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240 <h1>ImageMagick Version 7 Porting Guide</h1>
242 <p class="navigation-index">[<a href="porting.html#imv7">ImageMagick Version 7</a> • <a href="porting.html#channels">Pixel Channels</a> • <a href="porting.html#alpha">Alpha</a> • <a href="porting.html#grayscale">Grayscale</a> • <a href="porting.html#core">MagickCore API</a> • <a href="porting.html#headers">Header Files</a> • <a href="porting.html#depecate">Deprecated Features Removed</a> • <a href="porting.html#cli">Command-line Interface</a> • <a href="porting.html#summary">Version 7 Change Summary</a> ]</p>
244 <h2><a id="imv7"></a>ImageMagick Version 7</h2>
245 <div class="doc-section">
246 <p>The design of ImageMagick is an evolutionary process, with the design and implementation efforts serving to influence and guide further progress in the other. With ImageMagick version 7 we aim to improve the design based on lessons learned from the version 6 implementation. ImageMagick was originally designed to display RGB images to an X Windows server. Over time we extended support to RGBA images and then to the CMYK and CMYKA image format. With ImageMagick version 7, we extend support to arbitrary colorspaces with an arbitrary number of pixel channels. Other design changes are in the works and we will document them here so be sure to revisit periodically.</p>
248 <p>To support variable pixel channels in the MagickCore API, pixel handling has changed when getting or setting the pixel channels. You can access channels as an array, <em>pixel[i]</em>, or use an accessor such as GetPixelRed() or SetPixelRed(). There are some modest changes to the MagickWand API. Magick++ and PerlMagick should behave exactly as it does for ImageMagick version 6.</p>
250 <p>The shell API (command line) of ImageMagick version 7 is also undergoing
251 a major overhaul, with specific emphasis on the ability to read 'options' not
252 only from the command line, but also from scripts, and file streams. This
253 allows for the use of 'co-processing' programming techniques or performing
254 image handling using 'deamon/server backends', and even multi-machine
255 distributed processing.</p>
257 <p>With shell API overhaul other improvements are being made, including:
258 better reporting of which option failed, the consolidation and depreciation of
259 options, and more global use of 'image properities' (more commonly known as
260 'percent escapes' in option arguments. </p>
262 <p>We intend to make ImageMagick version 7 available as an Alpha release by the mid-year 2012. Look for a Beta release sometime in late 2012. An official ImageMagick version 7 release depends on how smoothly the Beta cycle progresses. During the Beta cycle, version 6 developers can attempt to port their software to version 7.<p>
264 <p>During the ImageMagick version 7 development cycle and release, we will continue to support and enhance version 6 for a minimum of 10 years.</p>
267 <h2><a id="channels"></a>Pixel Channels</h2>
268 <div class="doc-section">
269 <p>A pixel is comprised of one or more color values, or <em>channels</em> (e.g. red pixel channel).</p>
270 <p>Prior versions of ImageMagick (4-6), support 4 to 5 pixel channels (RGBA or CMYKA). The first 4 channels are accessed with the PixelPacket data structure. The structure includes 4 members of type Quantum (typically 16-bits) of red, green, blue, and opacity. The black channel or colormap indexes are supported by a separate method and structure, IndexPacket. As an example, here is a code snippet from ImageMagick version 6 that negates the color components (but not the alpha component) of the image pixels:</p>
273 for (y=0; y < (ssize_t) image->rows; y++)
281 q=GetCacheViewAuthenticPixels(image_view,0,y,image->columns,1,exception);
282 if (q == (PixelPacket *) NULL)
287 indexes=GetCacheViewAuthenticIndexQueue(image_view);
288 for (x=0; x < (ssize_t) image->columns; x++)
290 if ((channel & RedChannel) != 0)
291 q->red=(Quantum) QuantumRange-q->red;
292 if ((channel & GreenChannel) != 0)
293 q->green=(Quantum) QuantumRange-q->green;
294 if ((channel & BlueChannel) != 0)
295 q->blue=(Quantum) QuantumRange-q->blue;
296 if (((channel & IndexChannel) != 0) &&
297 (image->colorspace == CMYKColorspace))
298 indexes[x]=(IndexPacket) QuantumRange-indexes[x];
301 if (SyncCacheViewAuthenticPixels(image_view,exception) == MagickFalse)
306 <p>ImageMagick version 7 supports any number of channels from 1 to 32 (and beyond) and simplifies access with a single method that returns an array of pixel channels of type Quantum. Source code that compiles against prior versions of ImageMagick requires refactoring to work with ImageMagick version 7. We illustrate with an example. Let's naively refactor the version 6 code snippet from above so it works with the ImageMagick version 7 API:</p>
309 for (y=0; y < (ssize_t) image->rows; y++)
314 q=GetCacheViewAuthenticPixels(image_view,0,y,image->columns,1,exception);
315 if (q == (Quantum *) NULL)
320 for (x=0; x < (ssize_t) image->columns; x++)
322 if ((GetPixelRedTraits(image) & UpdatePixelTrait) != 0)
323 SetPixelRed(image,QuantumRange-GetPixelRed(image,q),q);
324 if ((GetPixelGreenTraits(image) & UpdatePixelTrait) != 0)
325 SetPixelGreen(image,QuantumRange-GetPixelGreen(image,q),q);
326 if ((GetPixelBlueTraits(image) & UpdatePixelTrait) != 0)
327 SetPixelBlue(image,QuantumRange-GetPixelBlue(image,q),q);
328 if ((GetPixelBlackTraits(image) & UpdatePixelTrait) != 0)
329 SetPixelBlack(image,QuantumRange-GetPixelBlack(image,q),q);
330 if ((GetPixelAlphaTraits(image) & UpdatePixelTrait) != 0)
331 SetPixelAlpha(image,QuantumRange-GetPixelAlpha(image,q),q);
332 q+=GetPixelChannels(image);
334 if (SyncCacheViewAuthenticPixels(image_view,exception) == MagickFalse)
339 <p>Let's do that again but take full advantage of the new variable pixel channel support:</p>
341 for (y=0; y < (ssize_t) image->rows; y++)
346 q=GetCacheViewAuthenticPixels(image_view,0,y,image->columns,1,exception);
347 if (q == (Quantum *) NULL)
352 for (x=0; x < (ssize_t) image->columns; x++)
357 for (i=0; i < (ssize_t) GetPixelChannels(image); i++)
365 channel=GetPixelChannelMapChannel(image,i);
366 traits=GetPixelChannelMapTraits(image,channel);
367 if (((traits & UpdatePixelTrait) == 0) || (GetPixelMask(image,q) != 0))
369 q[i]=QuantumRange-q[i];
371 q+=GetPixelChannels(image);
373 if (SyncCacheViewAuthenticPixels(image_view,exception) == MagickFalse)
378 <p>Note, how we use GetPixelChannels() to advance to the next set of pixel channels.</p>
380 <p>The colormap indexes and black pixel channel (for the CMYK colorspace) are no longer stored in the index channel, previously accessed with GetAuthenticIndexQueue() and GetCacheViewAuthenticIndexQueue((). Instead they are now a pixel channel and accessed with the convenience pixel accessor methods GetPixelIndex(), SetPixelIndex(), GetPixelBlack(), and SetPixelBlack().</p>
382 <h4></a>Pixel Accessors</h4>
383 <p>Use accessors to get or set pixel channels:</p>
396 GetPixelInfoIntensity()
397 GetPixelInfoLuminance()
401 GetPixelPacketIntensity()
426 <p>You can find these accessors defined in the header file, <kbd>MagickCore/pixel-accessor.h</kbd></p>
428 <h4></a>Pixel Traits</h4>
429 <p>Each pixel channel includes one or more of these traits:</p>
432 <dd>no traits associated with this pixel channel<dd>
434 <dd>do not update this pixel channel, just copy it<dd>
436 <dd>update this pixel channel<dd>
438 <dd>blend this pixel channel with the alpha mask if it's enabled<dd>
440 <p>We provide these methods to set and get pixel traits:</p>
442 GetPixelAlphaTraits()
443 GetPixelBlackTraits()
449 GetPixelGreenTraits()
450 GetPixelIndexTraits()
451 GetPixelMagentaTraits()
453 GetPixelChannelTraits()
455 GetPixelYellowTraits()
456 SetPixelAlphaTraits()
457 SetPixelBlackTraits()
460 SetPixelChannelTraits()
463 SetPixelGreenTraits()
464 SetPixelIndexTraits()
465 SetPixelMagentaTraits()
467 SetPixelYellowTraits()
470 <p>For convenience you can set the active trait for a set of pixel channels with a channel mask and these methods:</p>
474 SetPixelChannelMask()
477 <p>Previously MagickCore methods had channel analogs, for example, NegateImage() and NegateImageChannels(). The channel analog methods are no longer necessary because the pixel channel traits specify whether to act on a particular pixel channel and whether to blend with the alpha mask. For example, instead of</p>
479 NegateImageChannel(image,channel);
483 channel_mask=SetPixelChannelMask(image,channel);
484 NegateImage(image,exception);
485 (void) SetPixelChannelMap(image,channel_mask);
488 <h4></a>Pixel User Channels</h4>
489 <p>In version 7, we introduce pixel user channels. Traditionally we utilize 4 channels, red, green, blue, and alpha. For CMYK we also have a black channel. User channels are designed to contain whatever additional channel information that makes sense for your application. Some examples include extra channels in TIFF or PSD images or perhaps you require a channel with infrared information for the pixel. You can associate traits with the user channels so that they when they are acted upon by an image processing algorithm (e.g. blur) the pixels are copied, acted upon by the algorithm, or even blended with the alpha channel if that makes sense.</p>
490 <h4></a>Pixel Metacontent</h4>
491 <p>In version 7, we introduce pixel metacontent. Metacontent is content about content. So rather than being the content itself, it's something that describes or is associated with the content. Here the content is a pixel. The pixel metacontent is for your exclusive use and is accessed with these MagickCore API methods:</p>
493 SetImageMetacontentExtent()
494 GetImageMetacontentExtent()
495 GetVirtualMetacontent()
496 GetAuthenticMetacontent()
497 GetCacheViewAuthenticMetacontent()
498 GetCacheViewVirtualMetacontent()
502 <h2><a id="alpha"></a>Alpha</h2>
503 <div class="doc-section">
504 <p>We support alpha now, previously opacity. With alpha, a value of 0 means that the pixel does not have any coverage information and is transparent; i.e. there was no color contribution from any geometry because the geometry did not overlap this pixel. A value of QuantumRange means that the pixel is opaque because the geometry completely overlapped the pixel. As a consequence, in version 7, the PixelInfo structure member alpha has replaced the previous opacity member.</p>
506 <h2><a id="grayscale"></a>Grayscale</h2>
507 <div class="doc-section">
508 <p>Previously, grayscale images consumed 4 channels: red, green, blue, and alpha. With version 7, grayscale consumes only 1 channel consuming far less resources as a result. However, there may be unintended consequences. With 1 channel, all image processing algorithms write to this one channel. Drawing yellow text on a grayscale image will produce gray lettering. To get the expected results, simply modify the colorspace to RGB (e.g. -colorspace rgb).</p>
511 <h2><a id="core"></a>MagickCore API</h2>
512 <div class="doc-section">
513 <p>Almost all image processing algorithms are now channel aware.</p>
514 <p>MagickCore, version 7, adds an ExceptionInfo argument to those methods that lacked it in version 6, e.g. NegateImage(image,MagickTrue,exception);</p>
515 <p>All method channel analogs have been removed (e.g. BlurImageChannel()), they are no longer necessary, use pixel traits instead.</p>
516 <p>Public and private API calls are now declared with the GCC visibility attribute. The MagickCore and MagickWand dynamic libraries now only export public struct and function declarations.</p>
517 <p>The InterpolatePixelMethod enum is now PixelInterpolateMethod.</p>
518 <p>The IntegerPixel storage type is removed (use LongPixel instead) and LongLongPixel is added</p>
519 <p>Image signatures have changed to account for variable pixel channels.</p>
520 <p>All color packet structures, PixelPacket, LongPacket, and DoublePacket, are consolidated to a single color structure, PixelInfo.</p>
522 <h2><a id="headers"></a>Header Files</h2>
523 <div class="doc-section">
524 <p>Prior versions of ImageMagick (4-6) reference the ImageMagick header files as <kbd>magick/</kbd> and <kbd>wand/</kbd>. ImageMagick 7 instead uses <kbd>MagickCore/</kbd> and <kbd>MagickWand/</kbd> respectively. For example,</p>
526 #include <MagickCore/MagickCore.h>
527 #include <MagickWand/MagickWand.h>
531 <h2><a id="deprecate"></a>Deprecated Features Removed</h2>
532 <div class="doc-section">
533 <p>All deprecated features from ImageMagick version 6 are removed in version 7. These include the <kbd>Magick-config</kbd> and <kbd>Wand-config</kbd> configuration utilities. Instead use:</p>
539 <p>The FilterImage() method has been removed. Use ConvolveImage() instead.</p>
541 <p>In addition, all deprecated <a href="http://magick.imagemagick.org/api/deprecate.html">MagickCore</a> and <a href="http://magick.imagemagick.org/api/magick-deprecate.html">MagickWand</a> methods are no longer available in version 7.</p>
545 <h2><a id="cli"></a>Shell API or Command-line Interface</h2>
546 <div class="doc-section">
548 <p>As mentioned the primary focus of the changes to the Shell API or Command
549 Line Interface is the the abstration so that not only can 'options' be read
550 from command line arguments, but also from a file (script) or from a file
551 stream (interactive commands, or co-processing). </p>
553 <p>To do this the CLI parser needed to be re-written, so as to always perform
554 all options, in a strict, do-it-as-you-see it order. Previously in IMv6
555 options were performed in groups (known as 'FireOptions), this awkwardness is
556 now gone. However the strict order means that you can no long give operations
557 before providing an image for the operations to work on. To do so will now
558 produce an error. </p>
560 <p>Error reporting is now reporting exactly which option (by argument count on
561 command line, or line,column in scripts) caused the 'exception'. This is not
562 complete as yet but getting better. Also not complete is 'regard-warnings'
563 handling or its replacement, which will allow you to ignore reported errors
564 and continue processing (as appropriate due to error) in co-processes or
565 interactive usage. </p>
567 <p>The parenthesis options used to 'push' the current image list, and image
568 settings (EG: '<kbd>(</kbd>' and '<kbd>)</kbd>' ) on to a stack now has
569 a completely seperate image settings stack. That is parenthesis 'push/pull'
570 image lists, and curly braces (EG: '<kbd>{</kbd>' and '<kbd>}</kbd>' ) will
571 'push/pull' image settings. </p>
573 <p>Of course due to the previously reported changes to the underlying channel
574 handling will result be many side effects to almost all options. Here are some
577 <p>Most algorithms update the red, green, blue, black (for CMYK), and alpha
578 channels. Most operators will blend alpha the other color channels, but other
579 operators (and situations) may require this blending to be disabled, and is
580 currently done by removing alpha from teh active channels via
581 <kbd>-channel</kbd> option. (e.g. <kbd>convert castle.gif -channel RGB
582 -negate castle.png</kbd>). </p>
584 <p>Reading gray-scale images will generate a image with only one channel. If
585 that image is to then accept color the <kbd>-colorspace</kbd> setting needs to
586 be applied to expand the one channel into separate RGB (or other) channels.
589 <h3>Command Changes</h3>
592 <dd>The "<kbd>magick</kbd>" command is the new primary command of the Shell
593 API, replacing the old "<kbd>convert</kbd>" command. This allows you to
594 create a 'magick script' of the form "<kbd>#!/path/to/command/magick
595 -script</kbd>", or pipe options into a command "<kbd>magick -script
596 -</kbd>, as abackground process. </dd>
598 <dt>magick-script</dt>
599 <dd>This the same as "<kbd>magick</kbd>", (only command name is different)
600 but which has an implict "<kbd>-script</kbd>" option. This allows you to
601 use it in an "<kbd>env</kbd>" style script form. That is a magick script
602 starts with the 'she-bang' line of "<kbd>#!/usr/bin/env
603 magick-script</kbd>" allowing the script interpreter to be found anywhere
604 on the users command "<kbd>PATH</kbd>". This is required to get around
605 a "one argument she-bang bug" that is common on most UNIX systems
606 (including Linux, but not MacOSX).</dd>
611 <p>ImageMagick version 7 supports these new options, though most are limited
612 to the "<kbd>magick</kbd>" command, or to use in "<kbd>magick</kbd>"
617 <dd>Save (and restore) the current image settings (internally known as the
618 "image_info" structure). This is automatically done with parenthesis (EG:
619 '<kbd>(</kbd>' and '<kbd>)</kbd>') is "<kbd>-regard-parenthesis</kbd>" has
620 been set, just as in IMv6. Caution is advised to prevent un-balanced
621 braces errors.</dd> </dd>
624 <dd>End of options, to be used in IMv7 "<kbd>mogrify</kbd>" command to
625 explictally separate the operations to be applied and the images that
626 are to be processed 'in-place'. (not yet implemented). However if
627 not provided, "<kbd>-read</kbd>" can still be used to differentiate
628 secondary image reads (for use in things like alpha composition) from
629 the 'in-place' image being processed. </dd>
631 <dd>In other commands (such as "magick") it is equivelent to a explict
632 "<kbd>-read</kbd>" (see below) of the next option as a image (as it was in
635 <dt>-channel-fx <em class="arg">expression</em> </dt>
637 <p>exchange, extract, or copy one or more image channels.</p>
639 <p>The expression consists of one or more channels, either mnemonic or numeric (e.g. red, 1), separated by certain operation symbols as follows:</p>
642 <=> exchange two channels (e.g. red<=>blue)
643 => copy one channel to another channel (e.g. red=>green)
644 = assign a constant value to a channel (e.g. red=50%)
645 , write new image with channels in the specified order (e.g. red, green)
646 ; add a new output image for the next set of channel operations
647 | move to the next input image for the source of channel data
650 <p>For example, to create 3 grayscale images from the red, green, and blue channels of an image, use:</p>
653 -channel-fx "red; green; blue"
656 <p>A channel without an operation symbol implies separate (i.e, semicolon).</p>
661 <dd>Stop processing at this point. No further options will be processed after
662 this option. Can be used in a script to force the "<kbd>magick</kbd>"
663 command to exit, without actually closing the pipeline that it is
664 processing options from. </dd>
666 <dd>May also be used as a 'final' option on the "<kbd>magick</kbd>" command
667 line, instead of a implicit output image, to completely prevent any image
668 write. ASIDE: even the "<kbd>NULL:</kbd>" coder requires at least one
669 image, for it to 'not write'! This option does not require any images at
672 <dt>-read {image}</dt>
673 <dd>Explicit read of an image, rather than an implicit read. This allows you
674 to read from filenames that start with an 'option' character, and which
675 otherwise could be mistaken as an option (unknown or otherwise). This will
676 eventually be used in "<kbd>mogrify</kbd>" to allow the reading of
677 secondary images, and allow the use of image list operations within that
681 <dd>not yet implemented in "<kbd>magick</kbd>". (very soon)</dd>
683 <dt>-script {file}</dt>
684 <dd>In "<kbd>magick</kbd>", stop the processing of command line arguments as
685 image operations, and read all further options from the given file or
690 <h3>Changed Options</h3>
691 <p>These options are known to have changed, in some way.</p>
694 <dd>currently negates all channels, including alpha if present. As such you
695 may need to use the -channel option to prevent alpha negation. </dd>
698 <dd>option no longer normalizes the kernel argument (unless some type of
699 masking is involved, such as alpha blending) and accepts named kernels
700 (see <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/convolve/" >IM Examples,
701 Convolve</a> ) as well as non-square <a
702 href="http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/morphology/#user">user defined
703 kernels</a>. Use <kbd>-define convolve:normalize=true</kbd> on the command-line to force normalization.</dd>
707 <h3>Depreciated warning given, but will work (for now)</h3>
710 <dd>Replaced by <kbd>-draw "affine ..."</kbd>. (see transform)</dd>
712 <dd>Replaced by <kbd>-evaluate-sequence Mean</kbd>.</dd>
714 <dd>Replaced by <kbd>-undercolor</kbd>.</dd>
715 <dt>-deconstruct</dt>
716 <dd>Replaced by <kbd>-layers CompareAny</kbd>.</dd>
718 <dd>Replaced by <kbd>-gaussian-blur</kbd>.</dd>
720 <dd>Replaced by <kbd>-/+remap</kbd>.</dd>
722 <dd>Replaced by <kbd>-alpha Set/Off</kbd>.</dd>
724 <dd>Replaced by <kbd>-distort Affine "..."</kbd>.</dd>
727 <h3>Depreciated warning given, and ignored (for now)</h3>
728 <p>Almost 'plus' (+) option that did not do anything has been marked as
729 depreciated, and does nothing. It does not even have associated code. For
730 example "+annotate", "+resize", "+clut", and "+draw" .</p>
734 <dd>Replaced by <dd>-affinity</kbd>.</dd>
736 <dd>Replaced by <kbd>-evaluate-sequence Max</kbd>.</dd>
738 <dd>Replaced by <kbd>-evaluate-sequence Median</kbd>.</dd>
740 <dd>Replaced by <kbd>-evaluate-sequence Min</kbd>.</dd>
742 <dd>Replaced by <dd>-color-matrix</kbd>.</dd>
745 <h3>Removed / Replaced Options ("no such option" error and abort)</h3>
749 <dd>old option, unknown meaning.</dd>
751 <dd>Replaced by <dd>-fill</kbd>.</dd>
753 <dd>old option, unknown meaning</dd>
757 <h2><a id="summary"></a>Version 7 Change Summary</h2>
758 <div class="doc-section">
759 <p>Changes from ImageMagick version 6 to version 7 are summarized here:</p>
762 <li>Pixels are no longer addressed with PixelPacket structure members (e.g. red, green, blue, opacity) but as an array of channels (e.g. pixel[PixelRedChannel]).</li>
763 <li>Use convenience macros to access pixel channels (e.g. GetPixelRed(), SetPixelRed()).</li>
764 <li>The black channel for the CMYK colorspace is no longer stored in the index channel, previously accessed with GetAuthenticIndexQueue() and GetCacheViewAuthenticIndexQueue((). Instead it is now a pixel channel and accessed with the convenience pixel macros GetPixelBlack() and SetPixelBlack().</li>
765 <li>The index channel for colormapped images is no longer stored in the index channel, previously accessed with GetAuthenticIndexQueue() and GetCacheViewAuthenticIndexQueue((). Instead it is now a pixel channel and accessed with the convenience pixel macros GetPixelIndex() and SetPixelIndex().</li>
766 <li>Use GetPixelChannels() to advance to the next set of pixel channels.</li>
767 <li>Use the <em>metacontent</em> channel to associate metacontent with each pixel.</li>
768 <li>All color packet structures, PixelPacket, LongPacket, and DoublePacket, are consolidated to a single color structure, PixelInfo.</li>
772 <li>We support alpha rather than opacity (0 transparent; QuantumRange opaque).</li>
773 <li>Use GetPixelAlpha() or SetPixelAlpha() to get or set the alpha pixel channel value.</li>
777 <li>Grayscale images consume one pixel channel in ImageMagick version 7. To process RGB, set the colorspace to RGB (e.g. -colorspace rgb).</li>
779 <h5>MagickCore API</h5>
781 <li>Almost all image processing algorithms are now channel aware.</li>
782 <li>MagickCore, version 7, adds an ExceptionInfo argument to those methods that lacked it in version 6, e.g. NegateImage(image,MagickTrue,exception);</li>
783 <li>All method channel analogs have been removed (e.g. BlurImageChannel()), they are no longer necessary, use pixel traits instead.</li>
784 <li>Public and private API calls are now declared with the GCC visibility attribute. The MagickCore and MagickWand dynamic libraries now only export public struct and function declarations.</li>
785 <li>The InterpolatePixelMethod enum is now PixelInterpolateMethod.</li>
786 <li>To account for variable pixel channels, images may now return a different signature.</li>
788 <h5>Deprecated Methods</h5>
790 <li>All ImageMagick version 6 MagickCore and MagickWand deprecated methods are removed and no longer available in ImageMagick version 7.</li>
791 <li>All MagickCore channel method analogs are removed (e.g. NegateImageChannels()). For version 7, use pixel traits instead.</li>
792 <li>The FilterImage() method has been removed. Use ConvolveImage() instead.</li>
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