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+<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.5</a> > <a href="./">How-To / Tutorials</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Apache HTTP Server Tutorial: .htaccess files</h1>
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<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/howto/htaccess.html" title="English"> en </a> |
-<a href="../ja/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a></p>
+<a href="../es/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="es" rel="alternate" title="Español"> es </a> |
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+<a href="../pt-br/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="pt-br" rel="alternate" title="Português (Brasil)"> pt-br </a></p>
</div>
<p><code>.htaccess</code> files provide a way to make configuration
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#how">How directives are applied</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#auth">Authentication example</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#ssi">Server Side Includes example</a></li>
+<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#rewrite">Rewrite Rules in .htaccess files</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#cgi">CGI example</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#troubleshoot">Troubleshooting</a></li>
-</ul></div>
+</ul><h3>See also</h3><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="related" id="related">.htaccess files</a></h2>
- <table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/core.html">core</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_file.html">mod_authn_file</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_groupfile.html">mod_authz_groupfile</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#accessfilename">AccessFileName</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler">AddHandler</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#sethandler">SetHandler</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#authtype">AuthType</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#authname">AuthName</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_file.html#authuserfile">AuthUserFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_groupfile.html#authgroupfile">AuthGroupFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#require">Require</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
+ <table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/core.html">core</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_file.html">mod_authn_file</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_groupfile.html">mod_authz_groupfile</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#accessfilename">AccessFileName</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler">AddHandler</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#sethandler">SetHandler</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_core.html#authtype">AuthType</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_core.html#authname">AuthName</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authn_file.html#authuserfile">AuthUserFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_groupfile.html#authgroupfile">AuthGroupFile</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_authz_core.html#require">Require</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
+
+ <div class="note">You should avoid using <code>.htaccess</code> files completely if you have access to
+ httpd main server config file. Using <code>.htaccess</code> files slows down your Apache http server.
+ Any directive that you can include in a <code>.htaccess</code> file is better set in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory">Directory</a></code> block, as it will have the same effect with better performance.</div>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="what" id="what">What they are/How to use them</a></h2>
if you would rather call the file <code>.config</code> then you
can put the following in your server configuration file:</p>
- <div class="example"><p><code>
- AccessFileName .config
- </code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AccessFileName ".config"</pre>
+
</div>
- <p>What you can put in these files is determined by the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code>
- directive. This directive specifies, in categories, what directives
- will be honored if they are found in a <code>.htaccess</code> file. If
- a directive is permitted in a <code>.htaccess</code> file, the
+ <p>In general, <code>.htaccess</code> files use the same syntax as
+ the <a href="../configuring.html#syntax">main configuration
+ files</a>. What you can put in these files is determined by the
+ <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> directive. This
+ directive specifies, in categories, what directives will be
+ honored if they are found in a <code>.htaccess</code> file. If a
+ directive is permitted in a <code>.htaccess</code> file, the
documentation for that directive will contain an Override section,
- specifying what value must be in <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> in order
- for that directive to be permitted.</p>
+ specifying what value must be in <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> in order for that
+ directive to be permitted.</p>
<p>For example, if you look at the documentation for the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#adddefaultcharset">AddDefaultCharset</a></code>
directive, you will find that it is permitted in <code>.htaccess</code>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="when" id="when">When (not) to use .htaccess files</a></h2>
- <p>In general, you should never use <code>.htaccess</code> files unless
+ <p>In general, you should only use <code>.htaccess</code> files when
you don't have access to the main server configuration file. There is,
- for example, a prevailing misconception that user authentication should
- always be done in <code>.htaccess</code> files. This is simply not the
+ for example, a common misconception that user authentication should
+ always be done in <code>.htaccess</code> files, and, in more recent years,
+ another misconception that <code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> directives
+ must go in <code>.htaccess</code> files. This is simply not the
case. You can put user authentication configurations in the main server
configuration, and this is, in fact, the preferred way to do
- things.</p>
+ things. Likewise, <code>mod_rewrite</code> directives work better,
+ in many respects, in the main server configuration.</p>
<p><code>.htaccess</code> files should be used in a case where the
content providers need to make configuration changes to the server on a
<p>However, in general, use of <code>.htaccess</code> files should be
avoided when possible. Any configuration that you would consider
putting in a <code>.htaccess</code> file, can just as effectively be
- made in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> section in your main server
+ made in a <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> section in your main server
configuration file.</p>
<p>There are two main reasons to avoid the use of
<code>.htaccess</code> files.</p>
<p>The first of these is performance. When <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code>
- is set to allow the use of <code>.htaccess</code> files, Apache will
+ is set to allow the use of <code>.htaccess</code> files, httpd will
look in every directory for <code>.htaccess</code> files. Thus,
permitting <code>.htaccess</code> files causes a performance hit,
whether or not you actually even use them! Also, the
<code>.htaccess</code> file is loaded every time a document is
requested.</p>
- <p>Further note that Apache must look for <code>.htaccess</code> files
+ <p>Further note that httpd must look for <code>.htaccess</code> files
in all higher-level directories, in order to have a full complement of
directives that it must apply. (See section on <a href="#how">how
directives are applied</a>.) Thus, if a file is requested out of a
- directory <code>/www/htdocs/example</code>, Apache must look for the
+ directory <code>/www/htdocs/example</code>, httpd must look for the
following files:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<code>.htaccess</code> files were enabled for <code>/</code>, which
is not usually the case.)</p>
+ <p>In the case of <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> directives, in
+ <code>.htaccess</code> context these regular expressions must be
+ re-compiled with every request to the directory, whereas in main
+ server configuration context they are compiled once and cached.
+ Additionally, the rules themselves are more complicated, as one must
+ work around the restrictions that come with per-directory context
+ and <code>mod_rewrite</code>. Consult the <a href="../rewrite/intro.html#htaccess">Rewrite Guide</a> for more
+ detail on this subject.</p>
+
<p>The second consideration is one of security. You are permitting
users to modify server configuration, which may result in changes over
which you have no control. Carefully consider whether you want to give
<p>Note that it is completely equivalent to put a <code>.htaccess</code>
file in a directory <code>/www/htdocs/example</code> containing a
directive, and to put that same directive in a Directory section
- <code><Directory /www/htdocs/example></code> in your main server
+ <code><Directory "/www/htdocs/example"></code> in your main server
configuration:</p>
<p><code>.htaccess</code> file in <code>/www/htdocs/example</code>:</p>
<div class="example"><h3>Contents of .htaccess file in
- <code>/www/htdocs/example</code></h3><p><code>
- AddType text/example .exm
- </code></p></div>
+ <code>/www/htdocs/example</code></h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AddType text/example ".exm"</pre>
+</div>
<div class="example"><h3>Section from your <code>httpd.conf</code>
- file</h3><p><code>
- <Directory /www/htdocs/example><br />
- <span class="indent">
- AddType text/example .exm<br />
- </span>
- </Directory>
- </code></p></div>
+ file</h3><pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Directory "/www/htdocs/example">
+ AddType text/example ".exm"
+</Directory></pre>
+</div>
<p>However, putting this configuration in your server configuration
file will result in less of a performance hit, as the configuration is
- loaded once when Apache starts, rather than every time a file is
+ loaded once when httpd starts, rather than every time a file is
requested.</p>
<p>The use of <code>.htaccess</code> files can be disabled completely
by setting the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code>
directive to <code>none</code>:</p>
- <div class="example"><p><code>
- AllowOverride None
- </code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AllowOverride None</pre>
+
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="how" id="how">How directives are applied</a></h2>
<p>In the directory <code>/www/htdocs/example1</code> we have a
<code>.htaccess</code> file containing the following:</p>
- <div class="example"><p><code>
- Options +ExecCGI
- </code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +ExecCGI</pre>
+
<p>(Note: you must have "<code>AllowOverride Options</code>" in effect
to permit the use of the "<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code>" directive in
<p>In the directory <code>/www/htdocs/example1/example2</code> we have
a <code>.htaccess</code> file containing:</p>
- <div class="example"><p><code>
- Options Includes
- </code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options Includes</pre>
+
<p>Because of this second <code>.htaccess</code> file, in the directory
<code>/www/htdocs/example1/example2</code>, CGI execution is not
permitted, as only <code>Options Includes</code> is in effect, which
completely overrides any earlier setting that may have been in
place.</p>
+
+ <h3><a name="merge" id="merge">Merging of .htaccess with the main
+ configuration files</a></h3>
+
+ <p>As discussed in the documentation on <a href="../sections.html">Configuration Sections</a>,
+ <code>.htaccess</code> files can override the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#directory"><Directory></a></code> sections for
+ the corresponding directory, but will be overridden by other types
+ of configuration sections from the main configuration files. This
+ fact can be used to enforce certain configurations, even in the
+ presence of a liberal <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> setting. For example, to
+ prevent script execution while allowing anything else to be set in
+ <code>.htaccess</code> you can use:</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config"><Directory "/www/htdocs">
+ AllowOverride All
+</Directory>
+
+<Location "/">
+ Options +IncludesNoExec -ExecCGI
+</Location></pre>
+
+
+ <div class="note">This example assumes that your <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> is <code>/www/htdocs</code>.</div>
+
+
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="auth" id="auth">Authentication example</a></h2>
<p><code>.htaccess</code> file contents:</p>
- <div class="example"><p><code>
- AuthType Basic<br />
- AuthName "Password Required"<br />
- AuthUserFile /www/passwords/password.file<br />
- AuthGroupFile /www/passwords/group.file<br />
- Require Group admins
- </code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">AuthType Basic
+AuthName "Password Required"
+AuthUserFile "/www/passwords/password.file"
+AuthGroupFile "/www/passwords/group.file"
+Require group admins</pre>
+
<p>Note that <code>AllowOverride AuthConfig</code> must be in effect
for these directives to have any effect.</p>
the following configuration directives, placed in a
<code>.htaccess</code> file in the desired directory:</p>
- <div class="example"><p><code>
- Options +Includes<br />
- AddType text/html shtml<br />
- AddHandler server-parsed shtml
- </code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +Includes
+AddType text/html "shtml"
+AddHandler server-parsed shtml</pre>
+
<p>Note that <code>AllowOverride Options</code> and <code>AllowOverride
FileInfo</code> must both be in effect for these directives to have any
<p>Please see the <a href="ssi.html">SSI tutorial</a> for a more
complete discussion of server-side includes.</p>
+</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
+<div class="section">
+<h2><a name="rewrite" id="rewrite">Rewrite Rules in .htaccess files</a></h2>
+<p>When using <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> in
+<code>.htaccess</code> files, be aware that the per-directory context
+changes things a bit. In particular, rules are taken to be relative to
+the current directory, rather than being the original requested URI.
+Consider the following examples:</p>
+
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config"># In httpd.conf
+RewriteRule "^/images/(.+)\.jpg" "/images/$1.png"
+
+# In .htaccess in root dir
+RewriteRule "^images/(.+)\.jpg" "images/$1.png"
+
+# In .htaccess in images/
+RewriteRule "^(.+)\.jpg" "$1.png"</pre>
+
+
+<p>In a <code>.htaccess</code> in your document directory, the leading
+slash is removed from the value supplied to <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code>, and in the
+<code>images</code> subdirectory, <code>/images/</code> is removed from
+it. Thus, your regular expression needs to omit that portion as
+well.</p>
+
+<p>Consult the <a href="../rewrite/">mod_rewrite documentation</a> for
+further details on using <code>mod_rewrite</code>.</p>
+
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="cgi" id="cgi">CGI example</a></h2>
the execution of CGI programs in a particular directory. This may be
implemented with the following configuration:</p>
- <div class="example"><p><code>
- Options +ExecCGI<br />
- AddHandler cgi-script cgi pl
- </code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +ExecCGI
+AddHandler cgi-script "cgi" "pl"</pre>
+
<p>Alternately, if you wish to have all files in the given directory be
considered to be CGI programs, this may be done with the following
configuration:</p>
- <div class="example"><p><code>
- Options +ExecCGI<br />
- SetHandler cgi-script
- </code></p></div>
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">Options +ExecCGI
+SetHandler cgi-script</pre>
+
<p>Note that <code>AllowOverride Options</code> and <code>AllowOverride
FileInfo</code> must both be in effect for these directives to have any
set such that your configuration directives are being honored. Make
sure that you don't have a <code>AllowOverride None</code> in effect
for the file scope in question. A good test for this is to put garbage
- in your <code>.htaccess</code> file and reload. If a server error is
+ in your <code>.htaccess</code> file and reload the page. If a server error is
not generated, then you almost certainly have <code>AllowOverride
None</code> in effect.</p>
<p>If, on the other hand, you are getting server errors when trying to
- access documents, check your Apache error log. It will likely tell you
+ access documents, check your httpd error log. It will likely tell you
that the directive used in your <code>.htaccess</code> file is not
- permitted. Alternately, it may tell you that you had a syntax error,
- which you will then need to fix.</p>
+ permitted.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ [Fri Sep 17 18:43:16 2010] [alert] [client 192.168.200.51] /var/www/html/.htaccess: DirectoryIndex not allowed here
+ </code></p></div>
+
+ <p>This will indicate either that you've used a directive that is
+ never permitted in <code>.htaccess</code> files, or that you simply
+ don't have <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> set to
+ a level sufficient for the directive you've used. Consult the
+ documentation for that particular directive to determine which is
+ the case.</p>
+
+ <p>Alternately, it may tell you that you had a syntax error in your
+ usage of the directive itself.</p>
+
+ <div class="example"><p><code>
+ [Sat Aug 09 16:22:34 2008] [alert] [client 192.168.200.51] /var/www/html/.htaccess: RewriteCond: bad flag delimiters
+ </code></p></div>
+
+ <p>In this case, the error message should be specific to the
+ particular syntax error that you have committed.</p>
</div></div>
<div class="bottomlang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/howto/htaccess.html" title="English"> en </a> |
-<a href="../ja/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a></p>
-</div><div id="footer">
-<p class="apache">Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation</p>
-<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div>
+<a href="../es/howto/htaccess.html" hreflang="es" rel="alternate" title="Español"> es </a> |
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projects / apache / blobdiff