characters described under the -format option.
+Use this option to assign a specific title to the image. This assigned to
+the image window and is typically displayed in the window title bar.
+Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, Exif data,
+or other image attribute by embedding special format characters described
+under the -format option.
 
 For example,
 
@@ -5692,7 +6799,8 @@ values (0 is opaque) and not as 'alpha' values (0 is transparent).
   -title "%m:%f %wx%h"
 
 
-produces an image title of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
+produces an image title of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
+titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
 
 
 
@@ -5701,12 +6809,12 @@ values (0 is opaque) and not as 'alpha' values (0 is transparent).
 
 transform the image. 
 
-This option applies the transformation matrix from a previous -affine option.
+This option applies the transformation matrix from a previous -affine option.
 
- $magick> convert -affine 2,2,-2,2,0,0 -transform bird.ppm bird.jpg
+ $ convert -affine 2,2,-2,2,0,0 -transform bird.ppm bird.jpg
 
 This operator has been now been superseded by the  -distort 'AffineProjection' method. 
+href="command-line-options.html#distort">-distort 'AffineProjection' method. 
 
 
 
@@ -5716,24 +6824,24 @@ href="#distort">-distort 'AffineProjection' method. 
 Make this color transparent within the image. 
 
 The color argument is defined using the format
-described under the -fill option. The -fill option. The -fuzz setting can be used to match and replace colors similar to the one
 given. 
 
-Use  +transparent to invert the pixels matched.
+
Use  +transparent to invert the pixels matched.
 that is make all non-matching colors transparent. 
 
-The -opaque  operator is exactly the same as -transparent but replaces the matching color with the
-current -fill color setting, rather than transparent.
-However the -transparent operator also ensures
-that the image has an alpha channel enabled, as per "The -opaque  operator is exactly the same as -transparent but replaces the matching color with the
+current -fill color setting, rather than transparent.
+However the -transparent operator also ensures
+that the image has an alpha channel enabled, as per "-alpha set", and does not require you to modify the -channel to enable alpha channel handling. 
+href="command-line-options.html#channel">-channel to enable alpha channel handling. 
 
 Note that this does not define the color as being the 'transparency color'
 used for color-mapped image formats, such as GIF.  For that use -transparent-color 
+href="command-line-options.html#transparent-color" >-transparent-color 
 
 
 
@@ -5746,7 +6854,7 @@ href="#transparent-color" >-transparent-color 
 GIF and PNG8 which uses this color to represent boolean transparency.  This
 does not make a color transparent, it only defines what color the transparent
 color is in the color palette of the saved image. Use -transparent to make an opaque color transparent.
+href="command-line-options.html#transparent">-transparent to make an opaque color transparent.
 
 This option allows you to have both an opaque visible color, as well as a
 transparent color of the same color value without conflict.  That is, you can
@@ -5780,11 +6888,19 @@ type. 
 
 tree depth for the color reduction algorithm. 
 
-Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A value of zero or one causes the use of an optimal tree depth for the color reduction algorithm.
+Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A value of zero or one causes
+the use of an optimal tree depth for the color reduction algorithm.
 
-An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source image with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory. However, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure the best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter.  Refer to the color reduction algorithm for more details.
+An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source
+image with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory.
+However, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure the
+best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter.  Refer to
+the color reduction algorithm for more details.
 
-The -colors or -monochrome option, or writing to an image format which requires color reduction, is required for this option to take effect.
+The -colors or -monochrome
+option, or writing to an image format which requires color reduction, is
+required for this option to take effect.
 
 
   -trim
@@ -5792,16 +6908,18 @@ type. 
 
 trim an image. 
 
-This option removes any edges that are exactly the same color as the corner pixels. Use -fuzz to make -trim remove edges that are nearly the same color as the corner pixels.
+This option removes any edges that are exactly the same color as the corner
+pixels. Use -fuzz to make -trim remove
+edges that are nearly the same color as the corner pixels.
 
 The page or virtual canvas information of the image is preserved allowing
-you to extract the result of the -trim operation from the
-image.  Use a +repage to remove the virtual canvas page
+you to extract the result of the -trim operation from the
+image.  Use a +repage to remove the virtual canvas page
 information if it is unwanted.
 
 If the trimmed image 'disappears' an warning is produced, and a special
 single pixel transparent 'missed' image is returned, in the same way as when a
--crop operation 'misses' the image proper. 
+-crop operation 'misses' the image proper. 
 
 
 
@@ -5809,14 +6927,23 @@ single pixel transparent 'missed' image is returned, in the same way as when a
 
 
 the image type. 
- Choose from: Bilevel, Grayscale, GrayscaleMatte, Palette, PaletteMatte, TrueColor, TrueColorMatte, ColorSeparation, or ColorSeparationMatte.
+ Choose from: Bilevel,
+Grayscale, GrayscaleMatte, Palette,
+PaletteMatte, TrueColor, TrueColorMatte,
+ColorSeparation, or ColorSeparationMatte.
 
-Normally, when a format supports different subformats such as grayscale and truecolor, the encoder will try to choose an efficient subformat. The -type option can be used to overrride this behavior. For example, to prevent a JPEG from being written in grayscale format even though only gray pixels are present, use.
+Normally, when a format supports different subformats such as grayscale and
+truecolor, the encoder will try to choose an efficient subformat. The -type option can be used to override this behavior. For
+example, to prevent a JPEG from being written in grayscale format even though
+only gray pixels are present, use.
 
- $magick> convert bird.png -type TrueColor bird.jpg
-Similarly, use -type TrueColorMatte to force the encoder to write an alpha channel even though the image is opaque, if the output format supports transparency.
+ $ convert bird.png -type TrueColor bird.jpg
+Similarly, use -type TrueColorMatte to force the
+encoder to write an alpha channel even though the image is opaque, if the
+output format supports transparency.
 
-Use -type optimize to ensure the image is written in the smallest possible file size.
+Use -type optimize to ensure the image is written in the smallest possible file size.
 
 
   -undercolor color
@@ -5824,9 +6951,9 @@ single pixel transparent 'missed' image is returned, in the same way as when a
 
 set the color of the annotation bounding box. 
 
-The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.
+The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.
 
-See -draw for further details.
+See -draw for further details.
 
 
 
@@ -5835,7 +6962,10 @@ single pixel transparent 'missed' image is returned, in the same way as when a
 
 detect when image file is modified and redisplay. 
 
-Suppose that while you are displaying an image the file that is currently displayed is over-written.  display will automagically detect that the input file has been changed and update the displayed image accordingly.
+Suppose that while you are displaying an image the file that is currently
+displayed is over-written.  display will automagically detect that
+the input file has been changed and update the displayed image
+accordingly.
 
 
 
@@ -5851,7 +6981,9 @@ single pixel transparent 'missed' image is returned, in the same way as when a
 
 the units of image resolution. 
 
-Choose from: Undefined, PixelsPerInch, or PixelsPerCentimeter. This option is normally used in conjunction with the -density option.
+Choose from: Undefined, PixelsPerInch, or
+PixelsPerCentimeter. This option is normally used in conjunction
+with the -density option.
 
 
 
@@ -5860,18 +6992,21 @@ single pixel transparent 'missed' image is returned, in the same way as when a
 
 sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator. 
 
-The -unsharp option sharpens an image. The image is convolved with a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma). For reasonable results, radius should be larger than sigma. Use a radius of 0 to have the method select a suitable radius.
+The -unsharp option sharpens an image. The image is
+convolved with a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation
+(sigma). For reasonable results, radius should be larger than sigma. Use
+a radius of 0 to have the method select a suitable radius.
 
 The parameters are:
 
 -  radius:    The radius of the Gaussian, in pixels,  not counting the center
-             pixel (default 0).
-  sigma:     The standard deviation of the Gaussian, in pixels (default 1.0).
-  amount:    The fraction of the difference between the original and the blur
-             image that is added back into the original (default 1.0).
-  threshold: The threshold, as a fraction of QuantumRange, needed to apply the
-             difference amount (default 0.05).
+   radius     The radius of the Gaussian, in pixels,  not counting the center
+              pixel (default 0).
+   sigma      The standard deviation of the Gaussian, in pixels (default 1.0).
+   amount     The fraction of the difference between the original and the blur
+              image that is added back into the original (default 1.0).
+   threshold  The threshold, as a fraction of QuantumRange, needed to apply the
+              difference amount (default 0.05).
 
 
 
@@ -5879,7 +7014,9 @@ single pixel transparent 'missed' image is returned, in the same way as when a
   -verbose
 
 
-print detailed information about the image when this option precedes the -identify option or info:. 
+print detailed information about the image when this option
+precedes the -identify option or
+info:. 
 
 
 
@@ -5917,54 +7054,57 @@ image, but could also be set to a specify background color. 
 Choose from these methods:
 
 -  background:           the area surrounding the image is the background color
-  black:                the area surrounding the image is black
-  checker-tile:         alternate squares with image and background color
-  dither:               non-random 32x32 dithered pattern
-  edge:                 extend the edge pixel toward infinity
-  gray:                 the area surrounding the image is gray
-  horizontal-tile:      horizontally tile the image, background color above/below
-  horizontal-tile-edge: horizontally tile the image and replicate the side edge pixels
-  mirror:               mirror tile the image
-  random:               choose a random pixel from the image
-  tile:                 tile the image (default)
-  transparent:          the area surrounding the image is transparent blackness
-  vertical-tile:        vertically tile the image, sides are background color
-  vertical-tile-edge:   vertically tile the image and replicate the side edge pixels
-  white:                the area surrounding the image is white
+   background            the area surrounding the image is the background color
+   black                 the area surrounding the image is black
+   checker-tile          alternate squares with image and background color
+   dither                non-random 32x32 dithered pattern
+   edge                  extend the edge pixel toward infinity
+   gray                  the area surrounding the image is gray
+   horizontal-tile       horizontally tile the image, background color above/below
+   horizontal-tile-edge  horizontally tile the image and replicate the side edge pixels
+   mirror                mirror tile the image
+   random                choose a random pixel from the image
+   tile                  tile the image (default)
+   transparent           the area surrounding the image is transparent blackness
+   vertical-tile         vertically tile the image, sides are background color
+   vertical-tile-edge    vertically tile the image and replicate the side edge pixels
+   white                 the area surrounding the image is white
 
 
 The default value is "edge".
 
-This most important for distortion operators such as -distort, -implode, and -fx.
+
This most important for distortion operators such as -distort, -implode, and -fx.
 However it also effects operations that may access pixels just outside the
-image proper, such as -convolve, -blur, and -sharpen. 
+image proper, such as -convolve, -blur, and -sharpen. 
 
-To print a complete list of virtual pixel types, use the -list virtual-pixel option.
+To print a complete list of virtual pixel types, use the -list virtual-pixel option.
 
 
 
   -visual type
 
 
-Animate images using this X visual type. [animate, display]
+Animate images using this X visual type. [animate, display]
 
 Choose from these visual classes:
 
 -  StaticGray
-  GrayScale
-  StaticColor
-  PseudoColor
-  TrueColor
-  DirectColor
-  default
-  visual id
+   StaticGray
+   GrayScale
+   StaticColor
+   PseudoColor
+   TrueColor
+   DirectColor
+   default
+   visual id
 
 
-The X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise an error occurs. If a visual is not specified, the visual class that can display the most simultaneous colors on the default screen is chosen.
+The X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise an error occurs.
+If a visual is not specified, the visual class that can display the most
+simultaneous colors on the default screen is chosen.
 
 
 
@@ -5973,7 +7113,7 @@ href="#blur">-blur, and -sharpen. 
 
 
 Watermark an image using the given percentages of brightness and
-saturation. [composite]
+saturation.[composite]
 
 Take a grayscale image (with alpha mask) and modify the destination image's
 brightness according to watermark image's grayscale value and the 
 
 Shear the columns of an image into a sine wave. 
 
-
Specify amplitude and wavelength of the wave.

+Specify amplitude and wavelength
+of the wave.
 
 
   -weight fontWeight
@@ -5996,7 +7137,9 @@ percentage, which defaults to 100 percent (no color change). 
 
 Set a font weight for text. 
 
-This setting suggests a font weight that ImageMagick should try to apply to the currently selected font family. Use a positive integer for fontWeight or select from the following.
+This setting suggests a font weight that ImageMagick should try to apply to
+the currently selected font family. Use a positive integer for fontWeight or select from the following.
 
 @@ -6008,17 +7151,25 @@ percentage, which defaults to 100 percent (no color change). 
-    
-    
-    
-    
-    
+    
+        
+    
+        
+    
+        
+    
+        
+    
+        
   

   
   
   All        No effect. 
Bold       Same as fontWeight = 700.
Bolder     Add 100 to font weight if currently ≤ 800.
Lighter    Subtract 100 to font weight if currently ≤ 100.
Normal     Same as fontWeight = 400.
All No effect. 
Bold Same as fontWeight = 700.
Bolder Add 100 to font weight if currently ≤ 800.
Lighter Subtract 100 to font weight if currently ≤ 100.
Normal Same as fontWeight = 400.
  
  
 
-To print a complete list of weight types, use -list weight.
+To print a complete list of weight types, use -list
+weight.
 
-For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -font, -family, -stretch, and -style. 
+For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -font, -family, -stretch, and -style. 
 
 
   -white-point x,y
@@ -6030,22 +7181,30 @@ percentage, which defaults to 100 percent (no color change). 
   -white-threshold value{%}
 
 
-Force to white all pixels above the threshold while leaving all pixels at or below the threshold unchanged. 
+Force to white all pixels above the threshold while leaving all
+pixels at or below the threshold unchanged. 
 
- The threshold value can be given as a percentage or as an absolute integer value within [0, QuantumRange] corresponding to the desired ‑channel value. See ‑threshold for more details on thresholds and resulting values.
-
+ The threshold value can be given as a percentage or as an absolute integer
+value within [0, QuantumRange] corresponding to the
+desired ‑channel value. See ‑thresholdfor more details on thresholds and resulting values.  
 
 
   -window id
 
 
-Make the image the background of a window. [animate, display]
+Make the image the background of a window. [animate, display]
 
-id can be a window id or name. Specify root to select X's root window as the target window.
+id can be a window id or name. Specify root
+to select X's root window as the target window.
 
-By default the image is tiled onto the background of the target window. If backdrop or -resize are specified, the image is surrounded by the background color. Refer to X RESOURCES for details.
+By default the image is tiled onto the background of the target window. If
+backdrop or -resize are specified, the
+image is surrounded by the background color. Refer to X RESOURCES
+for details.
 
-The image will not display on the root window if the image has more unique colors than the target window colormap allows. Use -colors to reduce the number of colors.
+The image will not display on the root window if the image has more unique
+colors than the target window colormap allows. Use -colors to reduce the number of colors.
 
 
   -window-group
@@ -6058,37 +7217,39 @@ percentage, which defaults to 100 percent (no color change). 
 
 
 write an image sequence. 
- The image sequence preceding the -write filename option is written out, and processing continues with the same image in its current state if there are additional options. To restore the image to its original state after writing it, use the +write filename option.
-
-Use -compress to specify the type of image compression.
-
-

-
-

-
-
-     
-    
-      Discourse Server •
-      Studio
-    
-     
-  
-  
-    © 1999-2011 ImageMagick Studio LLC
-     Contact the Wizards
-  
-  
-  
-
-
+ The image sequence preceding the -write filename option is written out, and processing continues with the same image in its current state if there are additional options. To restore the image to its original state after writing it, use the +write filename option.
+
+Use -compress to specify the type of image compression.
+

+

+
+
+
+

+
+
+     
+    
+      Discourse Server •
+      Studio
+    
+     
+  
+  
+    © 1999-2013 ImageMagick Studio LLC
+     Contact the Wizards
+  
+  
+  
+
+

Create, Edit, or Compose Bitmap Images With These Command-line Options

-adaptive-blur radius[xsigma]

-adaptive-resize geometry

-adaptive-sharpen radius[xsigma]

-adjoin

-affine sx,rx,ry,sy,tx,ty - -affine sx,rx,ry,sy

-affine + sx,rx,ry,sy[,tx,ty]

-alpha type

-annotate degrees text - -annotate XdegreesxYdegrees text - -annotate XdegreesxYdegrees {+-}tx{+-}ty text

-antialias

-authenticate password

-backdrop

-background color

-bench iterations

-bias value{%}

-black-point-compensation

-blend geometry

-blur Width[xHeight[+Angle]]

-borderwidth geometry

-brightness-contrast brightness-brightness-contrast brightness{xcontrast}{%}}

-cache threshold

-caption string

-clamp

-charcoal factor

-clamp

-clip-mask

-clip-path id

-clone index(s)

-colorize value

-colormap type

-colorspace value

-comment string

-contrast

-contrast-stretch black-point-contrast-stretch black-point{xwhite-point}{%}}

-cycle amount

-decipher filename

-delete index

-delete indexes

-density width-density widthxheight

-depth value

-descend

-despeckle

-displace horizontal-scale-displace horizontal-scalexvertical-scale

-display host:display[.screen]

-dispose method

-dissimilarity-threshold value

-dissolve src_percent[xdst_percent]

-dither method

-duplicate count,indexes

-edge radius

-encipher filename

-endian type

-evaluate operator value

-evaluate-sequence operator

-extent geometry

-extract geometry

-family fontFamily

-features distance

-filter type

-flatten

-floodfill {+-}x{+-}y color

-flop

-foreground color

-format string

-frame geometry

-frame

-function function parameters

-gaussian-blur radius-gaussian-blur radiusxsigma

-gaussian-blur radius-gaussian-blur radiusxsigma+bias

-gravity type

-iconic

-immutable

-intent type

-interlace type

-interpolate type

-linear-stretch black-point-linear-stretch black-point{xwhite-point}{%}}

-list type

-log string

-map type

-map components

-affine s_x,r_x,r_y,s_y,t_x,t_y
- -affine s_x,r_x,r_y,s_y

-affine + s_x,r_x,r_y,s_y[,t_x,t_y]

-annotate degrees text
- -annotate XdegreesxYdegrees text
- -annotate XdegreesxYdegrees {+-}t_x{+-}t_y text

-brightness-contrast brightness
-brightness-contrast brightness{xcontrast}{%}}

-contrast-stretch black-point
-contrast-stretch black-point{xwhite-point}{%}}

-density width
-density widthxheight

-displace horizontal-scale
-displace horizontal-scalexvertical-scale

-gaussian-blur radius
-gaussian-blur radiusxsigma

-gaussian-blur radius
-gaussian-blur radiusxsigma+bias

-linear-stretch black-point
-linear-stretch black-point{xwhite-point}{%}}

-motion-blur radius
-motion-blur radiusxsigma+angle

-motion-blur radius
-motion-blur radiusxsigma+angle+bias

-noise radius
+

-noise geometry
+noise type

-selective-blur radius
-unsharp radiusxsigma{+threshold}

-selective-blur radius
-selective-blur radiusxsigma{+threshold}

-sharpen radius
-sharpen radiusxsigma+bias