[postgresql] / src / backend / storage / ipc / procarray.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * procarray.c
 *        POSTGRES process array code.
 *
 *
 * This module maintains an unsorted array of the PGPROC structures for all
 * active backends.  Although there are several uses for this, the principal
 * one is as a means of determining the set of currently running transactions.
 *
 * Because of various subtle race conditions it is critical that a backend
 * hold the correct locks while setting or clearing its MyProc->xid field.
 * See notes in src/backend/access/transam/README.
 *
 * The process array now also includes PGPROC structures representing
 * prepared transactions.  The xid and subxids fields of these are valid,
 * as are the myProcLocks lists.  They can be distinguished from regular
 * backend PGPROCs at need by checking for pid == 0.
 *
 * During hot standby, we also keep a list of XIDs representing transactions
 * that are known to be running in the master (or more precisely, were running
 * as of the current point in the WAL stream).  This list is kept in the
 * KnownAssignedXids array, and is updated by watching the sequence of
 * arriving XIDs.  This is necessary because if we leave those XIDs out of
 * snapshots taken for standby queries, then they will appear to be already
 * complete, leading to MVCC failures.  Note that in hot standby, the PGPROC
 * array represents standby processes, which by definition are not running
 * transactions that have XIDs.
 *
 * It is perhaps possible for a backend on the master to terminate without
 * writing an abort record for its transaction.  While that shouldn't really
 * happen, it would tie up KnownAssignedXids indefinitely, so we protect
 * ourselves by pruning the array when a valid list of running XIDs arrives.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2011, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *        src/backend/storage/ipc/procarray.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include <signal.h>

#include "access/clog.h"
#include "access/subtrans.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "access/twophase.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "storage/procarray.h"
#include "storage/spin.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"


/* Our shared memory area */
typedef struct ProcArrayStruct
{
        int                     numProcs;               /* number of valid procs entries */
        int                     maxProcs;               /* allocated size of procs array */

        /*
         * Known assigned XIDs handling
         */
        int                     maxKnownAssignedXids;   /* allocated size of array */
        int                     numKnownAssignedXids;   /* currrent # of valid entries */
        int                     tailKnownAssignedXids;  /* index of oldest valid element */
        int                     headKnownAssignedXids;  /* index of newest element, + 1 */
        slock_t         known_assigned_xids_lck;                /* protects head/tail pointers */

        /*
         * Highest subxid that has been removed from KnownAssignedXids array to
         * prevent overflow; or InvalidTransactionId if none.  We track this for
         * similar reasons to tracking overflowing cached subxids in PGPROC
         * entries.  Must hold exclusive ProcArrayLock to change this, and shared
         * lock to read it.
         */
        TransactionId lastOverflowedXid;

        /*
         * We declare procs[] as 1 entry because C wants a fixed-size array, but
         * actually it is maxProcs entries long.
         */
        PGPROC     *procs[1];           /* VARIABLE LENGTH ARRAY */
} ProcArrayStruct;

static ProcArrayStruct *procArray;

/*
 * Bookkeeping for tracking emulated transactions in recovery
 */
static TransactionId *KnownAssignedXids;
static bool *KnownAssignedXidsValid;
static TransactionId latestObservedXid = InvalidTransactionId;

/*
 * If we're in STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_PENDING state, standbySnapshotPendingXmin is
 * the highest xid that might still be running that we don't have in
 * KnownAssignedXids.
 */
static TransactionId standbySnapshotPendingXmin;

#ifdef XIDCACHE_DEBUG

/* counters for XidCache measurement */
static long xc_by_recent_xmin = 0;
static long xc_by_known_xact = 0;
static long xc_by_my_xact = 0;
static long xc_by_latest_xid = 0;
static long xc_by_main_xid = 0;
static long xc_by_child_xid = 0;
static long xc_by_known_assigned = 0;
static long xc_no_overflow = 0;
static long xc_slow_answer = 0;

#define xc_by_recent_xmin_inc()         (xc_by_recent_xmin++)
#define xc_by_known_xact_inc()          (xc_by_known_xact++)
#define xc_by_my_xact_inc()                     (xc_by_my_xact++)
#define xc_by_latest_xid_inc()          (xc_by_latest_xid++)
#define xc_by_main_xid_inc()            (xc_by_main_xid++)
#define xc_by_child_xid_inc()           (xc_by_child_xid++)
#define xc_by_known_assigned_inc()      (xc_by_known_assigned++)
#define xc_no_overflow_inc()            (xc_no_overflow++)
#define xc_slow_answer_inc()            (xc_slow_answer++)

static void DisplayXidCache(void);
#else                                                   /* !XIDCACHE_DEBUG */

#define xc_by_recent_xmin_inc()         ((void) 0)
#define xc_by_known_xact_inc()          ((void) 0)
#define xc_by_my_xact_inc()                     ((void) 0)
#define xc_by_latest_xid_inc()          ((void) 0)
#define xc_by_main_xid_inc()            ((void) 0)
#define xc_by_child_xid_inc()           ((void) 0)
#define xc_by_known_assigned_inc()      ((void) 0)
#define xc_no_overflow_inc()            ((void) 0)
#define xc_slow_answer_inc()            ((void) 0)
#endif   /* XIDCACHE_DEBUG */

/* Primitives for KnownAssignedXids array handling for standby */
static void KnownAssignedXidsCompress(bool force);
static void KnownAssignedXidsAdd(TransactionId from_xid, TransactionId to_xid,
                                         bool exclusive_lock);
static bool KnownAssignedXidsSearch(TransactionId xid, bool remove);
static bool KnownAssignedXidExists(TransactionId xid);
static void KnownAssignedXidsRemove(TransactionId xid);
static void KnownAssignedXidsRemoveTree(TransactionId xid, int nsubxids,
                                                        TransactionId *subxids);
static void KnownAssignedXidsRemovePreceding(TransactionId xid);
static int      KnownAssignedXidsGet(TransactionId *xarray, TransactionId xmax);
static int KnownAssignedXidsGetAndSetXmin(TransactionId *xarray,
                                                           TransactionId *xmin,
                                                           TransactionId xmax);
static TransactionId KnownAssignedXidsGetOldestXmin(void);
static void KnownAssignedXidsDisplay(int trace_level);

/*
 * Report shared-memory space needed by CreateSharedProcArray.
 */
Size
ProcArrayShmemSize(void)
{
        Size            size;

        /* Size of the ProcArray structure itself */
#define PROCARRAY_MAXPROCS      (MaxBackends + max_prepared_xacts)

        size = offsetof(ProcArrayStruct, procs);
        size = add_size(size, mul_size(sizeof(PGPROC *), PROCARRAY_MAXPROCS));

        /*
         * During Hot Standby processing we have a data structure called
         * KnownAssignedXids, created in shared memory. Local data structures are
         * also created in various backends during GetSnapshotData(),
         * TransactionIdIsInProgress() and GetRunningTransactionData(). All of the
         * main structures created in those functions must be identically sized,
         * since we may at times copy the whole of the data structures around. We
         * refer to this size as TOTAL_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS.
         *
         * Ideally we'd only create this structure if we were actually doing hot
         * standby in the current run, but we don't know that yet at the time
         * shared memory is being set up.
         */
#define TOTAL_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS \
        ((PGPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS + 1) * PROCARRAY_MAXPROCS)

        if (EnableHotStandby)
        {
                size = add_size(size,
                                                mul_size(sizeof(TransactionId),
                                                                 TOTAL_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS));
                size = add_size(size,
                                                mul_size(sizeof(bool), TOTAL_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS));
        }

        return size;
}

/*
 * Initialize the shared PGPROC array during postmaster startup.
 */
void
CreateSharedProcArray(void)
{
        bool            found;

        /* Create or attach to the ProcArray shared structure */
        procArray = (ProcArrayStruct *)
                ShmemInitStruct("Proc Array",
                                                add_size(offsetof(ProcArrayStruct, procs),
                                                                 mul_size(sizeof(PGPROC *),
                                                                                  PROCARRAY_MAXPROCS)),
                                                &found);

        if (!found)
        {
                /*
                 * We're the first - initialize.
                 */
                procArray->numProcs = 0;
                procArray->maxProcs = PROCARRAY_MAXPROCS;
                procArray->maxKnownAssignedXids = TOTAL_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS;
                procArray->numKnownAssignedXids = 0;
                procArray->tailKnownAssignedXids = 0;
                procArray->headKnownAssignedXids = 0;
                SpinLockInit(&procArray->known_assigned_xids_lck);
                procArray->lastOverflowedXid = InvalidTransactionId;
        }

        /* Create or attach to the KnownAssignedXids arrays too, if needed */
        if (EnableHotStandby)
        {
                KnownAssignedXids = (TransactionId *)
                        ShmemInitStruct("KnownAssignedXids",
                                                        mul_size(sizeof(TransactionId),
                                                                         TOTAL_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS),
                                                        &found);
                KnownAssignedXidsValid = (bool *)
                        ShmemInitStruct("KnownAssignedXidsValid",
                                                        mul_size(sizeof(bool), TOTAL_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS),
                                                        &found);
        }
}

/*
 * Add the specified PGPROC to the shared array.
 */
void
ProcArrayAdd(PGPROC *proc)
{
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        if (arrayP->numProcs >= arrayP->maxProcs)
        {
                /*
                 * Ooops, no room.      (This really shouldn't happen, since there is a
                 * fixed supply of PGPROC structs too, and so we should have failed
                 * earlier.)
                 */
                LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
                ereport(FATAL,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_TOO_MANY_CONNECTIONS),
                                 errmsg("sorry, too many clients already")));
        }

        arrayP->procs[arrayP->numProcs] = proc;
        arrayP->numProcs++;

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
}

/*
 * Remove the specified PGPROC from the shared array.
 *
 * When latestXid is a valid XID, we are removing a live 2PC gxact from the
 * array, and thus causing it to appear as "not running" anymore.  In this
 * case we must advance latestCompletedXid.  (This is essentially the same
 * as ProcArrayEndTransaction followed by removal of the PGPROC, but we take
 * the ProcArrayLock only once, and don't damage the content of the PGPROC;
 * twophase.c depends on the latter.)
 */
void
ProcArrayRemove(PGPROC *proc, TransactionId latestXid)
{
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     index;

#ifdef XIDCACHE_DEBUG
        /* dump stats at backend shutdown, but not prepared-xact end */
        if (proc->pid != 0)
                DisplayXidCache();
#endif

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        if (TransactionIdIsValid(latestXid))
        {
                Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(proc->xid));

                /* Advance global latestCompletedXid while holding the lock */
                if (TransactionIdPrecedes(ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid,
                                                                  latestXid))
                        ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid = latestXid;
        }
        else
        {
                /* Shouldn't be trying to remove a live transaction here */
                Assert(!TransactionIdIsValid(proc->xid));
        }

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                if (arrayP->procs[index] == proc)
                {
                        arrayP->procs[index] = arrayP->procs[arrayP->numProcs - 1];
                        arrayP->procs[arrayP->numProcs - 1] = NULL; /* for debugging */
                        arrayP->numProcs--;
                        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
                        return;
                }
        }

        /* Ooops */
        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        elog(LOG, "failed to find proc %p in ProcArray", proc);
}


/*
 * ProcArrayEndTransaction -- mark a transaction as no longer running
 *
 * This is used interchangeably for commit and abort cases.  The transaction
 * commit/abort must already be reported to WAL and pg_clog.
 *
 * proc is currently always MyProc, but we pass it explicitly for flexibility.
 * latestXid is the latest Xid among the transaction's main XID and
 * subtransactions, or InvalidTransactionId if it has no XID.  (We must ask
 * the caller to pass latestXid, instead of computing it from the PGPROC's
 * contents, because the subxid information in the PGPROC might be
 * incomplete.)
 */
void
ProcArrayEndTransaction(PGPROC *proc, TransactionId latestXid)
{
        if (TransactionIdIsValid(latestXid))
        {
                /*
                 * We must lock ProcArrayLock while clearing proc->xid, so that we do
                 * not exit the set of "running" transactions while someone else is
                 * taking a snapshot.  See discussion in
                 * src/backend/access/transam/README.
                 */
                Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(proc->xid));

                LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

                proc->xid = InvalidTransactionId;
                proc->lxid = InvalidLocalTransactionId;
                proc->xmin = InvalidTransactionId;
                /* must be cleared with xid/xmin: */
                proc->vacuumFlags &= ~PROC_VACUUM_STATE_MASK;
                proc->inCommit = false; /* be sure this is cleared in abort */
                proc->recoveryConflictPending = false;

                /* Clear the subtransaction-XID cache too while holding the lock */
                proc->subxids.nxids = 0;
                proc->subxids.overflowed = false;

                /* Also advance global latestCompletedXid while holding the lock */
                if (TransactionIdPrecedes(ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid,
                                                                  latestXid))
                        ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid = latestXid;

                LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
        }
        else
        {
                /*
                 * If we have no XID, we don't need to lock, since we won't affect
                 * anyone else's calculation of a snapshot.  We might change their
                 * estimate of global xmin, but that's OK.
                 */
                Assert(!TransactionIdIsValid(proc->xid));

                proc->lxid = InvalidLocalTransactionId;
                proc->xmin = InvalidTransactionId;
                /* must be cleared with xid/xmin: */
                proc->vacuumFlags &= ~PROC_VACUUM_STATE_MASK;
                proc->inCommit = false; /* be sure this is cleared in abort */
                proc->recoveryConflictPending = false;

                Assert(proc->subxids.nxids == 0);
                Assert(proc->subxids.overflowed == false);
        }
}


/*
 * ProcArrayClearTransaction -- clear the transaction fields
 *
 * This is used after successfully preparing a 2-phase transaction.  We are
 * not actually reporting the transaction's XID as no longer running --- it
 * will still appear as running because the 2PC's gxact is in the ProcArray
 * too.  We just have to clear out our own PGPROC.
 */
void
ProcArrayClearTransaction(PGPROC *proc)
{
        /*
         * We can skip locking ProcArrayLock here, because this action does not
         * actually change anyone's view of the set of running XIDs: our entry is
         * duplicate with the gxact that has already been inserted into the
         * ProcArray.
         */
        proc->xid = InvalidTransactionId;
        proc->lxid = InvalidLocalTransactionId;
        proc->xmin = InvalidTransactionId;
        proc->recoveryConflictPending = false;

        /* redundant, but just in case */
        proc->vacuumFlags &= ~PROC_VACUUM_STATE_MASK;
        proc->inCommit = false;

        /* Clear the subtransaction-XID cache too */
        proc->subxids.nxids = 0;
        proc->subxids.overflowed = false;
}

/*
 * ProcArrayApplyRecoveryInfo -- apply recovery info about xids
 *
 * Takes us through 3 states: Initialized, Pending and Ready.
 * Normal case is to go all the way to Ready straight away, though there
 * are atypical cases where we need to take it in steps.
 *
 * Use the data about running transactions on master to create the initial
 * state of KnownAssignedXids. We also use these records to regularly prune
 * KnownAssignedXids because we know it is possible that some transactions
 * with FATAL errors fail to write abort records, which could cause eventual
 * overflow.
 *
 * See comments for LogStandbySnapshot().
 */
void
ProcArrayApplyRecoveryInfo(RunningTransactions running)
{
        TransactionId *xids;
        int                     nxids;
        TransactionId nextXid;
        int                     i;

        Assert(standbyState >= STANDBY_INITIALIZED);
        Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(running->nextXid));
        Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(running->oldestRunningXid));
        Assert(TransactionIdIsNormal(running->latestCompletedXid));

        /*
         * Remove stale transactions, if any.
         */
        ExpireOldKnownAssignedTransactionIds(running->oldestRunningXid);
        StandbyReleaseOldLocks(running->oldestRunningXid);

        /*
         * If our snapshot is already valid, nothing else to do...
         */
        if (standbyState == STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_READY)
                return;

        /*
         * If our initial RunningTransactionsData had an overflowed snapshot then
         * we knew we were missing some subxids from our snapshot. We can use this
         * data as an initial snapshot, but we cannot yet mark it valid. We know
         * that the missing subxids are equal to or earlier than nextXid. After we
         * initialise we continue to apply changes during recovery, so once the
         * oldestRunningXid is later than the nextXid from the initial snapshot we
         * know that we no longer have missing information and can mark the
         * snapshot as valid.
         */
        if (standbyState == STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_PENDING)
        {
                if (TransactionIdPrecedes(standbySnapshotPendingXmin,
                                                                  running->oldestRunningXid))
                {
                        standbyState = STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_READY;
                        elog(trace_recovery(DEBUG2),
                                 "running xact data now proven complete");
                        elog(trace_recovery(DEBUG2),
                                 "recovery snapshots are now enabled");
                }
                else
                        elog(trace_recovery(DEBUG2),
                                 "recovery snapshot waiting for %u oldest active xid on standby is %u",
                                 standbySnapshotPendingXmin,
                                 running->oldestRunningXid);
                return;
        }

        Assert(standbyState == STANDBY_INITIALIZED);

        /*
         * OK, we need to initialise from the RunningTransactionsData record
         */

        /*
         * Release any locks belonging to old transactions that are not running
         * according to the running-xacts record.
         */
        StandbyReleaseOldLocks(running->nextXid);

        /*
         * Nobody else is running yet, but take locks anyhow
         */
        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        /*
         * KnownAssignedXids is sorted so we cannot just add the xids, we have to
         * sort them first.
         *
         * Some of the new xids are top-level xids and some are subtransactions.
         * We don't call SubtransSetParent because it doesn't matter yet. If we
         * aren't overflowed then all xids will fit in snapshot and so we don't
         * need subtrans. If we later overflow, an xid assignment record will add
         * xids to subtrans. If RunningXacts is overflowed then we don't have
         * enough information to correctly update subtrans anyway.
         */
        Assert(procArray->numKnownAssignedXids == 0);

        /*
         * Allocate a temporary array to avoid modifying the array passed as
         * argument.
         */
        xids = palloc(sizeof(TransactionId) * running->xcnt);

        /*
         * Add to the temp array any xids which have not already completed.
         */
        nxids = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < running->xcnt; i++)
        {
                TransactionId xid = running->xids[i];

                /*
                 * The running-xacts snapshot can contain xids that were still visible
                 * in the procarray when the snapshot was taken, but were already
                 * WAL-logged as completed. They're not running anymore, so ignore
                 * them.
                 */
                if (TransactionIdDidCommit(xid) || TransactionIdDidAbort(xid))
                        continue;

                xids[nxids++] = xid;
        }

        if (nxids > 0)
        {
                /*
                 * Sort the array so that we can add them safely into
                 * KnownAssignedXids.
                 */
                qsort(xids, nxids, sizeof(TransactionId), xidComparator);

                /*
                 * Add the sorted snapshot into KnownAssignedXids
                 */
                for (i = 0; i < nxids; i++)
                        KnownAssignedXidsAdd(xids[i], xids[i], true);

                KnownAssignedXidsDisplay(trace_recovery(DEBUG3));
        }

        pfree(xids);

        /*
         * Now we've got the running xids we need to set the global values that
         * are used to track snapshots as they evolve further.
         *
         * - latestCompletedXid which will be the xmax for snapshots -
         * lastOverflowedXid which shows whether snapshots overflow - nextXid
         *
         * If the snapshot overflowed, then we still initialise with what we know,
         * but the recovery snapshot isn't fully valid yet because we know there
         * are some subxids missing. We don't know the specific subxids that are
         * missing, so conservatively assume the last one is latestObservedXid.
         */
        latestObservedXid = running->nextXid;
        TransactionIdRetreat(latestObservedXid);

        if (running->subxid_overflow)
        {
                standbyState = STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_PENDING;

                standbySnapshotPendingXmin = latestObservedXid;
                procArray->lastOverflowedXid = latestObservedXid;
        }
        else
        {
                standbyState = STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_READY;

                standbySnapshotPendingXmin = InvalidTransactionId;
                procArray->lastOverflowedXid = InvalidTransactionId;
        }

        /*
         * If a transaction wrote a commit record in the gap between taking and
         * logging the snapshot then latestCompletedXid may already be higher than
         * the value from the snapshot, so check before we use the incoming value.
         */
        if (TransactionIdPrecedes(ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid,
                                                          running->latestCompletedXid))
                ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid = running->latestCompletedXid;

        /* nextXid must be beyond any observed xid */
        nextXid = latestObservedXid;
        TransactionIdAdvance(nextXid);
        if (TransactionIdFollows(nextXid, ShmemVariableCache->nextXid))
                ShmemVariableCache->nextXid = nextXid;

        Assert(TransactionIdIsNormal(ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid));
        Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(ShmemVariableCache->nextXid));

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        elog(trace_recovery(DEBUG2), "running transaction data initialized");
        KnownAssignedXidsDisplay(trace_recovery(DEBUG3));
        if (standbyState == STANDBY_SNAPSHOT_READY)
                elog(trace_recovery(DEBUG2), "recovery snapshots are now enabled");
        else
                ereport(LOG,
                                (errmsg("consistent state delayed because recovery snapshot incomplete")));
}

/*
 * ProcArrayApplyXidAssignment
 *              Process an XLOG_XACT_ASSIGNMENT WAL record
 */
void
ProcArrayApplyXidAssignment(TransactionId topxid,
                                                        int nsubxids, TransactionId *subxids)
{
        TransactionId max_xid;
        int                     i;

        Assert(standbyState >= STANDBY_INITIALIZED);

        max_xid = TransactionIdLatest(topxid, nsubxids, subxids);

        /*
         * Mark all the subtransactions as observed.
         *
         * NOTE: This will fail if the subxid contains too many previously
         * unobserved xids to fit into known-assigned-xids. That shouldn't happen
         * as the code stands, because xid-assignment records should never contain
         * more than PGPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS entries.
         */
        RecordKnownAssignedTransactionIds(max_xid);

        /*
         * Notice that we update pg_subtrans with the top-level xid, rather than
         * the parent xid. This is a difference between normal processing and
         * recovery, yet is still correct in all cases. The reason is that
         * subtransaction commit is not marked in clog until commit processing, so
         * all aborted subtransactions have already been clearly marked in clog.
         * As a result we are able to refer directly to the top-level
         * transaction's state rather than skipping through all the intermediate
         * states in the subtransaction tree. This should be the first time we
         * have attempted to SubTransSetParent().
         */
        for (i = 0; i < nsubxids; i++)
                SubTransSetParent(subxids[i], topxid, false);

        /*
         * Uses same locking as transaction commit
         */
        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        /*
         * Remove subxids from known-assigned-xacts.
         */
        KnownAssignedXidsRemoveTree(InvalidTransactionId, nsubxids, subxids);

        /*
         * Advance lastOverflowedXid to be at least the last of these subxids.
         */
        if (TransactionIdPrecedes(procArray->lastOverflowedXid, max_xid))
                procArray->lastOverflowedXid = max_xid;

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
}

/*
 * TransactionIdIsInProgress -- is given transaction running in some backend
 *
 * Aside from some shortcuts such as checking RecentXmin and our own Xid,
 * there are four possibilities for finding a running transaction:
 *
 * 1. The given Xid is a main transaction Id.  We will find this out cheaply
 * by looking at the PGPROC struct for each backend.
 *
 * 2. The given Xid is one of the cached subxact Xids in the PGPROC array.
 * We can find this out cheaply too.
 *
 * 3. In Hot Standby mode, we must search the KnownAssignedXids list to see
 * if the Xid is running on the master.
 *
 * 4. Search the SubTrans tree to find the Xid's topmost parent, and then
 * see if that is running according to PGPROC or KnownAssignedXids.  This is
 * the slowest way, but sadly it has to be done always if the others failed,
 * unless we see that the cached subxact sets are complete (none have
 * overflowed).
 *
 * ProcArrayLock has to be held while we do 1, 2, 3.  If we save the top Xids
 * while doing 1 and 3, we can release the ProcArrayLock while we do 4.
 * This buys back some concurrency (and we can't retrieve the main Xids from
 * PGPROC again anyway; see GetNewTransactionId).
 */
bool
TransactionIdIsInProgress(TransactionId xid)
{
        static TransactionId *xids = NULL;
        int                     nxids = 0;
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        TransactionId topxid;
        int                     i,
                                j;

        /*
         * Don't bother checking a transaction older than RecentXmin; it could not
         * possibly still be running.  (Note: in particular, this guarantees that
         * we reject InvalidTransactionId, FrozenTransactionId, etc as not
         * running.)
         */
        if (TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, RecentXmin))
        {
                xc_by_recent_xmin_inc();
                return false;
        }

        /*
         * We may have just checked the status of this transaction, so if it is
         * already known to be completed, we can fall out without any access to
         * shared memory.
         */
        if (TransactionIdIsKnownCompleted(xid))
        {
                xc_by_known_xact_inc();
                return false;
        }

        /*
         * Also, we can handle our own transaction (and subtransactions) without
         * any access to shared memory.
         */
        if (TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId(xid))
        {
                xc_by_my_xact_inc();
                return true;
        }

        /*
         * If first time through, get workspace to remember main XIDs in. We
         * malloc it permanently to avoid repeated palloc/pfree overhead.
         */
        if (xids == NULL)
        {
                /*
                 * In hot standby mode, reserve enough space to hold all xids in the
                 * known-assigned list. If we later finish recovery, we no longer need
                 * the bigger array, but we don't bother to shrink it.
                 */
                int                     maxxids = RecoveryInProgress() ? TOTAL_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS : arrayP->maxProcs;

                xids = (TransactionId *) malloc(maxxids * sizeof(TransactionId));
                if (xids == NULL)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                        (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
                                         errmsg("out of memory")));
        }

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        /*
         * Now that we have the lock, we can check latestCompletedXid; if the
         * target Xid is after that, it's surely still running.
         */
        if (TransactionIdPrecedes(ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid, xid))
        {
                LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
                xc_by_latest_xid_inc();
                return true;
        }

        /* No shortcuts, gotta grovel through the array */
        for (i = 0; i < arrayP->numProcs; i++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[i];
                TransactionId pxid;

                /* Ignore my own proc --- dealt with it above */
                if (proc == MyProc)
                        continue;

                /* Fetch xid just once - see GetNewTransactionId */
                pxid = proc->xid;

                if (!TransactionIdIsValid(pxid))
                        continue;

                /*
                 * Step 1: check the main Xid
                 */
                if (TransactionIdEquals(pxid, xid))
                {
                        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
                        xc_by_main_xid_inc();
                        return true;
                }

                /*
                 * We can ignore main Xids that are younger than the target Xid, since
                 * the target could not possibly be their child.
                 */
                if (TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, pxid))
                        continue;

                /*
                 * Step 2: check the cached child-Xids arrays
                 */
                for (j = proc->subxids.nxids - 1; j >= 0; j--)
                {
                        /* Fetch xid just once - see GetNewTransactionId */
                        TransactionId cxid = proc->subxids.xids[j];

                        if (TransactionIdEquals(cxid, xid))
                        {
                                LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
                                xc_by_child_xid_inc();
                                return true;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * Save the main Xid for step 4.  We only need to remember main Xids
                 * that have uncached children.  (Note: there is no race condition
                 * here because the overflowed flag cannot be cleared, only set, while
                 * we hold ProcArrayLock.  So we can't miss an Xid that we need to
                 * worry about.)
                 */
                if (proc->subxids.overflowed)
                        xids[nxids++] = pxid;
        }

        /*
         * Step 3: in hot standby mode, check the known-assigned-xids list.  XIDs
         * in the list must be treated as running.
         */
        if (RecoveryInProgress())
        {
                /* none of the PGPROC entries should have XIDs in hot standby mode */
                Assert(nxids == 0);

                if (KnownAssignedXidExists(xid))
                {
                        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
                        xc_by_known_assigned_inc();
                        return true;
                }

                /*
                 * If the KnownAssignedXids overflowed, we have to check pg_subtrans
                 * too.  Fetch all xids from KnownAssignedXids that are lower than
                 * xid, since if xid is a subtransaction its parent will always have a
                 * lower value.  Note we will collect both main and subXIDs here, but
                 * there's no help for it.
                 */
                if (TransactionIdPrecedesOrEquals(xid, procArray->lastOverflowedXid))
                        nxids = KnownAssignedXidsGet(xids, xid);
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        /*
         * If none of the relevant caches overflowed, we know the Xid is not
         * running without even looking at pg_subtrans.
         */
        if (nxids == 0)
        {
                xc_no_overflow_inc();
                return false;
        }

        /*
         * Step 4: have to check pg_subtrans.
         *
         * At this point, we know it's either a subtransaction of one of the Xids
         * in xids[], or it's not running.  If it's an already-failed
         * subtransaction, we want to say "not running" even though its parent may
         * still be running.  So first, check pg_clog to see if it's been aborted.
         */
        xc_slow_answer_inc();

        if (TransactionIdDidAbort(xid))
                return false;

        /*
         * It isn't aborted, so check whether the transaction tree it belongs to
         * is still running (or, more precisely, whether it was running when we
         * held ProcArrayLock).
         */
        topxid = SubTransGetTopmostTransaction(xid);
        Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(topxid));
        if (!TransactionIdEquals(topxid, xid))
        {
                for (i = 0; i < nxids; i++)
                {
                        if (TransactionIdEquals(xids[i], topxid))
                                return true;
                }
        }

        return false;
}

/*
 * TransactionIdIsActive -- is xid the top-level XID of an active backend?
 *
 * This differs from TransactionIdIsInProgress in that it ignores prepared
 * transactions, as well as transactions running on the master if we're in
 * hot standby.  Also, we ignore subtransactions since that's not needed
 * for current uses.
 */
bool
TransactionIdIsActive(TransactionId xid)
{
        bool            result = false;
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     i;

        /*
         * Don't bother checking a transaction older than RecentXmin; it could not
         * possibly still be running.
         */
        if (TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, RecentXmin))
                return false;

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        for (i = 0; i < arrayP->numProcs; i++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[i];

                /* Fetch xid just once - see GetNewTransactionId */
                TransactionId pxid = proc->xid;

                if (!TransactionIdIsValid(pxid))
                        continue;

                if (proc->pid == 0)
                        continue;                       /* ignore prepared transactions */

                if (TransactionIdEquals(pxid, xid))
                {
                        result = true;
                        break;
                }
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        return result;
}


/*
 * GetOldestXmin -- returns oldest transaction that was running
 *                                      when any current transaction was started.
 *
 * If allDbs is TRUE then all backends are considered; if allDbs is FALSE
 * then only backends running in my own database are considered.
 *
 * If ignoreVacuum is TRUE then backends with the PROC_IN_VACUUM flag set are
 * ignored.
 *
 * This is used by VACUUM to decide which deleted tuples must be preserved
 * in a table.  allDbs = TRUE is needed for shared relations, but allDbs =
 * FALSE is sufficient for non-shared relations, since only backends in my
 * own database could ever see the tuples in them.      Also, we can ignore
 * concurrently running lazy VACUUMs because (a) they must be working on other
 * tables, and (b) they don't need to do snapshot-based lookups.
 *
 * This is also used to determine where to truncate pg_subtrans.  allDbs
 * must be TRUE for that case, and ignoreVacuum FALSE.
 *
 * Note: it's possible for the calculated value to move backwards on repeated
 * calls. The calculated value is conservative, so that anything older is
 * definitely not considered as running by anyone anymore, but the exact
 * value calculated depends on a number of things. For example, if allDbs is
 * TRUE and there are no transactions running in the current database,
 * GetOldestXmin() returns latestCompletedXid. If a transaction begins after
 * that, its xmin will include in-progress transactions in other databases
 * that started earlier, so another call will return an lower value. The
 * return value is also adjusted with vacuum_defer_cleanup_age, so increasing
 * that setting on the fly is an easy way to have GetOldestXmin() move
 * backwards.
 *
 * Note: we include all currently running xids in the set of considered xids.
 * This ensures that if a just-started xact has not yet set its snapshot,
 * when it does set the snapshot it cannot set xmin less than what we compute.
 * See notes in src/backend/access/transam/README.
 */
TransactionId
GetOldestXmin(bool allDbs, bool ignoreVacuum)
{
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        TransactionId result;
        int                     index;

        /* Cannot look for individual databases during recovery */
        Assert(allDbs || !RecoveryInProgress());

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        /*
         * We initialize the MIN() calculation with latestCompletedXid + 1. This
         * is a lower bound for the XIDs that might appear in the ProcArray later,
         * and so protects us against overestimating the result due to future
         * additions.
         */
        result = ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid;
        Assert(TransactionIdIsNormal(result));
        TransactionIdAdvance(result);

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                if (ignoreVacuum && (proc->vacuumFlags & PROC_IN_VACUUM))
                        continue;

                if (allDbs ||
                        proc->databaseId == MyDatabaseId ||
                        proc->databaseId == 0)          /* include WalSender */
                {
                        /* Fetch xid just once - see GetNewTransactionId */
                        TransactionId xid = proc->xid;

                        /* First consider the transaction's own Xid, if any */
                        if (TransactionIdIsNormal(xid) &&
                                TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, result))
                                result = xid;

                        /*
                         * Also consider the transaction's Xmin, if set.
                         *
                         * We must check both Xid and Xmin because a transaction might
                         * have an Xmin but not (yet) an Xid; conversely, if it has an
                         * Xid, that could determine some not-yet-set Xmin.
                         */
                        xid = proc->xmin;       /* Fetch just once */
                        if (TransactionIdIsNormal(xid) &&
                                TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, result))
                                result = xid;
                }
        }

        if (RecoveryInProgress())
        {
                /*
                 * Check to see whether KnownAssignedXids contains an xid value older
                 * than the main procarray.
                 */
                TransactionId kaxmin = KnownAssignedXidsGetOldestXmin();

                LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

                if (TransactionIdIsNormal(kaxmin) &&
                        TransactionIdPrecedes(kaxmin, result))
                        result = kaxmin;
        }
        else
        {
                /*
                 * No other information needed, so release the lock immediately.
                 */
                LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

                /*
                 * Compute the cutoff XID, being careful not to generate a "permanent"
                 * XID. We need do this only on the primary, never on standby.
                 *
                 * vacuum_defer_cleanup_age provides some additional "slop" for the
                 * benefit of hot standby queries on slave servers.  This is quick and
                 * dirty, and perhaps not all that useful unless the master has a
                 * predictable transaction rate, but it's what we've got.  Note that
                 * we are assuming vacuum_defer_cleanup_age isn't large enough to
                 * cause wraparound --- so guc.c should limit it to no more than the
                 * xidStopLimit threshold in varsup.c.
                 */
                result -= vacuum_defer_cleanup_age;
                if (!TransactionIdIsNormal(result))
                        result = FirstNormalTransactionId;
        }

        return result;
}

/*
 * GetSnapshotData -- returns information about running transactions.
 *
 * The returned snapshot includes xmin (lowest still-running xact ID),
 * xmax (highest completed xact ID + 1), and a list of running xact IDs
 * in the range xmin <= xid < xmax.  It is used as follows:
 *              All xact IDs < xmin are considered finished.
 *              All xact IDs >= xmax are considered still running.
 *              For an xact ID xmin <= xid < xmax, consult list to see whether
 *              it is considered running or not.
 * This ensures that the set of transactions seen as "running" by the
 * current xact will not change after it takes the snapshot.
 *
 * All running top-level XIDs are included in the snapshot, except for lazy
 * VACUUM processes.  We also try to include running subtransaction XIDs,
 * but since PGPROC has only a limited cache area for subxact XIDs, full
 * information may not be available.  If we find any overflowed subxid arrays,
 * we have to mark the snapshot's subxid data as overflowed, and extra work
 * *may* need to be done to determine what's running (see XidInMVCCSnapshot()
 * in tqual.c).
 *
 * We also update the following backend-global variables:
 *              TransactionXmin: the oldest xmin of any snapshot in use in the
 *                      current transaction (this is the same as MyProc->xmin).
 *              RecentXmin: the xmin computed for the most recent snapshot.  XIDs
 *                      older than this are known not running any more.
 *              RecentGlobalXmin: the global xmin (oldest TransactionXmin across all
 *                      running transactions, except those running LAZY VACUUM).  This is
 *                      the same computation done by GetOldestXmin(true, true).
 *
 * Note: this function should probably not be called with an argument that's
 * not statically allocated (see xip allocation below).
 */
Snapshot
GetSnapshotData(Snapshot snapshot)
{
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        TransactionId xmin;
        TransactionId xmax;
        TransactionId globalxmin;
        int                     index;
        int                     count = 0;
        int                     subcount = 0;
        bool            suboverflowed = false;

        Assert(snapshot != NULL);

        /*
         * Allocating space for maxProcs xids is usually overkill; numProcs would
         * be sufficient.  But it seems better to do the malloc while not holding
         * the lock, so we can't look at numProcs.  Likewise, we allocate much
         * more subxip storage than is probably needed.
         *
         * This does open a possibility for avoiding repeated malloc/free: since
         * maxProcs does not change at runtime, we can simply reuse the previous
         * xip arrays if any.  (This relies on the fact that all callers pass
         * static SnapshotData structs.)
         */
        if (snapshot->xip == NULL)
        {
                /*
                 * First call for this snapshot. Snapshot is same size whether or not
                 * we are in recovery, see later comments.
                 */
                snapshot->xip = (TransactionId *)
                        malloc(arrayP->maxProcs * sizeof(TransactionId));
                if (snapshot->xip == NULL)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                        (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
                                         errmsg("out of memory")));
                Assert(snapshot->subxip == NULL);
                snapshot->subxip = (TransactionId *)
                        malloc(TOTAL_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS * sizeof(TransactionId));
                if (snapshot->subxip == NULL)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                        (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
                                         errmsg("out of memory")));
        }

        /*
         * It is sufficient to get shared lock on ProcArrayLock, even if we are
         * going to set MyProc->xmin.
         */
        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        /* xmax is always latestCompletedXid + 1 */
        xmax = ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid;
        Assert(TransactionIdIsNormal(xmax));
        TransactionIdAdvance(xmax);

        /* initialize xmin calculation with xmax */
        globalxmin = xmin = xmax;

        /*
         * If we're in recovery then snapshot data comes from a different place,
         * so decide which route we take before grab the lock. It is possible for
         * recovery to end before we finish taking snapshot, and for newly
         * assigned transaction ids to be added to the procarray. Xmax cannot
         * change while we hold ProcArrayLock, so those newly added transaction
         * ids would be filtered away, so we need not be concerned about them.
         */
        snapshot->takenDuringRecovery = RecoveryInProgress();

        if (!snapshot->takenDuringRecovery)
        {
                /*
                 * Spin over procArray checking xid, xmin, and subxids.  The goal is
                 * to gather all active xids, find the lowest xmin, and try to record
                 * subxids. During recovery no xids will be assigned, so all normal
                 * backends can be ignored, nor are there any VACUUMs running. All
                 * prepared transaction xids are held in KnownAssignedXids, so these
                 * will be seen without needing to loop through procs here.
                 */
                for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
                {
                        volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];
                        TransactionId xid;

                        /* Ignore procs running LAZY VACUUM */
                        if (proc->vacuumFlags & PROC_IN_VACUUM)
                                continue;

                        /* Update globalxmin to be the smallest valid xmin */
                        xid = proc->xmin;       /* fetch just once */
                        if (TransactionIdIsNormal(xid) &&
                                TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, globalxmin))
                                globalxmin = xid;

                        /* Fetch xid just once - see GetNewTransactionId */
                        xid = proc->xid;

                        /*
                         * If the transaction has been assigned an xid < xmax we add it to
                         * the snapshot, and update xmin if necessary.  There's no need to
                         * store XIDs >= xmax, since we'll treat them as running anyway.
                         * We don't bother to examine their subxids either.
                         *
                         * We don't include our own XID (if any) in the snapshot, but we
                         * must include it into xmin.
                         */
                        if (TransactionIdIsNormal(xid))
                        {
                                if (TransactionIdFollowsOrEquals(xid, xmax))
                                        continue;
                                if (proc != MyProc)
                                        snapshot->xip[count++] = xid;
                                if (TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, xmin))
                                        xmin = xid;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Save subtransaction XIDs if possible (if we've already
                         * overflowed, there's no point).  Note that the subxact XIDs must
                         * be later than their parent, so no need to check them against
                         * xmin.  We could filter against xmax, but it seems better not to
                         * do that much work while holding the ProcArrayLock.
                         *
                         * The other backend can add more subxids concurrently, but cannot
                         * remove any.  Hence it's important to fetch nxids just once.
                         * Should be safe to use memcpy, though.  (We needn't worry about
                         * missing any xids added concurrently, because they must postdate
                         * xmax.)
                         *
                         * Again, our own XIDs are not included in the snapshot.
                         */
                        if (!suboverflowed && proc != MyProc)
                        {
                                if (proc->subxids.overflowed)
                                        suboverflowed = true;
                                else
                                {
                                        int                     nxids = proc->subxids.nxids;

                                        if (nxids > 0)
                                        {
                                                memcpy(snapshot->subxip + subcount,
                                                           (void *) proc->subxids.xids,
                                                           nxids * sizeof(TransactionId));
                                                subcount += nxids;
                                        }
                                }
                        }
                }
        }
        else
        {
                /*
                 * We're in hot standby, so get XIDs from KnownAssignedXids.
                 *
                 * We store all xids directly into subxip[]. Here's why:
                 *
                 * In recovery we don't know which xids are top-level and which are
                 * subxacts, a design choice that greatly simplifies xid processing.
                 *
                 * It seems like we would want to try to put xids into xip[] only, but
                 * that is fairly small. We would either need to make that bigger or
                 * to increase the rate at which we WAL-log xid assignment; neither is
                 * an appealing choice.
                 *
                 * We could try to store xids into xip[] first and then into subxip[]
                 * if there are too many xids. That only works if the snapshot doesn't
                 * overflow because we do not search subxip[] in that case. A simpler
                 * way is to just store all xids in the subxact array because this is
                 * by far the bigger array. We just leave the xip array empty.
                 *
                 * Either way we need to change the way XidInMVCCSnapshot() works
                 * depending upon when the snapshot was taken, or change normal
                 * snapshot processing so it matches.
                 */
                subcount = KnownAssignedXidsGetAndSetXmin(snapshot->subxip, &xmin,
                                                                                                  xmax);

                if (TransactionIdPrecedesOrEquals(xmin, procArray->lastOverflowedXid))
                        suboverflowed = true;
        }

        if (!TransactionIdIsValid(MyProc->xmin))
                MyProc->xmin = TransactionXmin = xmin;

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        /*
         * Update globalxmin to include actual process xids.  This is a slightly
         * different way of computing it than GetOldestXmin uses, but should give
         * the same result.
         */
        if (TransactionIdPrecedes(xmin, globalxmin))
                globalxmin = xmin;

        /* Update global variables too */
        RecentGlobalXmin = globalxmin - vacuum_defer_cleanup_age;
        if (!TransactionIdIsNormal(RecentGlobalXmin))
                RecentGlobalXmin = FirstNormalTransactionId;
        RecentXmin = xmin;

        snapshot->xmin = xmin;
        snapshot->xmax = xmax;
        snapshot->xcnt = count;
        snapshot->subxcnt = subcount;
        snapshot->suboverflowed = suboverflowed;

        snapshot->curcid = GetCurrentCommandId(false);

        /*
         * This is a new snapshot, so set both refcounts are zero, and mark it as
         * not copied in persistent memory.
         */
        snapshot->active_count = 0;
        snapshot->regd_count = 0;
        snapshot->copied = false;

        return snapshot;
}

/*
 * GetRunningTransactionData -- returns information about running transactions.
 *
 * Similar to GetSnapshotData but returns more information. We include
 * all PGPROCs with an assigned TransactionId, even VACUUM processes.
 *
 * We acquire XidGenLock, but the caller is responsible for releasing it.
 * This ensures that no new XIDs enter the proc array until the caller has
 * WAL-logged this snapshot, and releases the lock.
 *
 * The returned data structure is statically allocated; caller should not
 * modify it, and must not assume it is valid past the next call.
 *
 * This is never executed during recovery so there is no need to look at
 * KnownAssignedXids.
 *
 * We don't worry about updating other counters, we want to keep this as
 * simple as possible and leave GetSnapshotData() as the primary code for
 * that bookkeeping.
 */
RunningTransactions
GetRunningTransactionData(void)
{
        /* result workspace */
        static RunningTransactionsData CurrentRunningXactsData;

        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        RunningTransactions CurrentRunningXacts = &CurrentRunningXactsData;
        TransactionId latestCompletedXid;
        TransactionId oldestRunningXid;
        TransactionId *xids;
        int                     index;
        int                     count;
        int                     subcount;
        bool            suboverflowed;

        Assert(!RecoveryInProgress());

        /*
         * Allocating space for maxProcs xids is usually overkill; numProcs would
         * be sufficient.  But it seems better to do the malloc while not holding
         * the lock, so we can't look at numProcs.  Likewise, we allocate much
         * more subxip storage than is probably needed.
         *
         * Should only be allocated in bgwriter, since only ever executed during
         * checkpoints.
         */
        if (CurrentRunningXacts->xids == NULL)
        {
                /*
                 * First call
                 */
                CurrentRunningXacts->xids = (TransactionId *)
                        malloc(TOTAL_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS * sizeof(TransactionId));
                if (CurrentRunningXacts->xids == NULL)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                        (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
                                         errmsg("out of memory")));
        }

        xids = CurrentRunningXacts->xids;

        count = subcount = 0;
        suboverflowed = false;

        /*
         * Ensure that no xids enter or leave the procarray while we obtain
         * snapshot.
         */
        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);
        LWLockAcquire(XidGenLock, LW_SHARED);

        latestCompletedXid = ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid;

        oldestRunningXid = ShmemVariableCache->nextXid;

        /*
         * Spin over procArray collecting all xids and subxids.
         */
        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];
                TransactionId xid;
                int                     nxids;

                /* Fetch xid just once - see GetNewTransactionId */
                xid = proc->xid;

                /*
                 * We don't need to store transactions that don't have a TransactionId
                 * yet because they will not show as running on a standby server.
                 */
                if (!TransactionIdIsValid(xid))
                        continue;

                xids[count++] = xid;

                if (TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, oldestRunningXid))
                        oldestRunningXid = xid;

                /*
                 * Save subtransaction XIDs. Other backends can't add or remove
                 * entries while we're holding XidGenLock.
                 */
                nxids = proc->subxids.nxids;
                if (nxids > 0)
                {
                        memcpy(&xids[count], (void *) proc->subxids.xids,
                                   nxids * sizeof(TransactionId));
                        count += nxids;
                        subcount += nxids;

                        if (proc->subxids.overflowed)
                                suboverflowed = true;

                        /*
                         * Top-level XID of a transaction is always less than any of its
                         * subxids, so we don't need to check if any of the subxids are
                         * smaller than oldestRunningXid
                         */
                }
        }

        CurrentRunningXacts->xcnt = count;
        CurrentRunningXacts->subxid_overflow = suboverflowed;
        CurrentRunningXacts->nextXid = ShmemVariableCache->nextXid;
        CurrentRunningXacts->oldestRunningXid = oldestRunningXid;
        CurrentRunningXacts->latestCompletedXid = latestCompletedXid;

        /* We don't release XidGenLock here, the caller is responsible for that */
        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(CurrentRunningXacts->nextXid));
        Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(CurrentRunningXacts->oldestRunningXid));
        Assert(TransactionIdIsNormal(CurrentRunningXacts->latestCompletedXid));

        return CurrentRunningXacts;
}

/*
 * GetTransactionsInCommit -- Get the XIDs of transactions that are committing
 *
 * Constructs an array of XIDs of transactions that are currently in commit
 * critical sections, as shown by having inCommit set in their PGPROC entries.
 *
 * *xids_p is set to a palloc'd array that should be freed by the caller.
 * The return value is the number of valid entries.
 *
 * Note that because backends set or clear inCommit without holding any lock,
 * the result is somewhat indeterminate, but we don't really care.  Even in
 * a multiprocessor with delayed writes to shared memory, it should be certain
 * that setting of inCommit will propagate to shared memory when the backend
 * takes the WALInsertLock, so we cannot fail to see an xact as inCommit if
 * it's already inserted its commit record.  Whether it takes a little while
 * for clearing of inCommit to propagate is unimportant for correctness.
 */
int
GetTransactionsInCommit(TransactionId **xids_p)
{
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        TransactionId *xids;
        int                     nxids;
        int                     index;

        xids = (TransactionId *) palloc(arrayP->maxProcs * sizeof(TransactionId));
        nxids = 0;

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                /* Fetch xid just once - see GetNewTransactionId */
                TransactionId pxid = proc->xid;

                if (proc->inCommit && TransactionIdIsValid(pxid))
                        xids[nxids++] = pxid;
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        *xids_p = xids;
        return nxids;
}

/*
 * HaveTransactionsInCommit -- Are any of the specified XIDs in commit?
 *
 * This is used with the results of GetTransactionsInCommit to see if any
 * of the specified XIDs are still in their commit critical sections.
 *
 * Note: this is O(N^2) in the number of xacts that are/were in commit, but
 * those numbers should be small enough for it not to be a problem.
 */
bool
HaveTransactionsInCommit(TransactionId *xids, int nxids)
{
        bool            result = false;
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     index;

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                /* Fetch xid just once - see GetNewTransactionId */
                TransactionId pxid = proc->xid;

                if (proc->inCommit && TransactionIdIsValid(pxid))
                {
                        int                     i;

                        for (i = 0; i < nxids; i++)
                        {
                                if (xids[i] == pxid)
                                {
                                        result = true;
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                        if (result)
                                break;
                }
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        return result;
}

/*
 * BackendPidGetProc -- get a backend's PGPROC given its PID
 *
 * Returns NULL if not found.  Note that it is up to the caller to be
 * sure that the question remains meaningful for long enough for the
 * answer to be used ...
 */
PGPROC *
BackendPidGetProc(int pid)
{
        PGPROC     *result = NULL;
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     index;

        if (pid == 0)                           /* never match dummy PGPROCs */
                return NULL;

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                PGPROC     *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                if (proc->pid == pid)
                {
                        result = proc;
                        break;
                }
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        return result;
}

/*
 * BackendXidGetPid -- get a backend's pid given its XID
 *
 * Returns 0 if not found or it's a prepared transaction.  Note that
 * it is up to the caller to be sure that the question remains
 * meaningful for long enough for the answer to be used ...
 *
 * Only main transaction Ids are considered.  This function is mainly
 * useful for determining what backend owns a lock.
 *
 * Beware that not every xact has an XID assigned.      However, as long as you
 * only call this using an XID found on disk, you're safe.
 */
int
BackendXidGetPid(TransactionId xid)
{
        int                     result = 0;
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     index;

        if (xid == InvalidTransactionId)        /* never match invalid xid */
                return 0;

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                if (proc->xid == xid)
                {
                        result = proc->pid;
                        break;
                }
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        return result;
}

/*
 * IsBackendPid -- is a given pid a running backend
 */
bool
IsBackendPid(int pid)
{
        return (BackendPidGetProc(pid) != NULL);
}


/*
 * GetCurrentVirtualXIDs -- returns an array of currently active VXIDs.
 *
 * The array is palloc'd. The number of valid entries is returned into *nvxids.
 *
 * The arguments allow filtering the set of VXIDs returned.  Our own process
 * is always skipped.  In addition:
 *      If limitXmin is not InvalidTransactionId, skip processes with
 *              xmin > limitXmin.
 *      If excludeXmin0 is true, skip processes with xmin = 0.
 *      If allDbs is false, skip processes attached to other databases.
 *      If excludeVacuum isn't zero, skip processes for which
 *              (vacuumFlags & excludeVacuum) is not zero.
 *
 * Note: the purpose of the limitXmin and excludeXmin0 parameters is to
 * allow skipping backends whose oldest live snapshot is no older than
 * some snapshot we have.  Since we examine the procarray with only shared
 * lock, there are race conditions: a backend could set its xmin just after
 * we look.  Indeed, on multiprocessors with weak memory ordering, the
 * other backend could have set its xmin *before* we look.      We know however
 * that such a backend must have held shared ProcArrayLock overlapping our
 * own hold of ProcArrayLock, else we would see its xmin update.  Therefore,
 * any snapshot the other backend is taking concurrently with our scan cannot
 * consider any transactions as still running that we think are committed
 * (since backends must hold ProcArrayLock exclusive to commit).
 */
VirtualTransactionId *
GetCurrentVirtualXIDs(TransactionId limitXmin, bool excludeXmin0,
                                          bool allDbs, int excludeVacuum,
                                          int *nvxids)
{
        VirtualTransactionId *vxids;
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     count = 0;
        int                     index;

        /* allocate what's certainly enough result space */
        vxids = (VirtualTransactionId *)
                palloc(sizeof(VirtualTransactionId) * arrayP->maxProcs);

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                if (proc == MyProc)
                        continue;

                if (excludeVacuum & proc->vacuumFlags)
                        continue;

                if (allDbs || proc->databaseId == MyDatabaseId)
                {
                        /* Fetch xmin just once - might change on us */
                        TransactionId pxmin = proc->xmin;

                        if (excludeXmin0 && !TransactionIdIsValid(pxmin))
                                continue;

                        /*
                         * InvalidTransactionId precedes all other XIDs, so a proc that
                         * hasn't set xmin yet will not be rejected by this test.
                         */
                        if (!TransactionIdIsValid(limitXmin) ||
                                TransactionIdPrecedesOrEquals(pxmin, limitXmin))
                        {
                                VirtualTransactionId vxid;

                                GET_VXID_FROM_PGPROC(vxid, *proc);
                                if (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(vxid))
                                        vxids[count++] = vxid;
                        }
                }
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        *nvxids = count;
        return vxids;
}

/*
 * GetConflictingVirtualXIDs -- returns an array of currently active VXIDs.
 *
 * Usage is limited to conflict resolution during recovery on standby servers.
 * limitXmin is supplied as either latestRemovedXid, or InvalidTransactionId
 * in cases where we cannot accurately determine a value for latestRemovedXid.
 *
 * If limitXmin is InvalidTransactionId then we want to kill everybody,
 * so we're not worried if they have a snapshot or not, nor does it really
 * matter what type of lock we hold.
 *
 * All callers that are checking xmins always now supply a valid and useful
 * value for limitXmin. The limitXmin is always lower than the lowest
 * numbered KnownAssignedXid that is not already a FATAL error. This is
 * because we only care about cleanup records that are cleaning up tuple
 * versions from committed transactions. In that case they will only occur
 * at the point where the record is less than the lowest running xid. That
 * allows us to say that if any backend takes a snapshot concurrently with
 * us then the conflict assessment made here would never include the snapshot
 * that is being derived. So we take LW_SHARED on the ProcArray and allow
 * concurrent snapshots when limitXmin is valid. We might think about adding
 *       Assert(limitXmin < lowest(KnownAssignedXids))
 * but that would not be true in the case of FATAL errors lagging in array,
 * but we already know those are bogus anyway, so we skip that test.
 *
 * If dbOid is valid we skip backends attached to other databases.
 *
 * Be careful to *not* pfree the result from this function. We reuse
 * this array sufficiently often that we use malloc for the result.
 */
VirtualTransactionId *
GetConflictingVirtualXIDs(TransactionId limitXmin, Oid dbOid)
{
        static VirtualTransactionId *vxids;
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     count = 0;
        int                     index;

        /*
         * If first time through, get workspace to remember main XIDs in. We
         * malloc it permanently to avoid repeated palloc/pfree overhead. Allow
         * result space, remembering room for a terminator.
         */
        if (vxids == NULL)
        {
                vxids = (VirtualTransactionId *)
                        malloc(sizeof(VirtualTransactionId) * (arrayP->maxProcs + 1));
                if (vxids == NULL)
                        ereport(ERROR,
                                        (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
                                         errmsg("out of memory")));
        }

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                /* Exclude prepared transactions */
                if (proc->pid == 0)
                        continue;

                if (!OidIsValid(dbOid) ||
                        proc->databaseId == dbOid)
                {
                        /* Fetch xmin just once - can't change on us, but good coding */
                        TransactionId pxmin = proc->xmin;

                        /*
                         * We ignore an invalid pxmin because this means that backend has
                         * no snapshot and cannot get another one while we hold exclusive
                         * lock.
                         */
                        if (!TransactionIdIsValid(limitXmin) ||
                                (TransactionIdIsValid(pxmin) && !TransactionIdFollows(pxmin, limitXmin)))
                        {
                                VirtualTransactionId vxid;

                                GET_VXID_FROM_PGPROC(vxid, *proc);
                                if (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(vxid))
                                        vxids[count++] = vxid;
                        }
                }
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        /* add the terminator */
        vxids[count].backendId = InvalidBackendId;
        vxids[count].localTransactionId = InvalidLocalTransactionId;

        return vxids;
}

/*
 * CancelVirtualTransaction - used in recovery conflict processing
 *
 * Returns pid of the process signaled, or 0 if not found.
 */
pid_t
CancelVirtualTransaction(VirtualTransactionId vxid, ProcSignalReason sigmode)
{
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     index;
        pid_t           pid = 0;

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                VirtualTransactionId procvxid;
                PGPROC     *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                GET_VXID_FROM_PGPROC(procvxid, *proc);

                if (procvxid.backendId == vxid.backendId &&
                        procvxid.localTransactionId == vxid.localTransactionId)
                {
                        proc->recoveryConflictPending = true;
                        pid = proc->pid;
                        if (pid != 0)
                        {
                                /*
                                 * Kill the pid if it's still here. If not, that's what we
                                 * wanted so ignore any errors.
                                 */
                                (void) SendProcSignal(pid, sigmode, vxid.backendId);
                        }
                        break;
                }
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        return pid;
}

/*
 * MinimumActiveBackends --- count backends (other than myself) that are
 *              in active transactions.  Return true if the count exceeds the
 *              minimum threshold passed.  This is used as a heuristic to decide if
 *              a pre-XLOG-flush delay is worthwhile during commit.
 *
 * Do not count backends that are blocked waiting for locks, since they are
 * not going to get to run until someone else commits.
 */
bool
MinimumActiveBackends(int min)
{
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     count = 0;
        int                     index;

        /* Quick short-circuit if no minimum is specified */
        if (min == 0)
                return true;

        /*
         * Note: for speed, we don't acquire ProcArrayLock.  This is a little bit
         * bogus, but since we are only testing fields for zero or nonzero, it
         * should be OK.  The result is only used for heuristic purposes anyway...
         */
        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                /*
                 * Since we're not holding a lock, need to check that the pointer is
                 * valid. Someone holding the lock could have incremented numProcs
                 * already, but not yet inserted a valid pointer to the array.
                 *
                 * If someone just decremented numProcs, 'proc' could also point to a
                 * PGPROC entry that's no longer in the array. It still points to a
                 * PGPROC struct, though, because freed PGPPROC entries just go to the
                 * free list and are recycled. Its contents are nonsense in that case,
                 * but that's acceptable for this function.
                 */
                if (proc == NULL)
                        continue;

                if (proc == MyProc)
                        continue;                       /* do not count myself */
                if (proc->pid == 0)
                        continue;                       /* do not count prepared xacts */
                if (proc->xid == InvalidTransactionId)
                        continue;                       /* do not count if no XID assigned */
                if (proc->waitLock != NULL)
                        continue;                       /* do not count if blocked on a lock */
                count++;
                if (count >= min)
                        break;
        }

        return count >= min;
}

/*
 * CountDBBackends --- count backends that are using specified database
 */
int
CountDBBackends(Oid databaseid)
{
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     count = 0;
        int                     index;

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                if (proc->pid == 0)
                        continue;                       /* do not count prepared xacts */
                if (!OidIsValid(databaseid) ||
                        proc->databaseId == databaseid)
                        count++;
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        return count;
}

/*
 * CancelDBBackends --- cancel backends that are using specified database
 */
void
CancelDBBackends(Oid databaseid, ProcSignalReason sigmode, bool conflictPending)
{
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     index;
        pid_t           pid = 0;

        /* tell all backends to die */
        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                if (databaseid == InvalidOid || proc->databaseId == databaseid)
                {
                        VirtualTransactionId procvxid;

                        GET_VXID_FROM_PGPROC(procvxid, *proc);

                        proc->recoveryConflictPending = conflictPending;
                        pid = proc->pid;
                        if (pid != 0)
                        {
                                /*
                                 * Kill the pid if it's still here. If not, that's what we
                                 * wanted so ignore any errors.
                                 */
                                (void) SendProcSignal(pid, sigmode, procvxid.backendId);
                        }
                }
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
}

/*
 * CountUserBackends --- count backends that are used by specified user
 */
int
CountUserBackends(Oid roleid)
{
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;
        int                     count = 0;
        int                     index;

        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

        for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
        {
                volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                if (proc->pid == 0)
                        continue;                       /* do not count prepared xacts */
                if (proc->roleId == roleid)
                        count++;
        }

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

        return count;
}

/*
 * CountOtherDBBackends -- check for other backends running in the given DB
 *
 * If there are other backends in the DB, we will wait a maximum of 5 seconds
 * for them to exit.  Autovacuum backends are encouraged to exit early by
 * sending them SIGTERM, but normal user backends are just waited for.
 *
 * The current backend is always ignored; it is caller's responsibility to
 * check whether the current backend uses the given DB, if it's important.
 *
 * Returns TRUE if there are (still) other backends in the DB, FALSE if not.
 * Also, *nbackends and *nprepared are set to the number of other backends
 * and prepared transactions in the DB, respectively.
 *
 * This function is used to interlock DROP DATABASE and related commands
 * against there being any active backends in the target DB --- dropping the
 * DB while active backends remain would be a Bad Thing.  Note that we cannot
 * detect here the possibility of a newly-started backend that is trying to
 * connect to the doomed database, so additional interlocking is needed during
 * backend startup.  The caller should normally hold an exclusive lock on the
 * target DB before calling this, which is one reason we mustn't wait
 * indefinitely.
 */
bool
CountOtherDBBackends(Oid databaseId, int *nbackends, int *nprepared)
{
        ProcArrayStruct *arrayP = procArray;

#define MAXAUTOVACPIDS  10              /* max autovacs to SIGTERM per iteration */
        int                     autovac_pids[MAXAUTOVACPIDS];
        int                     tries;

        /* 50 tries with 100ms sleep between tries makes 5 sec total wait */
        for (tries = 0; tries < 50; tries++)
        {
                int                     nautovacs = 0;
                bool            found = false;
                int                     index;

                CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();

                *nbackends = *nprepared = 0;

                LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_SHARED);

                for (index = 0; index < arrayP->numProcs; index++)
                {
                        volatile PGPROC *proc = arrayP->procs[index];

                        if (proc->databaseId != databaseId)
                                continue;
                        if (proc == MyProc)
                                continue;

                        found = true;

                        if (proc->pid == 0)
                                (*nprepared)++;
                        else
                        {
                                (*nbackends)++;
                                if ((proc->vacuumFlags & PROC_IS_AUTOVACUUM) &&
                                        nautovacs < MAXAUTOVACPIDS)
                                        autovac_pids[nautovacs++] = proc->pid;
                        }
                }

                LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

                if (!found)
                        return false;           /* no conflicting backends, so done */

                /*
                 * Send SIGTERM to any conflicting autovacuums before sleeping. We
                 * postpone this step until after the loop because we don't want to
                 * hold ProcArrayLock while issuing kill(). We have no idea what might
                 * block kill() inside the kernel...
                 */
                for (index = 0; index < nautovacs; index++)
                        (void) kill(autovac_pids[index], SIGTERM);      /* ignore any error */

                /* sleep, then try again */
                pg_usleep(100 * 1000L); /* 100ms */
        }

        return true;                            /* timed out, still conflicts */
}


#define XidCacheRemove(i) \
        do { \
                MyProc->subxids.xids[i] = MyProc->subxids.xids[MyProc->subxids.nxids - 1]; \
                MyProc->subxids.nxids--; \
        } while (0)

/*
 * XidCacheRemoveRunningXids
 *
 * Remove a bunch of TransactionIds from the list of known-running
 * subtransactions for my backend.      Both the specified xid and those in
 * the xids[] array (of length nxids) are removed from the subxids cache.
 * latestXid must be the latest XID among the group.
 */
void
XidCacheRemoveRunningXids(TransactionId xid,
                                                  int nxids, const TransactionId *xids,
                                                  TransactionId latestXid)
{
        int                     i,
                                j;

        Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(xid));

        /*
         * We must hold ProcArrayLock exclusively in order to remove transactions
         * from the PGPROC array.  (See src/backend/access/transam/README.)  It's
         * possible this could be relaxed since we know this routine is only used
         * to abort subtransactions, but pending closer analysis we'd best be
         * conservative.
         */
        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        /*
         * Under normal circumstances xid and xids[] will be in increasing order,
         * as will be the entries in subxids.  Scan backwards to avoid O(N^2)
         * behavior when removing a lot of xids.
         */
        for (i = nxids - 1; i >= 0; i--)
        {
                TransactionId anxid = xids[i];

                for (j = MyProc->subxids.nxids - 1; j >= 0; j--)
                {
                        if (TransactionIdEquals(MyProc->subxids.xids[j], anxid))
                        {
                                XidCacheRemove(j);
                                break;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * Ordinarily we should have found it, unless the cache has
                 * overflowed. However it's also possible for this routine to be
                 * invoked multiple times for the same subtransaction, in case of an
                 * error during AbortSubTransaction.  So instead of Assert, emit a
                 * debug warning.
                 */
                if (j < 0 && !MyProc->subxids.overflowed)
                        elog(WARNING, "did not find subXID %u in MyProc", anxid);
        }

        for (j = MyProc->subxids.nxids - 1; j >= 0; j--)
        {
                if (TransactionIdEquals(MyProc->subxids.xids[j], xid))
                {
                        XidCacheRemove(j);
                        break;
                }
        }
        /* Ordinarily we should have found it, unless the cache has overflowed */
        if (j < 0 && !MyProc->subxids.overflowed)
                elog(WARNING, "did not find subXID %u in MyProc", xid);

        /* Also advance global latestCompletedXid while holding the lock */
        if (TransactionIdPrecedes(ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid,
                                                          latestXid))
                ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid = latestXid;

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
}

#ifdef XIDCACHE_DEBUG

/*
 * Print stats about effectiveness of XID cache
 */
static void
DisplayXidCache(void)
{
        fprintf(stderr,
                        "XidCache: xmin: %ld, known: %ld, myxact: %ld, latest: %ld, mainxid: %ld, childxid: %ld, knownassigned: %ld, nooflo: %ld, slow: %ld\n",
                        xc_by_recent_xmin,
                        xc_by_known_xact,
                        xc_by_my_xact,
                        xc_by_latest_xid,
                        xc_by_main_xid,
                        xc_by_child_xid,
                        xc_by_known_assigned,
                        xc_no_overflow,
                        xc_slow_answer);
}
#endif   /* XIDCACHE_DEBUG */


/* ----------------------------------------------
 *              KnownAssignedTransactions sub-module
 * ----------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 * In Hot Standby mode, we maintain a list of transactions that are (or were)
 * running in the master at the current point in WAL.  These XIDs must be
 * treated as running by standby transactions, even though they are not in
 * the standby server's PGPROC array.
 *
 * We record all XIDs that we know have been assigned.  That includes all the
 * XIDs seen in WAL records, plus all unobserved XIDs that we can deduce have
 * been assigned.  We can deduce the existence of unobserved XIDs because we
 * know XIDs are assigned in sequence, with no gaps.  The KnownAssignedXids
 * list expands as new XIDs are observed or inferred, and contracts when
 * transaction completion records arrive.
 *
 * During hot standby we do not fret too much about the distinction between
 * top-level XIDs and subtransaction XIDs. We store both together in the
 * KnownAssignedXids list.      In backends, this is copied into snapshots in
 * GetSnapshotData(), taking advantage of the fact that XidInMVCCSnapshot()
 * doesn't care about the distinction either.  Subtransaction XIDs are
 * effectively treated as top-level XIDs and in the typical case pg_subtrans
 * links are *not* maintained (which does not affect visibility).
 *
 * We have room in KnownAssignedXids and in snapshots to hold maxProcs *
 * (1 + PGPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS) XIDs, so every master transaction must
 * report its subtransaction XIDs in a WAL XLOG_XACT_ASSIGNMENT record at
 * least every PGPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS.  When we receive one of these
 * records, we mark the subXIDs as children of the top XID in pg_subtrans,
 * and then remove them from KnownAssignedXids.  This prevents overflow of
 * KnownAssignedXids and snapshots, at the cost that status checks for these
 * subXIDs will take a slower path through TransactionIdIsInProgress().
 * This means that KnownAssignedXids is not necessarily complete for subXIDs,
 * though it should be complete for top-level XIDs; this is the same situation
 * that holds with respect to the PGPROC entries in normal running.
 *
 * When we throw away subXIDs from KnownAssignedXids, we need to keep track of
 * that, similarly to tracking overflow of a PGPROC's subxids array.  We do
 * that by remembering the lastOverflowedXID, ie the last thrown-away subXID.
 * As long as that is within the range of interesting XIDs, we have to assume
 * that subXIDs are missing from snapshots.  (Note that subXID overflow occurs
 * on primary when 65th subXID arrives, whereas on standby it occurs when 64th
 * subXID arrives - that is not an error.)
 *
 * Should a backend on primary somehow disappear before it can write an abort
 * record, then we just leave those XIDs in KnownAssignedXids. They actually
 * aborted but we think they were running; the distinction is irrelevant
 * because either way any changes done by the transaction are not visible to
 * backends in the standby.  We prune KnownAssignedXids when
 * XLOG_RUNNING_XACTS arrives, to forestall possible overflow of the
 * array due to such dead XIDs.
 */

/*
 * RecordKnownAssignedTransactionIds
 *              Record the given XID in KnownAssignedXids, as well as any preceding
 *              unobserved XIDs.
 *
 * RecordKnownAssignedTransactionIds() should be run for *every* WAL record
 * associated with a transaction. Must be called for each record after we
 * have executed StartupCLOG() et al, since we must ExtendCLOG() etc..
 *
 * Called during recovery in analogy with and in place of GetNewTransactionId()
 */
void
RecordKnownAssignedTransactionIds(TransactionId xid)
{
        Assert(standbyState >= STANDBY_INITIALIZED);
        Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(xid));

        elog(trace_recovery(DEBUG4), "record known xact %u latestObservedXid %u",
                 xid, latestObservedXid);

        /*
         * If the KnownAssignedXids machinery isn't up yet, do nothing.
         */
        if (standbyState <= STANDBY_INITIALIZED)
                return;

        Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(latestObservedXid));

        /*
         * When a newly observed xid arrives, it is frequently the case that it is
         * *not* the next xid in sequence. When this occurs, we must treat the
         * intervening xids as running also.
         */
        if (TransactionIdFollows(xid, latestObservedXid))
        {
                TransactionId next_expected_xid;

                /*
                 * Extend clog and subtrans like we do in GetNewTransactionId() during
                 * normal operation using individual extend steps. Typical case
                 * requires almost no activity.
                 */
                next_expected_xid = latestObservedXid;
                TransactionIdAdvance(next_expected_xid);
                while (TransactionIdPrecedesOrEquals(next_expected_xid, xid))
                {
                        ExtendCLOG(next_expected_xid);
                        ExtendSUBTRANS(next_expected_xid);

                        TransactionIdAdvance(next_expected_xid);
                }

                /*
                 * Add the new xids onto the KnownAssignedXids array.
                 */
                next_expected_xid = latestObservedXid;
                TransactionIdAdvance(next_expected_xid);
                KnownAssignedXidsAdd(next_expected_xid, xid, false);

                /*
                 * Now we can advance latestObservedXid
                 */
                latestObservedXid = xid;

                /* ShmemVariableCache->nextXid must be beyond any observed xid */
                next_expected_xid = latestObservedXid;
                TransactionIdAdvance(next_expected_xid);
                ShmemVariableCache->nextXid = next_expected_xid;
        }
}

/*
 * ExpireTreeKnownAssignedTransactionIds
 *              Remove the given XIDs from KnownAssignedXids.
 *
 * Called during recovery in analogy with and in place of ProcArrayEndTransaction()
 */
void
ExpireTreeKnownAssignedTransactionIds(TransactionId xid, int nsubxids,
                                                           TransactionId *subxids, TransactionId max_xid)
{
        Assert(standbyState >= STANDBY_INITIALIZED);

        /*
         * Uses same locking as transaction commit
         */
        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        KnownAssignedXidsRemoveTree(xid, nsubxids, subxids);

        /* As in ProcArrayEndTransaction, advance latestCompletedXid */
        if (TransactionIdPrecedes(ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid,
                                                          max_xid))
                ShmemVariableCache->latestCompletedXid = max_xid;

        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
}

/*
 * ExpireAllKnownAssignedTransactionIds
 *              Remove all entries in KnownAssignedXids
 */
void
ExpireAllKnownAssignedTransactionIds(void)
{
        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
        KnownAssignedXidsRemovePreceding(InvalidTransactionId);
        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
}

/*
 * ExpireOldKnownAssignedTransactionIds
 *              Remove KnownAssignedXids entries preceding the given XID
 */
void
ExpireOldKnownAssignedTransactionIds(TransactionId xid)
{
        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
        KnownAssignedXidsRemovePreceding(xid);
        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
}


/*
 * Private module functions to manipulate KnownAssignedXids
 *
 * There are 5 main uses of the KnownAssignedXids data structure:
 *
 *      * backends taking snapshots - all valid XIDs need to be copied out
 *      * backends seeking to determine presence of a specific XID
 *      * startup process adding new known-assigned XIDs
 *      * startup process removing specific XIDs as transactions end
 *      * startup process pruning array when special WAL records arrive
 *
 * This data structure is known to be a hot spot during Hot Standby, so we
 * go to some lengths to make these operations as efficient and as concurrent
 * as possible.
 *
 * The XIDs are stored in an array in sorted order --- TransactionIdPrecedes
 * order, to be exact --- to allow binary search for specific XIDs.  Note:
 * in general TransactionIdPrecedes would not provide a total order, but
 * we know that the entries present at any instant should not extend across
 * a large enough fraction of XID space to wrap around (the master would
 * shut down for fear of XID wrap long before that happens).  So it's OK to
 * use TransactionIdPrecedes as a binary-search comparator.
 *
 * It's cheap to maintain the sortedness during insertions, since new known
 * XIDs are always reported in XID order; we just append them at the right.
 *
 * To keep individual deletions cheap, we need to allow gaps in the array.
 * This is implemented by marking array elements as valid or invalid using
 * the parallel boolean array KnownAssignedXidsValid[].  A deletion is done
 * by setting KnownAssignedXidsValid[i] to false, *without* clearing the
 * XID entry itself.  This preserves the property that the XID entries are
 * sorted, so we can do binary searches easily.  Periodically we compress
 * out the unused entries; that's much cheaper than having to compress the
 * array immediately on every deletion.
 *
 * The actually valid items in KnownAssignedXids[] and KnownAssignedXidsValid[]
 * are those with indexes tail <= i < head; items outside this subscript range
 * have unspecified contents.  When head reaches the end of the array, we
 * force compression of unused entries rather than wrapping around, since
 * allowing wraparound would greatly complicate the search logic.  We maintain
 * an explicit tail pointer so that pruning of old XIDs can be done without
 * immediately moving the array contents.  In most cases only a small fraction
 * of the array contains valid entries at any instant.
 *
 * Although only the startup process can ever change the KnownAssignedXids
 * data structure, we still need interlocking so that standby backends will
 * not observe invalid intermediate states.  The convention is that backends
 * must hold shared ProcArrayLock to examine the array.  To remove XIDs from
 * the array, the startup process must hold ProcArrayLock exclusively, for
 * the usual transactional reasons (compare commit/abort of a transaction
 * during normal running).      Compressing unused entries out of the array
 * likewise requires exclusive lock.  To add XIDs to the array, we just insert
 * them into slots to the right of the head pointer and then advance the head
 * pointer.  This wouldn't require any lock at all, except that on machines
 * with weak memory ordering we need to be careful that other processors
 * see the array element changes before they see the head pointer change.
 * We handle this by using a spinlock to protect reads and writes of the
 * head/tail pointers.  (We could dispense with the spinlock if we were to
 * create suitable memory access barrier primitives and use those instead.)
 * The spinlock must be taken to read or write the head/tail pointers unless
 * the caller holds ProcArrayLock exclusively.
 *
 * Algorithmic analysis:
 *
 * If we have a maximum of M slots, with N XIDs currently spread across
 * S elements then we have N <= S <= M always.
 *
 *      * Adding a new XID is O(1) and needs little locking (unless compression
 *              must happen)
 *      * Compressing the array is O(S) and requires exclusive lock
 *      * Removing an XID is O(logS) and requires exclusive lock
 *      * Taking a snapshot is O(S) and requires shared lock
 *      * Checking for an XID is O(logS) and requires shared lock
 *
 * In comparison, using a hash table for KnownAssignedXids would mean that
 * taking snapshots would be O(M). If we can maintain S << M then the
 * sorted array technique will deliver significantly faster snapshots.
 * If we try to keep S too small then we will spend too much time compressing,
 * so there is an optimal point for any workload mix. We use a heuristic to
 * decide when to compress the array, though trimming also helps reduce
 * frequency of compressing. The heuristic requires us to track the number of
 * currently valid XIDs in the array.
 */


/*
 * Compress KnownAssignedXids by shifting valid data down to the start of the
 * array, removing any gaps.
 *
 * A compression step is forced if "force" is true, otherwise we do it
 * only if a heuristic indicates it's a good time to do it.
 *
 * Caller must hold ProcArrayLock in exclusive mode.
 */
static void
KnownAssignedXidsCompress(bool force)
{
        /* use volatile pointer to prevent code rearrangement */
        volatile ProcArrayStruct *pArray = procArray;
        int                     head,
                                tail;
        int                     compress_index;
        int                     i;

        /* no spinlock required since we hold ProcArrayLock exclusively */
        head = pArray->headKnownAssignedXids;
        tail = pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids;

        if (!force)
        {
                /*
                 * If we can choose how much to compress, use a heuristic to avoid
                 * compressing too often or not often enough.
                 *
                 * Heuristic is if we have a large enough current spread and less than
                 * 50% of the elements are currently in use, then compress. This
                 * should ensure we compress fairly infrequently. We could compress
                 * less often though the virtual array would spread out more and
                 * snapshots would become more expensive.
                 */
                int                     nelements = head - tail;

                if (nelements < 4 * PROCARRAY_MAXPROCS ||
                        nelements < 2 * pArray->numKnownAssignedXids)
                        return;
        }

        /*
         * We compress the array by reading the valid values from tail to head,
         * re-aligning data to 0th element.
         */
        compress_index = 0;
        for (i = tail; i < head; i++)
        {
                if (KnownAssignedXidsValid[i])
                {
                        KnownAssignedXids[compress_index] = KnownAssignedXids[i];
                        KnownAssignedXidsValid[compress_index] = true;
                        compress_index++;
                }
        }

        pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids = 0;
        pArray->headKnownAssignedXids = compress_index;
}

/*
 * Add xids into KnownAssignedXids at the head of the array.
 *
 * xids from from_xid to to_xid, inclusive, are added to the array.
 *
 * If exclusive_lock is true then caller already holds ProcArrayLock in
 * exclusive mode, so we need no extra locking here.  Else caller holds no
 * lock, so we need to be sure we maintain sufficient interlocks against
 * concurrent readers.  (Only the startup process ever calls this, so no need
 * to worry about concurrent writers.)
 */
static void
KnownAssignedXidsAdd(TransactionId from_xid, TransactionId to_xid,
                                         bool exclusive_lock)
{
        /* use volatile pointer to prevent code rearrangement */
        volatile ProcArrayStruct *pArray = procArray;
        TransactionId next_xid;
        int                     head,
                                tail;
        int                     nxids;
        int                     i;

        Assert(TransactionIdPrecedesOrEquals(from_xid, to_xid));

        /*
         * Calculate how many array slots we'll need.  Normally this is cheap; in
         * the unusual case where the XIDs cross the wrap point, we do it the hard
         * way.
         */
        if (to_xid >= from_xid)
                nxids = to_xid - from_xid + 1;
        else
        {
                nxids = 1;
                next_xid = from_xid;
                while (TransactionIdPrecedes(next_xid, to_xid))
                {
                        nxids++;
                        TransactionIdAdvance(next_xid);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Since only the startup process modifies the head/tail pointers, we
         * don't need a lock to read them here.
         */
        head = pArray->headKnownAssignedXids;
        tail = pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids;

        Assert(head >= 0 && head <= pArray->maxKnownAssignedXids);
        Assert(tail >= 0 && tail < pArray->maxKnownAssignedXids);

        /*
         * Verify that insertions occur in TransactionId sequence.      Note that even
         * if the last existing element is marked invalid, it must still have a
         * correctly sequenced XID value.
         */
        if (head > tail &&
                TransactionIdFollowsOrEquals(KnownAssignedXids[head - 1], from_xid))
        {
                KnownAssignedXidsDisplay(LOG);
                elog(ERROR, "out-of-order XID insertion in KnownAssignedXids");
        }

        /*
         * If our xids won't fit in the remaining space, compress out free space
         */
        if (head + nxids > pArray->maxKnownAssignedXids)
        {
                /* must hold lock to compress */
                if (!exclusive_lock)
                        LWLockAcquire(ProcArrayLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

                KnownAssignedXidsCompress(true);

                head = pArray->headKnownAssignedXids;
                /* note: we no longer care about the tail pointer */

                if (!exclusive_lock)
                        LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);

                /*
                 * If it still won't fit then we're out of memory
                 */
                if (head + nxids > pArray->maxKnownAssignedXids)
                        elog(ERROR, "too many KnownAssignedXids");
        }

        /* Now we can insert the xids into the space starting at head */
        next_xid = from_xid;
        for (i = 0; i < nxids; i++)
        {
                KnownAssignedXids[head] = next_xid;
                KnownAssignedXidsValid[head] = true;
                TransactionIdAdvance(next_xid);
                head++;
        }

        /* Adjust count of number of valid entries */
        pArray->numKnownAssignedXids += nxids;

        /*
         * Now update the head pointer.  We use a spinlock to protect this
         * pointer, not because the update is likely to be non-atomic, but to
         * ensure that other processors see the above array updates before they
         * see the head pointer change.
         *
         * If we're holding ProcArrayLock exclusively, there's no need to take the
         * spinlock.
         */
        if (exclusive_lock)
                pArray->headKnownAssignedXids = head;
        else
        {
                SpinLockAcquire(&pArray->known_assigned_xids_lck);
                pArray->headKnownAssignedXids = head;
                SpinLockRelease(&pArray->known_assigned_xids_lck);
        }
}

/*
 * KnownAssignedXidsSearch
 *
 * Searches KnownAssignedXids for a specific xid and optionally removes it.
 * Returns true if it was found, false if not.
 *
 * Caller must hold ProcArrayLock in shared or exclusive mode.
 * Exclusive lock must be held for remove = true.
 */
static bool
KnownAssignedXidsSearch(TransactionId xid, bool remove)
{
        /* use volatile pointer to prevent code rearrangement */
        volatile ProcArrayStruct *pArray = procArray;
        int                     first,
                                last;
        int                     head;
        int                     tail;
        int                     result_index = -1;

        if (remove)
        {
                /* we hold ProcArrayLock exclusively, so no need for spinlock */
                tail = pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids;
                head = pArray->headKnownAssignedXids;
        }
        else
        {
                /* take spinlock to ensure we see up-to-date array contents */
                SpinLockAcquire(&pArray->known_assigned_xids_lck);
                tail = pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids;
                head = pArray->headKnownAssignedXids;
                SpinLockRelease(&pArray->known_assigned_xids_lck);
        }

        /*
         * Standard binary search.      Note we can ignore the KnownAssignedXidsValid
         * array here, since even invalid entries will contain sorted XIDs.
         */
        first = tail;
        last = head - 1;
        while (first <= last)
        {
                int                     mid_index;
                TransactionId mid_xid;

                mid_index = (first + last) / 2;
                mid_xid = KnownAssignedXids[mid_index];

                if (xid == mid_xid)
                {
                        result_index = mid_index;
                        break;
                }
                else if (TransactionIdPrecedes(xid, mid_xid))
                        last = mid_index - 1;
                else
                        first = mid_index + 1;
        }

        if (result_index < 0)
                return false;                   /* not in array */

        if (!KnownAssignedXidsValid[result_index])
                return false;                   /* in array, but invalid */

        if (remove)
        {
                KnownAssignedXidsValid[result_index] = false;

                pArray->numKnownAssignedXids--;
                Assert(pArray->numKnownAssignedXids >= 0);

                /*
                 * If we're removing the tail element then advance tail pointer over
                 * any invalid elements.  This will speed future searches.
                 */
                if (result_index == tail)
                {
                        tail++;
                        while (tail < head && !KnownAssignedXidsValid[tail])
                                tail++;
                        if (tail >= head)
                        {
                                /* Array is empty, so we can reset both pointers */
                                pArray->headKnownAssignedXids = 0;
                                pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids = 0;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids = tail;
                        }
                }
        }

        return true;
}

/*
 * Is the specified XID present in KnownAssignedXids[]?
 *
 * Caller must hold ProcArrayLock in shared or exclusive mode.
 */
static bool
KnownAssignedXidExists(TransactionId xid)
{
        Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(xid));

        return KnownAssignedXidsSearch(xid, false);
}

/*
 * Remove the specified XID from KnownAssignedXids[].
 *
 * Caller must hold ProcArrayLock in exclusive mode.
 */
static void
KnownAssignedXidsRemove(TransactionId xid)
{
        Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(xid));

        elog(trace_recovery(DEBUG4), "remove KnownAssignedXid %u", xid);

        /*
         * Note: we cannot consider it an error to remove an XID that's not
         * present.  We intentionally remove subxact IDs while processing
         * XLOG_XACT_ASSIGNMENT, to avoid array overflow.  Then those XIDs will be
         * removed again when the top-level xact commits or aborts.
         *
         * It might be possible to track such XIDs to distinguish this case from
         * actual errors, but it would be complicated and probably not worth it.
         * So, just ignore the search result.
         */
        (void) KnownAssignedXidsSearch(xid, true);
}

/*
 * KnownAssignedXidsRemoveTree
 *              Remove xid (if it's not InvalidTransactionId) and all the subxids.
 *
 * Caller must hold ProcArrayLock in exclusive mode.
 */
static void
KnownAssignedXidsRemoveTree(TransactionId xid, int nsubxids,
                                                        TransactionId *subxids)
{
        int                     i;

        if (TransactionIdIsValid(xid))
                KnownAssignedXidsRemove(xid);

        for (i = 0; i < nsubxids; i++)
                KnownAssignedXidsRemove(subxids[i]);

        /* Opportunistically compress the array */
        KnownAssignedXidsCompress(false);
}

/*
 * Prune KnownAssignedXids up to, but *not* including xid. If xid is invalid
 * then clear the whole table.
 *
 * Caller must hold ProcArrayLock in exclusive mode.
 */
static void
KnownAssignedXidsRemovePreceding(TransactionId removeXid)
{
        /* use volatile pointer to prevent code rearrangement */
        volatile ProcArrayStruct *pArray = procArray;
        int                     count = 0;
        int                     head,
                                tail,
                                i;

        if (!TransactionIdIsValid(removeXid))
        {
                elog(trace_recovery(DEBUG4), "removing all KnownAssignedXids");
                pArray->numKnownAssignedXids = 0;
                pArray->headKnownAssignedXids = pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids = 0;
                return;
        }

        elog(trace_recovery(DEBUG4), "prune KnownAssignedXids to %u", removeXid);

        /*
         * Mark entries invalid starting at the tail.  Since array is sorted, we
         * can stop as soon as we reach a entry >= removeXid.
         */
        tail = pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids;
        head = pArray->headKnownAssignedXids;

        for (i = tail; i < head; i++)
        {
                if (KnownAssignedXidsValid[i])
                {
                        TransactionId knownXid = KnownAssignedXids[i];

                        if (TransactionIdFollowsOrEquals(knownXid, removeXid))
                                break;

                        if (!StandbyTransactionIdIsPrepared(knownXid))
                        {
                                KnownAssignedXidsValid[i] = false;
                                count++;
                        }
                }
        }

        pArray->numKnownAssignedXids -= count;
        Assert(pArray->numKnownAssignedXids >= 0);

        /*
         * Advance the tail pointer if we've marked the tail item invalid.
         */
        for (i = tail; i < head; i++)
        {
                if (KnownAssignedXidsValid[i])
                        break;
        }
        if (i >= head)
        {
                /* Array is empty, so we can reset both pointers */
                pArray->headKnownAssignedXids = 0;
                pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids = 0;
        }
        else
        {
                pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids = i;
        }

        /* Opportunistically compress the array */
        KnownAssignedXidsCompress(false);
}

/*
 * KnownAssignedXidsGet - Get an array of xids by scanning KnownAssignedXids.
 * We filter out anything >= xmax.
 *
 * Returns the number of XIDs stored into xarray[].  Caller is responsible
 * that array is large enough.
 *
 * Caller must hold ProcArrayLock in (at least) shared mode.
 */
static int
KnownAssignedXidsGet(TransactionId *xarray, TransactionId xmax)
{
        TransactionId xtmp = InvalidTransactionId;

        return KnownAssignedXidsGetAndSetXmin(xarray, &xtmp, xmax);
}

/*
 * KnownAssignedXidsGetAndSetXmin - as KnownAssignedXidsGet, plus
 * we reduce *xmin to the lowest xid value seen if not already lower.
 *
 * Caller must hold ProcArrayLock in (at least) shared mode.
 */
static int
KnownAssignedXidsGetAndSetXmin(TransactionId *xarray, TransactionId *xmin,
                                                           TransactionId xmax)
{
        /* use volatile pointer to prevent code rearrangement */
        volatile ProcArrayStruct *pArray = procArray;
        int                     count = 0;
        int                     head,
                                tail;
        int                     i;

        /*
         * Fetch head just once, since it may change while we loop. We can stop
         * once we reach the initially seen head, since we are certain that an xid
         * cannot enter and then leave the array while we hold ProcArrayLock.  We
         * might miss newly-added xids, but they should be >= xmax so irrelevant
         * anyway.
         *
         * Must take spinlock to ensure we see up-to-date array contents.
         */
        SpinLockAcquire(&pArray->known_assigned_xids_lck);
        tail = pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids;
        head = pArray->headKnownAssignedXids;
        SpinLockRelease(&pArray->known_assigned_xids_lck);

        for (i = tail; i < head; i++)
        {
                /* Skip any gaps in the array */
                if (KnownAssignedXidsValid[i])
                {
                        TransactionId knownXid = KnownAssignedXids[i];

                        /*
                         * Update xmin if required.  Only the first XID need be checked,
                         * since the array is sorted.
                         */
                        if (count == 0 &&
                                TransactionIdPrecedes(knownXid, *xmin))
                                *xmin = knownXid;

                        /*
                         * Filter out anything >= xmax, again relying on sorted property
                         * of array.
                         */
                        if (TransactionIdIsValid(xmax) &&
                                TransactionIdFollowsOrEquals(knownXid, xmax))
                                break;

                        /* Add knownXid into output array */
                        xarray[count++] = knownXid;
                }
        }

        return count;
}

/*
 * Get oldest XID in the KnownAssignedXids array, or InvalidTransactionId
 * if nothing there.
 */
static TransactionId
KnownAssignedXidsGetOldestXmin(void)
{
        /* use volatile pointer to prevent code rearrangement */
        volatile ProcArrayStruct *pArray = procArray;
        int                     head,
                                tail;
        int                     i;

        /*
         * Fetch head just once, since it may change while we loop.
         */
        SpinLockAcquire(&pArray->known_assigned_xids_lck);
        tail = pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids;
        head = pArray->headKnownAssignedXids;
        SpinLockRelease(&pArray->known_assigned_xids_lck);

        for (i = tail; i < head; i++)
        {
                /* Skip any gaps in the array */
                if (KnownAssignedXidsValid[i])
                        return KnownAssignedXids[i];
        }

        return InvalidTransactionId;
}

/*
 * Display KnownAssignedXids to provide debug trail
 *
 * Currently this is only called within startup process, so we need no
 * special locking.
 *
 * Note this is pretty expensive, and much of the expense will be incurred
 * even if the elog message will get discarded.  It's not currently called
 * in any performance-critical places, however, so no need to be tenser.
 */
static void
KnownAssignedXidsDisplay(int trace_level)
{
        /* use volatile pointer to prevent code rearrangement */
        volatile ProcArrayStruct *pArray = procArray;
        StringInfoData buf;
        int                     head,
                                tail,
                                i;
        int                     nxids = 0;

        tail = pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids;
        head = pArray->headKnownAssignedXids;

        initStringInfo(&buf);

        for (i = tail; i < head; i++)
        {
                if (KnownAssignedXidsValid[i])
                {
                        nxids++;
                        appendStringInfo(&buf, "[%d]=%u ", i, KnownAssignedXids[i]);
                }
        }

        elog(trace_level, "%d KnownAssignedXids (num=%d tail=%d head=%d) %s",
                 nxids,
                 pArray->numKnownAssignedXids,
                 pArray->tailKnownAssignedXids,
                 pArray->headKnownAssignedXids,
                 buf.data);

        pfree(buf.data);
}