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-<title>Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations - Apache HTTP Server</title>
+<title>Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</title>
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-<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
-<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.3</p>
-<img alt="" src="./images/feather.gif" /></div>
+<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/quickreference.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
+<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
+<img alt="" src="./images/feather.png" /></div>
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="./images/left.gif" /></a></div>
<div id="path">
-<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.3</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations</h1>
+<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.5</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Mapping URLs to Filesystem Locations</h1>
<div class="toplang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/urlmapping.html" title="English"> en </a> |
<a href="./fr/urlmapping.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
<a href="./tr/urlmapping.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
</div>
- <p>This document explains how Apache uses the URL of a request
+ <p>This document explains how the Apache HTTP Server uses the URL of a request
to determine the filesystem location from which to serve a
file.</p>
</div>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#proxy">Reverse Proxy</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewrite">Rewriting Engine</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#notfound">File Not Found</a></li>
-</ul></div>
+<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#other">Other URL Mapping Modules</a></li>
+</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="related" id="related">Related Modules and Directives</a></h2>
+<h2><a name="related" id="related">Related Modules and Directives</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#related" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
-<table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html">mod_alias</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#aliasmatch">AliasMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_speling.html#checkspelling">CheckSpelling</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#errordocument">ErrorDocument</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreverse">ProxyPassReverse</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiedomain">ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiepath">ProxyPassReverseCookiePath</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirect">Redirect</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritematch">RewriteMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptaliasmatch">ScriptAliasMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
+<table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_actions.html">mod_actions</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html">mod_alias</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_autoindex.html">mod_autoindex</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_imagemap.html">mod_imagemap</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html">mod_userdir</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_vhost_alias.html">mod_vhost_alias</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#aliasmatch">AliasMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_speling.html#checkspelling">CheckSpelling</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#errordocument">ErrorDocument</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreverse">ProxyPassReverse</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiedomain">ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiepath">ProxyPassReverseCookiePath</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirect">Redirect</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#scriptaliasmatch">ScriptAliasMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="documentroot" id="documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></h2>
+<h2><a name="documentroot" id="documentroot">DocumentRoot</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#documentroot" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
- <p>In deciding what file to serve for a given request, Apache's
+ <p>In deciding what file to serve for a given request, httpd's
default behavior is to take the URL-Path for the request (the part
of the URL following the hostname and port) and add it to the end
of the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> specified
in the file <code>/var/www/html/fish/guppies.html</code> being
served to the requesting client.</p>
- <p>Apache is also capable of <a href="vhosts/">Virtual
+ <p>If a directory is requested (i.e. a path ending with
+ <code>/</code>), the file served from that directory is defined by
+ the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code> directive.
+ For example, if <code>DocumentRoot</code> were set as above, and
+ you were to set:</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><p><code>DirectoryIndex index.html index.php</code></p></div>
+
+ <p>Then a request for <code>http://www.example.com/fish/</code> will
+ cause httpd to attempt to serve the file
+ <code>/var/www/html/fish/index.html</code>. In the event that
+ that file does not exist, it will next attempt to serve the file
+ <code>/var/www/html/fish/index.php</code>.</p>
+
+ <p>If neither of these files existed, the next step is to
+ attempt to provide a directory index, if
+ <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_autoindex.html">mod_autoindex</a></code> is loaded and configured to permit
+ that.</p>
+
+ <p>httpd is also capable of <a href="vhosts/">Virtual
Hosting</a>, where the server receives requests for more than one
host. In this case, a different <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> can be specified for each
virtual host, or alternatively, the directives provided by the
(<code>httpd.conf</code>) and, possibly, once per additional <a href="vhosts/">Virtual Host</a> you create.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="outside" id="outside">Files Outside the DocumentRoot</a></h2>
+<h2><a name="outside" id="outside">Files Outside the DocumentRoot</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#outside" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are frequently circumstances where it is necessary to
allow web access to parts of the filesystem that are not strictly
- underneath the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>. Apache offers several
+ underneath the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>. httpd offers several
different ways to accomplish this. On Unix systems, symbolic links
can bring other parts of the filesystem under the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code>. For security reasons,
- Apache will follow symbolic links only if the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code> setting for the relevant
+ httpd will follow symbolic links only if the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code> setting for the relevant
directory includes <code>FollowSymLinks</code> or
<code>SymLinksIfOwnerMatch</code>.</p>
<p>Alternatively, the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code> directive will map any part
of the filesystem into the web space. For example, with</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>Alias /docs /var/web</code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Alias "/docs" "/var/web"</pre>
+
<p>the URL <code>http://www.example.com/docs/dir/file.html</code>
will be served from <code>/var/web/dir/file.html</code>. The
expression</a> based matching and substitution. For
example,</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>ScriptAliasMatch ^/~([a-zA-Z0-9]+)/cgi-bin/(.+)
- /home/$1/cgi-bin/$2</code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">ScriptAliasMatch "^/~([a-zA-Z0-9]+)/cgi-bin/(.+)" "/home/$1/cgi-bin/$2"</pre>
+
<p>will map a request to
<code>http://example.com/~user/cgi-bin/script.cgi</code> to the
the resulting file as a CGI script.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="user" id="user">User Directories</a></h2>
+<h2><a name="user" id="user">User Directories</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#user" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>Traditionally on Unix systems, the home directory of a
particular <em>user</em> can be referred to as
<code>/home/user/public_html/file.html</code>, use the following
<code>AliasMatch</code> directive:</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>AliasMatch ^/upages/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)/?(.*)
- /home/$1/public_html/$2</code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AliasMatch "^/upages/([a-zA-Z0-9]+)(/(.*))?$" "/home/$1/public_html/$3"</pre>
+
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="redirect" id="redirect">URL Redirection</a></h2>
+<h2><a name="redirect" id="redirect">URL Redirection</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#redirect" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>The configuration directives discussed in the above sections
- tell Apache to get content from a specific place in the filesystem
+ tell httpd to get content from a specific place in the filesystem
and return it to the client. Sometimes, it is desirable instead to
inform the client that the requested content is located at a
different URL, and instruct the client to make a new request with
to the new directory <code>/bar/</code>, you can instruct clients
to request the content at the new location as follows:</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>Redirect permanent /foo/
- http://www.example.com/bar/</code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Redirect permanent "/foo/" "http://www.example.com/bar/"</pre>
+
<p>This will redirect any URL-Path starting in
<code>/foo/</code> to the same URL path on the
substituted for <code>/foo/</code>. You can redirect clients to
any server, not only the origin server.</p>
- <p>Apache also provides a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code> directive for more
+ <p>httpd also provides a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#redirectmatch">RedirectMatch</a></code> directive for more
complicated rewriting problems. For example, to redirect requests
for the site home page to a different site, but leave all other
requests alone, use the following configuration:</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>RedirectMatch permanent ^/$
- http://www.example.com/startpage.html</code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RedirectMatch permanent "^/$" "http://www.example.com/startpage.html"</pre>
+
<p>Alternatively, to temporarily redirect all pages on one site
to a particular page on another site, use the following:</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>RedirectMatch temp .*
- http://othersite.example.com/startpage.html</code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">RedirectMatch temp ".*" "http://othersite.example.com/startpage.html"</pre>
+
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="proxy" id="proxy">Reverse Proxy</a></h2>
+<h2><a name="proxy" id="proxy">Reverse Proxy</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#proxy" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
-<p>Apache also allows you to bring remote documents into the URL space
+<p>httpd also allows you to bring remote documents into the URL space
of the local server. This technique is called <em>reverse
proxying</em> because the web server acts like a proxy server by
fetching the documents from a remote server and returning them to the
-client. It is different from normal proxying because, to the client,
+client. It is different from normal (forward) proxying because, to the client,
it appears the documents originate at the reverse proxy server.</p>
<p>In the following example, when clients request documents under the
and returns them to the client as if they were from the local
server.</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-ProxyPass /foo/ http://internal.example.com/bar/<br />
-ProxyPassReverse /foo/ http://internal.example.com/bar/
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">ProxyPass "/foo/" "http://internal.example.com/bar/"
+ProxyPassReverse "/foo/" "http://internal.example.com/bar/"
ProxyPassReverseCookieDomain internal.example.com public.example.com
-ProxyPassReverseCookiePath /foo/ /bar/
-</code></p></div>
+ProxyPassReverseCookiePath "/foo/" "/bar/"</pre>
+
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code> configures
the server to fetch the appropriate documents, while the
and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypassreversecookiepath">ProxyPassReverseCookiePath</a></code>
rewrite cookies set by the backend server.</p>
<p>It is important to note, however, that
-links inside the documents will not be rewritten. So any absolute
+links inside the documents will not be rewritten. So any absolute
links on <code>internal.example.com</code> will result in the client
breaking out of the proxy server and requesting directly from
-<code>internal.example.com</code>. A third-party module
-<a href="http://apache.webthing.com/mod_proxy_html/">mod_proxy_html</a>
-is available to rewrite links in HTML and XHTML.</p>
+<code>internal.example.com</code>. You can modify these links (and other
+content) in a page as it is being served to the client using
+<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_substitute.html">mod_substitute</a></code>.</p>
+
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Substitute s/internal\.example\.com/www.example.com/i</pre>
+
+
+<p>For more sophisticated rewriting of links in HTML and XHTML, the
+<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy_html.html">mod_proxy_html</a></code> module is also available. It allows you
+to create maps of URLs that need to be rewritten, so that complex
+proxying scenarios can be handled.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="rewrite" id="rewrite">Rewriting Engine</a></h2>
+<h2><a name="rewrite" id="rewrite">Rewriting Engine</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#rewrite" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>When even more powerful substitution is required, the rewriting
engine provided by <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
- can be useful. The directives provided by this module use
+ can be useful. The directives provided by this module can use
characteristics of the request such as browser type or source IP
address in deciding from where to serve content. In addition,
mod_rewrite can use external database files or programs to
of performing all three types of mappings discussed above:
internal redirects (aliases), external redirects, and proxying.
Many practical examples employing mod_rewrite are discussed in the
- <a href="misc/rewriteguide.html">URL Rewriting Guide</a>.</p>
+ <a href="rewrite/">detailed mod_rewrite documentation</a>.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="notfound" id="notfound">File Not Found</a></h2>
+<h2><a name="notfound" id="notfound">File Not Found</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#notfound" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
<p>Inevitably, URLs will be requested for which no matching
file can be found in the filesystem. This can happen for
<p>Another common cause of "File Not Found" errors is
accidental mistyping of URLs, either directly in the browser,
- or in HTML links. Apache provides the module
+ or in HTML links. httpd provides the module
<code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_speling.html">mod_speling</a></code> (sic) to help with
this problem. When this module is activated, it will intercept
"File Not Found" errors and look for a resource with a similar
is followed by a URL redirection and a new request from the
client.</p>
- <p>If all attempts to locate the content fail, Apache returns
+ <p><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code> provides <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#fallbackresource">FallbackResource</a></code>, which can be used to map virtual
+ URIs to a real resource, which then serves them. This is a very
+ useful replacement for <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> when implementing
+ a 'front controller'</p>
+
+ <p>If all attempts to locate the content fail, httpd returns
an error page with HTTP status code 404 (file not found). The
appearance of this page is controlled with the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#errordocument">ErrorDocument</a></code> directive
and can be customized in a flexible manner as discussed in the
<a href="custom-error.html">Custom error responses</a>
document.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="other" id="other">Other URL Mapping Modules</a> <a title="Permanent link" href="#other" class="permalink">¶</a></h2>
+
+
+
+ <p>Other modules available for URL mapping include:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_actions.html">mod_actions</a></code> - Maps a request to a CGI script
+ based on the request method, or resource MIME type.</li>
+ <li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html">mod_dir</a></code> - Provides basic mapping of a trailing
+ slash into an index file such as <code>index.html</code>.</li>
+ <li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_imagemap.html">mod_imagemap</a></code> - Maps a request to a URL based
+ on where a user clicks on an image embedded in a HTML document.</li>
+ <li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code> - Selects an appropriate
+ document based on client preferences such as language or content
+ compression.</li>
+ </ul>
+
</div></div>
<div class="bottomlang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/urlmapping.html" title="English"> en </a> |
<a href="./ja/urlmapping.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
<a href="./ko/urlmapping.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
<a href="./tr/urlmapping.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
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