<title>Glossary - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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-<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.3</p>
+<p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/
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+<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
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3</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1>
+<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.
5</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1>
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<p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to Apache in
- particular, and web serving in general. More information on each concept
+ particular, and web serving in general. More information on each concept
is provided in the links.</p>
</div>
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usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
Control</a>
</dd>
-
+
<dt><a name="algorithm" id="algorithm">Algorithm</a></dt>
-
<dd>An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in a finite
number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called
<dfn>Ciphers</dfn>.
</dd>
-
+
<dt><a name="apacheextensiontool" id="apacheextensiontool">APache
eXtension Tool</a> <a name="apxs" id="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt>
<dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#module" title="see glossary">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects
Gateway Interface</a> <a name="cgi" id="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt>
<dd>A standard definition for an interface between a web server and an
external program that allows the external program to service requests.
- The interface was originally defined by <a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html">NCSA</a> but there
- is also an <a href="http://cgi-spec.golux.com/">RFC project</a>.<br />
+ There is an <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3875">Informational
+ RFC</a> which covers the specifics.<br />
See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a>
</dd>
channels over HTTP. It can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as
the SSL protocol.
</dd>
-
+
<dt><a name="context" id="context">Context</a></dt>
<dd>An area in the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration
files</a> where certain types of <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> are allowed.<br />
<em>Certificate</em>.<br />
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
</dd>
-
+
<dt><a name="directive" id="directive">Directive</a></dt>
<dd>A configuration command that controls one or more aspects of Apache's
behavior. Directives are placed in the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">Configuration File</a><br />
domain name that can resolve to an IP address. For example,
<code>www</code> is a hostname, <code>example.com</code> is a domain name,
and <code>www.example.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.
- </dd>
-
+ </dd>
+
<dt><a name="handler" id="handler">Handler</a></dt>
<dd>An internal Apache representation of the action to be performed when a
file is called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file
</dd>
<dt><a name="hash" id="hash">Hash</a></dt>
- <dd>A mathematical one-way, irreversable algorithm generating a string with
- fixed-length from another string of any length. Different input strings
- will usually produce different hashes (depending on the hash function).
+ <dd>A mathematical one-way, irreversible algorithm generating a string with
+ fixed-length from another string of any length. Different input strings
+ will usually produce different hashes (depending on the hash function).
</dd>
<dt><a name="header" id="header">Header</a></dt>
<dd>The part of the <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a> request and
response that is sent before the actual content, and that contains
meta-information describing the content.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt>
<dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration file</a> that
is placed inside the web tree and applies configuration <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> to the directory where it is
placed and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold
communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP
over <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#ssl" title="see glossary">SSL</a>.<br />
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
+ </dd>
<dt><a name="method" id="method">Method</a></dt>
<dd>In the context of <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a>, an action to
perform on a resource, specified on the request line by the client. Some
of the methods available in HTTP are <code>GET</code>, <code>POST</code>,
and <code>PUT</code>.
- </dd>
-
+ </dd>
+
<dt><a name="messagedigest" id="messagedigest">Message Digest</a></dt>
<dd>A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of
the message have not been altered in transit.<br />
sign outgoing ones.<br />
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
</dd>
-
+
<dt><a name="proxy" id="proxy">Proxy</a></dt>
<dd>An intermediate server that sits between the client and the <em>origin
server</em>. It accepts requests from clients, transmits those requests
such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric Cryptography.
<br />
See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
+ </dd>
<dt><a name="regularexpresion" id="regularexpresion">Regular Expression</a>
<a name="regex" id="regex">(Regex)</a></dt>
expressions are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain
attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible ways
- for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images" directory could
- be written as "<code>/images/.*(jpg|gif)$</code>". Apache uses Perl
- Compatible Regular Expressions provided by the <a href="http://www.pcre.org/">PCRE</a> library.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="reverseproxy" id="reverseproxy">Reverse Proxy</a></dt>
- <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#proxy" title="see glossary">proxy</a> server that appears to the client
- as if it is an <em>origin server</em>. This is useful to hide the real
- origin server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="securesocketslayer" id="securesocketslayer">Secure Sockets
- Layer</a> <a name="ssl" id="ssl">(SSL)</a></dt>
- <dd>A protocol created by Netscape Communications Corporation for general
- communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most
- popular usage is <em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
- over SSL.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="serversideincludes" id="serversideincludes">Server Side
- Includes</a> <a name="ssi" id="ssi">(SSI)</a></dt>
- <dd>A technique for embedding processing directives inside HTML files.<br />
- See: <a href="howto/ssi.html">Introduction to Server Side Includes</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="session" id="session">Session</a></dt>
- <dd>The context information of a communication in general.</dd>
-
- <dt><a name="ssleay" id="ssleay">SSLeay</a></dt>
- <dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by Eric A.
- Young
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="symmetriccryptophraphy" id="symmetriccryptophraphy">Symmetric
- Cryptography</a></dt>
- <dd>The study and application of <em>Ciphers</em> that use a single secret key
- for both encryption and decryption operations.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="tarball" id="tarball">Tarball</a></dt>
- <dd>A package of files gathered together using the <code>tar</code> utility.
- Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives or using
- pkzip.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="transportlayersecurity" id="transportlayersecurity">Transport
- Layer Security</a> <a name="tls" id="tls">(TLS)</a></dt>
- <dd>The successor protocol to SSL, created by the Internet Engineering Task
- Force (IETF) for general communication authentication and encryption over
- TCP/IP networks. TLS version 1 and is nearly identical with SSL version
- 3.<br />
- See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="uniformresourcelocator" id="uniformresourcelocator">Uniform
- Resource Locator</a> <a name="url" id="url">(URL)</a></dt>
- <dd>The name/address of a resource on the Internet. This is the common
- informal term for what is formally called a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#uniformresourceidentifier" title="see glossary">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>.
- URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like <code>http</code> or
- <code>https</code>, a hostname, and a path. A URL for this page might
- be <code>http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/glossary.html</code>.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="uniformresourceidentifier" id="uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>
- <a name="URI" id="URI">(URI)</a></dt>
- <dd>A compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical
- resource. It is formally defined by <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>. URIs used on the
- world-wide web are commonly referred to as <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#url" title="see glossary">URLs</a>.
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="virtualhosting" id="virtualhosting">Virtual Hosting</a></dt>
- <dd>Serving multiple websites using a single instance of Apache. <em>IP
+ be written as "<code>/images/.*(jpg|gif)$</code>". In places where
+ regular expressions are used to replace strings, the special variables
+ $1 ... $9 contain backreferences to the grouped parts (in parentheses) of
+ the matched expression. The special variable $0 contains a backreference
+ to the whole matched expression. To write a literal dollar sign in a
+ replacement string, it can be escaped with a backslash. Historically, the
+ variable & could be used as alias for $0 in some places. This is no
+ longer possible since version 2.3.6. Apache uses Perl Compatible Regular
+ Expressions provided by the <a href="http://www.pcre.org/">PCRE</a>
+ library. You can find more documentation about PCRE's regular expression
+ syntax at that site, or at
+ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCRE">Wikipedia</a>.
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="reverseproxy" id="reverseproxy">Reverse Proxy</a></dt>
+ <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#proxy" title="see glossary">proxy</a> server that appears to the client
+ as if it is an <em>origin server</em>. This is useful to hide the real
+ origin server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="securesocketslayer" id="securesocketslayer">Secure Sockets
+ Layer</a> <a name="ssl" id="ssl">(SSL)</a></dt>
+ <dd>A protocol created by Netscape Communications Corporation for general
+ communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most
+ popular usage is <em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
+ over SSL.<br />
+ See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="servernameindication" id="servernameindication">Server Name
+ Indication</a> <a name="sni" id="sni">(SNI)</a></dt>
+ <dd>An SSL function that allows passing the desired server
+ hostname in the initial SSL handshake message, so that the web
+ server can select the correct virtual host configuration to use
+ in processing the SSL handshake. It was added to SSL starting
+ with the TLS extensions, RFC 3546. <br />
+ See: <a href="ssl/ssl_faq.html">the SSL FAQ</a>
+ and <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3546.txt">RFC 3546</a>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="serversideincludes" id="serversideincludes">Server Side
+ Includes</a> <a name="ssi" id="ssi">(SSI)</a></dt>
+ <dd>A technique for embedding processing directives inside HTML files.<br />
+ See: <a href="howto/ssi.html">Introduction to Server Side Includes</a>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="session" id="session">Session</a></dt>
+ <dd>The context information of a communication in general.</dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="ssleay" id="ssleay">SSLeay</a></dt>
+ <dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by Eric A.
+ Young
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="subrequest" id="subrequest">Subrequest</a></dt>
+ <dd>Apache provides a subrequest API to modules that allows other
+ filesystem or URL paths to be partially or fully evaluated by
+ the server. Example consumers of this API are
+ <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code>,
+ <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_autoindex.html">mod_autoindex</a></code>, and <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a></code>.
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="symmetriccryptophraphy" id="symmetriccryptophraphy">Symmetric
+ Cryptography</a></dt>
+ <dd>The study and application of <em>Ciphers</em> that use a single secret key
+ for both encryption and decryption operations.<br />
+ See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="tarball" id="tarball">Tarball</a></dt>
+ <dd>A package of files gathered together using the <code>tar</code> utility.
+ Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives or using
+ pkzip.
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="transportlayersecurity" id="transportlayersecurity">Transport
+ Layer Security</a> <a name="tls" id="tls">(TLS)</a></dt>
+ <dd>The successor protocol to SSL, created by the Internet Engineering Task
+ Force (IETF) for general communication authentication and encryption over
+ TCP/IP networks. TLS version 1 is nearly identical with SSL version 3.<br />
+ See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="uniformresourcelocator" id="uniformresourcelocator">Uniform
+ Resource Locator</a> <a name="url" id="url">(URL)</a></dt>
+ <dd>The name/address of a resource on the Internet. This is the common
+ informal term for what is formally called a <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#uniformresourceidentifier" title="see glossary">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>.
+ URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like <code>http</code> or
+ <code>https</code>, a hostname, and a path. A URL for this page might
+ be <code>http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/glossary.html</code>.
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="uniformresourceidentifier" id="uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>
+ <a name="URI" id="URI">(URI)</a></dt>
+ <dd>A compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical
+ resource. It is formally defined by <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>. URIs used on the
+ world-wide web are commonly referred to as <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#url" title="see glossary">URLs</a>.
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt><a name="virtualhosting" id="virtualhosting">Virtual Hosting</a></dt>
+ <dd>Serving multiple websites using a single instance of Apache. <em>IP
virtual hosting</em> differentiates between websites based on their IP
- address, while <em>name-based virtual hosting</em> uses only the name of the
- host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP address.<br />
- See: <a href="vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host documentation</a>
- </dd>
-
- <dt><a name="x.509" id="x.509">X.509</a></dt>
- <dd>An authentication certificate scheme recommended by the International
- Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
- </dd>
-</dl>
+ address, while <em>name-based virtual hosting</em> uses only the name of the
+ host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP address.<br />
+
See: <a href="vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host documentation</a>
+ </dd>
+
+
<dt><a name="x.509" id="x.509">X.509</a></dt>
+ <dd>An authentication certificate scheme recommended by the International
+
Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
+ </dd>
+ </dl>
</div></div>
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-</div><div id="footer">
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