]> granicus.if.org Git - imagemagick/blobdiff - MagickCore/effect.c
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[imagemagick] / MagickCore / effect.c
index 9401b6630923cca7740706e53be2fa1c3b11ea0f..7ba273c2858ba724375776c71dc3fa402592607b 100644 (file)
 %                       MagickCore Image Effects Methods                      %
 %                                                                             %
 %                               Software Design                               %
-%                                 John Cristy                                 %
+%                                    Cristy                                   %
 %                                 October 1996                                %
 %                                                                             %
 %                                                                             %
-%  Copyright 1999-2013 ImageMagick Studio LLC, a non-profit organization      %
+%  Copyright 1999-2014 ImageMagick Studio LLC, a non-profit organization      %
 %  dedicated to making software imaging solutions freely available.           %
 %                                                                             %
 %  You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.  You may  %
 #include "MagickCore/image-private.h"
 #include "MagickCore/list.h"
 #include "MagickCore/log.h"
+#include "MagickCore/matrix.h"
 #include "MagickCore/memory_.h"
 #include "MagickCore/memory-private.h"
 #include "MagickCore/monitor.h"
 #include "MagickCore/monitor-private.h"
 #include "MagickCore/montage.h"
 #include "MagickCore/morphology.h"
+#include "MagickCore/morphology-private.h"
 #include "MagickCore/paint.h"
 #include "MagickCore/pixel-accessor.h"
 #include "MagickCore/pixel-private.h"
@@ -229,14 +231,14 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
   /*
     Edge detect the image brighness channel, level, blur, and level again.
   */
-  edge_image=EdgeImage(image,radius,sigma,exception);
+  edge_image=EdgeImage(image,radius,exception);
   if (edge_image == (Image *) NULL)
     {
       blur_image=DestroyImage(blur_image);
       return((Image *) NULL);
     }
   (void) AdaptiveLevelImage(edge_image,"20%,95%",exception);
-  gaussian_image=GaussianBlurImage(edge_image,radius,sigma,exception);
+  gaussian_image=BlurImage(edge_image,radius,sigma,exception);
   if (gaussian_image != (Image *) NULL)
     {
       edge_image=DestroyImage(edge_image);
@@ -263,7 +265,7 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
     if (kernel[i] == (MagickRealType *) NULL)
       break;
     normalize=0.0;
-    j=(ssize_t) (width-i)/2;
+    j=(ssize_t) (width-i-1)/2;
     k=0;
     for (v=(-j); v <= j; v++)
     {
@@ -275,11 +277,9 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
         k++;
       }
     }
-    if (fabs(normalize) < MagickEpsilon)
-      normalize=MagickEpsilon;
-    normalize=PerceptibleReciprocal(normalize);
-    for (k=0; k < (j*j); k++)
-      kernel[i][k]=normalize*kernel[i][k];
+    kernel[i][(j-1)/2]+=(1.0-normalize);
+    if (sigma < MagickEpsilon)
+      kernel[i][(j-1)/2]=1.0;
   }
   if (i < (ssize_t) width)
     {
@@ -357,6 +357,13 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
           gamma,
           pixel;
 
+        PixelChannel
+          channel;
+
+        PixelTrait
+          blur_traits,
+          traits;
+
         register const MagickRealType
           *restrict k;
 
@@ -369,14 +376,14 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
         ssize_t
           v;
 
-        PixelChannel channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
-        PixelTrait traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
-        PixelTrait blur_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(blur_image,channel);
+        channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
+        traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
+        blur_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(blur_image,channel);
         if ((traits == UndefinedPixelTrait) ||
             (blur_traits == UndefinedPixelTrait))
           continue;
         if (((blur_traits & CopyPixelTrait) != 0) ||
-            (GetPixelMask(image,p) != 0))
+            (GetPixelReadMask(image,p+center) == 0))
           {
             SetPixelChannel(blur_image,channel,p[center+i],q);
             continue;
@@ -547,14 +554,14 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveSharpenImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
   /*
     Edge detect the image brighness channel, level, sharp, and level again.
   */
-  edge_image=EdgeImage(image,radius,sigma,exception);
+  edge_image=EdgeImage(image,radius,exception);
   if (edge_image == (Image *) NULL)
     {
       sharp_image=DestroyImage(sharp_image);
       return((Image *) NULL);
     }
   (void) AdaptiveLevelImage(edge_image,"20%,95%",exception);
-  gaussian_image=GaussianBlurImage(edge_image,radius,sigma,exception);
+  gaussian_image=BlurImage(edge_image,radius,sigma,exception);
   if (gaussian_image != (Image *) NULL)
     {
       edge_image=DestroyImage(edge_image);
@@ -593,11 +600,9 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveSharpenImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
         k++;
       }
     }
-    if (fabs(normalize) < MagickEpsilon)
-      normalize=MagickEpsilon;
-    normalize=PerceptibleReciprocal(normalize);
-    for (k=0; k < (j*j); k++)
-      kernel[i][k]=normalize*kernel[i][k];
+    kernel[i][(k-1)/2]=(double) ((-2.0)*normalize);
+    if (sigma < MagickEpsilon)
+      kernel[i][(k-1)/2]=1.0;
   }
   if (i < (ssize_t) width)
     {
@@ -653,8 +658,8 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveSharpenImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
         center,
         j;
 
-      j=(ssize_t) ceil((double) width*QuantumScale*
-        GetPixelIntensity(edge_image,r)-0.5);
+      j=(ssize_t) ceil((double) width*(1.0-QuantumScale*
+        GetPixelIntensity(edge_image,r))-0.5);
       if (j < 0)
         j=0;
       else
@@ -675,6 +680,13 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveSharpenImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
           gamma,
           pixel;
 
+        PixelChannel
+          channel;
+
+        PixelTrait
+          sharp_traits,
+          traits;
+
         register const MagickRealType
           *restrict k;
 
@@ -687,14 +699,14 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveSharpenImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
         ssize_t
           v;
 
-        PixelChannel channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
-        PixelTrait traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
-        PixelTrait sharp_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(sharp_image,channel);
+        channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
+        traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
+        sharp_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(sharp_image,channel);
         if ((traits == UndefinedPixelTrait) ||
             (sharp_traits == UndefinedPixelTrait))
           continue;
         if (((sharp_traits & CopyPixelTrait) != 0) ||
-            (GetPixelMask(image,p) != 0))
+            (GetPixelReadMask(image,p+center) == 0))
           {
             SetPixelChannel(sharp_image,channel,p[center+i],q);
             continue;
@@ -787,10 +799,6 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveSharpenImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
 %  the radius should be larger than sigma.  Use a radius of 0 and BlurImage()
 %  selects a suitable radius for you.
 %
-%  BlurImage() differs from GaussianBlurImage() in that it uses a separable
-%  kernel which is faster but mathematically equivalent to the non-separable
-%  kernel.
-%
 %  The format of the BlurImage method is:
 %
 %      Image *BlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
@@ -808,370 +816,526 @@ MagickExport Image *AdaptiveSharpenImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
 %    o exception: return any errors or warnings in this structure.
 %
 */
+MagickExport Image *BlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
+  const double sigma,ExceptionInfo *exception)
+{
+  char
+    geometry[MaxTextExtent];
+
+  KernelInfo
+    *kernel_info;
+
+  Image
+    *blur_image;
+
+  assert(image != (const Image *) NULL);
+  assert(image->signature == MagickSignature);
+  if (image->debug != MagickFalse)
+    (void) LogMagickEvent(TraceEvent,GetMagickModule(),"%s",image->filename);
+  assert(exception != (ExceptionInfo *) NULL);
+  assert(exception->signature == MagickSignature);
+  (void) FormatLocaleString(geometry,MaxTextExtent,
+    "blur:%.20gx%.20g;blur:%.20gx%.20g+90",radius,sigma,radius,sigma);
+  kernel_info=AcquireKernelInfo(geometry);
+  if (kernel_info == (KernelInfo *) NULL)
+    ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
+  blur_image=MorphologyApply(image,ConvolveMorphology,1,kernel_info,
+    UndefinedCompositeOp,0.0,exception);
+  kernel_info=DestroyKernelInfo(kernel_info);
+  return(blur_image);
+}
+\f
+/*
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%                                                                             %
+%                                                                             %
+%                                                                             %
+%     C a n n y E d g e I m a g e                                             %
+%                                                                             %
+%                                                                             %
+%                                                                             %
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%
+%  CannyEdgeImage() uses a multi-stage algorithm to detect a wide range of
+%  edges in images.
+%
+%  The format of the EdgeImage method is:
+%
+%      Image *CannyEdgeImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
+%        const double sigma,const double lower_precent,
+%        const double upper_percent,const size_t threshold,
+%        ExceptionInfo *exception)
+%
+%  A description of each parameter follows:
+%
+%    o image: the image.
+%
+%    o channel: the channel type.
+%
+%    o radius: the radius of the gaussian smoothing filter.
+%
+%    o sigma: the sigma of the gaussian smoothing filter.
+%
+%    o lower_precent: percentage of edge pixels in the lower threshold.
+%
+%    o upper_percent: percentage of edge pixels in the upper threshold.
+%
+%    o exception: return any errors or warnings in this structure.
+%
+*/
 
-static MagickRealType *GetBlurKernel(const size_t width,const double sigma)
+typedef struct _CannyInfo
 {
   double
-    normalize;
-
-  MagickRealType
-    *kernel;
+    magnitude,
+    intensity;
 
-  register ssize_t
-    i;
+  int
+    orientation;
 
   ssize_t
-    j,
-    k;
+    x,
+    y;
+} CannyInfo;
 
-  /*
-    Generate a 1-D convolution kernel.
-  */
-  (void) LogMagickEvent(TraceEvent,GetMagickModule(),"...");
-  kernel=(MagickRealType *) MagickAssumeAligned(AcquireAlignedMemory((size_t)
-    width,sizeof(*kernel)));
-  if (kernel == (MagickRealType *) NULL)
-    return(0);
-  normalize=0.0;
-  j=(ssize_t) width/2;
-  i=0;
-  for (k=(-j); k <= j; k++)
-  {
-    kernel[i]=(MagickRealType) (exp(-((double) k*k)/(2.0*MagickSigma*
-      MagickSigma))/(MagickSQ2PI*MagickSigma));
-    normalize+=kernel[i];
-    i++;
-  }
-  for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) width; i++)
-    kernel[i]/=normalize;
-  return(kernel);
+static inline MagickBooleanType IsAuthenticPixel(const Image *image,
+  const ssize_t x,const ssize_t y)
+{
+  if ((x < 0) || (x >= (ssize_t) image->columns))
+    return(MagickFalse);
+  if ((y < 0) || (y >= (ssize_t) image->rows))
+    return(MagickFalse);
+  return(MagickTrue);
 }
 
-MagickExport Image *BlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
-  const double sigma,ExceptionInfo *exception)
+static MagickBooleanType TraceEdges(Image *edge_image,CacheView *trace_view,
+  MatrixInfo *pixel_cache,const ssize_t x,const ssize_t y,
+  const double lower_threshold,ExceptionInfo *exception)
 {
-#define BlurImageTag  "Blur/Image"
+  CannyInfo
+    pixel;
+
+  size_t
+    number_edges;
+
+  if (GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,0,0,&pixel) == MagickFalse)
+    return(MagickFalse);
+  pixel.x=x;
+  pixel.y=y;
+  if (SetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,0,0,&pixel) == MagickFalse)
+    return(MagickFalse);
+  number_edges=1;
+  do
+  {
+    MagickBooleanType
+      status;
+
+    ssize_t
+      v,
+      x_offset,
+      y_offset;
+
+    number_edges--;
+    status=GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,(ssize_t) number_edges,0,&pixel);
+    if (status == MagickFalse)
+      return(MagickFalse);
+    x_offset=pixel.x;
+    y_offset=pixel.y;
+    for (v=(-1); v <= 1; v++)
+    {
+      ssize_t
+        u;
+
+      for (u=(-1); u <= 1; u++)
+      {
+        Quantum
+          *q;
 
+        if ((u == 0) && (v == 0))
+          continue;
+        if (IsAuthenticPixel(edge_image,x_offset+u,y_offset+v) == MagickFalse)
+          continue;
+        /*
+          Not an edge if gradient value is below the lower threshold.
+        */
+        q=GetCacheViewAuthenticPixels(trace_view,x_offset+u,y_offset+v,1,1,
+          exception);
+        if (q == (Quantum *) NULL)
+          return(MagickFalse);
+        status=GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x_offset+u,y_offset+v,&pixel);
+        if (status == MagickFalse)
+          return(MagickFalse);
+        if ((pixel.intensity >= lower_threshold) &&
+            (GetPixelIntensity(edge_image,q) == 0))
+          {
+            *q=QuantumRange;
+            status=SyncCacheViewAuthenticPixels(trace_view,exception);
+            if (status == MagickFalse)
+              return(MagickFalse);
+            status=GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,(ssize_t) number_edges,0,
+              &pixel);
+            if (status == MagickFalse)
+              return(MagickFalse);
+            pixel.x=x_offset+u;
+            pixel.y=y_offset+v;
+            status=SetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,(ssize_t) number_edges,0,
+              &pixel);
+            if (status == MagickFalse)
+              return(MagickFalse);
+            number_edges++;
+          }
+      }
+    }
+  } while (number_edges != 0);
+  return(MagickTrue);
+}
+
+
+MagickExport Image *CannyEdgeImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
+  const double sigma,const double lower_precent,const double upper_percent,
+  ExceptionInfo *exception)
+{
   CacheView
-    *blur_view,
-    *image_view;
+    *edge_view,
+    *trace_view;
+
+  char
+    geometry[MaxTextExtent];
+
+  double
+    upper_threshold,
+    lower_threshold;
 
   Image
-    *blur_image;
+    *edge_image;
+
+  KernelInfo
+    *kernel_info;
 
   MagickBooleanType
     status;
 
-  MagickOffsetType
-    progress;
-
-  MagickRealType
-    *kernel;
+  MatrixInfo
+    *pixel_cache;
 
   register ssize_t
     i;
 
   size_t
-    width;
+    *histogram,
+    number_pixels;
 
   ssize_t
-    center,
-    x,
+    count,
     y;
 
-  /*
-    Initialize blur image attributes.
-  */
-  assert(image != (Image *) NULL);
+  assert(image != (const Image *) NULL);
   assert(image->signature == MagickSignature);
   if (image->debug != MagickFalse)
     (void) LogMagickEvent(TraceEvent,GetMagickModule(),"%s",image->filename);
   assert(exception != (ExceptionInfo *) NULL);
   assert(exception->signature == MagickSignature);
-  blur_image=CloneImage(image,0,0,MagickTrue,exception);
-  if (blur_image == (Image *) NULL)
+  /*
+    Filter out noise.
+  */
+  (void) FormatLocaleString(geometry,MaxTextExtent,
+    "blur:%.20gx%.20g;blur:%.20gx%.20g+90",radius,sigma,radius,sigma);
+  kernel_info=AcquireKernelInfo(geometry);
+  if (kernel_info == (KernelInfo *) NULL)
+    ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
+  edge_image=MorphologyApply(image,ConvolveMorphology,1,kernel_info,
+    UndefinedCompositeOp,0.0,exception);
+  kernel_info=DestroyKernelInfo(kernel_info);
+  if (edge_image == (Image *) NULL)
     return((Image *) NULL);
-  if (fabs(sigma) < MagickEpsilon)
-    return(blur_image);
-  if (SetImageStorageClass(blur_image,DirectClass,exception) == MagickFalse)
+  if (SetImageColorspace(edge_image,GRAYColorspace,exception) == MagickFalse)
     {
-      blur_image=DestroyImage(blur_image);
+      edge_image=DestroyImage(edge_image);
       return((Image *) NULL);
     }
-  width=GetOptimalKernelWidth1D(radius,sigma);
-  kernel=GetBlurKernel(width,sigma);
-  if (kernel == (MagickRealType *) NULL)
-    {
-      blur_image=DestroyImage(blur_image);
-      ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
-    }
-  if (image->debug != MagickFalse)
-    {
-      char
-        format[MaxTextExtent],
-        *message;
-
-      register const MagickRealType
-        *k;
-
-      (void) LogMagickEvent(TransformEvent,GetMagickModule(),
-        "  blur image with kernel width %.20g:",(double) width);
-      message=AcquireString("");
-      k=kernel;
-      for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) width; i++)
-      {
-        *message='\0';
-        (void) FormatLocaleString(format,MaxTextExtent,"%.20g: ",(double) i);
-        (void) ConcatenateString(&message,format);
-        (void) FormatLocaleString(format,MaxTextExtent,"%g ",(double) *k++);
-        (void) ConcatenateString(&message,format);
-        (void) LogMagickEvent(TransformEvent,GetMagickModule(),"%s",message);
-      }
-      message=DestroyString(message);
-    }
   /*
-    Blur rows.
+    Find the intensity gradient of the image.
   */
+  pixel_cache=AcquireMatrixInfo(edge_image->columns,edge_image->rows,
+    sizeof(CannyInfo),exception);
+  if (pixel_cache == (MatrixInfo *) NULL)
+    {
+      edge_image=DestroyImage(edge_image);
+      return((Image *) NULL);
+    }
   status=MagickTrue;
-  progress=0;
-  center=(ssize_t) GetPixelChannels(image)*(width/2L);
-  image_view=AcquireVirtualCacheView(image,exception);
-  blur_view=AcquireAuthenticCacheView(blur_image,exception);
+  edge_view=AcquireVirtualCacheView(edge_image,exception);
 #if defined(MAGICKCORE_OPENMP_SUPPORT)
-  #pragma omp parallel for schedule(static,4) shared(progress,status) \
-    magick_threads(image,blur_image,image->rows,1)
+  #pragma omp parallel for schedule(static,4) shared(status) \
+    magick_threads(edge_image,edge_image,edge_image->rows,1)
 #endif
-  for (y=0; y < (ssize_t) image->rows; y++)
+  for (y=0; y < (ssize_t) edge_image->rows; y++)
   {
     register const Quantum
       *restrict p;
 
-    register Quantum
-      *restrict q;
-
     register ssize_t
       x;
 
     if (status == MagickFalse)
       continue;
-    p=GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(image_view,-((ssize_t) width/2L),y,
-      image->columns+width,1,exception);
-    q=QueueCacheViewAuthenticPixels(blur_view,0,y,blur_image->columns,1,
+    p=GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(edge_view,0,y,edge_image->columns+1,2,
       exception);
-    if ((p == (const Quantum *) NULL) || (q == (Quantum *) NULL))
+    if (p == (const Quantum *) NULL)
       {
         status=MagickFalse;
         continue;
       }
-    for (x=0; x < (ssize_t) image->columns; x++)
+    for (x=0; x < (ssize_t) edge_image->columns; x++)
     {
-      register ssize_t
-        i;
+      CannyInfo
+        pixel;
 
-      for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) GetPixelChannels(image); i++)
-      {
-        double
-          alpha,
-          gamma,
-          pixel;
+      double
+        dx,
+        dy;
 
-        register const MagickRealType
-          *restrict k;
+      register const Quantum
+        *restrict kernel_pixels;
 
-        register const Quantum
-          *restrict pixels;
+      ssize_t
+        v;
 
-        register ssize_t
+      static double
+        Gx[2][2] =
+        {
+          { -1.0,  +1.0 },
+          { -1.0,  +1.0 }
+        },
+        Gy[2][2] =
+        {
+          { +1.0, +1.0 },
+          { -1.0, -1.0 }
+        };
+
+      (void) ResetMagickMemory(&pixel,0,sizeof(pixel));
+      dx=0.0;
+      dy=0.0;
+      kernel_pixels=p;
+      for (v=0; v < 2; v++)
+      {
+        ssize_t
           u;
 
-        PixelChannel channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
-        PixelTrait traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
-        PixelTrait blur_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(blur_image,channel);
-        if ((traits == UndefinedPixelTrait) ||
-            (blur_traits == UndefinedPixelTrait))
-          continue;
-        if (((blur_traits & CopyPixelTrait) != 0) ||
-            (GetPixelMask(image,p) != 0))
-          {
-            SetPixelChannel(blur_image,channel,p[center+i],q);
-            continue;
-          }
-        k=kernel;
-        pixels=p;
-        pixel=0.0;
-        if ((blur_traits & BlendPixelTrait) == 0)
-          {
-            /*
-              No alpha blending.
-            */
-            for (u=0; u < (ssize_t) width; u++)
-            {
-              pixel+=(*k)*pixels[i];
-              k++;
-              pixels+=GetPixelChannels(image);
-            }
-            SetPixelChannel(blur_image,channel,ClampToQuantum(pixel),q);
-            continue;
-          }
-        /*
-          Alpha blending.
-        */
-        gamma=0.0;
-        for (u=0; u < (ssize_t) width; u++)
+        for (u=0; u < 2; u++)
         {
-          alpha=(double) (QuantumScale*GetPixelAlpha(image,pixels));
-          pixel+=(*k)*alpha*pixels[i];
-          gamma+=(*k)*alpha;
-          k++;
-          pixels+=GetPixelChannels(image);
+          double
+            intensity;
+
+          intensity=GetPixelIntensity(edge_image,kernel_pixels+u);
+          dx+=3.0*Gx[v][u]*intensity/2.0;
+          dy+=3.0*Gy[v][u]*intensity/2.0;
         }
-        gamma=PerceptibleReciprocal(gamma);
-        SetPixelChannel(blur_image,channel,ClampToQuantum(gamma*pixel),q);
+        kernel_pixels+=edge_image->columns+1;
       }
-      p+=GetPixelChannels(image);
-      q+=GetPixelChannels(blur_image);
-    }
-    if (SyncCacheViewAuthenticPixels(blur_view,exception) == MagickFalse)
-      status=MagickFalse;
-    if (image->progress_monitor != (MagickProgressMonitor) NULL)
-      {
-        MagickBooleanType
-          proceed;
+      pixel.magnitude=sqrt(dx*dx+dy*dy);
+      pixel.orientation=0;
+      if (dx != 0.0)
+        {
+          double
+            theta;
 
-#if defined(MAGICKCORE_OPENMP_SUPPORT)
-        #pragma omp critical (MagickCore_BlurImage)
-#endif
-        proceed=SetImageProgress(image,BlurImageTag,progress++,blur_image->rows+
-          blur_image->columns);
-        if (proceed == MagickFalse)
-          status=MagickFalse;
-      }
+          theta=dy/dx;
+          if (theta < 0.0)
+            {
+              if (theta < -2.41421356237)
+                pixel.orientation=2;
+              else
+                if (theta < -0.414213562373)
+                  pixel.orientation=1;
+                else
+                  pixel.orientation=0;
+            }
+          else
+            {
+              if (theta > 2.41421356237)
+                pixel.orientation=2;
+              else
+                if (theta > 0.414213562373)
+                  pixel.orientation=3;
+                else
+                  pixel.orientation=0;
+            }
+        }
+      if (SetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x,y,&pixel) == MagickFalse)
+        continue;
+      p+=GetPixelChannels(edge_image);
+    }
   }
-  blur_view=DestroyCacheView(blur_view);
-  image_view=DestroyCacheView(image_view);
+  edge_view=DestroyCacheView(edge_view);
   /*
-    Blur columns.
+    Non-maxima suppression, remove pixels that are not considered to be part
+    of an edge.
   */
-  center=(ssize_t) GetPixelChannels(blur_image)*(width/2L);
-  image_view=AcquireVirtualCacheView(blur_image,exception);
-  blur_view=AcquireAuthenticCacheView(blur_image,exception);
+  histogram=(size_t *) AcquireQuantumMemory(65536,sizeof(*histogram));
+  if (histogram == (size_t *) NULL)
+    {
+      pixel_cache=DestroyMatrixInfo(pixel_cache);
+      edge_image=DestroyImage(edge_image);
+      return((Image *) NULL);
+    }
+  (void) ResetMagickMemory(histogram,0,65536*sizeof(*histogram));
+  edge_view=AcquireAuthenticCacheView(edge_image,exception);
 #if defined(MAGICKCORE_OPENMP_SUPPORT)
-  #pragma omp parallel for schedule(static,4) shared(progress,status) \
-    magick_threads(image,blur_image,image->columns,1)
+  #pragma omp parallel for schedule(static,4) shared(status) \
+    magick_threads(edge_image,edge_image,edge_image->rows,1)
 #endif
-  for (x=0; x < (ssize_t) blur_image->columns; x++)
+  for (y=0; y < (ssize_t) edge_image->rows; y++)
   {
-    register const Quantum
-      *restrict p;
-
     register Quantum
       *restrict q;
 
     register ssize_t
-      y;
+      x;
 
     if (status == MagickFalse)
       continue;
-    p=GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(image_view,x,-((ssize_t) width/2L),1,
-      blur_image->rows+width,exception);
-    q=GetCacheViewAuthenticPixels(blur_view,x,0,1,blur_image->rows,exception);
-    if ((p == (const Quantum *) NULL) || (q == (Quantum *) NULL))
+    q=GetCacheViewAuthenticPixels(edge_view,0,y,edge_image->columns,1,
+      exception);
+    if (q == (Quantum *) NULL)
       {
         status=MagickFalse;
         continue;
       }
-    for (y=0; y < (ssize_t) blur_image->rows; y++)
+    for (x=0; x < (ssize_t) edge_image->columns; x++)
     {
-      register ssize_t
-        i;
+      CannyInfo
+        alpha_pixel,
+        beta_pixel,
+        pixel;
 
-      for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) GetPixelChannels(blur_image); i++)
+      (void) GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x,y,&pixel);
+      switch (pixel.orientation)
       {
-        double
-          alpha,
-          gamma,
-          pixel;
-
-        register const MagickRealType
-          *restrict k;
-
-        register const Quantum
-          *restrict pixels;
-
-        register ssize_t
-          u;
-
-        PixelChannel channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(blur_image,i);
-        PixelTrait traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(blur_image,channel);
-        PixelTrait blur_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(blur_image,channel);
-        if ((traits == UndefinedPixelTrait) ||
-            (blur_traits == UndefinedPixelTrait))
-          continue;
-        if (((blur_traits & CopyPixelTrait) != 0) ||
-            (GetPixelMask(image,p) != 0))
-          {
-            SetPixelChannel(blur_image,channel,p[center+i],q);
-            continue;
-          }
-        k=kernel;
-        pixels=p;
-        pixel=0.0;
-        if ((blur_traits & BlendPixelTrait) == 0)
-          {
-            /*
-              No alpha blending.
-            */
-            for (u=0; u < (ssize_t) width; u++)
-            {
-              pixel+=(*k)*pixels[i];
-              k++;
-              pixels+=GetPixelChannels(blur_image);
-            }
-            SetPixelChannel(blur_image,channel,ClampToQuantum(pixel),q);
-            continue;
-          }
-        /*
-          Alpha blending.
-        */
-        gamma=0.0;
-        for (u=0; u < (ssize_t) width; u++)
+        case 0:
         {
-          alpha=(double) (QuantumScale*GetPixelAlpha(blur_image,
-            pixels));
-          pixel+=(*k)*alpha*pixels[i];
-          gamma+=(*k)*alpha;
-          k++;
-          pixels+=GetPixelChannels(blur_image);
+          /*
+            0 degrees.
+          */
+          (void) GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x-1,y,&alpha_pixel);
+          (void) GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x+1,y,&beta_pixel);
+          break;
+        }
+        case 1:
+        {
+          /*
+            45 degrees.
+          */
+          (void) GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x-1,y-1,&alpha_pixel);
+          (void) GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x+1,y+1,&beta_pixel);
+          break;
+        }
+        case 2:
+        {
+          /*
+            90 degrees.
+          */
+          (void) GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x,y-1,&alpha_pixel);
+          (void) GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x,y+1,&beta_pixel);
+          break;
+        }
+        case 3:
+        {
+          /*
+            135 degrees.
+          */
+          (void) GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x+1,y-1,&alpha_pixel);
+          (void) GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x-1,y+1,&beta_pixel);
+          break;
         }
-        gamma=PerceptibleReciprocal(gamma);
-        SetPixelChannel(blur_image,channel,ClampToQuantum(gamma*pixel),q);
       }
-      p+=GetPixelChannels(blur_image);
-      q+=GetPixelChannels(blur_image);
+      pixel.intensity=pixel.magnitude;
+      if ((pixel.magnitude < alpha_pixel.magnitude) ||
+          (pixel.magnitude < beta_pixel.magnitude))
+        pixel.intensity=0;
+      else
+        if (pixel.magnitude > QuantumRange)
+          pixel.intensity=QuantumRange;
+      (void) SetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x,y,&pixel);
+#if defined(MAGICKCORE_OPENMP_SUPPORT)
+      #pragma omp critical (MagickCore_CannyEdgeImage)
+#endif
+      histogram[ScaleQuantumToShort(ClampToQuantum(pixel.intensity))]++;
+      *q=0;
+      q+=GetPixelChannels(edge_image);
     }
-    if (SyncCacheViewAuthenticPixels(blur_view,exception) == MagickFalse)
+    if (SyncCacheViewAuthenticPixels(edge_view,exception) == MagickFalse)
       status=MagickFalse;
-    if (blur_image->progress_monitor != (MagickProgressMonitor) NULL)
-      {
-        MagickBooleanType
-          proceed;
-
+  }
+  edge_view=DestroyCacheView(edge_view);
+  /*
+    Estimate hysteresis threshold.
+  */
+  number_pixels=(size_t) (lower_precent*(image->columns*image->rows-
+    histogram[0]));
+  count=0;
+  for (i=65535; count < (ssize_t) number_pixels; i--)
+    count+=histogram[i];
+  upper_threshold=(double) ScaleShortToQuantum((unsigned short) i);
+  for (i=0; histogram[i] == 0; i++) ;
+  lower_threshold=upper_percent*(upper_threshold+
+    ScaleShortToQuantum((unsigned short) i));
+  histogram=(size_t *) RelinquishMagickMemory(histogram);
+  /*
+    Hysteresis threshold.
+  */
+  edge_view=AcquireAuthenticCacheView(edge_image,exception);
+  trace_view=AcquireAuthenticCacheView(edge_image,exception);
 #if defined(MAGICKCORE_OPENMP_SUPPORT)
-        #pragma omp critical (MagickCore_BlurImage)
+  #pragma omp parallel for schedule(static,4) shared(status) \
+    magick_threads(edge_image,edge_image,edge_image->rows,1)
 #endif
-        proceed=SetImageProgress(blur_image,BlurImageTag,progress++,
-          blur_image->rows+blur_image->columns);
-        if (proceed == MagickFalse)
-          status=MagickFalse;
+  for (y=0; y < (ssize_t) edge_image->rows; y++)
+  {
+    register Quantum
+      *restrict q;
+
+    register ssize_t
+      x;
+
+    if (status == MagickFalse)
+      continue;
+    q=GetCacheViewAuthenticPixels(edge_view,0,y,edge_image->columns,1,
+      exception);
+    if (q == (Quantum *) NULL)
+      {
+        status=MagickFalse;
+        continue;
       }
+    for (x=0; x < (ssize_t) edge_image->columns; x++)
+    {
+      CannyInfo
+        pixel;
+
+      /*
+        Edge if pixel gradient higher than upper threshold.
+      */
+      status=GetMatrixElement(pixel_cache,x,y,&pixel);
+      if (status == MagickFalse)
+        break;
+      if ((pixel.intensity >= upper_threshold) &&
+          (GetPixelIntensity(edge_image,q) == 0))
+        {
+          *q=QuantumRange;
+          status=TraceEdges(edge_image,trace_view,pixel_cache,x,y,
+            lower_threshold,exception);
+          if (status == MagickFalse)
+            break;
+        }
+      q+=GetPixelChannels(edge_image);
+    }
+    if (SyncCacheViewAuthenticPixels(edge_view,exception) == MagickFalse)
+      status=MagickFalse;
   }
-  blur_view=DestroyCacheView(blur_view);
-  image_view=DestroyCacheView(image_view);
-  kernel=(MagickRealType *) RelinquishAlignedMemory(kernel);
-  blur_image->type=image->type;
-  if (status == MagickFalse)
-    blur_image=DestroyImage(blur_image);
-  return(blur_image);
+  trace_view=DestroyCacheView(trace_view);
+  edge_view=DestroyCacheView(edge_view);
+  pixel_cache=DestroyMatrixInfo(pixel_cache);
+  return(edge_image);
 }
 \f
 /*
@@ -1204,7 +1368,12 @@ MagickExport Image *BlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
 MagickExport Image *ConvolveImage(const Image *image,
   const KernelInfo *kernel_info,ExceptionInfo *exception)
 {
-  return(MorphologyImage(image,CorrelateMorphology,1,kernel_info,exception));
+  Image
+    *convolve_image;
+
+  convolve_image=MorphologyApply(image,ConvolveMorphology,1,kernel_info,
+    UndefinedCompositeOp,0.0,exception);
+  return(convolve_image);
 }
 \f
 /*
@@ -1249,6 +1418,10 @@ static void Hull(const Image *image,const ssize_t x_offset,
   ssize_t
     y;
 
+  assert(image != (const Image *) NULL);
+  assert(image->signature == MagickSignature);
+  if (image->debug != MagickFalse)
+    (void) LogMagickEvent(TraceEvent,GetMagickModule(),"%s",image->filename);
   assert(f != (Quantum *) NULL);
   assert(g != (Quantum *) NULL);
   p=f+(columns+2);
@@ -1342,6 +1515,10 @@ MagickExport Image *DespeckleImage(const Image *image,ExceptionInfo *exception)
   MagickBooleanType
     status;
 
+  MemoryInfo
+    *buffer_info,
+    *pixel_info;
+
   Quantum
     *restrict buffer,
     *restrict pixels;
@@ -1378,17 +1555,20 @@ MagickExport Image *DespeckleImage(const Image *image,ExceptionInfo *exception)
     Allocate image buffer.
   */
   length=(size_t) ((image->columns+2)*(image->rows+2));
-  pixels=(Quantum *) AcquireQuantumMemory(length,sizeof(*pixels));
-  buffer=(Quantum *) AcquireQuantumMemory(length,sizeof(*buffer));
-  if ((pixels == (Quantum *) NULL) || (buffer == (Quantum *) NULL))
+  pixel_info=AcquireVirtualMemory(length,sizeof(*pixels));
+  buffer_info=AcquireVirtualMemory(length,sizeof(*buffer));
+  if ((pixel_info == (MemoryInfo *) NULL) ||
+      (buffer_info == (MemoryInfo *) NULL))
     {
-      if (buffer != (Quantum *) NULL)
-        buffer=(Quantum *) RelinquishMagickMemory(buffer);
-      if (pixels != (Quantum *) NULL)
-        pixels=(Quantum *) RelinquishMagickMemory(pixels);
+      if (buffer_info != (MemoryInfo *) NULL)
+        buffer_info=RelinquishVirtualMemory(buffer_info);
+      if (pixel_info != (MemoryInfo *) NULL)
+        pixel_info=RelinquishVirtualMemory(pixel_info);
       despeckle_image=DestroyImage(despeckle_image);
       ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
     }
+  pixels=(Quantum *) GetVirtualMemoryBlob(pixel_info);
+  buffer=(Quantum *) GetVirtualMemoryBlob(buffer_info);
   /*
     Reduce speckle in the image.
   */
@@ -1397,6 +1577,13 @@ MagickExport Image *DespeckleImage(const Image *image,ExceptionInfo *exception)
   despeckle_view=AcquireAuthenticCacheView(despeckle_image,exception);
   for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) GetPixelChannels(image); i++)
   {
+    PixelChannel
+       channel;
+
+    PixelTrait
+      despeckle_traits,
+      traits;
+
     register ssize_t
       k,
       x;
@@ -1405,16 +1592,16 @@ MagickExport Image *DespeckleImage(const Image *image,ExceptionInfo *exception)
       j,
       y;
 
-    PixelChannel channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
-    PixelTrait traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
-    PixelTrait despeckle_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(despeckle_image,channel);
+    if (status == MagickFalse)
+      continue;
+    channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
+    traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
+    despeckle_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(despeckle_image,channel);
     if ((traits == UndefinedPixelTrait) ||
         (despeckle_traits == UndefinedPixelTrait))
       continue;
     if ((despeckle_traits & CopyPixelTrait) != 0)
       continue;
-    if (status == MagickFalse)
-      continue;
     (void) ResetMagickMemory(pixels,0,length*sizeof(*pixels));
     j=(ssize_t) image->columns+2;
     for (y=0; y < (ssize_t) image->rows; y++)
@@ -1484,8 +1671,8 @@ MagickExport Image *DespeckleImage(const Image *image,ExceptionInfo *exception)
   }
   despeckle_view=DestroyCacheView(despeckle_view);
   image_view=DestroyCacheView(image_view);
-  buffer=(Quantum *) RelinquishMagickMemory(buffer);
-  pixels=(Quantum *) RelinquishMagickMemory(pixels);
+  buffer_info=RelinquishVirtualMemory(buffer_info);
+  pixel_info=RelinquishVirtualMemory(pixel_info);
   despeckle_image->type=image->type;
   if (status == MagickFalse)
     despeckle_image=DestroyImage(despeckle_image);
@@ -1510,7 +1697,7 @@ MagickExport Image *DespeckleImage(const Image *image,ExceptionInfo *exception)
 %  The format of the EdgeImage method is:
 %
 %      Image *EdgeImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
-%        const double sigma,ExceptionInfo *exception)
+%        ExceptionInfo *exception)
 %
 %  A description of each parameter follows:
 %
@@ -1518,13 +1705,11 @@ MagickExport Image *DespeckleImage(const Image *image,ExceptionInfo *exception)
 %
 %    o radius: the radius of the pixel neighborhood.
 %
-%    o sigma: the standard deviation of the Gaussian, in pixels.
-%
 %    o exception: return any errors or warnings in this structure.
 %
 */
 MagickExport Image *EdgeImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
-  const double sigma,ExceptionInfo *exception)
+  ExceptionInfo *exception)
 {
   Image
     *edge_image;
@@ -1538,45 +1723,35 @@ MagickExport Image *EdgeImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
   size_t
     width;
 
-  ssize_t
-    j,
-    u,
-    v;
-
   assert(image != (const Image *) NULL);
   assert(image->signature == MagickSignature);
   if (image->debug != MagickFalse)
     (void) LogMagickEvent(TraceEvent,GetMagickModule(),"%s",image->filename);
   assert(exception != (ExceptionInfo *) NULL);
   assert(exception->signature == MagickSignature);
-  width=GetOptimalKernelWidth1D(radius,sigma);
+  width=GetOptimalKernelWidth1D(radius,0.5);
   kernel_info=AcquireKernelInfo((const char *) NULL);
   if (kernel_info == (KernelInfo *) NULL)
     ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
+  (void) ResetMagickMemory(kernel_info,0,sizeof(*kernel_info));
   kernel_info->width=width;
   kernel_info->height=width;
-  kernel_info->x=(ssize_t) width/2;
-  kernel_info->y=(ssize_t) width/2;
+  kernel_info->x=(ssize_t) (kernel_info->width-1)/2;
+  kernel_info->y=(ssize_t) (kernel_info->height-1)/2;
+  kernel_info->signature=MagickSignature;
   kernel_info->values=(MagickRealType *) MagickAssumeAligned(
-    AcquireAlignedMemory(kernel_info->width,kernel_info->width*
+    AcquireAlignedMemory(kernel_info->width,kernel_info->height*
     sizeof(*kernel_info->values)));
   if (kernel_info->values == (MagickRealType *) NULL)
     {
       kernel_info=DestroyKernelInfo(kernel_info);
       ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
     }
-  j=(ssize_t) kernel_info->width/2;
-  i=0;
-  for (v=(-j); v <= j; v++)
-  {
-    for (u=(-j); u <= j; u++)
-    {
-      kernel_info->values[i]=(MagickRealType) (-1.0);
-      i++;
-    }
-  }
-  kernel_info->values[i/2]=(MagickRealType) (width*width-1.0);
-  edge_image=ConvolveImage(image,kernel_info,exception);
+  for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) (kernel_info->width*kernel_info->height); i++)
+    kernel_info->values[i]=(-1.0);
+  kernel_info->values[i/2]=(double) kernel_info->width*kernel_info->height-1.0;
+  edge_image=MorphologyApply(image,ConvolveMorphology,1,kernel_info,
+    UndefinedCompositeOp,0.0,exception);
   kernel_info=DestroyKernelInfo(kernel_info);
   return(edge_image);
 }
@@ -1617,6 +1792,10 @@ MagickExport Image *EdgeImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
 MagickExport Image *EmbossImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
   const double sigma,ExceptionInfo *exception)
 {
+  double
+    gamma,
+    normalize;
+
   Image
     *emboss_image;
 
@@ -1647,8 +1826,8 @@ MagickExport Image *EmbossImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
     ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
   kernel_info->width=width;
   kernel_info->height=width;
-  kernel_info->x=(ssize_t) width/2;
-  kernel_info->y=(ssize_t) width/2;
+  kernel_info->x=(ssize_t) (width-1)/2;
+  kernel_info->y=(ssize_t) (width-1)/2;
   kernel_info->values=(MagickRealType *) MagickAssumeAligned(
     AcquireAlignedMemory(kernel_info->width,kernel_info->width*
     sizeof(*kernel_info->values)));
@@ -1657,7 +1836,7 @@ MagickExport Image *EmbossImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
       kernel_info=DestroyKernelInfo(kernel_info);
       ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
     }
-  j=(ssize_t) kernel_info->width/2;
+  j=(ssize_t) (kernel_info->width-1)/2;
   k=j;
   i=0;
   for (v=(-j); v <= j; v++)
@@ -1673,7 +1852,14 @@ MagickExport Image *EmbossImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
     }
     k--;
   }
-  emboss_image=ConvolveImage(image,kernel_info,exception);
+  normalize=0.0;
+  for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) (kernel_info->width*kernel_info->height); i++)
+    normalize+=kernel_info->values[i];
+  gamma=PerceptibleReciprocal(normalize);
+  for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) (kernel_info->width*kernel_info->height); i++)
+    kernel_info->values[i]*=gamma;
+  emboss_image=MorphologyApply(image,ConvolveMorphology,1,kernel_info,
+    UndefinedCompositeOp,0.0,exception);
   kernel_info=DestroyKernelInfo(kernel_info);
   if (emboss_image != (Image *) NULL)
     (void) EqualizeImage(emboss_image,exception);
@@ -1716,22 +1902,14 @@ MagickExport Image *EmbossImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
 MagickExport Image *GaussianBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
   const double sigma,ExceptionInfo *exception)
 {
-  Image
-    *blur_image;
+  char
+    geometry[MaxTextExtent];
 
   KernelInfo
     *kernel_info;
 
-  register ssize_t
-    i;
-
-  size_t
-    width;
-
-  ssize_t
-    j,
-    u,
-    v;
+  Image
+    *blur_image;
 
   assert(image != (const Image *) NULL);
   assert(image->signature == MagickSignature);
@@ -1739,36 +1917,13 @@ MagickExport Image *GaussianBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
     (void) LogMagickEvent(TraceEvent,GetMagickModule(),"%s",image->filename);
   assert(exception != (ExceptionInfo *) NULL);
   assert(exception->signature == MagickSignature);
-  width=GetOptimalKernelWidth2D(radius,sigma);
-  kernel_info=AcquireKernelInfo((const char *) NULL);
+  (void) FormatLocaleString(geometry,MaxTextExtent,"gaussian:%.20gx%.20g",
+    radius,sigma);
+  kernel_info=AcquireKernelInfo(geometry);
   if (kernel_info == (KernelInfo *) NULL)
     ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
-  (void) ResetMagickMemory(kernel_info,0,sizeof(*kernel_info));
-  kernel_info->width=width;
-  kernel_info->height=width;
-  kernel_info->x=(ssize_t) width/2;
-  kernel_info->y=(ssize_t) width/2;
-  kernel_info->signature=MagickSignature;
-  kernel_info->values=(MagickRealType *) MagickAssumeAligned(
-    AcquireAlignedMemory(kernel_info->width,kernel_info->width*
-    sizeof(*kernel_info->values)));
-  if (kernel_info->values == (MagickRealType *) NULL)
-    {
-      kernel_info=DestroyKernelInfo(kernel_info);
-      ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
-    }
-  j=(ssize_t) kernel_info->width/2;
-  i=0;
-  for (v=(-j); v <= j; v++)
-  {
-    for (u=(-j); u <= j; u++)
-    {
-      kernel_info->values[i]=(MagickRealType) (exp(-((double) u*u+v*v)/(2.0*
-        MagickSigma*MagickSigma))/(2.0*MagickPI*MagickSigma*MagickSigma));
-      i++;
-    }
-  }
-  blur_image=ConvolveImage(image,kernel_info,exception);
+  blur_image=MorphologyApply(image,ConvolveMorphology,1,kernel_info,
+    UndefinedCompositeOp,0.0,exception);
   kernel_info=DestroyKernelInfo(kernel_info);
   return(blur_image);
 }
@@ -1845,6 +2000,8 @@ static MagickRealType *GetMotionBlurKernel(const size_t width,
 MagickExport Image *MotionBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
   const double sigma,const double angle,ExceptionInfo *exception)
 {
+#define BlurImageTag  "Blur/Image"
+
   CacheView
     *blur_view,
     *image_view,
@@ -1958,6 +2115,13 @@ MagickExport Image *MotionBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
           gamma,
           pixel;
 
+        PixelChannel
+          channel;
+
+        PixelTrait
+          blur_traits,
+          traits;
+
         register const Quantum
           *restrict r;
 
@@ -1967,14 +2131,14 @@ MagickExport Image *MotionBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
         register ssize_t
           j;
 
-        PixelChannel channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
-        PixelTrait traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
-        PixelTrait blur_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(blur_image,channel);
+        channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
+        traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
+        blur_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(blur_image,channel);
         if ((traits == UndefinedPixelTrait) ||
             (blur_traits == UndefinedPixelTrait))
           continue;
         if (((blur_traits & CopyPixelTrait) != 0) ||
-            (GetPixelMask(image,p) != 0))
+            (GetPixelReadMask(image,p) == 0))
           {
             SetPixelChannel(blur_image,channel,p[i],q);
             continue;
@@ -2375,7 +2539,7 @@ MagickExport Image *PreviewImage(const Image *image,const PreviewType preview,
       }
       case EdgeDetectPreview:
       {
-        preview_image=EdgeImage(thumbnail,radius,sigma,exception);
+        preview_image=EdgeImage(thumbnail,radius,exception);
         (void) FormatLocaleString(label,MaxTextExtent,"edge %g",radius);
         break;
       }
@@ -2413,8 +2577,8 @@ MagickExport Image *PreviewImage(const Image *image,const PreviewType preview,
           break;
         geometry.width=(size_t) (2*i+2);
         geometry.height=(size_t) (2*i+2);
-        geometry.x=i/2;
-        geometry.y=i/2;
+        geometry.x=(i-1)/2;
+        geometry.y=(i-1)/2;
         (void) RaiseImage(preview_image,&geometry,MagickTrue,exception);
         (void) FormatLocaleString(label,MaxTextExtent,
           "raise %.20gx%.20g%+.20g%+.20g",(double) geometry.width,(double)
@@ -2580,19 +2744,19 @@ MagickExport Image *PreviewImage(const Image *image,const PreviewType preview,
 %                                                                             %
 %                                                                             %
 %                                                                             %
-%     R a d i a l B l u r I m a g e                                           %
+%     R o t a t i o n a l B l u r I m a g e                                   %
 %                                                                             %
 %                                                                             %
 %                                                                             %
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %
-%  RadialBlurImage() applies a radial blur to the image.
+%  RotationalBlurImage() applies a radial blur to the image.
 %
 %  Andrew Protano contributed this effect.
 %
-%  The format of the RadialBlurImage method is:
+%  The format of the RotationalBlurImage method is:
 %
-%    Image *RadialBlurImage(const Image *image,const double angle,
+%    Image *RotationalBlurImage(const Image *image,const double angle,
 %      ExceptionInfo *exception)
 %
 %  A description of each parameter follows:
@@ -2606,7 +2770,7 @@ MagickExport Image *PreviewImage(const Image *image,const PreviewType preview,
 %    o exception: return any errors or warnings in this structure.
 %
 */
-MagickExport Image *RadialBlurImage(const Image *image,const double angle,
+MagickExport Image *RotationalBlurImage(const Image *image,const double angle,
   ExceptionInfo *exception)
 {
   CacheView
@@ -2659,8 +2823,8 @@ MagickExport Image *RadialBlurImage(const Image *image,const double angle,
       blur_image=DestroyImage(blur_image);
       return((Image *) NULL);
     }
-  blur_center.x=(double) image->columns/2.0;
-  blur_center.y=(double) image->rows/2.0;
+  blur_center.x=(double) (image->columns-1)/2.0;
+  blur_center.y=(double) (image->rows-1)/2.0;
   blur_radius=hypot(blur_center.x,blur_center.y);
   n=(size_t) fabs(4.0*DegreesToRadians(angle)*sqrt((double) blur_radius)+2UL);
   theta=DegreesToRadians(angle)/(double) (n-1);
@@ -2747,20 +2911,27 @@ MagickExport Image *RadialBlurImage(const Image *image,const double angle,
           gamma,
           pixel;
 
+        PixelChannel
+          channel;
+
+        PixelTrait
+          blur_traits,
+          traits;
+
         register const Quantum
           *restrict r;
 
         register ssize_t
           j;
 
-        PixelChannel channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
-        PixelTrait traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
-        PixelTrait blur_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(blur_image,channel);
+        channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
+        traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
+        blur_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(blur_image,channel);
         if ((traits == UndefinedPixelTrait) ||
             (blur_traits == UndefinedPixelTrait))
           continue;
         if (((blur_traits & CopyPixelTrait) != 0) ||
-            (GetPixelMask(image,p) != 0))
+            (GetPixelReadMask(image,p) == 0))
           {
             SetPixelChannel(blur_image,channel,p[i],q);
             continue;
@@ -2815,7 +2986,7 @@ MagickExport Image *RadialBlurImage(const Image *image,const double angle,
           proceed;
 
 #if defined(MAGICKCORE_OPENMP_SUPPORT)
-        #pragma omp critical (MagickCore_RadialBlurImage)
+        #pragma omp critical (MagickCore_RotationalBlurImage)
 #endif
         proceed=SetImageProgress(image,BlurImageTag,progress++,image->rows);
         if (proceed == MagickFalse)
@@ -2917,7 +3088,7 @@ MagickExport Image *SelectiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
     width,width*sizeof(*kernel)));
   if (kernel == (MagickRealType *) NULL)
     ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
-  j=(ssize_t) width/2;
+  j=(ssize_t) (width-1)/2;
   i=0;
   for (v=(-j); v <= j; v++)
   {
@@ -2986,8 +3157,8 @@ MagickExport Image *SelectiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
   */
   status=MagickTrue;
   progress=0;
-  center=(ssize_t) (GetPixelChannels(image)*(image->columns+width)*(width/2L)+
-    GetPixelChannels(image)*(width/2L));
+  center=(ssize_t) (GetPixelChannels(image)*(image->columns+width)*
+    ((width-1)/2L)+GetPixelChannels(image)*((width-1)/2L));
   image_view=AcquireVirtualCacheView(image,exception);
   luminance_view=AcquireVirtualCacheView(luminance_image,exception);
   blur_view=AcquireAuthenticCacheView(blur_image,exception);
@@ -3015,10 +3186,10 @@ MagickExport Image *SelectiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
 
     if (status == MagickFalse)
       continue;
-    p=GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(image_view,-((ssize_t) width/2L),y-(ssize_t)
-      (width/2L),image->columns+width,width,exception);
-    l=GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(luminance_view,-((ssize_t) width/2L),y-(ssize_t)
-      (width/2L),luminance_image->columns+width,width,exception);
+    p=GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(image_view,-((ssize_t) (width-1)/2L),y-(ssize_t)
+      ((width-1)/2L),image->columns+width,width,exception);
+    l=GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(luminance_view,-((ssize_t) (width-1)/2L),y-
+      (ssize_t) ((width-1)/2L),luminance_image->columns+width,width,exception);
     q=QueueCacheViewAuthenticPixels(blur_view,0,y,blur_image->columns,1,
       exception);
     if ((p == (const Quantum *) NULL) || (q == (Quantum *) NULL))
@@ -3042,6 +3213,13 @@ MagickExport Image *SelectiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
           gamma,
           pixel;
 
+        PixelChannel
+          channel;
+
+        PixelTrait
+          blur_traits,
+          traits;
+
         register const MagickRealType
           *restrict k;
 
@@ -3055,14 +3233,14 @@ MagickExport Image *SelectiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
         ssize_t
           v;
 
-        PixelChannel channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
-        PixelTrait traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
-        PixelTrait blur_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(blur_image,channel);
+        channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
+        traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
+        blur_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(blur_image,channel);
         if ((traits == UndefinedPixelTrait) ||
             (blur_traits == UndefinedPixelTrait))
           continue;
         if (((blur_traits & CopyPixelTrait) != 0) ||
-            (GetPixelMask(image,p) != 0))
+            (GetPixelReadMask(image,p+center) == 0))
           {
             SetPixelChannel(blur_image,channel,p[center+i],q);
             continue;
@@ -3089,7 +3267,7 @@ MagickExport Image *SelectiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
                 pixels+=GetPixelChannels(image);
                 luminance_pixels+=GetPixelChannels(luminance_image);
               }
-              pixels+=image->columns*GetPixelChannels(image);
+              pixels+=(image->columns-1)*GetPixelChannels(image);
               luminance_pixels+=luminance_image->columns*
                 GetPixelChannels(luminance_image);
             }
@@ -3117,7 +3295,7 @@ MagickExport Image *SelectiveBlurImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
             pixels+=GetPixelChannels(image);
             luminance_pixels+=GetPixelChannels(luminance_image);
           }
-          pixels+=image->columns*GetPixelChannels(image);
+          pixels+=(image->columns-1)*GetPixelChannels(image);
           luminance_pixels+=luminance_image->columns*
             GetPixelChannels(luminance_image);
         }
@@ -3236,8 +3414,6 @@ MagickExport Image *ShadeImage(const Image *image,const MagickBooleanType gray,
         shade_image=DestroyImage(shade_image);
       return((Image *) NULL);
     }
-  if (image->colorspace == sRGBColorspace)
-    (void) TransformImageColorspace(linear_image,RGBColorspace,exception);
   if (SetImageStorageClass(shade_image,DirectClass,exception) == MagickFalse)
     {
       linear_image=DestroyImage(linear_image);
@@ -3341,14 +3517,21 @@ MagickExport Image *ShadeImage(const Image *image,const MagickBooleanType gray,
         }
       for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) GetPixelChannels(linear_image); i++)
       {
-        PixelChannel channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(linear_image,i);
-        PixelTrait traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(linear_image,channel);
-        PixelTrait shade_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(shade_image,channel);
+        PixelChannel
+          channel;
+
+        PixelTrait
+          shade_traits,
+          traits;
+
+        channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(linear_image,i);
+        traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(linear_image,channel);
+        shade_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(shade_image,channel);
         if ((traits == UndefinedPixelTrait) ||
             (shade_traits == UndefinedPixelTrait))
           continue;
         if (((shade_traits & CopyPixelTrait) != 0) ||
-            (GetPixelMask(linear_image,p) != 0))
+            (GetPixelReadMask(linear_image,center) == 0))
           {
             SetPixelChannel(shade_image,channel,center[i],q);
             continue;
@@ -3384,8 +3567,6 @@ MagickExport Image *ShadeImage(const Image *image,const MagickBooleanType gray,
   shade_view=DestroyCacheView(shade_view);
   image_view=DestroyCacheView(image_view);
   linear_image=DestroyImage(linear_image);
-  if (image->colorspace == sRGBColorspace)
-    (void) TransformImageColorspace(shade_image,sRGBColorspace,exception);
   if (status == MagickFalse)
     shade_image=DestroyImage(shade_image);
   return(shade_image);
@@ -3433,6 +3614,7 @@ MagickExport Image *SharpenImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
   const double sigma,ExceptionInfo *exception)
 {
   double
+    gamma,
     normalize;
 
   Image
@@ -3465,11 +3647,11 @@ MagickExport Image *SharpenImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
   (void) ResetMagickMemory(kernel_info,0,sizeof(*kernel_info));
   kernel_info->width=width;
   kernel_info->height=width;
-  kernel_info->x=(ssize_t) width/2;
-  kernel_info->y=(ssize_t) width/2;
+  kernel_info->x=(ssize_t) (width-1)/2;
+  kernel_info->y=(ssize_t) (width-1)/2;
   kernel_info->signature=MagickSignature;
   kernel_info->values=(MagickRealType *) MagickAssumeAligned(
-    AcquireAlignedMemory(kernel_info->width,kernel_info->width*
+    AcquireAlignedMemory(kernel_info->width,kernel_info->height*
     sizeof(*kernel_info->values)));
   if (kernel_info->values == (MagickRealType *) NULL)
     {
@@ -3477,7 +3659,7 @@ MagickExport Image *SharpenImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
       ThrowImageException(ResourceLimitError,"MemoryAllocationFailed");
     }
   normalize=0.0;
-  j=(ssize_t) kernel_info->width/2;
+  j=(ssize_t) (kernel_info->width-1)/2;
   i=0;
   for (v=(-j); v <= j; v++)
   {
@@ -3490,7 +3672,14 @@ MagickExport Image *SharpenImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
     }
   }
   kernel_info->values[i/2]=(double) ((-2.0)*normalize);
-  sharp_image=ConvolveImage(image,kernel_info,exception);
+  normalize=0.0;
+  for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) (kernel_info->width*kernel_info->height); i++)
+    normalize+=kernel_info->values[i];
+  gamma=PerceptibleReciprocal(normalize);
+  for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) (kernel_info->width*kernel_info->height); i++)
+    kernel_info->values[i]*=gamma;
+  sharp_image=MorphologyApply(image,ConvolveMorphology,1,kernel_info,
+    UndefinedCompositeOp,0.0,exception);
   kernel_info=DestroyKernelInfo(kernel_info);
   return(sharp_image);
 }
@@ -3594,9 +3783,6 @@ MagickExport Image *SpreadImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
     const int
       id = GetOpenMPThreadId();
 
-    register const Quantum
-      *restrict p;
-
     register Quantum
       *restrict q;
 
@@ -3605,10 +3791,9 @@ MagickExport Image *SpreadImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
 
     if (status == MagickFalse)
       continue;
-    p=GetCacheViewVirtualPixels(image_view,0,y,image->columns,1,exception);
     q=QueueCacheViewAuthenticPixels(spread_view,0,y,spread_image->columns,1,
       exception);
-    if ((p == (const Quantum *) NULL) || (q == (Quantum *) NULL))
+    if (q == (Quantum *) NULL)
       {
         status=MagickFalse;
         continue;
@@ -3678,16 +3863,16 @@ MagickExport Image *SpreadImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
 %
 %    o sigma: the standard deviation of the Gaussian, in pixels.
 %
-%    o amount: the percentage of the difference between the original and the
+%    o gain: the percentage of the difference between the original and the
 %      blur image that is added back into the original.
 %
-%    o threshold: the threshold in pixels needed to apply the diffence amount.
+%    o threshold: the threshold in pixels needed to apply the diffence gain.
 %
 %    o exception: return any errors or warnings in this structure.
 %
 */
 MagickExport Image *UnsharpMaskImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
-  const double sigma,const double amount,const double threshold,
+  const double sigma,const double gain,const double threshold,
   ExceptionInfo *exception)
 {
 #define SharpenImageTag  "Sharpen/Image"
@@ -3762,14 +3947,21 @@ MagickExport Image *UnsharpMaskImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
         double
           pixel;
 
-        PixelChannel channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
-        PixelTrait traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
-        PixelTrait unsharp_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(unsharp_image,channel);
+        PixelChannel
+          channel;
+
+        PixelTrait
+          traits,
+          unsharp_traits;
+
+        channel=GetPixelChannelChannel(image,i);
+        traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(image,channel);
+        unsharp_traits=GetPixelChannelTraits(unsharp_image,channel);
         if ((traits == UndefinedPixelTrait) ||
             (unsharp_traits == UndefinedPixelTrait))
           continue;
         if (((unsharp_traits & CopyPixelTrait) != 0) ||
-            (GetPixelMask(image,p) != 0))
+            (GetPixelReadMask(image,p) != 0))
           {
             SetPixelChannel(unsharp_image,channel,p[i],q);
             continue;
@@ -3778,7 +3970,7 @@ MagickExport Image *UnsharpMaskImage(const Image *image,const double radius,
         if (fabs(2.0*pixel) < quantum_threshold)
           pixel=(double) p[i];
         else
-          pixel=(double) p[i]+amount*pixel;
+          pixel=(double) p[i]+gain*pixel;
         SetPixelChannel(unsharp_image,channel,ClampToQuantum(pixel),q);
       }
       p+=GetPixelChannels(image);