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<p class="text-center"><a href="color.html#usage">Example Usage</a> • <a href="color.html#models">Color Model Specification</a> • <a href="color.html#color_names">List of Color Names</a></p>
<p>Use the <a href="../contrib/color-converter.html">Color Converter</a> to supply any valid ImageMagick color specification as described below to see a color swatch of that color and to convert to all the other color models.</p>
-<h2 class="magick-header"><a id="usage"></a>Example Usage</h2>
+<h2 class="magick-post-title"><a class="anchor" id="usage"></a>Example Usage</h2>
<p>Each of the following commands produces the same <var>lime</var> border around the image. (Use "double quotes" for Windows.)</p>
-<pre>
-convert -bordercolor lime -border 10 image.jpg image.png
-convert -bordercolor '#0f0' -border 10 image.jpg image.png
-convert -bordercolor '#00ff00' -border 10 image.jpg image.png
-convert -bordercolor 'rgb(0,255,0)' -border 10 image.jpg image.png
-convert -bordercolor 'rgb(0,100%,0)' -border 10 image.jpg image.png
-</pre>
+<pre class="highlight"><code>magick -bordercolor lime -border 10 image.jpg image.png
+magick -bordercolor '#0f0' -border 10 image.jpg image.png
+magick -bordercolor '#00ff00' -border 10 image.jpg image.png
+magick -bordercolor 'rgb(0,255,0)' -border 10 image.jpg image.png
+magick -bordercolor 'rgb(0,100%,0)' -border 10 image.jpg image.png</code></pre>
<p>The list of recognized color names (for example, <var>aqua</var>, <var>black</var>, <var>blue</var>, <var>fuchsia</var>, <var>gray</var>, <var>green</var>, <var>lime</var>, <var>maroon</var>, <var>navy</var>, <var>olive</var>, <var>purple</var>, <var>red</var>, <var>silver</var>, <var>teal</var>, <var>white</var>, <var>yellow</var>, and others) is shown in a table further below.</p>
-<h2 class="magick-header"><a id="models"></a>Color Model Specification</h2>
+<h2 class="magick-post-title"><a class="anchor" id="models"></a>Color Model Specification</h2>
<p>The sRGB, CMYK, HSL and HSB color models are used in numerical color specifications. These examples all specify the same red sRGB color:</p>
-<pre>
-#f00 #rgb
+<pre class="highlight"><code>#f00 #rgb
#ff0000 #rrggbb
#ff0000ff #rrggbbaa
#ffff00000000 #rrrrggggbbbb
#ffff00000000ffff #rrrrggggbbbbaaaa
rgb(255, 0, 0) an integer in the range 0—255 for each component
-rgb(100.0%, 0.0%, 0.0%) a float in the range 0—100% for each component
-</pre>
+rgb(100.0%, 0.0%, 0.0%) a float in the range 0—100% for each component</code></pre>
<p>The format of an sRGB value in hexadecimal notation is a '#' immediately followed by either three, six, or twelve hexadecimal characters. The three-digit sRGB notation (#rgb) is converted into six-digit form (#rrggbb) by replicating digits, not by adding zeros. For example, #fb0 expands to #ffbb00. This ensures that white (#ffffff) can be specified with the short notation (#fff) and removes any dependencies on the color depth of the image. Use the hexadecimal notation whenever performance is an issue. ImageMagick does not need to load the expansive color table to interpret a hexadecimal color, e.g., <code>#000000</code>, but it does if <code>black</code> is used instead.</p>
<p>The sRGB color model is extended in this specification to include <var>alpha</var> to allow specification of the transparency of a color. These examples all specify the same color:</p>
-<pre>
-rgb(255, 0, 0) range 0 - 255
+<pre class="highlight"><code>rgb(255, 0, 0) range 0 - 255
rgba(255, 0, 0, 1.0) the same, with an explicit alpha value
rgb(100%, 0%, 0%) range 0.0% - 100.0%
-rgba(100%, 0%, 0%, 1.0) the same, with an explicit alpha value
-</pre>
+rgba(100%, 0%, 0%, 1.0) the same, with an explicit alpha value</code></pre>
<p>The format of an RGBA value in the functional notation is 'rgba(<var>r</var>,<var>g</var>,<var>b</var>,<var>a</var>)', where <var>r</var>, <var>g</var>, and <var>b</var> are as described above for the RGB functional notation, and where the alpha value <var>a</var> ranges from 0.0 (fully transparent) to 1.0 (fully opaque).</p>
<p>There is also a color called 'none' that is fully transparent. This color is shorthand for <code>rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0)</code>.</p>
-<p>Gray values are conviently defined with a single intensity value or an intensity value and an alpha value:</p>
+<p>Non-linear gray values are conveniently defined with a name, single intensity value or an intensity value and an alpha value:</p>
+
+<pre class="highlight"><code>
+gray50 near mid gray
+gray(127) near mid gray
+gray(50%) mid gray
+graya(50%, 0.5) semi-transparent mid gray</code></pre>
-<pre>
-gray(50%) mid gray
-graya(50%, 0.5) semi-transparent mid gray
-</pre>
+<p>For linear gray values add -colorspace RGB -colorspace Gray or -colorspace LinearGray when creating gray colors. The latter is new as of Imagemagick 6.9.9-29 and 7.0.7-17.</p>
-<p>The ImageMagick color model also supports hue-saturation-lightness (HSL) and hue-saturation-brightness (HSB) colors as a complement to numerical sRGB colors. HSL colors are encoding as a triple (hue, saturation, lightness). Likewise HSB colors are encoding as a triple (hue, saturation, brightness). HSL or HSB triples are either direct values (hue 0—360, saturation 0—255, ligthness or brightness 0—255) or as percentage values relative to these ranges.</p>
+<p>The ImageMagick color model also supports hue-saturation-lightness (HSL) and hue-saturation-brightness (HSB) colors as a complement to numerical sRGB colors. HSL colors are encoding as a triple (hue, saturation, lightness). Likewise HSB colors are encoding as a triple (hue, saturation, brightness). HSL or HSB triples are either direct values (hue 0—360, saturation 0—255, lightness or brightness 0—255) or with S,L,B as percentage values relative to these ranges.</p>
<p>The HSB color system is geometrically represented as a cone with its apex pointing downward. Hue is measured around the perimeter. Saturation is measured from the axis outward. Brightness is measured from the apex upward.</p>
<p>See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSV">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSV</a> for more details on HSL and HSB color systems.</p>
-<p>Hue is represented as an angle of the color around the circular perimeter of the cone(s) (i.e. the rainbow represented in a circle). Hue values are either integer or floats in the range 0—360 or integer or float percentage values in the range 0—100%. By definition red=0=360 (or 0%=100%), and the other colors are spread around the circle, so green=120 (or 33.3333%), blue=240 (or (66.6667%), etc. As an angle, it implicitly wraps around such that -120=240 and 480=120, for instance. (Students of trigonometry would say that "coterminal angles are equivalent" here; an angle <var>θ</var> can be standardized by computing the equivalent angle, <var>θ</var> mod 360.)</p>
+<p>Hue is represented as an angle of the color around the circular perimeter of the cone(s) (i.e. the rainbow represented in a circle). Hue values are integers or floats in the range 0—360. By definition red=0=360, and the other colors are spread around the circle, so green=120, blue=240, etc. As an angle, it implicitly wraps around such that -120=240 and 480=120, for instance. (Students of trigonometry would say that "coterminal angles are equivalent" here; an angle <var>θ</var> can be standardized by computing the equivalent angle, <var>θ</var> mod 360.)</p>
<p>Saturation is measure outward from the central axis of the cone(s) toward the perimeter of the cone(s). Saturation may be expressed as an integer or float in the range 0—255 or as an integer or float percentage in the range 0—100. Saturation may be thought of as the absence of any "white" mixed with the base color. Thus 255 or 100% is full saturation and corresponds to a point on the outside surface of the cone (HSB) or double cone (HSL). It will be the most "colorful" region. 0 or 0% is no saturation which results in some shade of gray. It occurs along the central axis of the cone or double cone with black at the bottom apex and white at the top.</p>
<p>The HSB color system is a little easier to understand than the HSL color system. In the HSB color system, black is at the bottom apex and white is at the top center of the cone on the central axis. The most colorful or saturated colors will then be at the outer edge of the top of the cone at the widest part. Thus at Saturation=100% and Brightness=100%</p>
-<pre>
-hsb(0%, 100%, 100%) or hsb(0, 255, 255) full red
-hsb(33.3333%, 100%, 100%) or hsb(120, 255, 255) full green
-hsb(33.3333%, 100%, 75%) or hsb(120, 255, 191.25) medium green
-hsb(33.3333%, 100%, 50%) or hsb(120, 255, 127.5) dark green
-hsb(33.3333%, 100%, 25%) or hsb(120, 255, 63.75) very dark green
-hsb(33.3333%, 50%, 50%) or hsb(120, 127.5, 127.5) pastel green
-</pre>
+<pre class="highlight"><code>hsb(0, 100%, 100%) or hsb(0, 255, 255) full red
+hsb(120, 100%, 100%) or hsb(120, 255, 255) full green
+hsb(120, 100%, 75%) or hsb(120, 255, 191.25) medium green
+hsb(120, 100%, 50%) or hsb(120, 255, 127.5) dark green
+hsb(120, 100%, 25%) or hsb(120, 255, 63.75) very dark green
+hsb(120, 50%, 50%) or hsb(120, 127.5, 127.5) pastel green</code></pre>
<p>In the HSL color system, black is at the bottom apex and white is at the top apex. However, saturation is largest at the middle of the double cone on its outer perimeter and thus at a lightness value of 50%. The most colorful or saturated colors will then be at the outer edge of the double cone at its widest part. Thus at Saturation=100% and Brightness=50%</p>
-<pre>
-hsl(0%, 100%, 50%) or hsl(0, 255, 127.5) full red
-hsl(33.3333%, 100%, 100%) or hsl(120, 255, 255) white
-hsl(33.3333%, 100%, 75%) or hsl(120, 255, 191.25) pastel green
-hsl(33.3333%, 100%, 50%) or hsl(120, 255, 127.5) full green
-hsl(33.3333%, 100%, 25%) or hsl(120, 255, 63.75) dark green
-hsl(33.3333%, 50%, 50%) or hsl(120, 127.5, 127.5) medium green
-</pre>
+<pre class="highlight"><code>hsl(0, 100%, 50%) or hsl(0, 255, 127.5) full red
+hsl(120, 100%, 100%) or hsl(120, 255, 255) white
+hsl(120, 100%, 75%) or hsl(120, 255, 191.25) pastel green
+hsl(120, 100%, 50%) or hsl(120, 255, 127.5) full green
+hsl(120, 100%, 25%) or hsl(120, 255, 63.75) dark green
+hsl(120, 50%, 50%) or hsl(120, 127.5, 127.5) medium green</code></pre>
<p>One advantage of HSB or HSL over RGB is that it can be more intuitive: you can guess at the colors you want, and then tweak. It is also easier to create sets of matching colors (by keeping the hue the same and varying the brightness or lightness and saturation, for example).</p>
<p>Just as the 'rgb()' functional notation has the 'rgba()' alpha counterpart, the 'hsl()' and 'hsb()' functional notations have their 'hsla()' 'hsba()' alpha counterparts. These examples specify the same color:</p>
-<pre>
-hsb(33.3333%, 100%, 100%) full green in hsb
-hsba(33.3333%, 100%, 100%, 1.0) the same, with an alpha value of 1.0
+<pre class="highlight"><code>hsb(120, 100%, 100%) full green in hsb
+hsba(120, 100%, 100%, 1.0) the same, with an alpha value of 1.0
hsb(120, 255, 255) full green in hsb
hsba(120, 255, 255, 1.0) the same, with an alpha value of 1.0
-hsl(33.3333%, 100%, 50%) full green in hsl
-hsla(33.3333%, 100%, 50%, 1.0) the same, with an alpha value of 1.0
+hsl(120, 100%, 50%) full green in hsl
+hsla(120, 100%, 50%, 1.0) the same, with an alpha value of 1.0
hsl(120, 255, 127.5) full green in hsl
-hsla(120, 255, 127.5, 1.0) the same, with an alpha value of 1.0
-</pre>
+hsla(120, 255, 127.5, 1.0) the same, with an alpha value of 1.0</code></pre>
-<p>Prior to ImageMagick 6.5.6-6, HSL (HSB) could only be specified with Hue in range 0—360, but Saturation and Lightness (Brightness) as percent in range 0—100%.</p>
+<p>For ImageMagick between 6.5.6-6 and 6.9.2-0, HSL (HSB) could only be specified with Hue as percent in range 0—100%, when Saturation and Lightness (Brightness) were also specified as percent in range 0—100%.</p>
<p>Specify the Lab colors like this:</p>
-<pre>
-cielab(62.253188, 23.950124, 48.410653)
-</pre>
-<p>Note, the <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> components of any Lab color you specify are biased by 50% to ensure it fits in the quantum range (typically 0 to 65535). The bias is retained when writing to the TIFF and MIFF image formats. However, the TXT format supports negative pixel values so the bias is removed when writing to this format (e.g. <kbd>convert xc:cyan -colorspace LAB txt:<kbd>).</kbd></kbd></p>
+<pre class="highlight"><code>cielab(62.253188, 23.950124, 48.410653)</code></pre>
+<p>Note, the <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> components of any Lab color you specify are biased internally by 50% to ensure it fits in the quantum range (typically 0 to 65535). The bias is retained when writing to the TIFF and MIFF image formats. However, the TXT format supports negative pixel values so the bias is removed when writing to this format:</p>
+<pre class="highlight"><code>-> magick xc:cyan -colorspace LAB txt:
+# ImageMagick pixel enumeration: 1,1,65535,cielab
+0,0: (91.1131%,-18.8571%,-5.5436%) #E93F00000000 cielab(91.1131%,-18.8571%,-5.5436%)
+
+-> magick -size 100x100 xc:"cielab(91.1131%,-18.8571%,-5.5436%)" -colorspace sRGB cyan.png</code></pre>
<p>Or specify colors generically with the <code>icc-color</code> keyword, for example:</p>
-<pre>
-icc-color(cmyk, 0.11, 0.48, 0.83, 0.00)
-icc-color(rgb, white)
-</pre>
+<pre class="highlight"><code>
+icc-color(cmyk, 0.11, 0.48, 0.83, 0.00) cymk
+icc-color(rgb, 1, 0, 0) linear rgb
+icc-color(rgb, red) linear rgb
+icc-color(lineargray, 0.5) linear gray
+icc-color(srgb, 1, 0, 0) non-linear rgb
+icc-color(srgb, red) non-linear rgb
+icc-color(gray, 0.5) non-linear gray
+</code></pre>
<p>Or specify uncalibrated device colors with the <code>device-</code> keyword, for example:</p>
-<pre>
-device-gray(0.5)
+<pre class="highlight"><code>device-gray(0.5)
device-rgb(0.5, 1.0, 0.0)
-device-cmyk(0.11, 0.48, 0.83, 0.00)
-</pre>
+device-cmyk(0.11, 0.48, 0.83, 0.00)</code></pre>
-<h2 class="magick-header"><a id="color_names"></a>List of Color Names</h2>
+<h2 class="magick-post-title"><a class="anchor" id="color_names"></a>List of Color Names</h2>
<p>The table below provides a list of named colors recognized by ImageMagick:</p>
-<table class="table table-condensed table-striped">
+<table class="table table-sm table-striped">
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