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-<title>Configuration Sections - Apache HTTP Server</title>
+<title>Configuration Sections - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</title>
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<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
-<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/
directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
-<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.3</p>
-<img alt="" src="./images/feather.gif" /></div>
+<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/
quickreference.html">Directives</a> | <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/httpd/FAQ">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
+<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
+<img alt="" src="./images/feather.png" /></div>
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="./images/left.gif" /></a></div>
<div id="path">
-<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.
3</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Configuration Sections</h1>
+<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.
5</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Configuration Sections</h1>
<div class="toplang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/sections.html" title="English"> en </a> |
<a href="./fr/sections.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
<a href="./ja/sections.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
<a href="./ko/sections.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
-<a href="./tr/sections.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a> |
-<a href="./zh-cn/sections.html" hreflang="zh-cn" rel="alternate" title="Simplified Chinese"> zh-cn </a></p>
+<a href="./tr/sections.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a></p>
</div>
<p>Directives in the <a href="configuring.html">configuration files</a> may apply to the
entire server, or they may be restricted to apply only to particular
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#virtualhost">Virtual Hosts</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#proxy">Proxy</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#whatwhere">What Directives are Allowed?</a></li>
-<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#mergin">How the sections are merged</a></li>
-</ul></div>
+<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#merging">How the sections are merged</a></li>
+</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="types" id="types">Types of Configuration Section Containers</a></h2>
to another site only if the server is started using
<code>httpd -DClosedForNow</code>:</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<IfDefine ClosedForNow><br />
-Redirect / http://otherserver.example.com/<br />
-</IfDefine>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><IfDefine ClosedForNow>
+ Redirect "/" "http://otherserver.example.com/"
+</IfDefine></pre>
+
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifmodule"><IfModule></a></code>
directive is very similar, except it encloses directives that will
to work all the time, because it can suppress useful error messages
about missing modules.</p>
-<p>In the following example, the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_mime_magic.html#mimemagicfiles">MimeMagicFiles</a></code> directive will be
+<p>In the following example, the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_mime_magic.html#mimemagicfile">MimeMagicFile</a></code> directive will be
applied only if <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_mime_magic.html">mod_mime_magic</a></code> is available.</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<IfModule mod_mime_magic.c><br />
-MimeMagicFile conf/magic<br />
-</IfModule>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><IfModule mod_mime_magic.c>
+ MimeMagicFile conf/magic
+</IfModule></pre>
+
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_version.html#ifversion"><IfVersion></a></code>
directive is very similar to <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifdefine"><IfDefine></a></code> and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifmodule"><IfModule></a></code>, except it encloses directives that will
module is designed for the use in test suites and large networks which have to
deal with different httpd versions and different configurations.</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
- <IfVersion >= 2.1><br />
- <span class="indent">
- # this happens only in versions greater or<br />
- # equal 2.1.0.<br />
- </span>
- </IfVersion>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><IfVersion >= 2.4>
+ # this happens only in versions greater or
+ # equal 2.4.0.
+</IfVersion></pre>
+
<p><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifdefine"><IfDefine></a></code>,
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#ifmodule"><IfModule></a></code>, and the
following configuration, directory indexes will be enabled for the
<code>/var/web/dir1</code> directory and all subdirectories.</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<Directory /var/web/dir1><br />
-Options +Indexes<br />
-</Directory>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Directory "/var/web/dir1">
+ Options +Indexes
+</Directory></pre>
+
<p>Directives enclosed in a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#files"><Files></a></code> section apply to any file with
the specified name, regardless of what directory it lies in.
deny access to any file named <code>private.html</code> regardless
of where it is found.</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<Files private.html><br />
-Order allow,deny<br />
-Deny from all<br />
-</Files>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Files "private.html">
+ Require all denied
+</Files></pre>
+
<p>To address files found in a particular part of the filesystem, the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#files"><Files></a></code> and
of <code>private.html</code> found under the <code>/var/web/dir1/</code>
directory.</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<Directory /var/web/dir1><br />
-<Files private.html><br />
-Order allow,deny<br />
-Deny from all<br />
-</Files><br />
-</Directory>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Directory "/var/web/dir1">
+ <Files "private.html">
+ Require all denied
+ </Files>
+</Directory></pre>
+
<h3><a name="webspace" id="webspace">Webspace Containers</a></h3>
<code>http://yoursite.example.com/private/dir/file.html</code> as well
as any other requests starting with the <code>/private</code> string.</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<LocationMatch ^/private><br />
-Order Allow,Deny<br />
-Deny from all<br />
-</Location>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><LocationMatch "^/private">
+ Require all denied
+</LocationMatch></pre>
+
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#location"><Location></a></code>
directive need not have anything to do with the filesystem.
No file called <code>server-status</code> needs to exist in the
filesystem.</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<Location /server-status><br />
-SetHandler server-status<br />
-</Location>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Location "/server-status">
+ SetHandler server-status
+</Location></pre>
+
<h3><a name="overlapping-webspace" id="overlapping-webspace">Overlapping Webspace</a></h3>
<p>In order to have two overlapping URLs one has to consider the order in which
certain sections or directives are evaluated. For
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#location"><Location></a></code> this would be:</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<Location /foo><br />
-</Location><br />
-<Location /foo/bar><br />
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Location "/foo">
</Location>
-</code></p></div>
-<p><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#alias"><Alias></a></code>es on the other hand,
+<Location "/foo/bar">
+</Location></pre>
+
+<p><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_alias.html#alias"><Alias></a></code>es on the other hand,
are mapped vice-versa:</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-Alias /foo/bar /srv/www/uncommon/bar<br />
-Alias /foo /srv/www/common/foo<br />
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Alias "/foo/bar" "/srv/www/uncommon/bar"
+Alias "/foo" "/srv/www/common/foo"</pre>
+
<p>The same is true for the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxypass">ProxyPass</a></code>
directives:</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-ProxyPass /special-area http://special.example.com smax=5 max=10<br />
-ProxyPass / balancer://mycluster/ stickysession=JSESSIONID|jsessionid nofailover=On
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">ProxyPass "/special-area" "http://special.example.com" smax=5 max=10
+ProxyPass "/" "balancer://mycluster/" stickysession=JSESSIONID|jsessionid nofailover=On</pre>
+
<h3><a name="wildcards" id="wildcards">Wildcards and Regular Expressions</a></h3>
<p>A non-regex wildcard section that changes the configuration of
all user directories could look as follows:</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<Directory /home/*/public_html><br />
-Options Indexes<br />
-</Directory>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Directory "/home/*/public_html">
+ Options Indexes
+</Directory></pre>
+
<p>Using regex sections, we can deny access to many types of image files
at once:</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<FilesMatch \.(?i:gif|jpe?g|png)$><br />
-Order allow,deny<br />
-Deny from all<br />
-</FilesMatch>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><FilesMatch "\.(?i:gif|jpe?g|png)$">
+ Require all denied
+</FilesMatch></pre>
+
+
+<p>Regular expressions containing <strong>named groups and
+backreferences</strong> are added to the environment with the
+corresponding name in uppercase. This allows elements of filename paths
+and URLs to be referenced from within <a href="expr.html">expressions</a>
+and modules like <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>.</p>
+
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><DirectoryMatch "^/var/www/combined/(?<SITENAME>[^/]+)">
+ require ldap-group cn=%{env:MATCH_SITENAME},ou=combined,o=Example
+</DirectoryMatch></pre>
+
expressed by a boolean expression. For example, the following configuration
denies access if the HTTP Referer header does not start with
"http://www.example.com/".</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<If "!(%{HTTP_REFERER} -strmatch 'http://www.example.com/*')"><br />
-Require all denied<br />
-</If>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><If "!(%{HTTP_REFERER} -strmatch 'http://www.example.com/*')">
+ Require all denied
+</If></pre>
+
location, allowing your restrictions to be circumvented.
For example, consider the following configuration:</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<Location /dir/><br />
-Order allow,deny<br />
-Deny from all<br />
-</Location>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Location "/dir/">
+ Require all denied
+</Location></pre>
+
<p>This works fine if the request is for
<code>http://yoursite.example.com/dir/</code>. But what if you are on
filesystem location. Therefore you should always use the filesystem
containers when you can. There is, however, one exception to this
rule. Putting configuration restrictions in a <code><Location
-/></code> section is perfectly safe because this section will apply
+"/"></code> section is perfectly safe because this section will apply
to all requests regardless of the specific URL.</p>
<h3><a name="nesting" id="nesting">Nesting of sections</a></h3>
-<p>Some section types can be nested inside other section types. One the one
-hand, <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#file"><File></a></code> can be used
+<p>Some section types can be nested inside other section types. On the one
+hand, <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#files"><Files></a></code> can be used
inside <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code>. On
the other hand, <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#if"><If></a></code> can
be used inside <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code>,
and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html#proxymatch"><ProxyMatch></a></code>
containers apply enclosed configuration directives only
to sites accessed through <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code>'s proxy server
-that match the specified URL. For example, the following configuration
-will prevent the proxy server from being used to access the
-<code>www.example.com</code> website.</p>
-
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<Proxy http://www.example.com/*><br />
-Order allow,deny<br />
-Deny from all<br />
-</Proxy>
-</code></p></div>
+that match the specified URL. For example, the following configuration
+will allow only a subset of clients to access the
+<code>www.example.com</code> website using the proxy server:</p>
+
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Proxy http://www.example.com/*>
+ Require host yournetwork.example.com
+</Proxy></pre>
+
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="whatwhere" id="whatwhere">What Directives are Allowed?</a></h2>
</ul>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
-<h2><a name="mergin" id="mergin">How the sections are merged</a></h2>
+<h2><a name="merging" id="merging">How the sections are merged</a></h2>
<p>The configuration sections are applied in a very particular order.
Since this can have important effects on how configuration directives
<p>Apart from <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code>, each group is processed in
the order that they appear in the configuration files. <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> (group 1 above)
is processed in the order shortest directory component to longest.
- So for example, <code><Directory /var/web/dir></code> will
+ So for example, <code><Directory "/var/web/dir"></code> will
be processed before <code><Directory
-
/var/web/dir/subdir></code>. If multiple <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> sections apply
+
"/var/web/dir/subdir"></code>. If multiple <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> sections apply
to the same directory they are processed in the configuration file
order. Configurations included via the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#include">Include</a></code> directive will be treated as if
they were inside the including file at the location of the
container takes the place of the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> container in the processing
order.</p>
- <p>Later sections override earlier ones.</p>
-
-<div class="note"><h3>Technical Note</h3>
+ <div class="note"><h3>Technical Note</h3>
There is actually a
<code><Location></code>/<code><LocationMatch></code>
sequence performed just before the name translation phase
are used to map URLs to filenames). The results of this
sequence are completely thrown away after the translation has
completed.
-</div>
+ </div>
+
+<h3><a name="relationship-module-configuration" id="relationship-module-configuration">Relationship between modules and configuration sections</a></h3>
+ <p>One question that often arises after reading how configuration sections are
+ merged is related to how and when directives of specific modules like <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
+ are processed. The answer is not trivial and needs a bit of background.
+ Each httpd module manages its own configuration, and each of its directives in httpd.conf specify one piece
+ of configuration in a particular context. httpd does not execute a command as it is read.</p>
+ <p>At runtime, the core of httpd iterates over the defined configuration sections in the order
+ described above to determine which ones apply to the current request. When the first section matches,
+ it is considered the current configuration for this request. If a subsequent section matches too,
+ then each module with a directive in either of the sections is given a chance to merge its configuration between the two sections. The result is a third configuration, and the process goes on until all the configuration sections
+ are evaluated.</p>
+ <p>After the above step, the "real" processing of the HTTP request begins: each module has a chance to run
+ and perform whatever tasks they like. They can retrieve their own final merged configuration from the core
+ of the httpd to determine how they should act.</p>
+ <p>An example can help to visualize the whole process. The following configuration uses the
+ <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_headers.html#header">Header</a></code> directive of <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_headers.html">mod_headers</a></code> to set
+ a specific HTTP header. What value will httpd set in the <code>CustomHeaderName</code> header for a request to
+ <code>/example/index.html</code> ?
+ </p>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Directory "/">
+ Header set CustomHeaderName one
+ <FilesMatch ".*">
+ Header set CustomHeaderName three
+ </FilesMatch>
+</Directory>
+
+<Directory "/example">
+ Header set CustomHeaderName two
+</Directory></pre>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><code class="directive">Directory</code> "/" matches and an initial configuration to set the <code>CustomHeaderName</code> header with the value <code>one</code> is created.</li>
+ <li><code class="directive">Directory</code> "/example" matches, and since <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_headers.html">mod_headers</a></code> specifies in its code to override in case of a merge, a new configuration is created to set the <code>CustomHeaderName</code> header with the value <code>two</code>.</li>
+ <li><code class="directive">FilesMatch</code> ".*" matches and another merge opportunity arises, causing the <code>CustomHeaderName</code> header to be set with the value <code>three</code>.</li>
+ <li>Eventually during the next steps of the HTTP request processing <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_headers.html">mod_headers</a></code> will be called and it will receive the configuration to set the <code>CustomHeaderName</code> header with the value <code>three</code>. <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_headers.html">mod_headers</a></code> normally uses this configuration to perfom its job, namely setting the foo header. This does not mean that a module can't perform a more complex action like discarding directives because not needed or deprecated, etc..</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <p>This is true for .htaccess too since they have the same priority as <code class="directive">Directory</code> in the merge order. The important concept to understand is that configuration sections like <code class="directive">Directory</code> and <code class="directive">FilesMatch</code> are not comparable to module specific directives like <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_headers.html#header">Header</a></code> or <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> because they operate on different levels.
+ </p>
-<h3><a name="merge-examples" id="merge-examples">Some Examples</a></h3>
+
+<h3><a name="merge-examples" id="merge-examples">Some useful examples</a></h3>
<p>Below is an artificial example to show the order of
merging. Assuming they all apply to the request, the directives in
this example will be applied in the order A > B > C > D >
E.</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<Location /><br />
-E<br />
-</Location><br />
-<br />
-<Files f.html><br />
-D<br />
-</Files><br />
-<br />
-<VirtualHost *><br />
-<Directory /a/b><br />
-B<br />
-</Directory><br />
-</VirtualHost><br />
-<br />
-<DirectoryMatch "^.*b$"><br />
-C<br />
-</DirectoryMatch><br />
-<br />
-<Directory /a/b><br />
-A<br />
-</Directory><br />
-<br />
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Location "/">
+ E
+</Location>
+
+<Files "f.html">
+ D
+</Files>
+
+<VirtualHost *>
+<Directory "/a/emphasis role="bold"">
+ B
+</Directory>
+</VirtualHost>
+
+<DirectoryMatch "^.*b$">
+ C
+</DirectoryMatch>
+
+<Directory "/a/b>
+ A
+</Directory></pre>
+
+
<p>For a more concrete example, consider the following. Regardless of
any access restrictions placed in <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> sections, the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/core.html#location"><Location></a></code> section will be
evaluated last and will allow unrestricted access to the server. In
other words, order of merging is important, so be careful!</p>
-<div class="example"><p><code>
-<Location /><br />
-Order deny,allow<br />
-Allow from all<br />
-</Location><br />
-<br />
-# Woops! This <Directory> section will have no effect<br />
-<Directory /><br />
-Order allow,deny<br />
-Allow from all<br />
-Deny from badguy.example.com<br />
-</Directory>
-</code></p></div>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Location "/">
+ Require all granted
+</Location>
+
+# Whoops! This <Directory> section will have no effect
+<Directory "/">
+ <RequireAll>
+ Require all granted
+ Require not host badguy.example.com
+ </RequireAll>
+</Directory></pre>
+
<a href="./fr/sections.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
<a href="./ja/sections.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
<a href="./ko/sections.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
-<a href="./tr/sections.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="Türkçe"> tr </a> |
-<a href="./zh-cn/sections.html" hreflang="zh-cn" rel="alternate" title="Simplified Chinese"> zh-cn </a></p>
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projects / apache / blobdiff