]> granicus.if.org Git - postgresql/blobdiff - src/backend/utils/adt/cash.c
Add support for EUI-64 MAC addresses as macaddr8
[postgresql] / src / backend / utils / adt / cash.c
index 1cadb742e62bf280118f5684877a51c6584ca0a7..5afadb65d115606605607a08de48eb1930d72685 100644 (file)
 /*
  * cash.c
  * Written by D'Arcy J.M. Cain
+ * darcy@druid.net
+ * http://www.druid.net/darcy/
  *
  * Functions to allow input and output of money normally but store
- * and handle it as int4s
+ * and handle it as 64 bit ints
  *
  * A slightly modified version of this file and a discussion of the
  * workings can be found in the book "Software Solutions in C" by
- * Dale Schumacher, Academic Press, ISBN: 0-12-632360-7.
- * 
- * $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/utils/adt/cash.c,v 1.9 1997/08/22 07:12:52 momjian Exp $
+ * Dale Schumacher, Academic Press, ISBN: 0-12-632360-7 except that
+ * this version handles 64 bit numbers and so can hold values up to
+ * $92,233,720,368,547,758.07.
+ *
+ * src/backend/utils/adt/cash.c
  */
 
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
+#include "postgres.h"
+
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
-#include <locale.h>
+#include <math.h>
 
-#include "postgres.h"
-#include "miscadmin.h"
+#include "libpq/pqformat.h"
 #include "utils/builtins.h"
 #include "utils/cash.h"
+#include "utils/int8.h"
+#include "utils/numeric.h"
+#include "utils/pg_locale.h"
+
 
-static const char *num_word(Cash value);
+/*************************************************************************
+ * Private routines
+ ************************************************************************/
 
-/* when we go to 64 bit values we will have to modify this */
-#define CASH_BUFSZ     24
+static const char *
+num_word(Cash value)
+{
+       static char buf[128];
+       static const char *small[] = {
+               "zero", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven",
+               "eight", "nine", "ten", "eleven", "twelve", "thirteen", "fourteen",
+               "fifteen", "sixteen", "seventeen", "eighteen", "nineteen", "twenty",
+               "thirty", "forty", "fifty", "sixty", "seventy", "eighty", "ninety"
+       };
+       const char **big = small + 18;
+       int                     tu = value % 100;
+
+       /* deal with the simple cases first */
+       if (value <= 20)
+               return small[value];
+
+       /* is it an even multiple of 100? */
+       if (!tu)
+       {
+               sprintf(buf, "%s hundred", small[value / 100]);
+               return buf;
+       }
 
-#define TERMINATOR     (CASH_BUFSZ - 1)
-#define LAST_PAREN     (TERMINATOR - 1)
-#define LAST_DIGIT     (LAST_PAREN - 1)
+       /* more than 99? */
+       if (value > 99)
+       {
+               /* is it an even multiple of 10 other than 10? */
+               if (value % 10 == 0 && tu > 10)
+                       sprintf(buf, "%s hundred %s",
+                                       small[value / 100], big[tu / 10]);
+               else if (tu < 20)
+                       sprintf(buf, "%s hundred and %s",
+                                       small[value / 100], small[tu]);
+               else
+                       sprintf(buf, "%s hundred %s %s",
+                                       small[value / 100], big[tu / 10], small[tu % 10]);
+       }
+       else
+       {
+               /* is it an even multiple of 10 other than 10? */
+               if (value % 10 == 0 && tu > 10)
+                       sprintf(buf, "%s", big[tu / 10]);
+               else if (tu < 20)
+                       sprintf(buf, "%s", small[tu]);
+               else
+                       sprintf(buf, "%s %s", big[tu / 10], small[tu % 10]);
+       }
 
-#ifdef USE_LOCALE
-static struct lconv *lconv = NULL;
-#endif
+       return buf;
+}      /* num_word() */
 
 /* cash_in()
  * Convert a string to a cash data type.
  * Format is [$]###[,]###[.##]
  * Examples: 123.45 $123.45 $123,456.78
- * 
- * This is currently implemented as a 32-bit integer.
- * XXX HACK It looks as though some of the symbols for
- *  monetary values returned by localeconv() can be multiple
- *  bytes/characters. This code assumes one byte only. - tgl 97/04/14
+ *
  */
-Cash *
-cash_in(const char *str)
-{
-    Cash *result;
-
-    Cash value = 0;
-    Cash dec = 0;
-    Cash sgn = 1;
-    int seen_dot = 0;
-    const char *s = str;
-    int fpoint;
-    char dsymbol, ssymbol, psymbol, nsymbol, csymbol;
-
-#ifdef USE_LOCALE
-    if (lconv == NULL) lconv = localeconv();
-
-    /* frac_digits in the C locale seems to return CHAR_MAX */
-    /* best guess is 2 in this case I think */
-    fpoint = ((lconv->frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)? lconv->frac_digits: 2); /* int_frac_digits? */
-
-    dsymbol = *lconv->mon_decimal_point;
-    ssymbol = *lconv->mon_thousands_sep;
-    csymbol = *lconv->currency_symbol;
-    psymbol = *lconv->positive_sign;
-    nsymbol = *lconv->negative_sign;
-#else
-    fpoint = 2;
-    dsymbol = '.';
-    ssymbol = ',';
-    csymbol = '$';
-    psymbol = '+';
-    nsymbol = '-';
+Datum
+cash_in(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       char       *str = PG_GETARG_CSTRING(0);
+       Cash            result;
+       Cash            value = 0;
+       Cash            dec = 0;
+       Cash            sgn = 1;
+       bool            seen_dot = false;
+       const char *s = str;
+       int                     fpoint;
+       char            dsymbol;
+       const char *ssymbol,
+                          *psymbol,
+                          *nsymbol,
+                          *csymbol;
+       struct lconv *lconvert = PGLC_localeconv();
+
+       /*
+        * frac_digits will be CHAR_MAX in some locales, notably C.  However, just
+        * testing for == CHAR_MAX is risky, because of compilers like gcc that
+        * "helpfully" let you alter the platform-standard definition of whether
+        * char is signed or not.  If we are so unfortunate as to get compiled
+        * with a nonstandard -fsigned-char or -funsigned-char switch, then our
+        * idea of CHAR_MAX will not agree with libc's. The safest course is not
+        * to test for CHAR_MAX at all, but to impose a range check for plausible
+        * frac_digits values.
+        */
+       fpoint = lconvert->frac_digits;
+       if (fpoint < 0 || fpoint > 10)
+               fpoint = 2;                             /* best guess in this case, I think */
+
+       /* we restrict dsymbol to be a single byte, but not the other symbols */
+       if (*lconvert->mon_decimal_point != '\0' &&
+               lconvert->mon_decimal_point[1] == '\0')
+               dsymbol = *lconvert->mon_decimal_point;
+       else
+               dsymbol = '.';
+       if (*lconvert->mon_thousands_sep != '\0')
+               ssymbol = lconvert->mon_thousands_sep;
+       else    /* ssymbol should not equal dsymbol */
+               ssymbol = (dsymbol != ',') ? "," : ".";
+       csymbol = (*lconvert->currency_symbol != '\0') ? lconvert->currency_symbol : "$";
+       psymbol = (*lconvert->positive_sign != '\0') ? lconvert->positive_sign : "+";
+       nsymbol = (*lconvert->negative_sign != '\0') ? lconvert->negative_sign : "-";
+
+#ifdef CASHDEBUG
+       printf("cashin- precision '%d'; decimal '%c'; thousands '%s'; currency '%s'; positive '%s'; negative '%s'\n",
+                  fpoint, dsymbol, ssymbol, csymbol, psymbol, nsymbol);
 #endif
 
-    /* we need to add all sorts of checking here.  For now just */
-    /* strip all leading whitespace and any leading dollar sign */
-    while (isspace(*s) || *s == csymbol) s++;
+       /* we need to add all sorts of checking here.  For now just */
+       /* strip all leading whitespace and any leading currency symbol */
+       while (isspace((unsigned char) *s))
+               s++;
+       if (strncmp(s, csymbol, strlen(csymbol)) == 0)
+               s += strlen(csymbol);
+       while (isspace((unsigned char) *s))
+               s++;
+
+#ifdef CASHDEBUG
+       printf("cashin- string is '%s'\n", s);
+#endif
 
-    /* a leading minus or paren signifies a negative number */
-    /* again, better heuristics needed */
-    if (*s == nsymbol || *s == '(') {
-       sgn = -1;
-       s++;
+       /* a leading minus or paren signifies a negative number */
+       /* again, better heuristics needed */
+       /* XXX - doesn't properly check for balanced parens - djmc */
+       if (strncmp(s, nsymbol, strlen(nsymbol)) == 0)
+       {
+               sgn = -1;
+               s += strlen(nsymbol);
+       }
+       else if (*s == '(')
+       {
+               sgn = -1;
+               s++;
+       }
+       else if (strncmp(s, psymbol, strlen(psymbol)) == 0)
+               s += strlen(psymbol);
 
-    } else if (*s == psymbol) {
-       s++;
-    }
+#ifdef CASHDEBUG
+       printf("cashin- string is '%s'\n", s);
+#endif
 
-    while (isspace(*s) || *s == csymbol) s++;
+       /* allow whitespace and currency symbol after the sign, too */
+       while (isspace((unsigned char) *s))
+               s++;
+       if (strncmp(s, csymbol, strlen(csymbol)) == 0)
+               s += strlen(csymbol);
+       while (isspace((unsigned char) *s))
+               s++;
 
-    for (; ; s++) {
-       /* we look for digits as int4 as we have less */
-       /* than the required number of decimal places */
-       if (isdigit(*s) && dec < fpoint) {
-           value = (value * 10) + *s - '0';
+#ifdef CASHDEBUG
+       printf("cashin- string is '%s'\n", s);
+#endif
 
-           if (seen_dot)
-               dec++;
+       /*
+        * We accumulate the absolute amount in "value" and then apply the sign at
+        * the end.  (The sign can appear before or after the digits, so it would
+        * be more complicated to do otherwise.)  Because of the larger range of
+        * negative signed integers, we build "value" in the negative and then
+        * flip the sign at the end, catching most-negative-number overflow if
+        * necessary.
+        */
+
+       for (; *s; s++)
+       {
+               /* we look for digits as long as we have found less */
+               /* than the required number of decimal places */
+               if (isdigit((unsigned char) *s) && (!seen_dot || dec < fpoint))
+               {
+                       Cash newvalue = (value * 10) - (*s - '0');
+
+                       if (newvalue / 10 != value)
+                               ereport(ERROR,
+                                               (errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+                                                errmsg("value \"%s\" is out of range for type %s",
+                                                               str, "money")));
+
+                       value = newvalue;
+
+                       if (seen_dot)
+                               dec++;
+               }
+               /* decimal point? then start counting fractions... */
+               else if (*s == dsymbol && !seen_dot)
+               {
+                       seen_dot = true;
+               }
+               /* ignore if "thousands" separator, else we're done */
+               else if (strncmp(s, ssymbol, strlen(ssymbol)) == 0)
+                       s += strlen(ssymbol) - 1;
+               else
+                       break;
+       }
 
-       /* decimal point? then start counting fractions... */
-       } else if (*s == dsymbol && !seen_dot) {
-           seen_dot = 1;
+       /* round off if there's another digit */
+       if (isdigit((unsigned char) *s) && *s >= '5')
+               value--;  /* remember we build the value in the negative */
 
-       /* "thousands" separator? then skip... */
-       } else if (*s == ssymbol) {
+       if (value > 0)
+               ereport(ERROR,
+                               (errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+                                errmsg("value \"%s\" is out of range for type %s",
+                                               str, "money")));
 
-       } else {
-           /* round off */
-           if (isdigit(*s) && *s >= '5')
-               value++;
+       /* adjust for less than required decimal places */
+       for (; dec < fpoint; dec++)
+       {
+               Cash newvalue = value * 10;
 
-           /* adjust for less than required decimal places */
-           for (; dec < fpoint; dec++)
-               value *= 10;
+               if (newvalue / 10 != value)
+                       ereport(ERROR,
+                                       (errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+                                        errmsg("value \"%s\" is out of range for type %s",
+                                                       str, "money")));
 
-           break;
+               value = newvalue;
        }
-    }
 
-    while (isspace(*s) || *s == '0' || *s == ')') s++;
-
-    if (*s != '\0')
-       elog(WARN,"Bad money external representation %s",str);
+       /*
+        * should only be trailing digits followed by whitespace, right paren,
+        * trailing sign, and/or trailing currency symbol
+        */
+       while (isdigit((unsigned char) *s))
+               s++;
+
+       while (*s)
+       {
+               if (isspace((unsigned char) *s) || *s == ')')
+                       s++;
+               else if (strncmp(s, nsymbol, strlen(nsymbol)) == 0)
+               {
+                       sgn = -1;
+                       s += strlen(nsymbol);
+               }
+               else if (strncmp(s, psymbol, strlen(psymbol)) == 0)
+                       s += strlen(psymbol);
+               else if (strncmp(s, csymbol, strlen(csymbol)) == 0)
+                       s += strlen(csymbol);
+               else
+                       ereport(ERROR,
+                                       (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TEXT_REPRESENTATION),
+                                        errmsg("invalid input syntax for type %s: \"%s\"",
+                                                       "money", str)));
+       }
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(result = PALLOCTYPE(Cash)))
-        elog(WARN,"Memory allocation failed, can't input cash '%s'",str);
+       /* If the value is supposed to be positive, flip the sign, but check for
+        * the most negative number. */
+       if (sgn > 0)
+       {
+               result = -value;
+               if (result < 0)
+                       ereport(ERROR,
+                                       (errcode(ERRCODE_NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE),
+                                        errmsg("value \"%s\" is out of range for type %s",
+                                                       str, "money")));
+       }
+       else
+               result = value;
 
-    *result = (value * sgn);
+#ifdef CASHDEBUG
+       printf("cashin- result is " INT64_FORMAT "\n", result);
+#endif
 
-    return(result);
-} /* cash_in() */
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
 
 
 /* cash_out()
- * Function to convert cash to a dollars and cents representation.
- * XXX HACK This code appears to assume US conventions for
- *  positive-valued amounts. - tgl 97/04/14
+ * Function to convert cash to a dollars and cents representation, using
+ * the lc_monetary locale's formatting.
  */
-const char *
-cash_out(Cash *value)
-{
-    char *result;
-    char buf[CASH_BUFSZ];
-    int minus = 0;
-    int count = LAST_DIGIT;
-    int point_pos;
-    int comma_position = 0;
-    char mon_group, comma, points;
-    char csymbol, dsymbol, *nsymbol;
-    char convention;
-
-#ifdef USE_LOCALE
-    if (lconv == NULL) lconv = localeconv();
-
-    mon_group = *lconv->mon_grouping;
-    comma = *lconv->mon_thousands_sep;
-    csymbol = *lconv->currency_symbol;
-    dsymbol = *lconv->mon_decimal_point;
-    nsymbol = lconv->negative_sign;
-    /* frac_digits in the C locale seems to return CHAR_MAX */
-    /* best guess is 2 in this case I think */
-    points = ((lconv->frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)? lconv->frac_digits: 2); /* int_frac_digits? */
-    convention = lconv->n_sign_posn;
-#else
-    mon_group = 3;
-    comma = ',';
-    csymbol = '$';
-    dsymbol = '.';
-    nsymbol = "-";
-    points = 2;
-    convention = 0;
-#endif
-
-    point_pos = LAST_DIGIT - points;
-
-    /* We're playing a little fast and loose with this.  Shoot me. */
-    if (!mon_group || mon_group == CHAR_MAX)
-       mon_group = 3;
-
-    /* allow more than three decimal points and separate them */
-    if (comma) {
-       point_pos -= (points - 1)/mon_group;
-       comma_position = point_pos % (mon_group + 1);
-    }
-
-    /* we work with positive amounts and add the minus sign at the end */
-    if (*value < 0) {
-       minus = 1;
-       *value *= -1;
-    }
-
-    /* allow for trailing negative strings */
-    memset(buf, ' ', CASH_BUFSZ);
-    buf[TERMINATOR] = buf[LAST_PAREN] = '\0';
-
-    while (*value || count > (point_pos - 2)) {
-       if (points && count == point_pos)
-           buf[count--] = dsymbol;
-       else if (comma && count % (mon_group + 1) == comma_position)
-           buf[count--] = comma;
-
-       buf[count--] = (*value % 10) + '0';
-       *value /= 10;
-    }
-
-    buf[count] = csymbol;
-
-    if (buf[LAST_DIGIT] == ',')
-       buf[LAST_DIGIT] = buf[LAST_PAREN];
-
-    /* see if we need to signify negative amount */
-    if (minus) {
-       if (!PointerIsValid(result = PALLOC(CASH_BUFSZ + 2 - count + strlen(nsymbol))))
-           elog(WARN,"Memory allocation failed, can't output cash",NULL);
-
-       /* Position code of 0 means use parens */
-       if (convention == 0)
-           sprintf(result, "(%s)", buf + count);
-       else if (convention == 2)
-           sprintf(result, "%s%s", buf + count, nsymbol);
+Datum
+cash_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            value = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       char       *result;
+       char            buf[128];
+       char       *bufptr;
+       int                     digit_pos;
+       int                     points,
+                               mon_group;
+       char            dsymbol;
+       const char *ssymbol,
+                          *csymbol,
+                          *signsymbol;
+       char            sign_posn,
+                               cs_precedes,
+                               sep_by_space;
+       struct lconv *lconvert = PGLC_localeconv();
+
+       /* see comments about frac_digits in cash_in() */
+       points = lconvert->frac_digits;
+       if (points < 0 || points > 10)
+               points = 2;                             /* best guess in this case, I think */
+
+       /*
+        * As with frac_digits, must apply a range check to mon_grouping to avoid
+        * being fooled by variant CHAR_MAX values.
+        */
+       mon_group = *lconvert->mon_grouping;
+       if (mon_group <= 0 || mon_group > 6)
+               mon_group = 3;
+
+       /* we restrict dsymbol to be a single byte, but not the other symbols */
+       if (*lconvert->mon_decimal_point != '\0' &&
+               lconvert->mon_decimal_point[1] == '\0')
+               dsymbol = *lconvert->mon_decimal_point;
+       else
+               dsymbol = '.';
+       if (*lconvert->mon_thousands_sep != '\0')
+               ssymbol = lconvert->mon_thousands_sep;
+       else    /* ssymbol should not equal dsymbol */
+               ssymbol = (dsymbol != ',') ? "," : ".";
+       csymbol = (*lconvert->currency_symbol != '\0') ? lconvert->currency_symbol : "$";
+
+       if (value < 0)
+       {
+               /* make the amount positive for digit-reconstruction loop */
+               value = -value;
+               /* set up formatting data */
+               signsymbol = (*lconvert->negative_sign != '\0') ? lconvert->negative_sign : "-";
+               sign_posn = lconvert->n_sign_posn;
+               cs_precedes = lconvert->n_cs_precedes;
+               sep_by_space = lconvert->n_sep_by_space;
+       }
        else
-           sprintf(result, "%s%s", nsymbol, buf + count);
-    } else {
-       if (!PointerIsValid(result = PALLOC(CASH_BUFSZ + 2 - count)))
-           elog(WARN,"Memory allocation failed, can't output cash",NULL);
+       {
+               signsymbol = lconvert->positive_sign;
+               sign_posn = lconvert->p_sign_posn;
+               cs_precedes = lconvert->p_cs_precedes;
+               sep_by_space = lconvert->p_sep_by_space;
+       }
 
-       strcpy(result, buf + count);
-    }
+       /* we build the digits+decimal-point+sep string right-to-left in buf[] */
+       bufptr = buf + sizeof(buf) - 1;
+       *bufptr = '\0';
+
+       /*
+        * Generate digits till there are no non-zero digits left and we emitted
+        * at least one to the left of the decimal point.  digit_pos is the
+        * current digit position, with zero as the digit just left of the decimal
+        * point, increasing to the right.
+        */
+       digit_pos = points;
+       do
+       {
+               if (points && digit_pos == 0)
+               {
+                       /* insert decimal point, but not if value cannot be fractional */
+                       *(--bufptr) = dsymbol;
+               }
+               else if (digit_pos < 0 && (digit_pos % mon_group) == 0)
+               {
+                       /* insert thousands sep, but only to left of radix point */
+                       bufptr -= strlen(ssymbol);
+                       memcpy(bufptr, ssymbol, strlen(ssymbol));
+               }
+
+               *(--bufptr) = ((uint64) value % 10) + '0';
+               value = ((uint64) value) / 10;
+               digit_pos--;
+       } while (value || digit_pos >= 0);
+
+       /*----------
+        * Now, attach currency symbol and sign symbol in the correct order.
+        *
+        * The POSIX spec defines these values controlling this code:
+        *
+        * p/n_sign_posn:
+        *      0       Parentheses enclose the quantity and the currency_symbol.
+        *      1       The sign string precedes the quantity and the currency_symbol.
+        *      2       The sign string succeeds the quantity and the currency_symbol.
+        *      3       The sign string precedes the currency_symbol.
+        *      4       The sign string succeeds the currency_symbol.
+        *
+        * p/n_cs_precedes: 0 means currency symbol after value, else before it.
+        *
+        * p/n_sep_by_space:
+        *      0       No <space> separates the currency symbol and value.
+        *      1       If the currency symbol and sign string are adjacent, a <space>
+        *              separates them from the value; otherwise, a <space> separates
+        *              the currency symbol from the value.
+        *      2       If the currency symbol and sign string are adjacent, a <space>
+        *              separates them; otherwise, a <space> separates the sign string
+        *              from the value.
+        *----------
+        */
+       switch (sign_posn)
+       {
+               case 0:
+                       if (cs_precedes)
+                               result = psprintf("(%s%s%s)",
+                                                                 csymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 1) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 bufptr);
+                       else
+                               result = psprintf("(%s%s%s)",
+                                                                 bufptr,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 1) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 csymbol);
+                       break;
+               case 1:
+               default:
+                       if (cs_precedes)
+                               result = psprintf("%s%s%s%s%s",
+                                                                 signsymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 2) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 csymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 1) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 bufptr);
+                       else
+                               result = psprintf("%s%s%s%s%s",
+                                                                 signsymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 2) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 bufptr,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 1) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 csymbol);
+                       break;
+               case 2:
+                       if (cs_precedes)
+                               result = psprintf("%s%s%s%s%s",
+                                                                 csymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 1) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 bufptr,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 2) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 signsymbol);
+                       else
+                               result = psprintf("%s%s%s%s%s",
+                                                                 bufptr,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 1) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 csymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 2) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 signsymbol);
+                       break;
+               case 3:
+                       if (cs_precedes)
+                               result = psprintf("%s%s%s%s%s",
+                                                                 signsymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 2) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 csymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 1) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 bufptr);
+                       else
+                               result = psprintf("%s%s%s%s%s",
+                                                                 bufptr,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 1) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 signsymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 2) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 csymbol);
+                       break;
+               case 4:
+                       if (cs_precedes)
+                               result = psprintf("%s%s%s%s%s",
+                                                                 csymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 2) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 signsymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 1) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 bufptr);
+                       else
+                               result = psprintf("%s%s%s%s%s",
+                                                                 bufptr,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 1) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 csymbol,
+                                                                 (sep_by_space == 2) ? " " : "",
+                                                                 signsymbol);
+                       break;
+       }
 
-    return(result);
-} /* cash_out() */
+       PG_RETURN_CSTRING(result);
+}
 
+/*
+ *             cash_recv                       - converts external binary format to cash
+ */
+Datum
+cash_recv(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       StringInfo      buf = (StringInfo) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
+
+       PG_RETURN_CASH((Cash) pq_getmsgint64(buf));
+}
 
-bool
-cash_eq(Cash *c1, Cash *c2)
+/*
+ *             cash_send                       - converts cash to binary format
+ */
+Datum
+cash_send(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    if (!PointerIsValid(c1) || !PointerIsValid(c2))
-       return(FALSE);
+       Cash            arg1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       StringInfoData buf;
+
+       pq_begintypsend(&buf);
+       pq_sendint64(&buf, arg1);
+       PG_RETURN_BYTEA_P(pq_endtypsend(&buf));
+}
 
-    return(*c1 == *c2);
-} /* cash_eq() */
+/*
+ * Comparison functions
+ */
 
-bool
-cash_ne(Cash *c1, Cash *c2)
+Datum
+cash_eq(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    if (!PointerIsValid(c1) || !PointerIsValid(c2))
-       return(FALSE);
+       Cash            c1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            c2 = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
 
-    return(*c1 != *c2);
-} /* cash_ne() */
+       PG_RETURN_BOOL(c1 == c2);
+}
 
-bool
-cash_lt(Cash *c1, Cash *c2)
+Datum
+cash_ne(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    if (!PointerIsValid(c1) || !PointerIsValid(c2))
-       return(FALSE);
+       Cash            c1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            c2 = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
 
-    return(*c1 < *c2);
-} /* cash_lt() */
+       PG_RETURN_BOOL(c1 != c2);
+}
 
-bool
-cash_le(Cash *c1, Cash *c2)
+Datum
+cash_lt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    if (!PointerIsValid(c1) || !PointerIsValid(c2))
-       return(FALSE);
+       Cash            c1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            c2 = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
 
-    return(*c1 <= *c2);
-} /* cash_le() */
+       PG_RETURN_BOOL(c1 < c2);
+}
 
-bool
-cash_gt(Cash *c1, Cash *c2)
+Datum
+cash_le(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    if (!PointerIsValid(c1) || !PointerIsValid(c2))
-       return(FALSE);
+       Cash            c1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            c2 = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
 
-    return(*c1 > *c2);
-} /* cash_gt() */
+       PG_RETURN_BOOL(c1 <= c2);
+}
 
-bool
-cash_ge(Cash *c1, Cash *c2)
+Datum
+cash_gt(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    if (!PointerIsValid(c1) || !PointerIsValid(c2))
-       return(FALSE);
+       Cash            c1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            c2 = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
 
-    return(*c1 >= *c2);
-} /* cash_ge() */
+       PG_RETURN_BOOL(c1 > c2);
+}
+
+Datum
+cash_ge(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            c2 = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+
+       PG_RETURN_BOOL(c1 >= c2);
+}
+
+Datum
+cash_cmp(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            c2 = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+
+       if (c1 > c2)
+               PG_RETURN_INT32(1);
+       else if (c1 == c2)
+               PG_RETURN_INT32(0);
+       else
+               PG_RETURN_INT32(-1);
+}
 
 
 /* cash_pl()
  * Add two cash values.
  */
-Cash *
-cash_pl(Cash *c1, Cash *c2)
+Datum
+cash_pl(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    Cash *result;
-
-    if (!PointerIsValid(c1) || !PointerIsValid(c2))
-       return(NULL);
+       Cash            c1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            c2 = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+       Cash            result;
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(result = PALLOCTYPE(Cash)))
-        elog(WARN,"Memory allocation failed, can't add cash",NULL);
+       result = c1 + c2;
 
-    *result = (*c1 + *c2);
-
-    return(result);
-} /* cash_pl() */
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
 
 
 /* cash_mi()
  * Subtract two cash values.
  */
-Cash *
-cash_mi(Cash *c1, Cash *c2)
+Datum
+cash_mi(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            c2 = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+       Cash            result;
+
+       result = c1 - c2;
+
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
+
+/* cash_div_cash()
+ * Divide cash by cash, returning float8.
+ */
+Datum
+cash_div_cash(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    Cash *result;
+       Cash            dividend = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            divisor = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+       float8          quotient;
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(c1) || !PointerIsValid(c2))
-       return(NULL);
+       if (divisor == 0)
+               ereport(ERROR,
+                               (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO),
+                                errmsg("division by zero")));
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(result = PALLOCTYPE(Cash)))
-        elog(WARN,"Memory allocation failed, can't subtract cash",NULL);
+       quotient = (float8) dividend / (float8) divisor;
+       PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(quotient);
+}
 
-    *result = (*c1 - *c2);
 
-    return(result);
-} /* cash_mi() */
+/* cash_mul_flt8()
+ * Multiply cash by float8.
+ */
+Datum
+cash_mul_flt8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       float8          f = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(1);
+       Cash            result;
+
+       result = c * f;
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
 
 
-/* cash_mul()
- * Multiply cash by floating point number.
+/* flt8_mul_cash()
+ * Multiply float8 by cash.
  */
-Cash *
-cash_mul(Cash *c, float8 *f)
+Datum
+flt8_mul_cash(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    Cash *result;
+       float8          f = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(0);
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+       Cash            result;
+
+       result = f * c;
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(f) || !PointerIsValid(c))
-       return(NULL);
+/* cash_div_flt8()
+ * Divide cash by float8.
+ */
+Datum
+cash_div_flt8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       float8          f = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(1);
+       Cash            result;
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(result = PALLOCTYPE(Cash)))
-        elog(WARN,"Memory allocation failed, can't multiply cash",NULL);
+       if (f == 0.0)
+               ereport(ERROR,
+                               (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO),
+                                errmsg("division by zero")));
 
-    *result = ((*f) * (*c));
+       result = rint(c / f);
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
+
+/* cash_mul_flt4()
+ * Multiply cash by float4.
+ */
+Datum
+cash_mul_flt4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       float4          f = PG_GETARG_FLOAT4(1);
+       Cash            result;
+
+       result = c * f;
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
+
+/* flt4_mul_cash()
+ * Multiply float4 by cash.
+ */
+Datum
+flt4_mul_cash(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       float4          f = PG_GETARG_FLOAT4(0);
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+       Cash            result;
 
-    return(result);
-} /* cash_mul() */
+       result = f * c;
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
 
 
-/* cash_div()
- * Divide cash by floating point number.
+/* cash_div_flt4()
+ * Divide cash by float4.
  *
- * XXX Don't know if rounding or truncating is correct behavior.
- * Round for now. - tgl 97/04/15
  */
-Cash *
-cash_div(Cash *c, float8 *f)
+Datum
+cash_div_flt4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    Cash *result;
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       float4          f = PG_GETARG_FLOAT4(1);
+       Cash            result;
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(f) || !PointerIsValid(c))
-       return(NULL);
+       if (f == 0.0)
+               ereport(ERROR,
+                               (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO),
+                                errmsg("division by zero")));
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(result = PALLOCTYPE(Cash)))
-        elog(WARN,"Memory allocation failed, can't divide cash",NULL);
+       result = rint(c / f);
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
 
-    if (*f == 0.0)
-        elog(WARN,"cash_div:  divide by 0.0 error");
 
-    *result = rint(*c / *f);
+/* cash_mul_int8()
+ * Multiply cash by int8.
+ */
+Datum
+cash_mul_int8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       int64           i = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
+       Cash            result;
 
-    return(result);
-} /* cash_div() */
+       result = c * i;
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
 
 
-/* cashlarger()
- * Return larger of two cash values.
+/* int8_mul_cash()
+ * Multiply int8 by cash.
  */
-Cash *
-cashlarger(Cash *c1, Cash *c2)
+Datum
+int8_mul_cash(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    Cash *result;
+       int64           i = PG_GETARG_INT64(0);
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+       Cash            result;
+
+       result = i * c;
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(c1) || !PointerIsValid(c2))
-       return(NULL);
+/* cash_div_int8()
+ * Divide cash by 8-byte integer.
+ */
+Datum
+cash_div_int8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       int64           i = PG_GETARG_INT64(1);
+       Cash            result;
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(result = PALLOCTYPE(Cash)))
-        elog(WARN,"Memory allocation failed, can't return larger cash",NULL);
+       if (i == 0)
+               ereport(ERROR,
+                               (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO),
+                                errmsg("division by zero")));
 
-    *result = ((*c1 > *c2)? *c1: *c2);
+       result = rint(c / i);
 
-    return(result);
-} /* cashlarger() */
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
 
 
-/* cashsmaller()
- * Return smaller of two cash values.
+/* cash_mul_int4()
+ * Multiply cash by int4.
  */
-Cash *
-cashsmaller(Cash *c1, Cash *c2)
+Datum
+cash_mul_int4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    Cash *result;
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       int32           i = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+       Cash            result;
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(c1) || !PointerIsValid(c2))
-       return(NULL);
+       result = c * i;
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
 
-    if (!PointerIsValid(result = PALLOCTYPE(Cash)))
-        elog(WARN,"Memory allocation failed, can't return smaller cash",NULL);
 
-    *result = ((*c1 < *c2)? *c1: *c2);
+/* int4_mul_cash()
+ * Multiply int4 by cash.
+ */
+Datum
+int4_mul_cash(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       int32           i = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+       Cash            result;
 
-    return(result);
-} /* cashsmaller() */
+       result = i * c;
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
 
 
-/* cash_words_out()
- * This converts a int4 as well but to a representation using words
- * Obviously way North American centric - sorry
+/* cash_div_int4()
+ * Divide cash by 4-byte integer.
+ *
  */
-const char *
-cash_words_out(Cash *value)
-{
-    static char        buf[128];
-    char *p = buf;
-    Cash m0;
-    Cash m1;
-    Cash m2;
-    Cash m3;
-
-    /* work with positive numbers */
-    if (*value < 0) {
-       *value *= -1;
-       strcpy(buf, "minus ");
-       p += 6;
-    } else {
-       *buf = 0;
-    }
-
-    m0 = *value % 100; /* cents */
-    m1 = (*value/100) % 1000; /* hundreds */
-    m2 = (*value/100000) % 1000; /* thousands */
-    m3 = *value/100000000 % 1000; /* millions */
-
-    if (m3) {
-       strcat(buf, num_word(m3));
-       strcat(buf, " million ");
-    }
-
-    if (m2) {
-       strcat(buf, num_word(m2));
-       strcat(buf, " thousand ");
-    }
-
-    if (m1)
-       strcat(buf, num_word(m1));
-
-    if (!*p)
-       strcat(buf, "zero");
-
-    strcat(buf, (int)(*value/100) == 1 ? " dollar and " : " dollars and ");
-    strcat(buf, num_word(m0));
-    strcat(buf, m0 == 1 ? " cent" : " cents");
-    *buf = toupper(*buf);
-    return(buf);
-} /* cash_words_out() */
+Datum
+cash_div_int4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       int32           i = PG_GETARG_INT32(1);
+       Cash            result;
 
+       if (i == 0)
+               ereport(ERROR,
+                               (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO),
+                                errmsg("division by zero")));
 
-/*************************************************************************
- * Private routines
- ************************************************************************/
+       result = rint(c / i);
 
-static const char *
-num_word(Cash value)
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
+
+/* cash_mul_int2()
+ * Multiply cash by int2.
+ */
+Datum
+cash_mul_int2(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 {
-    static char buf[128];
-    static const char *small[] = {
-       "zero", "one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven",
-       "eight", "nine", "ten", "eleven", "twelve", "thirteen", "fourteen",
-       "fifteen", "sixteen", "seventeen", "eighteen", "nineteen", "twenty",
-       "thirty", "fourty", "fifty", "sixty", "seventy", "eighty", "ninety"
-    };
-    const char **big = small + 18;
-    int tu = value % 100;
-
-    /* deal with the simple cases first */
-    if (value <= 20)
-       return(small[value]);
-
-    /* is it an even multiple of 100? */
-    if (!tu) {
-       sprintf(buf, "%s hundred", small[value/100]);
-       return(buf);
-    }
-
-    /* more than 99? */
-    if (value > 99) {
-       /* is it an even multiple of 10 other than 10? */
-       if (value % 10 == 0 && tu > 10)
-           sprintf(buf, "%s hundred %s",
-             small[value/100], big[tu/10]);
-       else if (tu < 20)
-           sprintf(buf, "%s hundred and %s",
-             small[value/100], small[tu]);
-       else
-           sprintf(buf, "%s hundred %s %s",
-             small[value/100], big[tu/10], small[tu % 10]);
-
-    } else {
-       /* is it an even multiple of 10 other than 10? */
-       if (value % 10 == 0 && tu > 10)
-           sprintf(buf, "%s", big[tu/10]);
-       else if (tu < 20)
-           sprintf(buf, "%s", small[tu]);
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       int16           s = PG_GETARG_INT16(1);
+       Cash            result;
+
+       result = c * s;
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
+/* int2_mul_cash()
+ * Multiply int2 by cash.
+ */
+Datum
+int2_mul_cash(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       int16           s = PG_GETARG_INT16(0);
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+       Cash            result;
+
+       result = s * c;
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
+/* cash_div_int2()
+ * Divide cash by int2.
+ *
+ */
+Datum
+cash_div_int2(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       int16           s = PG_GETARG_INT16(1);
+       Cash            result;
+
+       if (s == 0)
+               ereport(ERROR,
+                               (errcode(ERRCODE_DIVISION_BY_ZERO),
+                                errmsg("division by zero")));
+
+       result = rint(c / s);
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
+/* cashlarger()
+ * Return larger of two cash values.
+ */
+Datum
+cashlarger(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            c2 = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+       Cash            result;
+
+       result = (c1 > c2) ? c1 : c2;
+
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
+/* cashsmaller()
+ * Return smaller of two cash values.
+ */
+Datum
+cashsmaller(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            c1 = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Cash            c2 = PG_GETARG_CASH(1);
+       Cash            result;
+
+       result = (c1 < c2) ? c1 : c2;
+
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
+/* cash_words()
+ * This converts an int4 as well but to a representation using words
+ * Obviously way North American centric - sorry
+ */
+Datum
+cash_words(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            value = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       uint64          val;
+       char            buf[256];
+       char       *p = buf;
+       Cash            m0;
+       Cash            m1;
+       Cash            m2;
+       Cash            m3;
+       Cash            m4;
+       Cash            m5;
+       Cash            m6;
+
+       /* work with positive numbers */
+       if (value < 0)
+       {
+               value = -value;
+               strcpy(buf, "minus ");
+               p += 6;
+       }
        else
-           sprintf(buf, "%s %s", big[tu/10], small[tu % 10]);
-    }
+               buf[0] = '\0';
+
+       /* Now treat as unsigned, to avoid trouble at INT_MIN */
+       val = (uint64) value;
+
+       m0 = val % INT64CONST(100); /* cents */
+       m1 = (val / INT64CONST(100)) % 1000;            /* hundreds */
+       m2 = (val / INT64CONST(100000)) % 1000;         /* thousands */
+       m3 = (val / INT64CONST(100000000)) % 1000;      /* millions */
+       m4 = (val / INT64CONST(100000000000)) % 1000;           /* billions */
+       m5 = (val / INT64CONST(100000000000000)) % 1000;        /* trillions */
+       m6 = (val / INT64CONST(100000000000000000)) % 1000; /* quadrillions */
+
+       if (m6)
+       {
+               strcat(buf, num_word(m6));
+               strcat(buf, " quadrillion ");
+       }
+
+       if (m5)
+       {
+               strcat(buf, num_word(m5));
+               strcat(buf, " trillion ");
+       }
+
+       if (m4)
+       {
+               strcat(buf, num_word(m4));
+               strcat(buf, " billion ");
+       }
+
+       if (m3)
+       {
+               strcat(buf, num_word(m3));
+               strcat(buf, " million ");
+       }
+
+       if (m2)
+       {
+               strcat(buf, num_word(m2));
+               strcat(buf, " thousand ");
+       }
+
+       if (m1)
+               strcat(buf, num_word(m1));
+
+       if (!*p)
+               strcat(buf, "zero");
+
+       strcat(buf, (val / 100) == 1 ? " dollar and " : " dollars and ");
+       strcat(buf, num_word(m0));
+       strcat(buf, m0 == 1 ? " cent" : " cents");
+
+       /* capitalize output */
+       buf[0] = pg_toupper((unsigned char) buf[0]);
+
+       /* return as text datum */
+       PG_RETURN_TEXT_P(cstring_to_text(buf));
+}
 
-    return(buf);
-} /* num_word() */
+
+/* cash_numeric()
+ * Convert cash to numeric.
+ */
+Datum
+cash_numeric(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Cash            money = PG_GETARG_CASH(0);
+       Numeric         result;
+       int                     fpoint;
+       int64           scale;
+       int                     i;
+       Datum           amount;
+       Datum           numeric_scale;
+       Datum           quotient;
+       struct lconv *lconvert = PGLC_localeconv();
+
+       /* see comments about frac_digits in cash_in() */
+       fpoint = lconvert->frac_digits;
+       if (fpoint < 0 || fpoint > 10)
+               fpoint = 2;
+
+       /* compute required scale factor */
+       scale = 1;
+       for (i = 0; i < fpoint; i++)
+               scale *= 10;
+
+       /* form the result as money / scale */
+       amount = DirectFunctionCall1(int8_numeric, Int64GetDatum(money));
+       numeric_scale = DirectFunctionCall1(int8_numeric, Int64GetDatum(scale));
+       quotient = DirectFunctionCall2(numeric_div, amount, numeric_scale);
+
+       /* forcibly round to exactly the intended number of digits */
+       result = DatumGetNumeric(DirectFunctionCall2(numeric_round,
+                                                                                                quotient,
+                                                                                                Int32GetDatum(fpoint)));
+
+       PG_RETURN_NUMERIC(result);
+}
+
+/* numeric_cash()
+ * Convert numeric to cash.
+ */
+Datum
+numeric_cash(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       Datum           amount = PG_GETARG_DATUM(0);
+       Cash            result;
+       int                     fpoint;
+       int64           scale;
+       int                     i;
+       Datum           numeric_scale;
+       struct lconv *lconvert = PGLC_localeconv();
+
+       /* see comments about frac_digits in cash_in() */
+       fpoint = lconvert->frac_digits;
+       if (fpoint < 0 || fpoint > 10)
+               fpoint = 2;
+
+       /* compute required scale factor */
+       scale = 1;
+       for (i = 0; i < fpoint; i++)
+               scale *= 10;
+
+       /* multiply the input amount by scale factor */
+       numeric_scale = DirectFunctionCall1(int8_numeric, Int64GetDatum(scale));
+       amount = DirectFunctionCall2(numeric_mul, amount, numeric_scale);
+
+       /* note that numeric_int8 will round to nearest integer for us */
+       result = DatumGetInt64(DirectFunctionCall1(numeric_int8, amount));
+
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
+/* int4_cash()
+ * Convert int4 (int) to cash
+ */
+Datum
+int4_cash(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       int32           amount = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
+       Cash            result;
+       int                     fpoint;
+       int64           scale;
+       int                     i;
+       struct lconv *lconvert = PGLC_localeconv();
+
+       /* see comments about frac_digits in cash_in() */
+       fpoint = lconvert->frac_digits;
+       if (fpoint < 0 || fpoint > 10)
+               fpoint = 2;
+
+       /* compute required scale factor */
+       scale = 1;
+       for (i = 0; i < fpoint; i++)
+               scale *= 10;
+
+       /* compute amount * scale, checking for overflow */
+       result = DatumGetInt64(DirectFunctionCall2(int8mul, Int64GetDatum(amount),
+                                                                                          Int64GetDatum(scale)));
+
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}
+
+/* int8_cash()
+ * Convert int8 (bigint) to cash
+ */
+Datum
+int8_cash(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
+{
+       int64           amount = PG_GETARG_INT64(0);
+       Cash            result;
+       int                     fpoint;
+       int64           scale;
+       int                     i;
+       struct lconv *lconvert = PGLC_localeconv();
+
+       /* see comments about frac_digits in cash_in() */
+       fpoint = lconvert->frac_digits;
+       if (fpoint < 0 || fpoint > 10)
+               fpoint = 2;
+
+       /* compute required scale factor */
+       scale = 1;
+       for (i = 0; i < fpoint; i++)
+               scale *= 10;
+
+       /* compute amount * scale, checking for overflow */
+       result = DatumGetInt64(DirectFunctionCall2(int8mul, Int64GetDatum(amount),
+                                                                                          Int64GetDatum(scale)));
+
+       PG_RETURN_CASH(result);
+}