<title>Environment Variables in Apache - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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-<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.1</p>
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+<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.5</p>
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-<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs
-project/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.1</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Environment Variables in Apache</h1>
+<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs
/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.5</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Environment Variables in Apache</h1>
<div class="toplang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./en/env.html" title="English"> en </a> |
+<a href="./fr/env.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Français"> fr </a> |
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- <p>The Apache HTTP Server provides a mechanism for storing
- information in named variables that are called <em>environment
+ <p>There are two kinds of environment variables that affect
+ the Apache HTTP Server.</p>
+
+ <p>First, there are the environment variables controlled by
+ the underlying operating system. These are set before the
+ server starts. They can be used in expansions in configuration
+ files, and can optionally be passed to CGI scripts and SSI
+ using the PassEnv directive.</p>
+
+ <p>Second, the Apache HTTP Server provides a mechanism for storing
+ information in named variables that are also called <em>environment
variables</em>. This information can be used to control various
operations such as logging or access control. The variables are
also used as a mechanism to communicate with external programs
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#using">Using Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#special">Special Purpose Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="./images/down.gif" /> <a href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
-</ul></div>
+</ul><ul class="seealso"><li><a href="#comments_section">Comments</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="setting" id="setting">Setting Environment Variables</a></h2>
- <table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_env.html">mod_env</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html">mod_setenvif</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_unique_id.html">mod_unique_id</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#browsermatch">BrowserMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#browsermatchnocase">BrowserMatchNoCase</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_env.html#passenv">PassEnv</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_env.html#setenv">SetEnv</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvif">SetEnvIf</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvifnocase">SetEnvIfNoCase</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_env.html#unsetenv">UnsetEnv</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
+ <table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_
cache.html">mod_cache</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_env.html">mod_env</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html">mod_setenvif</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_unique_id.html">mod_unique_id</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#browsermatch">BrowserMatch</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#browsermatchnocase">BrowserMatchNoCase</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_env.html#passenv">PassEnv</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_env.html#setenv">SetEnv</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvif">SetEnvIf</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvifnocase">SetEnvIfNoCase</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_env.html#unsetenv">UnsetEnv</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
<h3><a name="basic-manipulation" id="basic-manipulation">Basic Environment Manipulation</a></h3>
<p>For additional flexibility, the directives provided by
- mod_setenvif allow environment variables to be set on a
- per-request basis, conditional on characteristics of particular
+ <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html">mod_setenvif</a></code> allow environment variables to be set
+ on a per-request basis, conditional on characteristics of particular
requests. For example, a variable could be set only when a
specific browser (User-Agent) is making a request, or only when
a specific Referer [sic] header is found. Even more flexibility
- is available through the mod_rewrite's <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> which uses the
+ is available through the <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>'s <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code> which uses the
<code>[E=...]</code> option to set environment variables.</p>
<h3><a name="unique-identifiers" id="unique-identifiers">Unique Identifiers</a></h3>
- <p>Finally, mod_unique_id sets the environment variable
- <code>UNIQUE_ID</code> for each request to a value which is
+ <p>Finally, <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_unique_id.html">mod_unique_id</a></code> sets the environment
+ variable <code>UNIQUE_ID</code> for each request to a value which is
guaranteed to be unique across "all" requests under very
specific conditions.</p>
Apache configuration and passed from the shell, CGI scripts and
SSI pages are provided with a set of environment variables
containing meta-information about the request as required by
- the <a href="http://cgi-spec.golux.com/">CGI
+ the <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3875">CGI
specification</a>.</p>
<li>It is not possible to override or change the standard CGI
variables using the environment manipulation directives.</li>
- <li>When <a href="suexec.html">suexec</a> is used to launch
+ <li>When <code class="program"><a href="./programs/suexec.html">suexec</a></code> is used to launch
CGI scripts, the environment will be cleaned down to a set of
<em>safe</em> variables before CGI scripts are launched. The
list of <em>safe</em> variables is defined at compile-time in
not be a number. Characters which do not match this
restriction will be replaced by an underscore when passed to
CGI scripts and SSI pages.</li>
+
+ <li>A special case are HTTP headers which are passed to CGI
+ scripts and the like via environment variables (see below).
+ They are converted to uppercase and only dashes are replaced with
+ underscores; if the header contains any other (invalid) character,
+ the whole header is silently dropped. See <a href="#fixheader">
+ below</a> for a workaround.</li>
+
+ <li>The <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_env.html#setenv">SetEnv</a></code> directive runs
+ late during request processing meaning that directives such as
+ <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvif">SetEnvIf</a></code> and <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> will not see the
+ variables set with it.</li>
+
+ <li>When the server looks up a path via an internal
+ <a class="glossarylink" href="./glossary.html#subrequest" title="see glossary">subrequest</a> such as looking
+ for a <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_dir.html#directoryindex">DirectoryIndex</a></code>
+ or generating a directory listing with <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_autoindex.html">mod_autoindex</a></code>,
+ per-request environment variables are <em>not</em> inherited in the
+ subrequest. Additionally,
+ <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvif">SetEnvIf</a></code> directives
+ are not separately evaluated in the subrequest due to the API phases
+ <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html">mod_setenvif</a></code> takes action in.</li>
</ul>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<h2><a name="using" id="using">Using Environment Variables</a></h2>
- <table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_authz_host.html">mod_authz_host</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_ext_filter.html">mod_ext_filter</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_headers.html">mod_headers</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_log_config.html">mod_log_config</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_authz_
host.html#allow">Allow</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_log_config.html#customlog">CustomLog</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_authz_host.html#deny">Deny</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_ext_filter.html#extfilterdefine">ExtFilterDefine</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_headers.html#header">Header</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_log_config.html#logformat">LogFormat</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
+ <table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_authz_host.html">mod_authz_host</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_ext_filter.html">mod_ext_filter</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_headers.html">mod_headers</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_log_config.html">mod_log_config</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_authz_
core.html#require">Require</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_log_config.html#customlog">CustomLog</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_access_compat.html#deny">Deny</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_ext_filter.html#extfilterdefine">ExtFilterDefine</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_headers.html#header">Header</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_log_config.html#logformat">LogFormat</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewriterule">RewriteRule</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
<h3><a name="cgi-scripts" id="cgi-scripts">CGI Scripts</a></h3>
<h3><a name="ssi-pages" id="ssi-pages">SSI Pages</a></h3>
- <p>Server-parsed (SSI) documents processed by mod_include's
+ <p>Server-parsed (SSI) documents processed by
+ <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a></code>'s
<code>INCLUDES</code> filter can print environment variables
using the <code>echo</code> element, and can use environment
variables in flow control elements to makes parts of a page
<p>Access to the server can be controlled based on the value of
environment variables using the <code>allow from env=</code>
and <code>deny from env=</code> directives. In combination with
- <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvif">SetEnvIf</a></code>, this
- allows for flexible control of access to the server based on
- characteristics of the client. For example, you can use these
+ <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvif">SetEnvIf</a></code>, this
+ allows for flexible control of access to the server based on
+ characteristics of the client. For example, you can use these
directives to deny access to a particular browser (User-Agent).
</p>
<p>Environment variables can be logged in the access log using
the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_log_config.html#logformat">LogFormat</a></code>
option <code>%e</code>. In addition, the decision on whether
- or not to log requests can be made based on the status of
- environment variables using the conditional form of the
+ or not to log requests can be made based on the status of
+ environment variables using the conditional form of the
<code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_log_config.html#customlog">CustomLog</a></code>
- directive. In combination with <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvif">SetEnvIf</a></code> this allows for flexible control of which
- requests are logged. For example, you can choose not to log
+ directive. In combination with <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif.html#setenvif">SetEnvIf</a></code> this allows for flexible control of which
+ requests are logged. For example, you can choose not to log
requests for filenames ending in <code>gif</code>, or you can
choose to only log requests from clients which are outside your
subnet.</p>
<h3><a name="url-rewriting" id="url-rewriting">URL Rewriting</a></h3>
- <p>The <code>%{ENV:...}</code> form of <em>TestString</em> in
- the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code>
- allows mod_rewrite's rewrite
+ <p>The <code>%{ENV:<em>variable</em>}</code> form of
+ <em>TestString</em> in the <code class="directive"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html#rewritecond">RewriteCond</a></code> allows <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>'s rewrite
engine to make decisions conditional on environment variables.
- Note that the variables accessible in mod_rewrite without the
- <code>ENV:</code> prefix are not actually environment
- variables. Rather, they are variables special to mod_rewrite
- which cannot be accessed from other modules.</p>
+ Note that the variables accessible in <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code>
+ without the <code>ENV:</code> prefix are not actually environment
+ variables. Rather, they are variables special to
+ <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_rewrite.html">mod_rewrite</a></code> which cannot be accessed from other
+ modules.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
even if it was in a later dialect.</p>
+ <h3><a name="force-gzip" id="force-gzip">force-gzip</a></h3>
+
+ <p>If you have the <code>DEFLATE</code> filter activated, this
+ environment variable will ignore the accept-encoding setting of
+ your browser and will send compressed output unconditionally.</p>
+
<h3><a name="force-no-vary" id="force-no-vary">force-no-vary</a></h3>
<h3><a name="gzip-only-text-html" id="gzip-only-text-html">gzip-only-text/html</a></h3>
- <p>When set to a value of "1", this variable disables the DEFLATE
- output filter provided by <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_deflate.html">mod_deflate</a></code> for
- content-types other than <code>text/html</code>. If you'd rather
- use statically compressed files; <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code>
+ <p>When set to a value of "1", this variable disables the
+ <code>DEFLATE</code> output filter provided by
+ <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_deflate.html">mod_deflate</a></code> for content-types other than
+ <code>text/html</code>. If you'd rather
+ use statically compressed files, <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_negotiation.html">mod_negotiation</a></code>
evaluates the variable as well (not only for gzip, but for all
encodings that differ from "identity").</p>
+ <h3><a name="no-cache" id="no-cache">no-cache</a></h3>
+ <p><em>Available in versions 2.2.12 and later</em></p>
+
+ <p>When set, <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_cache.html">mod_cache</a></code> will not save an otherwise
+ cacheable response. This environment variable does not influence
+ whether a response already in the cache will be served for the current
+ request.</p>
+
+
+
<h3><a name="nokeepalive" id="nokeepalive">nokeepalive</a></h3>
to the client. This is typically used when a client has a known
problem handling redirects. This was originally implemented as a
result of a problem with Microsoft's WebFolders software which has
- a problem handling redirects on directory resources via DAV
+ a problem handling redirects on directory resources via DAV
methods.</p>
<h3><a name="suppress-error-charset" id="suppress-error-charset">suppress-error-charset</a></h3>
- <p><em>Available in versions after 2.0.40</em></p>
+ <p><em>Available in versions after 2.0.54</em></p>
<p>When Apache issues a redirect in response to a client request,
the response includes some actual text to be displayed in case
the client can't (or doesn't) automatically follow the redirection.
Apache ordinarily labels this text according to the character set
which it uses, which is ISO-8859-1.</p>
+
<p> However, if the redirection is to a page that uses a different
character set, some broken browser versions will try to use the
character set from the redirection text rather than the actual page.
This can result in Greek, for instance, being incorrectly rendered.</p>
+
<p>Setting this environment variable causes Apache to omit the character
set for the redirection text, and these broken browsers will then correctly
use that of the destination page.</p>
+ <div class="warning">
+ <h3>Security note</h3>
+
+ <p>Sending error pages without a specified character set may
+ allow a cross-site-scripting attack for existing browsers (MSIE)
+ which do not follow the HTTP/1.1 specification and attempt to
+ "guess" the character set from the content. Such browsers can
+ be easily fooled into using the UTF-7 character set, and UTF-7
+ content from input data (such as the request-URI) will not be
+ escaped by the usual escaping mechanisms designed to prevent
+ cross-site-scripting attacks.</p>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+ <h3><a name="proxy" id="proxy">force-proxy-request-1.0, proxy-nokeepalive, proxy-sendchunked,
+ proxy-sendcl, proxy-chain-auth, proxy-interim-response, proxy-initial-not-pooled</a></h3>
+
+ <p>These directives alter the protocol behavior of
+ <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code>. See the <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></code> and <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_proxy_http.html">mod_proxy_http</a></code>
+ documentation for more details.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples">Examples</a></h2>
+ <h3><a name="fixheader" id="fixheader">Passing broken headers to CGI scripts</a></h3>
+
+
+ <p>Starting with version 2.4, Apache is more strict about how HTTP
+ headers are converted to environment variables in <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_cgi .html">mod_cgi
+ </a></code> and other modules: Previously any invalid characters
+ in header names were simply translated to underscores. This allowed
+ for some potential cross-site-scripting attacks via header injection
+ (see <a href="http://events.ccc.de/congress/2007/Fahrplan/events/2212.en.html">
+ Unusual Web Bugs</a>, slide 19/20).</p>
+
+ <p>If you have to support a client which sends broken headers and
+ which can't be fixed, a simple workaround involving <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_setenvif .html">mod_setenvif
+ </a></code> and <code class="module"><a href="./mod/mod_header.html">mod_header</a></code> allows you to still accept
+ these headers:</p>
+
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
+#
+# The following works around a client sending a broken Accept_Encoding
+# header.
+#
+SetEnvIfNoCase ^Accept.Encoding$ ^(.*)$ fix_accept_encoding=$1
+RequestHeader set Accept-Encoding %{fix_accept_encoding}e env=fix_accept_encoding
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
<h3><a name="misbehaving" id="misbehaving">Changing protocol behavior with misbehaving clients</a></h3>
- <p>We recommend that the following lines be included in
- httpd.conf to deal with known client problems.</p>
-<div class="example"><pre>
+ <p>Earlier versions recommended that the following lines be included in
+ httpd.conf to deal with known client problems. Since the affected clients
+ are no longer seen in the wild, this configuration is likely no-longer
+ necessary.</p>
+<pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
#
# The following directives modify normal HTTP response behavior.
# The first directive disables keepalive for Netscape 2.x and browsers that
#
# The following directive disables HTTP/1.1 responses to browsers which
-# are in violation of the HTTP/1.0 spec by not being able to grok a
+# are in violation of the HTTP/1.0 spec by not being able to understand a
# basic 1.1 response.
#
BrowserMatch "RealPlayer 4\.0" force-response-1.0
BrowserMatch "Java/1\.0" force-response-1.0
-BrowserMatch "JDK/1\.0" force-response-1.0</pre></div>
+BrowserMatch "JDK/1\.0" force-response-1.0
+</pre>
+
<h3><a name="no-img-log" id="no-img-log">Do not log requests for images in the access log</a></h3>
access log. It can be easily modified to prevent logging of
particular directories, or to prevent logging of requests
coming from particular hosts.</p>
- <div class="example"><pre>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
SetEnvIf Request_URI \.gif image-request
SetEnvIf Request_URI \.jpg image-request
SetEnvIf Request_URI \.png image-request
-CustomLog logs/access_log common env=!image-request</pre></div>
+CustomLog logs/access_log common env=!image-request
+ </pre>
+
<h3><a name="image-theft" id="image-theft">Prevent "Image Theft"</a></h3>
from using images on your server as inline-images on their
pages. This is not a recommended configuration, but it can work
in limited circumstances. We assume that all your images are in
- a directory called /web/images.</p>
- <div class="example"><pre>
-SetEnvIf Referer "^http://www.example.com/" local_referal
+ a directory called <code>/web/images</code>.</p>
+
+ <pre class="prettyprint lang-config">
+SetEnvIf Referer "^http://www\.example\.com/" local_referal
# Allow browsers that do not send Referer info
SetEnvIf Referer "^$" local_referal
<Directory /web/images>
- Order Deny,Allow
- Deny from all
- Allow from env=local_referal
-</Directory></pre></div>
+ Require env local_referal
+</Directory>
+ </pre>
+
<p>For more information about this technique, see the
- ApacheToday tutorial " <a href="http://apachetoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2000-06-14-002-01-PS">
- Keeping Your Images from Adorning Other Sites</a>".</p>
+ "<a href="http://www.serverwatch.com/tutorials/article.php/1132731">Keeping Your Images from Adorning Other Sites</a>"
+ tutorial on ServerWatch.</p>
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