Implement SQL-standard WITH clauses, including WITH RECURSIVE.

[postgresql] / src / include / nodes / primnodes.h

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * primnodes.h
 *        Definitions for "primitive" node types, those that are used in more
 *        than one of the parse/plan/execute stages of the query pipeline.
 *        Currently, these are mostly nodes for executable expressions
 *        and join trees.
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2008, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/nodes/primnodes.h,v 1.142 2008/10/04 21:56:55 tgl Exp $
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#ifndef PRIMNODES_H
#define PRIMNODES_H

#include "access/attnum.h"
#include "nodes/pg_list.h"


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *                                              node definitions
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 * Alias -
 *        specifies an alias for a range variable; the alias might also
 *        specify renaming of columns within the table.
 *
 * Note: colnames is a list of Value nodes (always strings).  In Alias structs
 * associated with RTEs, there may be entries corresponding to dropped
 * columns; these are normally empty strings ("").      See parsenodes.h for info.
 */
typedef struct Alias
{
        NodeTag         type;
        char       *aliasname;          /* aliased rel name (never qualified) */
        List       *colnames;           /* optional list of column aliases */
} Alias;

typedef enum InhOption
{
        INH_NO,                                         /* Do NOT scan child tables */
        INH_YES,                                        /* DO scan child tables */
        INH_DEFAULT                                     /* Use current SQL_inheritance option */
} InhOption;

/* What to do at commit time for temporary relations */
typedef enum OnCommitAction
{
        ONCOMMIT_NOOP,                          /* No ON COMMIT clause (do nothing) */
        ONCOMMIT_PRESERVE_ROWS,         /* ON COMMIT PRESERVE ROWS (do nothing) */
        ONCOMMIT_DELETE_ROWS,           /* ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS */
        ONCOMMIT_DROP                           /* ON COMMIT DROP */
} OnCommitAction;

/*
 * RangeVar - range variable, used in FROM clauses
 *
 * Also used to represent table names in utility statements; there, the alias
 * field is not used, and inhOpt shows whether to apply the operation
 * recursively to child tables.  In some contexts it is also useful to carry
 * a TEMP table indication here.
 */
typedef struct RangeVar
{
        NodeTag         type;
        char       *catalogname;        /* the catalog (database) name, or NULL */
        char       *schemaname;         /* the schema name, or NULL */
        char       *relname;            /* the relation/sequence name */
        InhOption       inhOpt;                 /* expand rel by inheritance? recursively act
                                                                 * on children? */
        bool            istemp;                 /* is this a temp relation/sequence? */
        Alias      *alias;                      /* table alias & optional column aliases */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} RangeVar;

/*
 * IntoClause - target information for SELECT INTO and CREATE TABLE AS
 */
typedef struct IntoClause
{
        NodeTag         type;

        RangeVar   *rel;                        /* target relation name */
        List       *colNames;           /* column names to assign, or NIL */
        List       *options;            /* options from WITH clause */
        OnCommitAction onCommit;        /* what do we do at COMMIT? */
        char       *tableSpaceName; /* table space to use, or NULL */
} IntoClause;


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *                                      node types for executable expressions
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 * Expr - generic superclass for executable-expression nodes
 *
 * All node types that are used in executable expression trees should derive
 * from Expr (that is, have Expr as their first field).  Since Expr only
 * contains NodeTag, this is a formality, but it is an easy form of
 * documentation.  See also the ExprState node types in execnodes.h.
 */
typedef struct Expr
{
        NodeTag         type;
} Expr;

/*
 * Var - expression node representing a variable (ie, a table column)
 *
 * Note: during parsing/planning, varnoold/varoattno are always just copies
 * of varno/varattno.  At the tail end of planning, Var nodes appearing in
 * upper-level plan nodes are reassigned to point to the outputs of their
 * subplans; for example, in a join node varno becomes INNER or OUTER and
 * varattno becomes the index of the proper element of that subplan's target
 * list.  But varnoold/varoattno continue to hold the original values.
 * The code doesn't really need varnoold/varoattno, but they are very useful
 * for debugging and interpreting completed plans, so we keep them around.
 */
#define    INNER                65000
#define    OUTER                65001

#define    PRS2_OLD_VARNO                       1
#define    PRS2_NEW_VARNO                       2

typedef struct Var
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Index           varno;                  /* index of this var's relation in the range
                                                                 * table (could also be INNER or OUTER) */
        AttrNumber      varattno;               /* attribute number of this var, or zero for
                                                                 * all */
        Oid                     vartype;                /* pg_type OID for the type of this var */
        int32           vartypmod;              /* pg_attribute typmod value */
        Index           varlevelsup;    /* for subquery variables referencing outer
                                                                 * relations; 0 in a normal var, >0 means N
                                                                 * levels up */
        Index           varnoold;               /* original value of varno, for debugging */
        AttrNumber      varoattno;              /* original value of varattno */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} Var;

/*
 * Const
 */
typedef struct Const
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     consttype;              /* pg_type OID of the constant's datatype */
        int32           consttypmod;    /* typmod value, if any */
        int                     constlen;               /* typlen of the constant's datatype */
        Datum           constvalue;             /* the constant's value */
        bool            constisnull;    /* whether the constant is null (if true,
                                                                 * constvalue is undefined) */
        bool            constbyval;             /* whether this datatype is passed by value.
                                                                 * If true, then all the information is stored
                                                                 * in the Datum. If false, then the Datum
                                                                 * contains a pointer to the information. */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} Const;

/* ----------------
 * Param
 *              paramkind - specifies the kind of parameter. The possible values
 *              for this field are:
 *
 *              PARAM_EXTERN:  The parameter value is supplied from outside the plan.
 *                              Such parameters are numbered from 1 to n.
 *
 *              PARAM_EXEC:  The parameter is an internal executor parameter, used
 *                              for passing values into and out of sub-queries.
 *                              For historical reasons, such parameters are numbered from 0.
 *                              These numbers are independent of PARAM_EXTERN numbers.
 *
 *              PARAM_SUBLINK:  The parameter represents an output column of a SubLink
 *                              node's sub-select.  The column number is contained in the
 *                              `paramid' field.  (This type of Param is converted to
 *                              PARAM_EXEC during planning.)
 *
 * Note: currently, paramtypmod is valid for PARAM_SUBLINK Params, and for
 * PARAM_EXEC Params generated from them; it is always -1 for PARAM_EXTERN
 * params, since the APIs that supply values for such parameters don't carry
 * any typmod info.
 * ----------------
 */
typedef enum ParamKind
{
        PARAM_EXTERN,
        PARAM_EXEC,
        PARAM_SUBLINK
} ParamKind;

typedef struct Param
{
        Expr            xpr;
        ParamKind       paramkind;              /* kind of parameter. See above */
        int                     paramid;                /* numeric ID for parameter */
        Oid                     paramtype;              /* pg_type OID of parameter's datatype */
        int32           paramtypmod;    /* typmod value, if known */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} Param;

/*
 * Aggref
 */
typedef struct Aggref
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     aggfnoid;               /* pg_proc Oid of the aggregate */
        Oid                     aggtype;                /* type Oid of result of the aggregate */
        List       *args;                       /* arguments to the aggregate */
        Index           agglevelsup;    /* > 0 if agg belongs to outer query */
        bool            aggstar;                /* TRUE if argument list was really '*' */
        bool            aggdistinct;    /* TRUE if it's agg(DISTINCT ...) */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} Aggref;

/* ----------------
 *      ArrayRef: describes an array subscripting operation
 *
 * An ArrayRef can describe fetching a single element from an array,
 * fetching a subarray (array slice), storing a single element into
 * an array, or storing a slice.  The "store" cases work with an
 * initial array value and a source value that is inserted into the
 * appropriate part of the array; the result of the operation is an
 * entire new modified array value.
 *
 * If reflowerindexpr = NIL, then we are fetching or storing a single array
 * element at the subscripts given by refupperindexpr.  Otherwise we are
 * fetching or storing an array slice, that is a rectangular subarray
 * with lower and upper bounds given by the index expressions.
 * reflowerindexpr must be the same length as refupperindexpr when it
 * is not NIL.
 *
 * Note: the result datatype is the element type when fetching a single
 * element; but it is the array type when doing subarray fetch or either
 * type of store.
 * ----------------
 */
typedef struct ArrayRef
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     refarraytype;   /* type of the array proper */
        Oid                     refelemtype;    /* type of the array elements */
        int32           reftypmod;              /* typmod of the array (and elements too) */
        List       *refupperindexpr;/* expressions that evaluate to upper array
                                                                 * indexes */
        List       *reflowerindexpr;/* expressions that evaluate to lower array
                                                                 * indexes */
        Expr       *refexpr;            /* the expression that evaluates to an array
                                                                 * value */
        Expr       *refassgnexpr;       /* expression for the source value, or NULL if
                                                                 * fetch */
} ArrayRef;

/*
 * CoercionContext - distinguishes the allowed set of type casts
 *
 * NB: ordering of the alternatives is significant; later (larger) values
 * allow more casts than earlier ones.
 */
typedef enum CoercionContext
{
        COERCION_IMPLICIT,                      /* coercion in context of expression */
        COERCION_ASSIGNMENT,            /* coercion in context of assignment */
        COERCION_EXPLICIT                       /* explicit cast operation */
} CoercionContext;

/*
 * CoercionForm - information showing how to display a function-call node
 */
typedef enum CoercionForm
{
        COERCE_EXPLICIT_CALL,           /* display as a function call */
        COERCE_EXPLICIT_CAST,           /* display as an explicit cast */
        COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST,           /* implicit cast, so hide it */
        COERCE_DONTCARE                         /* special case for planner */
} CoercionForm;

/*
 * FuncExpr - expression node for a function call
 */
typedef struct FuncExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     funcid;                 /* PG_PROC OID of the function */
        Oid                     funcresulttype; /* PG_TYPE OID of result value */
        bool            funcretset;             /* true if function returns set */
        CoercionForm funcformat;        /* how to display this function call */
        List       *args;                       /* arguments to the function */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} FuncExpr;

/*
 * OpExpr - expression node for an operator invocation
 *
 * Semantically, this is essentially the same as a function call.
 *
 * Note that opfuncid is not necessarily filled in immediately on creation
 * of the node.  The planner makes sure it is valid before passing the node
 * tree to the executor, but during parsing/planning opfuncid can be 0.
 */
typedef struct OpExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     opno;                   /* PG_OPERATOR OID of the operator */
        Oid                     opfuncid;               /* PG_PROC OID of underlying function */
        Oid                     opresulttype;   /* PG_TYPE OID of result value */
        bool            opretset;               /* true if operator returns set */
        List       *args;                       /* arguments to the operator (1 or 2) */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} OpExpr;

/*
 * DistinctExpr - expression node for "x IS DISTINCT FROM y"
 *
 * Except for the nodetag, this is represented identically to an OpExpr
 * referencing the "=" operator for x and y.
 * We use "=", not the more obvious "<>", because more datatypes have "="
 * than "<>".  This means the executor must invert the operator result.
 * Note that the operator function won't be called at all if either input
 * is NULL, since then the result can be determined directly.
 */
typedef OpExpr DistinctExpr;

/*
 * ScalarArrayOpExpr - expression node for "scalar op ANY/ALL (array)"
 *
 * The operator must yield boolean.  It is applied to the left operand
 * and each element of the righthand array, and the results are combined
 * with OR or AND (for ANY or ALL respectively).  The node representation
 * is almost the same as for the underlying operator, but we need a useOr
 * flag to remember whether it's ANY or ALL, and we don't have to store
 * the result type because it must be boolean.
 */
typedef struct ScalarArrayOpExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     opno;                   /* PG_OPERATOR OID of the operator */
        Oid                     opfuncid;               /* PG_PROC OID of underlying function */
        bool            useOr;                  /* true for ANY, false for ALL */
        List       *args;                       /* the scalar and array operands */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} ScalarArrayOpExpr;

/*
 * BoolExpr - expression node for the basic Boolean operators AND, OR, NOT
 *
 * Notice the arguments are given as a List.  For NOT, of course the list
 * must always have exactly one element.  For AND and OR, the executor can
 * handle any number of arguments.  The parser generally treats AND and OR
 * as binary and so it typically only produces two-element lists, but the
 * optimizer will flatten trees of AND and OR nodes to produce longer lists
 * when possible.  There are also a few special cases where more arguments
 * can appear before optimization.
 */
typedef enum BoolExprType
{
        AND_EXPR, OR_EXPR, NOT_EXPR
} BoolExprType;

typedef struct BoolExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        BoolExprType boolop;
        List       *args;                       /* arguments to this expression */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} BoolExpr;

/*
 * SubLink
 *
 * A SubLink represents a subselect appearing in an expression, and in some
 * cases also the combining operator(s) just above it.  The subLinkType
 * indicates the form of the expression represented:
 *      EXISTS_SUBLINK          EXISTS(SELECT ...)
 *      ALL_SUBLINK                     (lefthand) op ALL (SELECT ...)
 *      ANY_SUBLINK                     (lefthand) op ANY (SELECT ...)
 *      ROWCOMPARE_SUBLINK      (lefthand) op (SELECT ...)
 *      EXPR_SUBLINK            (SELECT with single targetlist item ...)
 *      ARRAY_SUBLINK           ARRAY(SELECT with single targetlist item ...)
 *      CTE_SUBLINK                     WITH query (never actually part of an expression)
 * For ALL, ANY, and ROWCOMPARE, the lefthand is a list of expressions of the
 * same length as the subselect's targetlist.  ROWCOMPARE will *always* have
 * a list with more than one entry; if the subselect has just one target
 * then the parser will create an EXPR_SUBLINK instead (and any operator
 * above the subselect will be represented separately).  Note that both
 * ROWCOMPARE and EXPR require the subselect to deliver only one row.
 * ALL, ANY, and ROWCOMPARE require the combining operators to deliver boolean
 * results.  ALL and ANY combine the per-row results using AND and OR
 * semantics respectively.
 * ARRAY requires just one target column, and creates an array of the target
 * column's type using any number of rows resulting from the subselect.
 *
 * SubLink is classed as an Expr node, but it is not actually executable;
 * it must be replaced in the expression tree by a SubPlan node during
 * planning.
 *
 * NOTE: in the raw output of gram.y, testexpr contains just the raw form
 * of the lefthand expression (if any), and operName is the String name of
 * the combining operator.      Also, subselect is a raw parsetree.  During parse
 * analysis, the parser transforms testexpr into a complete boolean expression
 * that compares the lefthand value(s) to PARAM_SUBLINK nodes representing the
 * output columns of the subselect.  And subselect is transformed to a Query.
 * This is the representation seen in saved rules and in the rewriter.
 *
 * In EXISTS, EXPR, and ARRAY SubLinks, testexpr and operName are unused and
 * are always null.
 *
 * The CTE_SUBLINK case never occurs in actual SubLink nodes, but it is used
 * in SubPlans generated for WITH subqueries.
 */
typedef enum SubLinkType
{
        EXISTS_SUBLINK,
        ALL_SUBLINK,
        ANY_SUBLINK,
        ROWCOMPARE_SUBLINK,
        EXPR_SUBLINK,
        ARRAY_SUBLINK,
        CTE_SUBLINK                                     /* for SubPlans only */
} SubLinkType;


typedef struct SubLink
{
        Expr            xpr;
        SubLinkType subLinkType;        /* see above */
        Node       *testexpr;           /* outer-query test for ALL/ANY/ROWCOMPARE */
        List       *operName;           /* originally specified operator name */
        Node       *subselect;          /* subselect as Query* or parsetree */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} SubLink;

/*
 * SubPlan - executable expression node for a subplan (sub-SELECT)
 *
 * The planner replaces SubLink nodes in expression trees with SubPlan
 * nodes after it has finished planning the subquery.  SubPlan references
 * a sub-plantree stored in the subplans list of the toplevel PlannedStmt.
 * (We avoid a direct link to make it easier to copy expression trees
 * without causing multiple processing of the subplan.)
 *
 * In an ordinary subplan, testexpr points to an executable expression
 * (OpExpr, an AND/OR tree of OpExprs, or RowCompareExpr) for the combining
 * operator(s); the left-hand arguments are the original lefthand expressions,
 * and the right-hand arguments are PARAM_EXEC Param nodes representing the
 * outputs of the sub-select.  (NOTE: runtime coercion functions may be
 * inserted as well.)  This is just the same expression tree as testexpr in
 * the original SubLink node, but the PARAM_SUBLINK nodes are replaced by
 * suitably numbered PARAM_EXEC nodes.
 *
 * If the sub-select becomes an initplan rather than a subplan, the executable
 * expression is part of the outer plan's expression tree (and the SubPlan
 * node itself is not, but rather is found in the outer plan's initPlan
 * list).  In this case testexpr is NULL to avoid duplication.
 *
 * The planner also derives lists of the values that need to be passed into
 * and out of the subplan.      Input values are represented as a list "args" of
 * expressions to be evaluated in the outer-query context (currently these
 * args are always just Vars, but in principle they could be any expression).
 * The values are assigned to the global PARAM_EXEC params indexed by parParam
 * (the parParam and args lists must have the same ordering).  setParam is a
 * list of the PARAM_EXEC params that are computed by the sub-select, if it
 * is an initplan; they are listed in order by sub-select output column
 * position.  (parParam and setParam are integer Lists, not Bitmapsets,
 * because their ordering is significant.)
 *
 * Also, the planner computes startup and per-call costs for use of the
 * SubPlan.  Note that these include the cost of the subquery proper,
 * evaluation of the testexpr if any, and any hashtable management overhead.
 */
typedef struct SubPlan
{
        Expr            xpr;
        /* Fields copied from original SubLink: */
        SubLinkType subLinkType;        /* see above */
        /* The combining operators, transformed to an executable expression: */
        Node       *testexpr;           /* OpExpr or RowCompareExpr expression tree */
        List       *paramIds;           /* IDs of Params embedded in the above */
        /* Identification of the Plan tree to use: */
        int                     plan_id;                /* Index (from 1) in PlannedStmt.subplans */
        /* Extra data useful for determining subplan's output type: */
        Oid                     firstColType;   /* Type of first column of subplan result */
        /* Information about execution strategy: */
        bool            useHashTable;   /* TRUE to store subselect output in a hash
                                                                 * table (implies we are doing "IN") */
        bool            unknownEqFalse; /* TRUE if it's okay to return FALSE when the
                                                                 * spec result is UNKNOWN; this allows much
                                                                 * simpler handling of null values */
        /* Information for passing params into and out of the subselect: */
        /* setParam and parParam are lists of integers (param IDs) */
        List       *setParam;           /* initplan subqueries have to set these
                                                                 * Params for parent plan */
        List       *parParam;           /* indices of input Params from parent plan */
        List       *args;                       /* exprs to pass as parParam values */
        /* Estimated execution costs: */
        Cost            startup_cost;   /* one-time setup cost */
        Cost            per_call_cost;  /* cost for each subplan evaluation */
} SubPlan;

/*
 * AlternativeSubPlan - expression node for a choice among SubPlans
 *
 * The subplans are given as a List so that the node definition need not
 * change if there's ever more than two alternatives.  For the moment,
 * though, there are always exactly two; and the first one is the fast-start
 * plan.
 */
typedef struct AlternativeSubPlan
{
        Expr            xpr;
        List       *subplans;           /* SubPlan(s) with equivalent results */
} AlternativeSubPlan;

/* ----------------
 * FieldSelect
 *
 * FieldSelect represents the operation of extracting one field from a tuple
 * value.  At runtime, the input expression is expected to yield a rowtype
 * Datum.  The specified field number is extracted and returned as a Datum.
 * ----------------
 */

typedef struct FieldSelect
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Expr       *arg;                        /* input expression */
        AttrNumber      fieldnum;               /* attribute number of field to extract */
        Oid                     resulttype;             /* type of the field (result type of this
                                                                 * node) */
        int32           resulttypmod;   /* output typmod (usually -1) */
} FieldSelect;

/* ----------------
 * FieldStore
 *
 * FieldStore represents the operation of modifying one field in a tuple
 * value, yielding a new tuple value (the input is not touched!).  Like
 * the assign case of ArrayRef, this is used to implement UPDATE of a
 * portion of a column.
 *
 * A single FieldStore can actually represent updates of several different
 * fields.      The parser only generates FieldStores with single-element lists,
 * but the planner will collapse multiple updates of the same base column
 * into one FieldStore.
 * ----------------
 */

typedef struct FieldStore
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Expr       *arg;                        /* input tuple value */
        List       *newvals;            /* new value(s) for field(s) */
        List       *fieldnums;          /* integer list of field attnums */
        Oid                     resulttype;             /* type of result (same as type of arg) */
        /* Like RowExpr, we deliberately omit a typmod here */
} FieldStore;

/* ----------------
 * RelabelType
 *
 * RelabelType represents a "dummy" type coercion between two binary-
 * compatible datatypes, such as reinterpreting the result of an OID
 * expression as an int4.  It is a no-op at runtime; we only need it
 * to provide a place to store the correct type to be attributed to
 * the expression result during type resolution.  (We can't get away
 * with just overwriting the type field of the input expression node,
 * so we need a separate node to show the coercion's result type.)
 * ----------------
 */

typedef struct RelabelType
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Expr       *arg;                        /* input expression */
        Oid                     resulttype;             /* output type of coercion expression */
        int32           resulttypmod;   /* output typmod (usually -1) */
        CoercionForm relabelformat; /* how to display this node */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} RelabelType;

/* ----------------
 * CoerceViaIO
 *
 * CoerceViaIO represents a type coercion between two types whose textual
 * representations are compatible, implemented by invoking the source type's
 * typoutput function then the destination type's typinput function.
 * ----------------
 */

typedef struct CoerceViaIO
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Expr       *arg;                        /* input expression */
        Oid                     resulttype;             /* output type of coercion */
        /* output typmod is not stored, but is presumed -1 */
        CoercionForm coerceformat;      /* how to display this node */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} CoerceViaIO;

/* ----------------
 * ArrayCoerceExpr
 *
 * ArrayCoerceExpr represents a type coercion from one array type to another,
 * which is implemented by applying the indicated element-type coercion
 * function to each element of the source array.  If elemfuncid is InvalidOid
 * then the element types are binary-compatible, but the coercion still
 * requires some effort (we have to fix the element type ID stored in the
 * array header).
 * ----------------
 */

typedef struct ArrayCoerceExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Expr       *arg;                        /* input expression (yields an array) */
        Oid                     elemfuncid;             /* OID of element coercion function, or 0 */
        Oid                     resulttype;             /* output type of coercion (an array type) */
        int32           resulttypmod;   /* output typmod (also element typmod) */
        bool            isExplicit;             /* conversion semantics flag to pass to func */
        CoercionForm coerceformat;      /* how to display this node */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} ArrayCoerceExpr;

/* ----------------
 * ConvertRowtypeExpr
 *
 * ConvertRowtypeExpr represents a type coercion from one composite type
 * to another, where the source type is guaranteed to contain all the columns
 * needed for the destination type plus possibly others; the columns need not
 * be in the same positions, but are matched up by name.  This is primarily
 * used to convert a whole-row value of an inheritance child table into a
 * valid whole-row value of its parent table's rowtype.
 * ----------------
 */

typedef struct ConvertRowtypeExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Expr       *arg;                        /* input expression */
        Oid                     resulttype;             /* output type (always a composite type) */
        /* result typmod is not stored, but must be -1; see RowExpr comments */
        CoercionForm convertformat; /* how to display this node */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} ConvertRowtypeExpr;

/*----------
 * CaseExpr - a CASE expression
 *
 * We support two distinct forms of CASE expression:
 *              CASE WHEN boolexpr THEN expr [ WHEN boolexpr THEN expr ... ]
 *              CASE testexpr WHEN compexpr THEN expr [ WHEN compexpr THEN expr ... ]
 * These are distinguishable by the "arg" field being NULL in the first case
 * and the testexpr in the second case.
 *
 * In the raw grammar output for the second form, the condition expressions
 * of the WHEN clauses are just the comparison values.  Parse analysis
 * converts these to valid boolean expressions of the form
 *              CaseTestExpr '=' compexpr
 * where the CaseTestExpr node is a placeholder that emits the correct
 * value at runtime.  This structure is used so that the testexpr need be
 * evaluated only once.  Note that after parse analysis, the condition
 * expressions always yield boolean.
 *
 * Note: we can test whether a CaseExpr has been through parse analysis
 * yet by checking whether casetype is InvalidOid or not.
 *----------
 */
typedef struct CaseExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     casetype;               /* type of expression result */
        Expr       *arg;                        /* implicit equality comparison argument */
        List       *args;                       /* the arguments (list of WHEN clauses) */
        Expr       *defresult;          /* the default result (ELSE clause) */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} CaseExpr;

/*
 * CaseWhen - one arm of a CASE expression
 */
typedef struct CaseWhen
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Expr       *expr;                       /* condition expression */
        Expr       *result;                     /* substitution result */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} CaseWhen;

/*
 * Placeholder node for the test value to be processed by a CASE expression.
 * This is effectively like a Param, but can be implemented more simply
 * since we need only one replacement value at a time.
 *
 * We also use this in nested UPDATE expressions.
 * See transformAssignmentIndirection().
 */
typedef struct CaseTestExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     typeId;                 /* type for substituted value */
        int32           typeMod;                /* typemod for substituted value */
} CaseTestExpr;

/*
 * ArrayExpr - an ARRAY[] expression
 *
 * Note: if multidims is false, the constituent expressions all yield the
 * scalar type identified by element_typeid.  If multidims is true, the
 * constituent expressions all yield arrays of element_typeid (ie, the same
 * type as array_typeid); at runtime we must check for compatible subscripts.
 */
typedef struct ArrayExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     array_typeid;   /* type of expression result */
        Oid                     element_typeid; /* common type of array elements */
        List       *elements;           /* the array elements or sub-arrays */
        bool            multidims;              /* true if elements are sub-arrays */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} ArrayExpr;

/*
 * RowExpr - a ROW() expression
 *
 * Note: the list of fields must have a one-for-one correspondence with
 * physical fields of the associated rowtype, although it is okay for it
 * to be shorter than the rowtype.      That is, the N'th list element must
 * match up with the N'th physical field.  When the N'th physical field
 * is a dropped column (attisdropped) then the N'th list element can just
 * be a NULL constant.  (This case can only occur for named composite types,
 * not RECORD types, since those are built from the RowExpr itself rather
 * than vice versa.)  It is important not to assume that length(args) is
 * the same as the number of columns logically present in the rowtype.
 */
typedef struct RowExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        List       *args;                       /* the fields */
        Oid                     row_typeid;             /* RECORDOID or a composite type's ID */

        /*
         * Note: we deliberately do NOT store a typmod.  Although a typmod will be
         * associated with specific RECORD types at runtime, it will differ for
         * different backends, and so cannot safely be stored in stored
         * parsetrees.  We must assume typmod -1 for a RowExpr node.
         */
        CoercionForm row_format;        /* how to display this node */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} RowExpr;

/*
 * RowCompareExpr - row-wise comparison, such as (a, b) <= (1, 2)
 *
 * We support row comparison for any operator that can be determined to
 * act like =, <>, <, <=, >, or >= (we determine this by looking for the
 * operator in btree opfamilies).  Note that the same operator name might
 * map to a different operator for each pair of row elements, since the
 * element datatypes can vary.
 *
 * A RowCompareExpr node is only generated for the < <= > >= cases;
 * the = and <> cases are translated to simple AND or OR combinations
 * of the pairwise comparisons.  However, we include = and <> in the
 * RowCompareType enum for the convenience of parser logic.
 */
typedef enum RowCompareType
{
        /* Values of this enum are chosen to match btree strategy numbers */
        ROWCOMPARE_LT = 1,                      /* BTLessStrategyNumber */
        ROWCOMPARE_LE = 2,                      /* BTLessEqualStrategyNumber */
        ROWCOMPARE_EQ = 3,                      /* BTEqualStrategyNumber */
        ROWCOMPARE_GE = 4,                      /* BTGreaterEqualStrategyNumber */
        ROWCOMPARE_GT = 5,                      /* BTGreaterStrategyNumber */
        ROWCOMPARE_NE = 6                       /* no such btree strategy */
} RowCompareType;

typedef struct RowCompareExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        RowCompareType rctype;          /* LT LE GE or GT, never EQ or NE */
        List       *opnos;                      /* OID list of pairwise comparison ops */
        List       *opfamilies;         /* OID list of containing operator families */
        List       *largs;                      /* the left-hand input arguments */
        List       *rargs;                      /* the right-hand input arguments */
} RowCompareExpr;

/*
 * CoalesceExpr - a COALESCE expression
 */
typedef struct CoalesceExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     coalescetype;   /* type of expression result */
        List       *args;                       /* the arguments */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} CoalesceExpr;

/*
 * MinMaxExpr - a GREATEST or LEAST function
 */
typedef enum MinMaxOp
{
        IS_GREATEST,
        IS_LEAST
} MinMaxOp;

typedef struct MinMaxExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     minmaxtype;             /* common type of arguments and result */
        MinMaxOp        op;                             /* function to execute */
        List       *args;                       /* the arguments */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} MinMaxExpr;

/*
 * XmlExpr - various SQL/XML functions requiring special grammar productions
 *
 * 'name' carries the "NAME foo" argument (already XML-escaped).
 * 'named_args' and 'arg_names' represent an xml_attribute list.
 * 'args' carries all other arguments.
 */
typedef enum XmlExprOp
{
        IS_XMLCONCAT,                           /* XMLCONCAT(args) */
        IS_XMLELEMENT,                          /* XMLELEMENT(name, xml_attributes, args) */
        IS_XMLFOREST,                           /* XMLFOREST(xml_attributes) */
        IS_XMLPARSE,                            /* XMLPARSE(text, is_doc, preserve_ws) */
        IS_XMLPI,                                       /* XMLPI(name [, args]) */
        IS_XMLROOT,                                     /* XMLROOT(xml, version, standalone) */
        IS_XMLSERIALIZE,                        /* XMLSERIALIZE(is_document, xmlval) */
        IS_DOCUMENT                                     /* xmlval IS DOCUMENT */
} XmlExprOp;

typedef enum
{
        XMLOPTION_DOCUMENT,
        XMLOPTION_CONTENT
} XmlOptionType;

typedef struct XmlExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        XmlExprOp       op;                             /* xml function ID */
        char       *name;                       /* name in xml(NAME foo ...) syntaxes */
        List       *named_args;         /* non-XML expressions for xml_attributes */
        List       *arg_names;          /* parallel list of Value strings */
        List       *args;                       /* list of expressions */
        XmlOptionType xmloption;        /* DOCUMENT or CONTENT */
        Oid                     type;                   /* target type for XMLSERIALIZE */
        int32           typmod;
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} XmlExpr;

/*
 * NullIfExpr - a NULLIF expression
 *
 * Like DistinctExpr, this is represented the same as an OpExpr referencing
 * the "=" operator for x and y.
 */
typedef OpExpr NullIfExpr;

/* ----------------
 * NullTest
 *
 * NullTest represents the operation of testing a value for NULLness.
 * The appropriate test is performed and returned as a boolean Datum.
 *
 * NOTE: the semantics of this for rowtype inputs are noticeably different
 * from the scalar case.  It would probably be a good idea to include an
 * "argisrow" flag in the struct to reflect that, but for the moment,
 * we do not do so to avoid forcing an initdb during 8.2beta.
 * ----------------
 */

typedef enum NullTestType
{
        IS_NULL, IS_NOT_NULL
} NullTestType;

typedef struct NullTest
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Expr       *arg;                        /* input expression */
        NullTestType nulltesttype;      /* IS NULL, IS NOT NULL */
} NullTest;

/*
 * BooleanTest
 *
 * BooleanTest represents the operation of determining whether a boolean
 * is TRUE, FALSE, or UNKNOWN (ie, NULL).  All six meaningful combinations
 * are supported.  Note that a NULL input does *not* cause a NULL result.
 * The appropriate test is performed and returned as a boolean Datum.
 */

typedef enum BoolTestType
{
        IS_TRUE, IS_NOT_TRUE, IS_FALSE, IS_NOT_FALSE, IS_UNKNOWN, IS_NOT_UNKNOWN
} BoolTestType;

typedef struct BooleanTest
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Expr       *arg;                        /* input expression */
        BoolTestType booltesttype;      /* test type */
} BooleanTest;

/*
 * CoerceToDomain
 *
 * CoerceToDomain represents the operation of coercing a value to a domain
 * type.  At runtime (and not before) the precise set of constraints to be
 * checked will be determined.  If the value passes, it is returned as the
 * result; if not, an error is raised.  Note that this is equivalent to
 * RelabelType in the scenario where no constraints are applied.
 */
typedef struct CoerceToDomain
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Expr       *arg;                        /* input expression */
        Oid                     resulttype;             /* domain type ID (result type) */
        int32           resulttypmod;   /* output typmod (currently always -1) */
        CoercionForm coercionformat;    /* how to display this node */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} CoerceToDomain;

/*
 * Placeholder node for the value to be processed by a domain's check
 * constraint.  This is effectively like a Param, but can be implemented more
 * simply since we need only one replacement value at a time.
 *
 * Note: the typeId/typeMod will be set from the domain's base type, not
 * the domain itself.  This is because we shouldn't consider the value to
 * be a member of the domain if we haven't yet checked its constraints.
 */
typedef struct CoerceToDomainValue
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     typeId;                 /* type for substituted value */
        int32           typeMod;                /* typemod for substituted value */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} CoerceToDomainValue;

/*
 * Placeholder node for a DEFAULT marker in an INSERT or UPDATE command.
 *
 * This is not an executable expression: it must be replaced by the actual
 * column default expression during rewriting.  But it is convenient to
 * treat it as an expression node during parsing and rewriting.
 */
typedef struct SetToDefault
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Oid                     typeId;                 /* type for substituted value */
        int32           typeMod;                /* typemod for substituted value */
        int                     location;               /* token location, or -1 if unknown */
} SetToDefault;

/*
 * Node representing [WHERE] CURRENT OF cursor_name
 *
 * CURRENT OF is a bit like a Var, in that it carries the rangetable index
 * of the target relation being constrained; this aids placing the expression
 * correctly during planning.  We can assume however that its "levelsup" is
 * always zero, due to the syntactic constraints on where it can appear.
 *
 * The referenced cursor can be represented either as a hardwired string
 * or as a reference to a run-time parameter of type REFCURSOR.  The latter
 * case is for the convenience of plpgsql.
 */
typedef struct CurrentOfExpr
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Index           cvarno;                 /* RT index of target relation */
        char       *cursor_name;        /* name of referenced cursor, or NULL */
        int                     cursor_param;   /* refcursor parameter number, or 0 */
} CurrentOfExpr;

/*--------------------
 * TargetEntry -
 *         a target entry (used in query target lists)
 *
 * Strictly speaking, a TargetEntry isn't an expression node (since it can't
 * be evaluated by ExecEvalExpr).  But we treat it as one anyway, since in
 * very many places it's convenient to process a whole query targetlist as a
 * single expression tree.
 *
 * In a SELECT's targetlist, resno should always be equal to the item's
 * ordinal position (counting from 1).  However, in an INSERT or UPDATE
 * targetlist, resno represents the attribute number of the destination
 * column for the item; so there may be missing or out-of-order resnos.
 * It is even legal to have duplicated resnos; consider
 *              UPDATE table SET arraycol[1] = ..., arraycol[2] = ..., ...
 * The two meanings come together in the executor, because the planner
 * transforms INSERT/UPDATE tlists into a normalized form with exactly
 * one entry for each column of the destination table.  Before that's
 * happened, however, it is risky to assume that resno == position.
 * Generally get_tle_by_resno() should be used rather than list_nth()
 * to fetch tlist entries by resno, and only in SELECT should you assume
 * that resno is a unique identifier.
 *
 * resname is required to represent the correct column name in non-resjunk
 * entries of top-level SELECT targetlists, since it will be used as the
 * column title sent to the frontend.  In most other contexts it is only
 * a debugging aid, and may be wrong or even NULL.      (In particular, it may
 * be wrong in a tlist from a stored rule, if the referenced column has been
 * renamed by ALTER TABLE since the rule was made.      Also, the planner tends
 * to store NULL rather than look up a valid name for tlist entries in
 * non-toplevel plan nodes.)  In resjunk entries, resname should be either
 * a specific system-generated name (such as "ctid") or NULL; anything else
 * risks confusing ExecGetJunkAttribute!
 *
 * ressortgroupref is used in the representation of ORDER BY, GROUP BY, and
 * DISTINCT items.  Targetlist entries with ressortgroupref=0 are not
 * sort/group items.  If ressortgroupref>0, then this item is an ORDER BY,
 * GROUP BY, and/or DISTINCT target value.  No two entries in a targetlist
 * may have the same nonzero ressortgroupref --- but there is no particular
 * meaning to the nonzero values, except as tags.  (For example, one must
 * not assume that lower ressortgroupref means a more significant sort key.)
 * The order of the associated SortGroupClause lists determine the semantics.
 *
 * resorigtbl/resorigcol identify the source of the column, if it is a
 * simple reference to a column of a base table (or view).      If it is not
 * a simple reference, these fields are zeroes.
 *
 * If resjunk is true then the column is a working column (such as a sort key)
 * that should be removed from the final output of the query.  Resjunk columns
 * must have resnos that cannot duplicate any regular column's resno.  Also
 * note that there are places that assume resjunk columns come after non-junk
 * columns.
 *--------------------
 */
typedef struct TargetEntry
{
        Expr            xpr;
        Expr       *expr;                       /* expression to evaluate */
        AttrNumber      resno;                  /* attribute number (see notes above) */
        char       *resname;            /* name of the column (could be NULL) */
        Index           ressortgroupref;/* nonzero if referenced by a sort/group
                                                                 * clause */
        Oid                     resorigtbl;             /* OID of column's source table */
        AttrNumber      resorigcol;             /* column's number in source table */
        bool            resjunk;                /* set to true to eliminate the attribute from
                                                                 * final target list */
} TargetEntry;


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *                                      node types for join trees
 *
 * The leaves of a join tree structure are RangeTblRef nodes.  Above
 * these, JoinExpr nodes can appear to denote a specific kind of join
 * or qualified join.  Also, FromExpr nodes can appear to denote an
 * ordinary cross-product join ("FROM foo, bar, baz WHERE ...").
 * FromExpr is like a JoinExpr of jointype JOIN_INNER, except that it
 * may have any number of child nodes, not just two.
 *
 * NOTE: the top level of a Query's jointree is always a FromExpr.
 * Even if the jointree contains no rels, there will be a FromExpr.
 *
 * NOTE: the qualification expressions present in JoinExpr nodes are
 * *in addition to* the query's main WHERE clause, which appears as the
 * qual of the top-level FromExpr.      The reason for associating quals with
 * specific nodes in the jointree is that the position of a qual is critical
 * when outer joins are present.  (If we enforce a qual too soon or too late,
 * that may cause the outer join to produce the wrong set of NULL-extended
 * rows.)  If all joins are inner joins then all the qual positions are
 * semantically interchangeable.
 *
 * NOTE: in the raw output of gram.y, a join tree contains RangeVar,
 * RangeSubselect, and RangeFunction nodes, which are all replaced by
 * RangeTblRef nodes during the parse analysis phase.  Also, the top-level
 * FromExpr is added during parse analysis; the grammar regards FROM and
 * WHERE as separate.
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 * RangeTblRef - reference to an entry in the query's rangetable
 *
 * We could use direct pointers to the RT entries and skip having these
 * nodes, but multiple pointers to the same node in a querytree cause
 * lots of headaches, so it seems better to store an index into the RT.
 */
typedef struct RangeTblRef
{
        NodeTag         type;
        int                     rtindex;
} RangeTblRef;

/*----------
 * JoinExpr - for SQL JOIN expressions
 *
 * isNatural, using, and quals are interdependent.      The user can write only
 * one of NATURAL, USING(), or ON() (this is enforced by the grammar).
 * If he writes NATURAL then parse analysis generates the equivalent USING()
 * list, and from that fills in "quals" with the right equality comparisons.
 * If he writes USING() then "quals" is filled with equality comparisons.
 * If he writes ON() then only "quals" is set.  Note that NATURAL/USING
 * are not equivalent to ON() since they also affect the output column list.
 *
 * alias is an Alias node representing the AS alias-clause attached to the
 * join expression, or NULL if no clause.  NB: presence or absence of the
 * alias has a critical impact on semantics, because a join with an alias
 * restricts visibility of the tables/columns inside it.
 *
 * During parse analysis, an RTE is created for the Join, and its index
 * is filled into rtindex.      This RTE is present mainly so that Vars can
 * be created that refer to the outputs of the join.
 *----------
 */
typedef struct JoinExpr
{
        NodeTag         type;
        JoinType        jointype;               /* type of join */
        bool            isNatural;              /* Natural join? Will need to shape table */
        Node       *larg;                       /* left subtree */
        Node       *rarg;                       /* right subtree */
        List       *using;                      /* USING clause, if any (list of String) */
        Node       *quals;                      /* qualifiers on join, if any */
        Alias      *alias;                      /* user-written alias clause, if any */
        int                     rtindex;                /* RT index assigned for join */
} JoinExpr;

/*----------
 * FromExpr - represents a FROM ... WHERE ... construct
 *
 * This is both more flexible than a JoinExpr (it can have any number of
 * children, including zero) and less so --- we don't need to deal with
 * aliases and so on.  The output column set is implicitly just the union
 * of the outputs of the children.
 *----------
 */
typedef struct FromExpr
{
        NodeTag         type;
        List       *fromlist;           /* List of join subtrees */
        Node       *quals;                      /* qualifiers on join, if any */
} FromExpr;

#endif   /* PRIMNODES_H */