[strace] / strace.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1991, 1992 Paul Kranenburg <pk@cs.few.eur.nl>
 * Copyright (c) 1993 Branko Lankester <branko@hacktic.nl>
 * Copyright (c) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Rick Sladkey <jrs@world.std.com>
 * Copyright (c) 1996-1999 Wichert Akkerman <wichert@cistron.nl>
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
 *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
 * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
 * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include "defs.h"
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <pwd.h>
#include <grp.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#ifdef HAVE_PRCTL
# include <sys/prctl.h>
#endif

#include "ptrace.h"
#include "printsiginfo.h"

/* In some libc, these aren't declared. Do it ourself: */
extern char **environ;
extern int optind;
extern char *optarg;

#ifdef USE_LIBUNWIND
/* if this is true do the stack trace for every system call */
bool stack_trace_enabled = false;
#endif

#if defined __NR_tkill
# define my_tkill(tid, sig) syscall(__NR_tkill, (tid), (sig))
#else
   /* kill() may choose arbitrarily the target task of the process group
      while we later wait on a that specific TID.  PID process waits become
      TID task specific waits for a process under ptrace(2).  */
# warning "tkill(2) not available, risk of strace hangs!"
# define my_tkill(tid, sig) kill((tid), (sig))
#endif

/* Glue for systems without a MMU that cannot provide fork() */
#if !defined(HAVE_FORK)
# undef NOMMU_SYSTEM
# define NOMMU_SYSTEM 1
#endif
#if NOMMU_SYSTEM
# define fork() vfork()
#endif

const unsigned int syscall_trap_sig = SIGTRAP | 0x80;

cflag_t cflag = CFLAG_NONE;
unsigned int followfork = 0;
unsigned int ptrace_setoptions = PTRACE_O_TRACESYSGOOD | PTRACE_O_TRACEEXEC;
unsigned int xflag = 0;
bool debug_flag = 0;
bool Tflag = 0;
bool iflag = 0;
bool count_wallclock = 0;
unsigned int qflag = 0;
static unsigned int tflag = 0;
static bool rflag = 0;
static bool print_pid_pfx = 0;

/* -I n */
enum {
    INTR_NOT_SET        = 0,
    INTR_ANYWHERE       = 1, /* don't block/ignore any signals */
    INTR_WHILE_WAIT     = 2, /* block fatal signals while decoding syscall. default */
    INTR_NEVER          = 3, /* block fatal signals. default if '-o FILE PROG' */
    INTR_BLOCK_TSTP_TOO = 4, /* block fatal signals and SIGTSTP (^Z) */
    NUM_INTR_OPTS
};
static int opt_intr;
/* We play with signal mask only if this mode is active: */
#define interactive (opt_intr == INTR_WHILE_WAIT)

/*
 * daemonized_tracer supports -D option.
 * With this option, strace forks twice.
 * Unlike normal case, with -D *grandparent* process exec's,
 * becoming a traced process. Child exits (this prevents traced process
 * from having children it doesn't expect to have), and grandchild
 * attaches to grandparent similarly to strace -p PID.
 * This allows for more transparent interaction in cases
 * when process and its parent are communicating via signals,
 * wait() etc. Without -D, strace process gets lodged in between,
 * disrupting parent<->child link.
 */
static bool daemonized_tracer = 0;

#if USE_SEIZE
static int post_attach_sigstop = TCB_IGNORE_ONE_SIGSTOP;
# define use_seize (post_attach_sigstop == 0)
#else
# define post_attach_sigstop TCB_IGNORE_ONE_SIGSTOP
# define use_seize 0
#endif

/* Sometimes we want to print only succeeding syscalls. */
bool not_failing_only = 0;

/* Show path associated with fd arguments */
unsigned int show_fd_path = 0;

static bool detach_on_execve = 0;
/* Are we "strace PROG" and need to skip detach on first execve? */
static bool skip_one_b_execve = 0;
/* Are we "strace PROG" and need to hide everything until execve? */
bool hide_log_until_execve = 0;

static int exit_code = 0;
static int strace_child = 0;
static int strace_tracer_pid = 0;

static char *username = NULL;
static uid_t run_uid;
static gid_t run_gid;

unsigned int max_strlen = DEFAULT_STRLEN;
static int acolumn = DEFAULT_ACOLUMN;
static char *acolumn_spaces;

static char *outfname = NULL;
/* If -ff, points to stderr. Else, it's our common output log */
static FILE *shared_log;

struct tcb *printing_tcp = NULL;
static struct tcb *current_tcp;

static struct tcb **tcbtab;
static unsigned int nprocs, tcbtabsize;
static const char *progname;

unsigned os_release; /* generated from uname()'s u.release */

static void detach(struct tcb *tcp);
static void cleanup(void);
static void interrupt(int sig);
static sigset_t empty_set, blocked_set;

#ifdef HAVE_SIG_ATOMIC_T
static volatile sig_atomic_t interrupted;
#else
static volatile int interrupted;
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_STRERROR

#if !HAVE_DECL_SYS_ERRLIST
extern int sys_nerr;
extern char *sys_errlist[];
#endif

const char *
strerror(int err_no)
{
        static char buf[sizeof("Unknown error %d") + sizeof(int)*3];

        if (err_no < 1 || err_no >= sys_nerr) {
                sprintf(buf, "Unknown error %d", err_no);
                return buf;
        }
        return sys_errlist[err_no];
}

#endif /* HAVE_STERRROR */

static void
usage()
{
        printf("\
usage: strace [-CdffhiqrtttTvVwxxy] [-I n] [-e expr]...\n\
              [-a column] [-o file] [-s strsize] [-P path]...\n\
              -p pid... / [-D] [-E var=val]... [-u username] PROG [ARGS]\n\
   or: strace -c[dfw] [-I n] [-e expr]... [-O overhead] [-S sortby]\n\
              -p pid... / [-D] [-E var=val]... [-u username] PROG [ARGS]\n\
\n\
Output format:\n\
  -a column      alignment COLUMN for printing syscall results (default %d)\n\
  -i             print instruction pointer at time of syscall\n\
  -o file        send trace output to FILE instead of stderr\n\
  -q             suppress messages about attaching, detaching, etc.\n\
  -r             print relative timestamp\n\
  -s strsize     limit length of print strings to STRSIZE chars (default %d)\n\
  -t             print absolute timestamp\n\
  -tt            print absolute timestamp with usecs\n\
  -T             print time spent in each syscall\n\
  -x             print non-ascii strings in hex\n\
  -xx            print all strings in hex\n\
  -y             print paths associated with file descriptor arguments\n\
  -yy            print ip:port pairs associated with socket file descriptors\n\
\n\
Statistics:\n\
  -c             count time, calls, and errors for each syscall and report summary\n\
  -C             like -c but also print regular output\n\
  -O overhead    set overhead for tracing syscalls to OVERHEAD usecs\n\
  -S sortby      sort syscall counts by: time, calls, name, nothing (default %s)\n\
  -w             summarise syscall latency (default is system time)\n\
\n\
Filtering:\n\
  -e expr        a qualifying expression: option=[!]all or option=[!]val1[,val2]...\n\
     options:    trace, abbrev, verbose, raw, signal, read, write\n\
  -P path        trace accesses to path\n\
\n\
Tracing:\n\
  -b execve      detach on execve syscall\n\
  -D             run tracer process as a detached grandchild, not as parent\n\
  -f             follow forks\n\
  -ff            follow forks with output into separate files\n\
  -I interruptible\n\
     1:          no signals are blocked\n\
     2:          fatal signals are blocked while decoding syscall (default)\n\
     3:          fatal signals are always blocked (default if '-o FILE PROG')\n\
     4:          fatal signals and SIGTSTP (^Z) are always blocked\n\
                 (useful to make 'strace -o FILE PROG' not stop on ^Z)\n\
\n\
Startup:\n\
  -E var         remove var from the environment for command\n\
  -E var=val     put var=val in the environment for command\n\
  -p pid         trace process with process id PID, may be repeated\n\
  -u username    run command as username handling setuid and/or setgid\n\
\n\
Miscellaneous:\n\
  -d             enable debug output to stderr\n\
  -v             verbose mode: print unabbreviated argv, stat, termios, etc. args\n\
  -h             print help message\n\
  -V             print version\n\
"
#ifdef USE_LIBUNWIND
"  -k             obtain stack trace between each syscall (experimental)\n\
"
#endif
/* ancient, no one should use it
-F -- attempt to follow vforks (deprecated, use -f)\n\
 */
/* this is broken, so don't document it
-z -- print only succeeding syscalls\n\
 */
, DEFAULT_ACOLUMN, DEFAULT_STRLEN, DEFAULT_SORTBY);
        exit(0);
}

static void ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN
die(void)
{
        if (strace_tracer_pid == getpid()) {
                cflag = 0;
                cleanup();
        }
        exit(1);
}

static void verror_msg(int err_no, const char *fmt, va_list p)
{
        char *msg;

        fflush(NULL);

        /* We want to print entire message with single fprintf to ensure
         * message integrity if stderr is shared with other programs.
         * Thus we use vasprintf + single fprintf.
         */
        msg = NULL;
        if (vasprintf(&msg, fmt, p) >= 0) {
                if (err_no)
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s: %s\n", progname, msg, strerror(err_no));
                else
                        fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", progname, msg);
                free(msg);
        } else {
                /* malloc in vasprintf failed, try it without malloc */
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", progname);
                vfprintf(stderr, fmt, p);
                if (err_no)
                        fprintf(stderr, ": %s\n", strerror(err_no));
                else
                        putc('\n', stderr);
        }
        /* We don't switch stderr to buffered, thus fprintf(stderr)
         * always flushes its output and this is not necessary: */
        /* fflush(stderr); */
}

void error_msg(const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list p;
        va_start(p, fmt);
        verror_msg(0, fmt, p);
        va_end(p);
}

void error_msg_and_die(const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list p;
        va_start(p, fmt);
        verror_msg(0, fmt, p);
        die();
}

void error_msg_and_help(const char *fmt, ...)
{
        if (fmt != NULL) {
                va_list p;
                va_start(p, fmt);
                verror_msg(0, fmt, p);
        }
        fprintf(stderr, "Try '%s -h' for more information.\n", progname);
        die();
}

void perror_msg(const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list p;
        va_start(p, fmt);
        verror_msg(errno, fmt, p);
        va_end(p);
}

void perror_msg_and_die(const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list p;
        va_start(p, fmt);
        verror_msg(errno, fmt, p);
        die();
}

static void
error_opt_arg(int opt, const char *arg)
{
        error_msg_and_help("invalid -%c argument: '%s'", opt, arg);
}

#if USE_SEIZE
static int
ptrace_attach_or_seize(int pid)
{
        int r;
        if (!use_seize)
                return ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, 0L, 0L);
        r = ptrace(PTRACE_SEIZE, pid, 0L, (unsigned long) ptrace_setoptions);
        if (r)
                return r;
        r = ptrace(PTRACE_INTERRUPT, pid, 0L, 0L);
        return r;
}
#else
# define ptrace_attach_or_seize(pid) ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, (pid), 0, 0)
#endif

/*
 * Used when we want to unblock stopped traced process.
 * Should be only used with PTRACE_CONT, PTRACE_DETACH and PTRACE_SYSCALL.
 * Returns 0 on success or if error was ESRCH
 * (presumably process was killed while we talk to it).
 * Otherwise prints error message and returns -1.
 */
static int
ptrace_restart(int op, struct tcb *tcp, int sig)
{
        int err;
        const char *msg;

        errno = 0;
        ptrace(op, tcp->pid, (void *) 0, (long) sig);
        err = errno;
        if (!err)
                return 0;

        msg = "SYSCALL";
        if (op == PTRACE_CONT)
                msg = "CONT";
        if (op == PTRACE_DETACH)
                msg = "DETACH";
#ifdef PTRACE_LISTEN
        if (op == PTRACE_LISTEN)
                msg = "LISTEN";
#endif
        /*
         * Why curcol != 0? Otherwise sometimes we get this:
         *
         * 10252 kill(10253, SIGKILL)              = 0
         *  <ptrace(SYSCALL,10252):No such process>10253 ...next decode...
         *
         * 10252 died after we retrieved syscall exit data,
         * but before we tried to restart it. Log looks ugly.
         */
        if (current_tcp && current_tcp->curcol != 0) {
                tprintf(" <ptrace(%s):%s>\n", msg, strerror(err));
                line_ended();
        }
        if (err == ESRCH)
                return 0;
        errno = err;
        perror_msg("ptrace(PTRACE_%s,pid:%d,sig:%d)", msg, tcp->pid, sig);
        return -1;
}

static void
set_cloexec_flag(int fd)
{
        int flags, newflags;

        flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD);
        if (flags < 0) {
                /* Can happen only if fd is bad.
                 * Should never happen: if it does, we have a bug
                 * in the caller. Therefore we just abort
                 * instead of propagating the error.
                 */
                perror_msg_and_die("fcntl(%d, F_GETFD)", fd);
        }

        newflags = flags | FD_CLOEXEC;
        if (flags == newflags)
                return;

        fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, newflags); /* never fails */
}

static void kill_save_errno(pid_t pid, int sig)
{
        int saved_errno = errno;

        (void) kill(pid, sig);
        errno = saved_errno;
}

/*
 * When strace is setuid executable, we have to swap uids
 * before and after filesystem and process management operations.
 */
static void
swap_uid(void)
{
        int euid = geteuid(), uid = getuid();

        if (euid != uid && setreuid(euid, uid) < 0) {
                perror_msg_and_die("setreuid");
        }
}

#ifdef _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
# ifdef HAVE_FOPEN64
#  define fopen_for_output fopen64
# else
#  define fopen_for_output fopen
# endif
# define struct_stat struct stat64
# define stat_file stat64
# define struct_dirent struct dirent64
# define read_dir readdir64
# define struct_rlimit struct rlimit64
# define set_rlimit setrlimit64
#else
# define fopen_for_output fopen
# define struct_stat struct stat
# define stat_file stat
# define struct_dirent struct dirent
# define read_dir readdir
# define struct_rlimit struct rlimit
# define set_rlimit setrlimit
#endif

static FILE *
strace_fopen(const char *path)
{
        FILE *fp;

        swap_uid();
        fp = fopen_for_output(path, "w");
        if (!fp)
                perror_msg_and_die("Can't fopen '%s'", path);
        swap_uid();
        set_cloexec_flag(fileno(fp));
        return fp;
}

static int popen_pid = 0;

#ifndef _PATH_BSHELL
# define _PATH_BSHELL "/bin/sh"
#endif

/*
 * We cannot use standard popen(3) here because we have to distinguish
 * popen child process from other processes we trace, and standard popen(3)
 * does not export its child's pid.
 */
static FILE *
strace_popen(const char *command)
{
        FILE *fp;
        int pid;
        int fds[2];

        swap_uid();
        if (pipe(fds) < 0)
                perror_msg_and_die("pipe");

        set_cloexec_flag(fds[1]); /* never fails */

        pid = vfork();
        if (pid < 0)
                perror_msg_and_die("vfork");

        if (pid == 0) {
                /* child */
                close(fds[1]);
                if (fds[0] != 0) {
                        if (dup2(fds[0], 0))
                                perror_msg_and_die("dup2");
                        close(fds[0]);
                }
                execl(_PATH_BSHELL, "sh", "-c", command, NULL);
                perror_msg_and_die("Can't execute '%s'", _PATH_BSHELL);
        }

        /* parent */
        popen_pid = pid;
        close(fds[0]);
        swap_uid();
        fp = fdopen(fds[1], "w");
        if (!fp)
                die_out_of_memory();
        return fp;
}

void
tprintf(const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list args;

        va_start(args, fmt);
        if (current_tcp) {
                int n = strace_vfprintf(current_tcp->outf, fmt, args);
                if (n < 0) {
                        if (current_tcp->outf != stderr)
                                perror_msg("%s", outfname);
                } else
                        current_tcp->curcol += n;
        }
        va_end(args);
}

#ifndef HAVE_FPUTS_UNLOCKED
# define fputs_unlocked fputs
#endif

void
tprints(const char *str)
{
        if (current_tcp) {
                int n = fputs_unlocked(str, current_tcp->outf);
                if (n >= 0) {
                        current_tcp->curcol += strlen(str);
                        return;
                }
                if (current_tcp->outf != stderr)
                        perror_msg("%s", outfname);
        }
}

void
line_ended(void)
{
        if (current_tcp) {
                current_tcp->curcol = 0;
                fflush(current_tcp->outf);
        }
        if (printing_tcp) {
                printing_tcp->curcol = 0;
                printing_tcp = NULL;
        }
}

void
printleader(struct tcb *tcp)
{
        /* If -ff, "previous tcb we printed" is always the same as current,
         * because we have per-tcb output files.
         */
        if (followfork >= 2)
                printing_tcp = tcp;

        if (printing_tcp) {
                current_tcp = printing_tcp;
                if (printing_tcp->curcol != 0 && (followfork < 2 || printing_tcp == tcp)) {
                        /*
                         * case 1: we have a shared log (i.e. not -ff), and last line
                         * wasn't finished (same or different tcb, doesn't matter).
                         * case 2: split log, we are the same tcb, but our last line
                         * didn't finish ("SIGKILL nuked us after syscall entry" etc).
                         */
                        tprints(" <unfinished ...>\n");
                        printing_tcp->curcol = 0;
                }
        }

        printing_tcp = tcp;
        current_tcp = tcp;
        current_tcp->curcol = 0;

        if (print_pid_pfx)
                tprintf("%-5d ", tcp->pid);
        else if (nprocs > 1 && !outfname)
                tprintf("[pid %5u] ", tcp->pid);

        if (tflag) {
                char str[sizeof("HH:MM:SS")];
                struct timeval tv, dtv;
                static struct timeval otv;

                gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
                if (rflag) {
                        if (otv.tv_sec == 0)
                                otv = tv;
                        tv_sub(&dtv, &tv, &otv);
                        tprintf("%6ld.%06ld ",
                                (long) dtv.tv_sec, (long) dtv.tv_usec);
                        otv = tv;
                }
                else if (tflag > 2) {
                        tprintf("%ld.%06ld ",
                                (long) tv.tv_sec, (long) tv.tv_usec);
                }
                else {
                        time_t local = tv.tv_sec;
                        strftime(str, sizeof(str), "%T", localtime(&local));
                        if (tflag > 1)
                                tprintf("%s.%06ld ", str, (long) tv.tv_usec);
                        else
                                tprintf("%s ", str);
                }
        }
        if (iflag)
                print_pc(tcp);
}

void
tabto(void)
{
        if (current_tcp->curcol < acolumn)
                tprints(acolumn_spaces + current_tcp->curcol);
}

/* Should be only called directly *after successful attach* to a tracee.
 * Otherwise, "strace -oFILE -ff -p<nonexistant_pid>"
 * may create bogus empty FILE.<nonexistant_pid>, and then die.
 */
static void
newoutf(struct tcb *tcp)
{
        tcp->outf = shared_log; /* if not -ff mode, the same file is for all */
        if (followfork >= 2) {
                char name[520 + sizeof(int) * 3];
                sprintf(name, "%.512s.%u", outfname, tcp->pid);
                tcp->outf = strace_fopen(name);
        }
}

static void
expand_tcbtab(void)
{
        /* Allocate some more TCBs and expand the table.
           We don't want to relocate the TCBs because our
           callers have pointers and it would be a pain.
           So tcbtab is a table of pointers.  Since we never
           free the TCBs, we allocate a single chunk of many.  */
        unsigned int i = tcbtabsize;
        struct tcb *newtcbs = xcalloc(tcbtabsize, sizeof(newtcbs[0]));
        struct tcb **newtab = xreallocarray(tcbtab, tcbtabsize * 2,
                                            sizeof(tcbtab[0]));
        tcbtabsize *= 2;
        tcbtab = newtab;
        while (i < tcbtabsize)
                tcbtab[i++] = newtcbs++;
}

static struct tcb *
alloctcb(int pid)
{
        unsigned int i;
        struct tcb *tcp;

        if (nprocs == tcbtabsize)
                expand_tcbtab();

        for (i = 0; i < tcbtabsize; i++) {
                tcp = tcbtab[i];
                if (!tcp->pid) {
                        memset(tcp, 0, sizeof(*tcp));
                        tcp->pid = pid;
#if SUPPORTED_PERSONALITIES > 1
                        tcp->currpers = current_personality;
#endif

#ifdef USE_LIBUNWIND
                        if (stack_trace_enabled)
                                unwind_tcb_init(tcp);
#endif

                        nprocs++;
                        if (debug_flag)
                                error_msg("new tcb for pid %d, active tcbs:%d",
                                          tcp->pid, nprocs);
                        return tcp;
                }
        }
        error_msg_and_die("bug in alloctcb");
}

static void
droptcb(struct tcb *tcp)
{
        if (tcp->pid == 0)
                return;

#ifdef USE_LIBUNWIND
        if (stack_trace_enabled) {
                unwind_tcb_fin(tcp);
        }
#endif

        nprocs--;
        if (debug_flag)
                error_msg("dropped tcb for pid %d, %d remain",
                          tcp->pid, nprocs);

        if (tcp->outf) {
                if (followfork >= 2) {
                        if (tcp->curcol != 0)
                                fprintf(tcp->outf, " <detached ...>\n");
                        fclose(tcp->outf);
                } else {
                        if (printing_tcp == tcp && tcp->curcol != 0)
                                fprintf(tcp->outf, " <detached ...>\n");
                        fflush(tcp->outf);
                }
        }

        if (current_tcp == tcp)
                current_tcp = NULL;
        if (printing_tcp == tcp)
                printing_tcp = NULL;

        memset(tcp, 0, sizeof(*tcp));
}

/* Detach traced process.
 * Never call DETACH twice on the same process as both unattached and
 * attached-unstopped processes give the same ESRCH.  For unattached process we
 * would SIGSTOP it and wait for its SIGSTOP notification forever.
 */
static void
detach(struct tcb *tcp)
{
        int error;
        int status;

        /*
         * Linux wrongly insists the child be stopped
         * before detaching.  Arghh.  We go through hoops
         * to make a clean break of things.
         */
#if defined(SPARC)
# undef PTRACE_DETACH
# define PTRACE_DETACH PTRACE_SUNDETACH
#endif

        if (!(tcp->flags & TCB_ATTACHED))
                goto drop;

        /* We attached but possibly didn't see the expected SIGSTOP.
         * We must catch exactly one as otherwise the detached process
         * would be left stopped (process state T).
         */
        if (tcp->flags & TCB_IGNORE_ONE_SIGSTOP)
                goto wait_loop;

        error = ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, tcp->pid, 0, 0);
        if (!error) {
                /* On a clear day, you can see forever. */
                goto drop;
        }
        if (errno != ESRCH) {
                /* Shouldn't happen. */
                perror_msg("detach: ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH,%u)", tcp->pid);
                goto drop;
        }
        /* ESRCH: process is either not stopped or doesn't exist. */
        if (my_tkill(tcp->pid, 0) < 0) {
                if (errno != ESRCH)
                        /* Shouldn't happen. */
                        perror_msg("detach: tkill(%u,0)", tcp->pid);
                /* else: process doesn't exist. */
                goto drop;
        }
        /* Process is not stopped, need to stop it. */
        if (use_seize) {
                /*
                 * With SEIZE, tracee can be in group-stop already.
                 * In this state sending it another SIGSTOP does nothing.
                 * Need to use INTERRUPT.
                 * Testcase: trying to ^C a "strace -p <stopped_process>".
                 */
                error = ptrace(PTRACE_INTERRUPT, tcp->pid, 0, 0);
                if (!error)
                        goto wait_loop;
                if (errno != ESRCH)
                        perror_msg("detach: ptrace(PTRACE_INTERRUPT,%u)", tcp->pid);
        }
        else {
                error = my_tkill(tcp->pid, SIGSTOP);
                if (!error)
                        goto wait_loop;
                if (errno != ESRCH)
                        perror_msg("detach: tkill(%u,SIGSTOP)", tcp->pid);
        }
        /* Either process doesn't exist, or some weird error. */
        goto drop;

 wait_loop:
        /* We end up here in three cases:
         * 1. We sent PTRACE_INTERRUPT (use_seize case)
         * 2. We sent SIGSTOP (!use_seize)
         * 3. Attach SIGSTOP was already pending (TCB_IGNORE_ONE_SIGSTOP set)
         */
        for (;;) {
                unsigned int sig;
                if (waitpid(tcp->pid, &status, __WALL) < 0) {
                        if (errno == EINTR)
                                continue;
                        /*
                         * if (errno == ECHILD) break;
                         * ^^^  WRONG! We expect this PID to exist,
                         * and want to emit a message otherwise:
                         */
                        perror_msg("detach: waitpid(%u)", tcp->pid);
                        break;
                }
                if (!WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
                        /*
                         * Tracee exited or was killed by signal.
                         * We shouldn't normally reach this place:
                         * we don't want to consume exit status.
                         * Consider "strace -p PID" being ^C-ed:
                         * we want merely to detach from PID.
                         *
                         * However, we _can_ end up here if tracee
                         * was SIGKILLed.
                         */
                        break;
                }
                sig = WSTOPSIG(status);
                if (debug_flag)
                        error_msg("detach wait: event:%d sig:%d",
                                  (unsigned)status >> 16, sig);
                if (use_seize) {
                        unsigned event = (unsigned)status >> 16;
                        if (event == PTRACE_EVENT_STOP /*&& sig == SIGTRAP*/) {
                                /*
                                 * sig == SIGTRAP: PTRACE_INTERRUPT stop.
                                 * sig == other: process was already stopped
                                 * with this stopping sig (see tests/detach-stopped).
                                 * Looks like re-injecting this sig is not necessary
                                 * in DETACH for the tracee to remain stopped.
                                 */
                                sig = 0;
                        }
                        /*
                         * PTRACE_INTERRUPT is not guaranteed to produce
                         * the above event if other ptrace-stop is pending.
                         * See tests/detach-sleeping testcase:
                         * strace got SIGINT while tracee is sleeping.
                         * We sent PTRACE_INTERRUPT.
                         * We see syscall exit, not PTRACE_INTERRUPT stop.
                         * We won't get PTRACE_INTERRUPT stop
                         * if we would CONT now. Need to DETACH.
                         */
                        if (sig == syscall_trap_sig)
                                sig = 0;
                        /* else: not sure in which case we can be here.
                         * Signal stop? Inject it while detaching.
                         */
                        ptrace_restart(PTRACE_DETACH, tcp, sig);
                        break;
                }
                /* Note: this check has to be after use_seize check */
                /* (else, in use_seize case SIGSTOP will be mistreated) */
                if (sig == SIGSTOP) {
                        /* Detach, suppressing SIGSTOP */
                        ptrace_restart(PTRACE_DETACH, tcp, 0);
                        break;
                }
                if (sig == syscall_trap_sig)
                        sig = 0;
                /* Can't detach just yet, may need to wait for SIGSTOP */
                error = ptrace_restart(PTRACE_CONT, tcp, sig);
                if (error < 0) {
                        /* Should not happen.
                         * Note: ptrace_restart returns 0 on ESRCH, so it's not it.
                         * ptrace_restart already emitted error message.
                         */
                        break;
                }
        }

 drop:
        if (!qflag && (tcp->flags & TCB_ATTACHED))
                error_msg("Process %u detached", tcp->pid);

        droptcb(tcp);
}

static void
process_opt_p_list(char *opt)
{
        while (*opt) {
                /*
                 * We accept -p PID,PID; -p "`pidof PROG`"; -p "`pgrep PROG`".
                 * pidof uses space as delim, pgrep uses newline. :(
                 */
                int pid;
                char *delim = opt + strcspn(opt, ", \n\t");
                char c = *delim;

                *delim = '\0';
                pid = string_to_uint(opt);
                if (pid <= 0) {
                        error_msg_and_die("Invalid process id: '%s'", opt);
                }
                if (pid == strace_tracer_pid) {
                        error_msg_and_die("I'm sorry, I can't let you do that, Dave.");
                }
                *delim = c;
                alloctcb(pid);
                if (c == '\0')
                        break;
                opt = delim + 1;
        }
}

static void
startup_attach(void)
{
        pid_t parent_pid = strace_tracer_pid;
        unsigned int tcbi;
        struct tcb *tcp;

        /*
         * Block user interruptions as we would leave the traced
         * process stopped (process state T) if we would terminate in
         * between PTRACE_ATTACH and wait4() on SIGSTOP.
         * We rely on cleanup() from this point on.
         */
        if (interactive)
                sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &blocked_set, NULL);

        if (daemonized_tracer) {
                pid_t pid = fork();
                if (pid < 0) {
                        perror_msg_and_die("fork");
                }
                if (pid) { /* parent */
                        /*
                         * Wait for grandchild to attach to straced process
                         * (grandparent). Grandchild SIGKILLs us after it attached.
                         * Grandparent's wait() is unblocked by our death,
                         * it proceeds to exec the straced program.
                         */
                        pause();
                        _exit(0); /* paranoia */
                }
                /* grandchild */
                /* We will be the tracer process. Remember our new pid: */
                strace_tracer_pid = getpid();
        }

        for (tcbi = 0; tcbi < tcbtabsize; tcbi++) {
                tcp = tcbtab[tcbi];

                if (!tcp->pid)
                        continue;

                /* Is this a process we should attach to, but not yet attached? */
                if (tcp->flags & TCB_ATTACHED)
                        continue; /* no, we already attached it */

                if (tcp->pid == parent_pid || tcp->pid == strace_tracer_pid) {
                        errno = EPERM;
                        perror_msg("attach: %d", tcp->pid);
                        droptcb(tcp);
                        continue;
                }
                if (followfork && tcp->pid != strace_child) {
                        char procdir[sizeof("/proc/%d/task") + sizeof(int) * 3];
                        DIR *dir;

                        sprintf(procdir, "/proc/%d/task", tcp->pid);
                        dir = opendir(procdir);
                        if (dir != NULL) {
                                unsigned int ntid = 0, nerr = 0;
                                struct_dirent *de;

                                while ((de = read_dir(dir)) != NULL) {
                                        struct tcb *cur_tcp;
                                        int tid;

                                        if (de->d_fileno == 0)
                                                continue;
                                        /* we trust /proc filesystem */
                                        tid = atoi(de->d_name);
                                        if (tid <= 0)
                                                continue;
                                        ++ntid;
                                        if (ptrace_attach_or_seize(tid) < 0) {
                                                ++nerr;
                                                if (debug_flag)
                                                        error_msg("attach to pid %d failed", tid);
                                                continue;
                                        }
                                        if (debug_flag)
                                                error_msg("attach to pid %d succeeded", tid);
                                        cur_tcp = tcp;
                                        if (tid != tcp->pid)
                                                cur_tcp = alloctcb(tid);
                                        cur_tcp->flags |= TCB_ATTACHED | TCB_STARTUP | post_attach_sigstop;
                                        newoutf(cur_tcp);
                                }
                                closedir(dir);
                                if (interactive) {
                                        sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &empty_set, NULL);
                                        if (interrupted)
                                                goto ret;
                                        sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &blocked_set, NULL);
                                }
                                ntid -= nerr;
                                if (ntid == 0) {
                                        perror_msg("attach: ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, ...)");
                                        droptcb(tcp);
                                        continue;
                                }
                                if (!qflag) {
                                        if (ntid > 1)
                                                error_msg("Process %u attached"
                                                          " with %u threads",
                                                          tcp->pid, ntid);
                                        else
                                                error_msg("Process %u attached",
                                                          tcp->pid);
                                }
                                if (!(tcp->flags & TCB_ATTACHED)) {
                                        /* -p PID, we failed to attach to PID itself
                                         * but did attach to some of its sibling threads.
                                         * Drop PID's tcp.
                                         */
                                        droptcb(tcp);
                                }
                                continue;
                        } /* if (opendir worked) */
                } /* if (-f) */
                if (ptrace_attach_or_seize(tcp->pid) < 0) {
                        perror_msg("attach: ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, ...)");
                        droptcb(tcp);
                        continue;
                }
                tcp->flags |= TCB_ATTACHED | TCB_STARTUP | post_attach_sigstop;
                newoutf(tcp);
                if (debug_flag)
                        error_msg("attach to pid %d (main) succeeded", tcp->pid);

                if (!qflag)
                        error_msg("Process %u attached", tcp->pid);
        } /* for each tcbtab[] */

        if (daemonized_tracer) {
                /*
                 * Make parent go away.
                 * Also makes grandparent's wait() unblock.
                 */
                kill(parent_pid, SIGKILL);
                strace_child = 0;
        }

 ret:
        if (interactive)
                sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &empty_set, NULL);
}

/* Stack-o-phobic exec helper, in the hope to work around
 * NOMMU + "daemonized tracer" difficulty.
 */
struct exec_params {
        int fd_to_close;
        uid_t run_euid;
        gid_t run_egid;
        char **argv;
        char *pathname;
};
static struct exec_params params_for_tracee;

static void ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN
exec_or_die(void)
{
        struct exec_params *params = &params_for_tracee;

        if (params->fd_to_close >= 0)
                close(params->fd_to_close);
        if (!daemonized_tracer && !use_seize) {
                if (ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0L, 0L, 0L) < 0) {
                        perror_msg_and_die("ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, ...)");
                }
        }

        if (username != NULL) {
                /*
                 * It is important to set groups before we
                 * lose privileges on setuid.
                 */
                if (initgroups(username, run_gid) < 0) {
                        perror_msg_and_die("initgroups");
                }
                if (setregid(run_gid, params->run_egid) < 0) {
                        perror_msg_and_die("setregid");
                }
                if (setreuid(run_uid, params->run_euid) < 0) {
                        perror_msg_and_die("setreuid");
                }
        }
        else if (geteuid() != 0)
                if (setreuid(run_uid, run_uid) < 0) {
                        perror_msg_and_die("setreuid");
                }

        if (!daemonized_tracer) {
                /*
                 * Induce a ptrace stop. Tracer (our parent)
                 * will resume us with PTRACE_SYSCALL and display
                 * the immediately following execve syscall.
                 * Can't do this on NOMMU systems, we are after
                 * vfork: parent is blocked, stopping would deadlock.
                 */
                if (!NOMMU_SYSTEM)
                        kill(getpid(), SIGSTOP);
        } else {
                alarm(3);
                /* we depend on SIGCHLD set to SIG_DFL by init code */
                /* if it happens to be SIG_IGN'ed, wait won't block */
                wait(NULL);
                alarm(0);
        }

        execv(params->pathname, params->argv);
        perror_msg_and_die("exec");
}

static void
startup_child(char **argv)
{
        struct_stat statbuf;
        const char *filename;
        size_t filename_len;
        char pathname[PATH_MAX];
        int pid;
        struct tcb *tcp;

        filename = argv[0];
        filename_len = strlen(filename);

        if (filename_len > sizeof(pathname) - 1) {
                errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
                perror_msg_and_die("exec");
        }
        if (strchr(filename, '/')) {
                strcpy(pathname, filename);
        }
#ifdef USE_DEBUGGING_EXEC
        /*
         * Debuggers customarily check the current directory
         * first regardless of the path but doing that gives
         * security geeks a panic attack.
         */
        else if (stat_file(filename, &statbuf) == 0)
                strcpy(pathname, filename);
#endif /* USE_DEBUGGING_EXEC */
        else {
                const char *path;
                size_t m, n, len;

                for (path = getenv("PATH"); path && *path; path += m) {
                        const char *colon = strchr(path, ':');
                        if (colon) {
                                n = colon - path;
                                m = n + 1;
                        }
                        else
                                m = n = strlen(path);
                        if (n == 0) {
                                if (!getcwd(pathname, PATH_MAX))
                                        continue;
                                len = strlen(pathname);
                        }
                        else if (n > sizeof pathname - 1)
                                continue;
                        else {
                                strncpy(pathname, path, n);
                                len = n;
                        }
                        if (len && pathname[len - 1] != '/')
                                pathname[len++] = '/';
                        if (filename_len + len > sizeof(pathname) - 1)
                                continue;
                        strcpy(pathname + len, filename);
                        if (stat_file(pathname, &statbuf) == 0 &&
                            /* Accept only regular files
                               with some execute bits set.
                               XXX not perfect, might still fail */
                            S_ISREG(statbuf.st_mode) &&
                            (statbuf.st_mode & 0111))
                                break;
                }
                if (!path || !*path)
                        pathname[0] = '\0';
        }
        if (stat_file(pathname, &statbuf) < 0) {
                perror_msg_and_die("Can't stat '%s'", filename);
        }

        params_for_tracee.fd_to_close = (shared_log != stderr) ? fileno(shared_log) : -1;
        params_for_tracee.run_euid = (statbuf.st_mode & S_ISUID) ? statbuf.st_uid : run_uid;
        params_for_tracee.run_egid = (statbuf.st_mode & S_ISGID) ? statbuf.st_gid : run_gid;
        params_for_tracee.argv = argv;
        /*
         * On NOMMU, can be safely freed only after execve in tracee.
         * It's hard to know when that happens, so we just leak it.
         */
        params_for_tracee.pathname = NOMMU_SYSTEM ? xstrdup(pathname) : pathname;

#if defined HAVE_PRCTL && defined PR_SET_PTRACER && defined PR_SET_PTRACER_ANY
        if (daemonized_tracer)
                prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, PR_SET_PTRACER_ANY);
#endif

        pid = fork();
        if (pid < 0) {
                perror_msg_and_die("fork");
        }
        if ((pid != 0 && daemonized_tracer)
         || (pid == 0 && !daemonized_tracer)
        ) {
                /* We are to become the tracee. Two cases:
                 * -D: we are parent
                 * not -D: we are child
                 */
                exec_or_die();
        }

        /* We are the tracer */

        if (!daemonized_tracer) {
                strace_child = pid;
                if (!use_seize) {
                        /* child did PTRACE_TRACEME, nothing to do in parent */
                } else {
                        if (!NOMMU_SYSTEM) {
                                /* Wait until child stopped itself */
                                int status;
                                while (waitpid(pid, &status, WSTOPPED) < 0) {
                                        if (errno == EINTR)
                                                continue;
                                        perror_msg_and_die("waitpid");
                                }
                                if (!WIFSTOPPED(status) || WSTOPSIG(status) != SIGSTOP) {
                                        kill_save_errno(pid, SIGKILL);
                                        perror_msg_and_die("Unexpected wait status %x", status);
                                }
                        }
                        /* Else: NOMMU case, we have no way to sync.
                         * Just attach to it as soon as possible.
                         * This means that we may miss a few first syscalls...
                         */

                        if (ptrace_attach_or_seize(pid)) {
                                kill_save_errno(pid, SIGKILL);
                                perror_msg_and_die("Can't attach to %d", pid);
                        }
                        if (!NOMMU_SYSTEM)
                                kill(pid, SIGCONT);
                }
                tcp = alloctcb(pid);
                if (!NOMMU_SYSTEM)
                        tcp->flags |= TCB_ATTACHED | TCB_STARTUP | post_attach_sigstop;
                else
                        tcp->flags |= TCB_ATTACHED | TCB_STARTUP;
                newoutf(tcp);
        }
        else {
                /* With -D, we are *child* here, the tracee is our parent. */
                strace_child = strace_tracer_pid;
                strace_tracer_pid = getpid();
                alloctcb(strace_child);
                /* attaching will be done later, by startup_attach */
                /* note: we don't do newoutf(tcp) here either! */

                /* NOMMU BUG! -D mode is active, we (child) return,
                 * and we will scribble over parent's stack!
                 * When parent later unpauses, it segfaults.
                 *
                 * We work around it
                 * (1) by declaring exec_or_die() NORETURN,
                 * hopefully compiler will just jump to it
                 * instead of call (won't push anything to stack),
                 * (2) by trying very hard in exec_or_die()
                 * to not use any stack,
                 * (3) having a really big (PATH_MAX) stack object
                 * in this function, which creates a "buffer" between
                 * child's and parent's stack pointers.
                 * This may save us if (1) and (2) failed
                 * and compiler decided to use stack in exec_or_die() anyway
                 * (happens on i386 because of stack parameter passing).
                 *
                 * A cleaner solution is to use makecontext + setcontext
                 * to create a genuine separate stack and execute on it.
                 */
        }
}

#if USE_SEIZE
static void
test_ptrace_seize(void)
{
        int pid;

        /* Need fork for test. NOMMU has no forks */
        if (NOMMU_SYSTEM) {
                post_attach_sigstop = 0; /* this sets use_seize to 1 */
                return;
        }

        pid = fork();
        if (pid < 0)
                perror_msg_and_die("fork");

        if (pid == 0) {
                pause();
                _exit(0);
        }

        /* PTRACE_SEIZE, unlike ATTACH, doesn't force tracee to trap.  After
         * attaching tracee continues to run unless a trap condition occurs.
         * PTRACE_SEIZE doesn't affect signal or group stop state.
         */
        if (ptrace(PTRACE_SEIZE, pid, 0, 0) == 0) {
                post_attach_sigstop = 0; /* this sets use_seize to 1 */
        } else if (debug_flag) {
                error_msg("PTRACE_SEIZE doesn't work");
        }

        kill(pid, SIGKILL);

        while (1) {
                int status, tracee_pid;

                errno = 0;
                tracee_pid = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
                if (tracee_pid <= 0) {
                        if (errno == EINTR)
                                continue;
                        perror_msg_and_die("%s: unexpected wait result %d",
                                         __func__, tracee_pid);
                }
                if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
                        return;
                }
                error_msg_and_die("%s: unexpected wait status %x",
                                __func__, status);
        }
}
#else /* !USE_SEIZE */
# define test_ptrace_seize() ((void)0)
#endif

static unsigned
get_os_release(void)
{
        unsigned rel;
        const char *p;
        struct utsname u;
        if (uname(&u) < 0)
                perror_msg_and_die("uname");
        /* u.release has this form: "3.2.9[-some-garbage]" */
        rel = 0;
        p = u.release;
        for (;;) {
                if (!(*p >= '0' && *p <= '9'))
                        error_msg_and_die("Bad OS release string: '%s'", u.release);
                /* Note: this open-codes KERNEL_VERSION(): */
                rel = (rel << 8) | atoi(p);
                if (rel >= KERNEL_VERSION(1,0,0))
                        break;
                while (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9')
                        p++;
                if (*p != '.') {
                        if (rel >= KERNEL_VERSION(0,1,0)) {
                                /* "X.Y-something" means "X.Y.0" */
                                rel <<= 8;
                                break;
                        }
                        error_msg_and_die("Bad OS release string: '%s'", u.release);
                }
                p++;
        }
        return rel;
}

/*
 * Initialization part of main() was eating much stack (~0.5k),
 * which was unused after init.
 * We can reuse it if we move init code into a separate function.
 *
 * Don't want main() to inline us and defeat the reason
 * we have a separate function.
 */
static void ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE
init(int argc, char *argv[])
{
        struct tcb *tcp;
        int c, i;
        int optF = 0;
        unsigned int tcbi;
        struct sigaction sa;

        progname = argv[0] ? argv[0] : "strace";

        /* Make sure SIGCHLD has the default action so that waitpid
           definitely works without losing track of children.  The user
           should not have given us a bogus state to inherit, but he might
           have.  Arguably we should detect SIG_IGN here and pass it on
           to children, but probably noone really needs that.  */
        signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);

        strace_tracer_pid = getpid();

        os_release = get_os_release();

        /* Allocate the initial tcbtab.  */
        tcbtabsize = argc;      /* Surely enough for all -p args.  */
        tcbtab = xcalloc(tcbtabsize, sizeof(tcbtab[0]));
        tcp = xcalloc(tcbtabsize, sizeof(*tcp));
        for (tcbi = 0; tcbi < tcbtabsize; tcbi++)
                tcbtab[tcbi] = tcp++;

        shared_log = stderr;
        set_sortby(DEFAULT_SORTBY);
        set_personality(DEFAULT_PERSONALITY);
        qualify("trace=all");
        qualify("abbrev=all");
        qualify("verbose=all");
#if DEFAULT_QUAL_FLAGS != (QUAL_TRACE | QUAL_ABBREV | QUAL_VERBOSE)
# error Bug in DEFAULT_QUAL_FLAGS
#endif
        qualify("signal=all");
        while ((c = getopt(argc, argv,
                "+b:cCdfFhiqrtTvVwxyz"
#ifdef USE_LIBUNWIND
                "k"
#endif
                "D"
                "a:e:o:O:p:s:S:u:E:P:I:")) != EOF) {
                switch (c) {
                case 'b':
                        if (strcmp(optarg, "execve") != 0)
                                error_msg_and_die("Syscall '%s' for -b isn't supported",
                                        optarg);
                        detach_on_execve = 1;
                        break;
                case 'c':
                        if (cflag == CFLAG_BOTH) {
                                error_msg_and_help("-c and -C are mutually exclusive");
                        }
                        cflag = CFLAG_ONLY_STATS;
                        break;
                case 'C':
                        if (cflag == CFLAG_ONLY_STATS) {
                                error_msg_and_help("-c and -C are mutually exclusive");
                        }
                        cflag = CFLAG_BOTH;
                        break;
                case 'd':
                        debug_flag = 1;
                        break;
                case 'D':
                        daemonized_tracer = 1;
                        break;
                case 'F':
                        optF = 1;
                        break;
                case 'f':
                        followfork++;
                        break;
                case 'h':
                        usage();
                        break;
                case 'i':
                        iflag = 1;
                        break;
                case 'q':
                        qflag++;
                        break;
                case 'r':
                        rflag = 1;
                        /* fall through to tflag++ */
                case 't':
                        tflag++;
                        break;
                case 'T':
                        Tflag = 1;
                        break;
                case 'w':
                        count_wallclock = 1;
                        break;
                case 'x':
                        xflag++;
                        break;
                case 'y':
                        show_fd_path++;
                        break;
                case 'v':
                        qualify("abbrev=none");
                        break;
                case 'V':
                        printf("%s -- version %s\n", PACKAGE_NAME, VERSION);
                        exit(0);
                        break;
                case 'z':
                        not_failing_only = 1;
                        break;
                case 'a':
                        acolumn = string_to_uint(optarg);
                        if (acolumn < 0)
                                error_opt_arg(c, optarg);
                        break;
                case 'e':
                        qualify(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'o':
                        outfname = xstrdup(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'O':
                        i = string_to_uint(optarg);
                        if (i < 0)
                                error_opt_arg(c, optarg);
                        set_overhead(i);
                        break;
                case 'p':
                        process_opt_p_list(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'P':
                        pathtrace_select(optarg);
                        break;
                case 's':
                        i = string_to_uint(optarg);
                        if (i < 0)
                                error_opt_arg(c, optarg);
                        max_strlen = i;
                        break;
                case 'S':
                        set_sortby(optarg);
                        break;
                case 'u':
                        username = xstrdup(optarg);
                        break;
#ifdef USE_LIBUNWIND
                case 'k':
                        stack_trace_enabled = true;
                        break;
#endif
                case 'E':
                        if (putenv(optarg) < 0)
                                die_out_of_memory();
                        break;
                case 'I':
                        opt_intr = string_to_uint(optarg);
                        if (opt_intr <= 0 || opt_intr >= NUM_INTR_OPTS)
                                error_opt_arg(c, optarg);
                        break;
                default:
                        error_msg_and_help(NULL);
                        break;
                }
        }
        argv += optind;
        /* argc -= optind; - no need, argc is not used below */

        acolumn_spaces = xmalloc(acolumn + 1);
        memset(acolumn_spaces, ' ', acolumn);
        acolumn_spaces[acolumn] = '\0';

        if (!argv[0] && !nprocs) {
                error_msg_and_help("must have PROG [ARGS] or -p PID");
        }

        if (!argv[0] && daemonized_tracer) {
                error_msg_and_help("PROG [ARGS] must be specified with -D");
        }

        if (!followfork)
                followfork = optF;

        if (followfork >= 2 && cflag) {
                error_msg_and_help("(-c or -C) and -ff are mutually exclusive");
        }

        if (count_wallclock && !cflag) {
                error_msg_and_help("-w must be given with (-c or -C)");
        }

        if (cflag == CFLAG_ONLY_STATS) {
                if (iflag)
                        error_msg("-%c has no effect with -c", 'i');
#ifdef USE_LIBUNWIND
                if (stack_trace_enabled)
                        error_msg("-%c has no effect with -c", 'k');
#endif
                if (rflag)
                        error_msg("-%c has no effect with -c", 'r');
                if (tflag)
                        error_msg("-%c has no effect with -c", 't');
                if (Tflag)
                        error_msg("-%c has no effect with -c", 'T');
                if (show_fd_path)
                        error_msg("-%c has no effect with -c", 'y');
        }

#ifdef USE_LIBUNWIND
        if (stack_trace_enabled)
                unwind_init();
#endif

        /* See if they want to run as another user. */
        if (username != NULL) {
                struct passwd *pent;

                if (getuid() != 0 || geteuid() != 0) {
                        error_msg_and_die("You must be root to use the -u option");
                }
                pent = getpwnam(username);
                if (pent == NULL) {
                        error_msg_and_die("Cannot find user '%s'", username);
                }
                run_uid = pent->pw_uid;
                run_gid = pent->pw_gid;
        }
        else {
                run_uid = getuid();
                run_gid = getgid();
        }

        if (followfork)
                ptrace_setoptions |= PTRACE_O_TRACECLONE |
                                     PTRACE_O_TRACEFORK |
                                     PTRACE_O_TRACEVFORK;
        if (debug_flag)
                error_msg("ptrace_setoptions = %#x", ptrace_setoptions);
        test_ptrace_seize();

        /* Check if they want to redirect the output. */
        if (outfname) {
                /* See if they want to pipe the output. */
                if (outfname[0] == '|' || outfname[0] == '!') {
                        /*
                         * We can't do the <outfname>.PID funny business
                         * when using popen, so prohibit it.
                         */
                        if (followfork >= 2)
                                error_msg_and_help("piping the output and -ff are mutually exclusive");
                        shared_log = strace_popen(outfname + 1);
                }
                else if (followfork < 2)
                        shared_log = strace_fopen(outfname);
        } else {
                /* -ff without -o FILE is the same as single -f */
                if (followfork >= 2)
                        followfork = 1;
        }

        if (!outfname || outfname[0] == '|' || outfname[0] == '!') {
                char *buf = xmalloc(BUFSIZ);
                setvbuf(shared_log, buf, _IOLBF, BUFSIZ);
        }
        if (outfname && argv[0]) {
                if (!opt_intr)
                        opt_intr = INTR_NEVER;
                if (!qflag)
                        qflag = 1;
        }
        if (!opt_intr)
                opt_intr = INTR_WHILE_WAIT;

        /* argv[0]      -pPID   -oFILE  Default interactive setting
         * yes          *       0       INTR_WHILE_WAIT
         * no           1       0       INTR_WHILE_WAIT
         * yes          *       1       INTR_NEVER
         * no           1       1       INTR_WHILE_WAIT
         */

        sigemptyset(&empty_set);
        sigemptyset(&blocked_set);

        /* startup_child() must be called before the signal handlers get
         * installed below as they are inherited into the spawned process.
         * Also we do not need to be protected by them as during interruption
         * in the startup_child() mode we kill the spawned process anyway.
         */
        if (argv[0]) {
                if (!NOMMU_SYSTEM || daemonized_tracer)
                        hide_log_until_execve = 1;
                skip_one_b_execve = 1;
                startup_child(argv);
        }

        sa.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
        sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
        sa.sa_flags = 0;
        sigaction(SIGTTOU, &sa, NULL); /* SIG_IGN */
        sigaction(SIGTTIN, &sa, NULL); /* SIG_IGN */
        if (opt_intr != INTR_ANYWHERE) {
                if (opt_intr == INTR_BLOCK_TSTP_TOO)
                        sigaction(SIGTSTP, &sa, NULL); /* SIG_IGN */
                /*
                 * In interactive mode (if no -o OUTFILE, or -p PID is used),
                 * fatal signals are blocked while syscall stop is processed,
                 * and acted on in between, when waiting for new syscall stops.
                 * In non-interactive mode, signals are ignored.
                 */
                if (opt_intr == INTR_WHILE_WAIT) {
                        sigaddset(&blocked_set, SIGHUP);
                        sigaddset(&blocked_set, SIGINT);
                        sigaddset(&blocked_set, SIGQUIT);
                        sigaddset(&blocked_set, SIGPIPE);
                        sigaddset(&blocked_set, SIGTERM);
                        sa.sa_handler = interrupt;
                }
                /* SIG_IGN, or set handler for these */
                sigaction(SIGHUP, &sa, NULL);
                sigaction(SIGINT, &sa, NULL);
                sigaction(SIGQUIT, &sa, NULL);
                sigaction(SIGPIPE, &sa, NULL);
                sigaction(SIGTERM, &sa, NULL);
        }
        if (nprocs != 0 || daemonized_tracer)
                startup_attach();

        /* Do we want pids printed in our -o OUTFILE?
         * -ff: no (every pid has its own file); or
         * -f: yes (there can be more pids in the future); or
         * -p PID1,PID2: yes (there are already more than one pid)
         */
        print_pid_pfx = (outfname && followfork < 2 && (followfork == 1 || nprocs > 1));
}

static struct tcb *
pid2tcb(int pid)
{
        unsigned int i;

        if (pid <= 0)
                return NULL;

        for (i = 0; i < tcbtabsize; i++) {
                struct tcb *tcp = tcbtab[i];
                if (tcp->pid == pid)
                        return tcp;
        }

        return NULL;
}

static void
cleanup(void)
{
        unsigned int i;
        struct tcb *tcp;
        int fatal_sig;

        /* 'interrupted' is a volatile object, fetch it only once */
        fatal_sig = interrupted;
        if (!fatal_sig)
                fatal_sig = SIGTERM;

        for (i = 0; i < tcbtabsize; i++) {
                tcp = tcbtab[i];
                if (!tcp->pid)
                        continue;
                if (debug_flag)
                        error_msg("cleanup: looking at pid %u", tcp->pid);
                if (tcp->pid == strace_child) {
                        kill(tcp->pid, SIGCONT);
                        kill(tcp->pid, fatal_sig);
                }
                detach(tcp);
        }
        if (cflag)
                call_summary(shared_log);
}

static void
interrupt(int sig)
{
        interrupted = sig;
}

static void
print_debug_info(const int pid, int status)
{
        const unsigned int event = (unsigned int) status >> 16;
        char buf[sizeof("WIFEXITED,exitcode=%u") + sizeof(int)*3 /*paranoia:*/ + 16];
        char evbuf[sizeof(",EVENT_VFORK_DONE (%u)") + sizeof(int)*3 /*paranoia:*/ + 16];

        strcpy(buf, "???");
        if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
#ifdef WCOREDUMP
                sprintf(buf, "WIFSIGNALED,%ssig=%s",
                                WCOREDUMP(status) ? "core," : "",
                                signame(WTERMSIG(status)));
#else
                sprintf(buf, "WIFSIGNALED,sig=%s",
                                signame(WTERMSIG(status)));
#endif
        if (WIFEXITED(status))
                sprintf(buf, "WIFEXITED,exitcode=%u", WEXITSTATUS(status));
        if (WIFSTOPPED(status))
                sprintf(buf, "WIFSTOPPED,sig=%s", signame(WSTOPSIG(status)));
#ifdef WIFCONTINUED
        /* Should never be seen */
        if (WIFCONTINUED(status))
                strcpy(buf, "WIFCONTINUED");
#endif
        evbuf[0] = '\0';
        if (event != 0) {
                static const char *const event_names[] = {
                        [PTRACE_EVENT_CLONE] = "CLONE",
                        [PTRACE_EVENT_FORK]  = "FORK",
                        [PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK] = "VFORK",
                        [PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE] = "VFORK_DONE",
                        [PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC]  = "EXEC",
                        [PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT]  = "EXIT",
                        /* [PTRACE_EVENT_STOP (=128)] would make biggish array */
                };
                const char *e = "??";
                if (event < ARRAY_SIZE(event_names))
                        e = event_names[event];
                else if (event == PTRACE_EVENT_STOP)
                        e = "STOP";
                sprintf(evbuf, ",EVENT_%s (%u)", e, event);
        }
        error_msg("[wait(0x%06x) = %u] %s%s", status, pid, buf, evbuf);
}

static struct tcb *
maybe_allocate_tcb(const int pid, int status)
{
        if (!WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
                if (detach_on_execve && pid == strace_child) {
                        /* example: strace -bexecve sh -c 'exec true' */
                        strace_child = 0;
                        return NULL;
                }
                /*
                 * This can happen if we inherited an unknown child.
                 * Example: (sleep 1 & exec strace true)
                 */
                error_msg("Exit of unknown pid %u ignored", pid);
                return NULL;
        }
        if (followfork) {
                /* We assume it's a fork/vfork/clone child */
                struct tcb *tcp = alloctcb(pid);
                tcp->flags |= TCB_ATTACHED | TCB_STARTUP | post_attach_sigstop;
                newoutf(tcp);
                if (!qflag)
                        error_msg("Process %d attached", pid);
                return tcp;
        } else {
                /* This can happen if a clone call used
                 * CLONE_PTRACE itself.
                 */
                ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, pid, (char *) 0, 0);
                error_msg("Stop of unknown pid %u seen, PTRACE_CONTed it", pid);
                return NULL;
        }
}

static struct tcb *
maybe_switch_tcbs(struct tcb *tcp, const int pid)
{
        FILE *fp;
        struct tcb *execve_thread;
        long old_pid = 0;

        if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG, pid, NULL, (long) &old_pid) < 0)
                return tcp;
        /* Avoid truncation in pid2tcb() param passing */
        if (old_pid <= 0 || old_pid == pid)
                return tcp;
        if ((unsigned long) old_pid > UINT_MAX)
                return tcp;
        execve_thread = pid2tcb(old_pid);
        /* It should be !NULL, but I feel paranoid */
        if (!execve_thread)
                return tcp;

        if (execve_thread->curcol != 0) {
                /*
                 * One case we are here is -ff:
                 * try "strace -oLOG -ff test/threaded_execve"
                 */
                fprintf(execve_thread->outf, " <pid changed to %d ...>\n", pid);
                /*execve_thread->curcol = 0; - no need, see code below */
        }
        /* Swap output FILEs (needed for -ff) */
        fp = execve_thread->outf;
        execve_thread->outf = tcp->outf;
        tcp->outf = fp;
        /* And their column positions */
        execve_thread->curcol = tcp->curcol;
        tcp->curcol = 0;
        /* Drop leader, but close execve'd thread outfile (if -ff) */
        droptcb(tcp);
        /* Switch to the thread, reusing leader's outfile and pid */
        tcp = execve_thread;
        tcp->pid = pid;
        if (cflag != CFLAG_ONLY_STATS) {
                printleader(tcp);
                tprintf("+++ superseded by execve in pid %lu +++\n", old_pid);
                line_ended();
                tcp->flags |= TCB_REPRINT;
        }

        return tcp;
}

static void
print_signalled(struct tcb *tcp, const int pid, int status)
{
        if (pid == strace_child) {
                exit_code = 0x100 | WTERMSIG(status);
                strace_child = 0;
        }

        if (cflag != CFLAG_ONLY_STATS
         && (qual_flags[WTERMSIG(status)] & QUAL_SIGNAL)
        ) {
                printleader(tcp);
#ifdef WCOREDUMP
                tprintf("+++ killed by %s %s+++\n",
                        signame(WTERMSIG(status)),
                        WCOREDUMP(status) ? "(core dumped) " : "");
#else
                tprintf("+++ killed by %s +++\n",
                        signame(WTERMSIG(status)));
#endif
                line_ended();
        }
}

static void
print_exited(struct tcb *tcp, const int pid, int status)
{
        if (pid == strace_child) {
                exit_code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
                strace_child = 0;
        }

        if (cflag != CFLAG_ONLY_STATS &&
            qflag < 2) {
                printleader(tcp);
                tprintf("+++ exited with %d +++\n", WEXITSTATUS(status));
                line_ended();
        }
}

static void
print_stopped(struct tcb *tcp, const siginfo_t *si, const unsigned int sig)
{
        if (cflag != CFLAG_ONLY_STATS
            && !hide_log_until_execve
            && (qual_flags[sig] & QUAL_SIGNAL)
           ) {
                printleader(tcp);
                if (si) {
                        tprintf("--- %s ", signame(sig));
                        printsiginfo(si, verbose(tcp));
                        tprints(" ---\n");
                } else
                        tprintf("--- stopped by %s ---\n", signame(sig));
                line_ended();
        }
}

static void
startup_tcb(struct tcb *tcp)
{
        if (debug_flag)
                error_msg("pid %d has TCB_STARTUP, initializing it", tcp->pid);

        tcp->flags &= ~TCB_STARTUP;

        if (!use_seize) {
                if (debug_flag)
                        error_msg("setting opts 0x%x on pid %d",
                                  ptrace_setoptions, tcp->pid);
                if (ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS, tcp->pid, NULL, ptrace_setoptions) < 0) {
                        if (errno != ESRCH) {
                                /* Should never happen, really */
                                perror_msg_and_die("PTRACE_SETOPTIONS");
                        }
                }
        }
}

/* Returns true iff the main trace loop has to continue. */
static bool
trace(void)
{
        int pid;
        int wait_errno;
        int status;
        bool stopped;
        unsigned int sig;
        unsigned int event;
        struct tcb *tcp;
        struct rusage ru;

        if (interrupted)
                return false;

        /*
         * Used to exit simply when nprocs hits zero, but in this testcase:
         *  int main() { _exit(!!fork()); }
         * under strace -f, parent sometimes (rarely) manages
         * to exit before we see the first stop of the child,
         * and we are losing track of it:
         *  19923 clone(...) = 19924
         *  19923 exit_group(1)     = ?
         *  19923 +++ exited with 1 +++
         * Exiting only when wait() returns ECHILD works better.
         */
        if (popen_pid != 0) {
                /* However, if -o|logger is in use, we can't do that.
                 * Can work around that by double-forking the logger,
                 * but that loses the ability to wait for its completion
                 * on exit. Oh well...
                 */
                if (nprocs == 0)
                        return false;
        }

        if (interactive)
                sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &empty_set, NULL);
        pid = wait4(-1, &status, __WALL, (cflag ? &ru : NULL));
        wait_errno = errno;
        if (interactive)
                sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &blocked_set, NULL);

        if (pid < 0) {
                if (wait_errno == EINTR)
                        return true;
                if (nprocs == 0 && wait_errno == ECHILD)
                        return false;
                /*
                 * If nprocs > 0, ECHILD is not expected,
                 * treat it as any other error here:
                 */
                errno = wait_errno;
                perror_msg_and_die("wait4(__WALL)");
        }

        if (pid == popen_pid) {
                if (!WIFSTOPPED(status))
                        popen_pid = 0;
                return true;
        }

        if (debug_flag)
                print_debug_info(pid, status);

        /* Look up 'pid' in our table. */
        tcp = pid2tcb(pid);

        if (!tcp) {
                tcp = maybe_allocate_tcb(pid, status);
                if (!tcp)
                        return true;
        }

        if (WIFSTOPPED(status))
                get_regs(pid);
        else
                clear_regs();

        event = (unsigned int) status >> 16;

        if (event == PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC) {
                /*
                 * Under Linux, execve changes pid to thread leader's pid,
                 * and we see this changed pid on EVENT_EXEC and later,
                 * execve sysexit. Leader "disappears" without exit
                 * notification. Let user know that, drop leader's tcb,
                 * and fix up pid in execve thread's tcb.
                 * Effectively, execve thread's tcb replaces leader's tcb.
                 *
                 * BTW, leader is 'stuck undead' (doesn't report WIFEXITED
                 * on exit syscall) in multithreaded programs exactly
                 * in order to handle this case.
                 *
                 * PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG returns old pid starting from Linux 3.0.
                 * On 2.6 and earlier, it can return garbage.
                 */
                if (os_release >= KERNEL_VERSION(3,0,0))
                        tcp = maybe_switch_tcbs(tcp, pid);

                if (detach_on_execve && !skip_one_b_execve) {
                        detach(tcp); /* do "-b execve" thingy */
                        return true;
                }
                skip_one_b_execve = 0;
        }

        /* Set current output file */
        current_tcp = tcp;

        if (cflag) {
                tv_sub(&tcp->dtime, &ru.ru_stime, &tcp->stime);
                tcp->stime = ru.ru_stime;
        }

        if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
                print_signalled(tcp, pid, status);
                droptcb(tcp);
                return true;
        }

        if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
                print_exited(tcp, pid, status);
                droptcb(tcp);
                return true;
        }

        if (!WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
                /*
                 * Neither signalled, exited or stopped.
                 * How could that be?
                 */
                error_msg("pid %u not stopped!", pid);
                droptcb(tcp);
                return true;
        }

        /* Is this the very first time we see this tracee stopped? */
        if (tcp->flags & TCB_STARTUP) {
                startup_tcb(tcp);
                if (get_scno(tcp) == 1)
                        tcp->s_prev_ent = tcp->s_ent;
        }

        sig = WSTOPSIG(status);

        if (event != 0) {
                /* Ptrace event */
#if USE_SEIZE
                if (event == PTRACE_EVENT_STOP) {
                        /*
                         * PTRACE_INTERRUPT-stop or group-stop.
                         * PTRACE_INTERRUPT-stop has sig == SIGTRAP here.
                         */
                        switch (sig) {
                                case SIGSTOP:
                                case SIGTSTP:
                                case SIGTTIN:
                                case SIGTTOU:
                                        stopped = true;
                                        goto show_stopsig;
                        }
                }
#endif
                goto restart_tracee_with_sig_0;
        }

        /*
         * Is this post-attach SIGSTOP?
         * Interestingly, the process may stop
         * with STOPSIG equal to some other signal
         * than SIGSTOP if we happend to attach
         * just before the process takes a signal.
         */
        if (sig == SIGSTOP && (tcp->flags & TCB_IGNORE_ONE_SIGSTOP)) {
                if (debug_flag)
                        error_msg("ignored SIGSTOP on pid %d", tcp->pid);
                tcp->flags &= ~TCB_IGNORE_ONE_SIGSTOP;
                goto restart_tracee_with_sig_0;
        }

        if (sig != syscall_trap_sig) {
                siginfo_t si = {};

                /*
                 * True if tracee is stopped by signal
                 * (as opposed to "tracee received signal").
                 * TODO: shouldn't we check for errno == EINVAL too?
                 * We can get ESRCH instead, you know...
                 */
                stopped = ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGINFO, pid, 0, (long) &si) < 0;
#if USE_SEIZE
show_stopsig:
#endif
                print_stopped(tcp, stopped ? NULL : &si, sig);

                if (!stopped)
                        /* It's signal-delivery-stop. Inject the signal */
                        goto restart_tracee;

                /* It's group-stop */
                if (use_seize) {
                        /*
                         * This ends ptrace-stop, but does *not* end group-stop.
                         * This makes stopping signals work properly on straced process
                         * (that is, process really stops. It used to continue to run).
                         */
                        if (ptrace_restart(PTRACE_LISTEN, tcp, 0) < 0) {
                                /* Note: ptrace_restart emitted error message */
                                exit_code = 1;
                                return false;
                        }
                        return true;
                }
                /* We don't have PTRACE_LISTEN support... */
                goto restart_tracee;
        }

        /* We handled quick cases, we are permitted to interrupt now. */
        if (interrupted)
                return false;

        /*
         * This should be syscall entry or exit.
         * Handle it.
         */
        if (trace_syscall(tcp) < 0) {
                /*
                 * ptrace() failed in trace_syscall().
                 * Likely a result of process disappearing mid-flight.
                 * Observed case: exit_group() or SIGKILL terminating
                 * all processes in thread group.
                 * We assume that ptrace error was caused by process death.
                 * We used to detach(tcp) here, but since we no longer
                 * implement "detach before death" policy/hack,
                 * we can let this process to report its death to us
                 * normally, via WIFEXITED or WIFSIGNALED wait status.
                 */
                return true;
        }

restart_tracee_with_sig_0:
        sig = 0;

restart_tracee:
        if (ptrace_restart(PTRACE_SYSCALL, tcp, sig) < 0) {
                /* Note: ptrace_restart emitted error message */
                exit_code = 1;
                return false;
        }

        return true;
}

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
        init(argc, argv);

        while (trace())
                ;

        cleanup();
        fflush(NULL);
        if (shared_log != stderr)
                fclose(shared_log);
        if (popen_pid) {
                while (waitpid(popen_pid, NULL, 0) < 0 && errno == EINTR)
                        ;
        }
        if (exit_code > 0xff) {
                /* Avoid potential core file clobbering.  */
                struct_rlimit rlim = {0, 0};
                set_rlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rlim);

                /* Child was killed by a signal, mimic that.  */
                exit_code &= 0xff;
                signal(exit_code, SIG_DFL);
                raise(exit_code);
                /* Paranoia - what if this signal is not fatal?
                   Exit with 128 + signo then.  */
                exit_code += 128;
        }

        return exit_code;
}