Reduce pinning and buffer content locking for btree scans.

[postgresql] / src / backend / access / transam / multixact.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * multixact.c
 *              PostgreSQL multi-transaction-log manager
 *
 * The pg_multixact manager is a pg_clog-like manager that stores an array of
 * MultiXactMember for each MultiXactId.  It is a fundamental part of the
 * shared-row-lock implementation.  Each MultiXactMember is comprised of a
 * TransactionId and a set of flag bits.  The name is a bit historical:
 * originally, a MultiXactId consisted of more than one TransactionId (except
 * in rare corner cases), hence "multi".  Nowadays, however, it's perfectly
 * legitimate to have MultiXactIds that only include a single Xid.
 *
 * The meaning of the flag bits is opaque to this module, but they are mostly
 * used in heapam.c to identify lock modes that each of the member transactions
 * is holding on any given tuple.  This module just contains support to store
 * and retrieve the arrays.
 *
 * We use two SLRU areas, one for storing the offsets at which the data
 * starts for each MultiXactId in the other one.  This trick allows us to
 * store variable length arrays of TransactionIds.  (We could alternatively
 * use one area containing counts and TransactionIds, with valid MultiXactId
 * values pointing at slots containing counts; but that way seems less robust
 * since it would get completely confused if someone inquired about a bogus
 * MultiXactId that pointed to an intermediate slot containing an XID.)
 *
 * XLOG interactions: this module generates an XLOG record whenever a new
 * OFFSETs or MEMBERs page is initialized to zeroes, as well as an XLOG record
 * whenever a new MultiXactId is defined.  This allows us to completely
 * rebuild the data entered since the last checkpoint during XLOG replay.
 * Because this is possible, we need not follow the normal rule of
 * "write WAL before data"; the only correctness guarantee needed is that
 * we flush and sync all dirty OFFSETs and MEMBERs pages to disk before a
 * checkpoint is considered complete.  If a page does make it to disk ahead
 * of corresponding WAL records, it will be forcibly zeroed before use anyway.
 * Therefore, we don't need to mark our pages with LSN information; we have
 * enough synchronization already.
 *
 * Like clog.c, and unlike subtrans.c, we have to preserve state across
 * crashes and ensure that MXID and offset numbering increases monotonically
 * across a crash.  We do this in the same way as it's done for transaction
 * IDs: the WAL record is guaranteed to contain evidence of every MXID we
 * could need to worry about, and we just make sure that at the end of
 * replay, the next-MXID and next-offset counters are at least as large as
 * anything we saw during replay.
 *
 * We are able to remove segments no longer necessary by carefully tracking
 * each table's used values: during vacuum, any multixact older than a certain
 * value is removed; the cutoff value is stored in pg_class.  The minimum value
 * across all tables in each database is stored in pg_database, and the global
 * minimum across all databases is part of pg_control and is kept in shared
 * memory.  At checkpoint time, after the value is known flushed in WAL, any
 * files that correspond to multixacts older than that value are removed.
 * (These files are also removed when a restartpoint is executed.)
 *
 * When new multixactid values are to be created, care is taken that the
 * counter does not fall within the wraparound horizon considering the global
 * minimum value.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2015, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/multixact.h"
#include "access/slru.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/twophase.h"
#include "access/twophase_rmgr.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "access/xlog.h"
#include "access/xloginsert.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "commands/dbcommands.h"
#include "funcapi.h"
#include "lib/ilist.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "pg_trace.h"
#include "postmaster/autovacuum.h"
#include "storage/lmgr.h"
#include "storage/pmsignal.h"
#include "storage/procarray.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"


/*
 * Defines for MultiXactOffset page sizes.  A page is the same BLCKSZ as is
 * used everywhere else in Postgres.
 *
 * Note: because MultiXactOffsets are 32 bits and wrap around at 0xFFFFFFFF,
 * MultiXact page numbering also wraps around at
 * 0xFFFFFFFF/MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE, and segment numbering at
 * 0xFFFFFFFF/MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE/SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT.  We need
 * take no explicit notice of that fact in this module, except when comparing
 * segment and page numbers in TruncateMultiXact (see
 * MultiXactOffsetPagePrecedes).
 */

/* We need four bytes per offset */
#define MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE (BLCKSZ / sizeof(MultiXactOffset))

#define MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(xid) \
        ((xid) / (MultiXactOffset) MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE)
#define MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(xid) \
        ((xid) % (MultiXactOffset) MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE)

/*
 * The situation for members is a bit more complex: we store one byte of
 * additional flag bits for each TransactionId.  To do this without getting
 * into alignment issues, we store four bytes of flags, and then the
 * corresponding 4 Xids.  Each such 5-word (20-byte) set we call a "group", and
 * are stored as a whole in pages.  Thus, with 8kB BLCKSZ, we keep 409 groups
 * per page.  This wastes 12 bytes per page, but that's OK -- simplicity (and
 * performance) trumps space efficiency here.
 *
 * Note that the "offset" macros work with byte offset, not array indexes, so
 * arithmetic must be done using "char *" pointers.
 */
/* We need eight bits per xact, so one xact fits in a byte */
#define MXACT_MEMBER_BITS_PER_XACT                      8
#define MXACT_MEMBER_FLAGS_PER_BYTE                     1
#define MXACT_MEMBER_XACT_BITMASK       ((1 << MXACT_MEMBER_BITS_PER_XACT) - 1)

/* how many full bytes of flags are there in a group? */
#define MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP           4
#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP       \
        (MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP * MXACT_MEMBER_FLAGS_PER_BYTE)
/* size in bytes of a complete group */
#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUP_SIZE \
        (sizeof(TransactionId) * MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP + MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP)
#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUPS_PER_PAGE (BLCKSZ / MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUP_SIZE)
#define MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE      \
        (MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUPS_PER_PAGE * MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP)

/*
 * Because the number of items per page is not a divisor of the last item
 * number (member 0xFFFFFFFF), the last segment does not use the maximum number
 * of pages, and moreover the last used page therein does not use the same
 * number of items as previous pages.  (Another way to say it is that the
 * 0xFFFFFFFF member is somewhere in the middle of the last page, so the page
 * has some empty space after that item.)
 *
 * This constant is the number of members in the last page of the last segment.
 */
#define MAX_MEMBERS_IN_LAST_MEMBERS_PAGE \
                ((uint32) ((0xFFFFFFFF % MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE) + 1))

/* page in which a member is to be found */
#define MXOffsetToMemberPage(xid) ((xid) / (TransactionId) MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE)

/* Location (byte offset within page) of flag word for a given member */
#define MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(xid) \
        ((((xid) / (TransactionId) MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP) % \
          (TransactionId) MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUPS_PER_PAGE) * \
         (TransactionId) MULTIXACT_MEMBERGROUP_SIZE)
#define MXOffsetToFlagsBitShift(xid) \
        (((xid) % (TransactionId) MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP) * \
         MXACT_MEMBER_BITS_PER_XACT)

/* Location (byte offset within page) of TransactionId of given member */
#define MXOffsetToMemberOffset(xid) \
        (MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(xid) + MULTIXACT_FLAGBYTES_PER_GROUP + \
         ((xid) % MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_MEMBERGROUP) * sizeof(TransactionId))


/*
 * Links to shared-memory data structures for MultiXact control
 */
static SlruCtlData MultiXactOffsetCtlData;
static SlruCtlData MultiXactMemberCtlData;

#define MultiXactOffsetCtl      (&MultiXactOffsetCtlData)
#define MultiXactMemberCtl      (&MultiXactMemberCtlData)

/*
 * MultiXact state shared across all backends.  All this state is protected
 * by MultiXactGenLock.  (We also use MultiXactOffsetControlLock and
 * MultiXactMemberControlLock to guard accesses to the two sets of SLRU
 * buffers.  For concurrency's sake, we avoid holding more than one of these
 * locks at a time.)
 */
typedef struct MultiXactStateData
{
        /* next-to-be-assigned MultiXactId */
        MultiXactId nextMXact;

        /* next-to-be-assigned offset */
        MultiXactOffset nextOffset;

        /*
         * Oldest multixact that is still on disk.  Anything older than this
         * should not be consulted.  These values are updated by vacuum.
         */
        MultiXactId oldestMultiXactId;
        Oid                     oldestMultiXactDB;

        /*
         * This is what the previous checkpoint stored as the truncate position.
         * This value is the oldestMultiXactId that was valid when a checkpoint
         * was last executed.
         */
        MultiXactId lastCheckpointedOldest;

        /* support for anti-wraparound measures */
        MultiXactId multiVacLimit;
        MultiXactId multiWarnLimit;
        MultiXactId multiStopLimit;
        MultiXactId multiWrapLimit;

        /*
         * Per-backend data starts here.  We have two arrays stored in the area
         * immediately following the MultiXactStateData struct. Each is indexed by
         * BackendId.
         *
         * In both arrays, there's a slot for all normal backends (1..MaxBackends)
         * followed by a slot for max_prepared_xacts prepared transactions. Valid
         * BackendIds start from 1; element zero of each array is never used.
         *
         * OldestMemberMXactId[k] is the oldest MultiXactId each backend's current
         * transaction(s) could possibly be a member of, or InvalidMultiXactId
         * when the backend has no live transaction that could possibly be a
         * member of a MultiXact.  Each backend sets its entry to the current
         * nextMXact counter just before first acquiring a shared lock in a given
         * transaction, and clears it at transaction end. (This works because only
         * during or after acquiring a shared lock could an XID possibly become a
         * member of a MultiXact, and that MultiXact would have to be created
         * during or after the lock acquisition.)
         *
         * OldestVisibleMXactId[k] is the oldest MultiXactId each backend's
         * current transaction(s) think is potentially live, or InvalidMultiXactId
         * when not in a transaction or not in a transaction that's paid any
         * attention to MultiXacts yet.  This is computed when first needed in a
         * given transaction, and cleared at transaction end.  We can compute it
         * as the minimum of the valid OldestMemberMXactId[] entries at the time
         * we compute it (using nextMXact if none are valid).  Each backend is
         * required not to attempt to access any SLRU data for MultiXactIds older
         * than its own OldestVisibleMXactId[] setting; this is necessary because
         * the checkpointer could truncate away such data at any instant.
         *
         * The oldest valid value among all of the OldestMemberMXactId[] and
         * OldestVisibleMXactId[] entries is considered by vacuum as the earliest
         * possible value still having any live member transaction.  Subtracting
         * vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age from that value we obtain the freezing
         * point for multixacts for that table.  Any value older than that is
         * removed from tuple headers (or "frozen"; see FreezeMultiXactId.  Note
         * that multis that have member xids that are older than the cutoff point
         * for xids must also be frozen, even if the multis themselves are newer
         * than the multixid cutoff point).  Whenever a full table vacuum happens,
         * the freezing point so computed is used as the new pg_class.relminmxid
         * value.  The minimum of all those values in a database is stored as
         * pg_database.datminmxid.  In turn, the minimum of all of those values is
         * stored in pg_control and used as truncation point for pg_multixact.  At
         * checkpoint or restartpoint, unneeded segments are removed.
         */
        MultiXactId perBackendXactIds[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
} MultiXactStateData;

/*
 * Last element of OldestMemberMXactID and OldestVisibleMXactId arrays.
 * Valid elements are (1..MaxOldestSlot); element 0 is never used.
 */
#define MaxOldestSlot   (MaxBackends + max_prepared_xacts)

/* Pointers to the state data in shared memory */
static MultiXactStateData *MultiXactState;
static MultiXactId *OldestMemberMXactId;
static MultiXactId *OldestVisibleMXactId;


/*
 * Definitions for the backend-local MultiXactId cache.
 *
 * We use this cache to store known MultiXacts, so we don't need to go to
 * SLRU areas every time.
 *
 * The cache lasts for the duration of a single transaction, the rationale
 * for this being that most entries will contain our own TransactionId and
 * so they will be uninteresting by the time our next transaction starts.
 * (XXX not clear that this is correct --- other members of the MultiXact
 * could hang around longer than we did.  However, it's not clear what a
 * better policy for flushing old cache entries would be.)      FIXME actually
 * this is plain wrong now that multixact's may contain update Xids.
 *
 * We allocate the cache entries in a memory context that is deleted at
 * transaction end, so we don't need to do retail freeing of entries.
 */
typedef struct mXactCacheEnt
{
        MultiXactId multi;
        int                     nmembers;
        dlist_node      node;
        MultiXactMember members[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
} mXactCacheEnt;

#define MAX_CACHE_ENTRIES       256
static dlist_head MXactCache = DLIST_STATIC_INIT(MXactCache);
static int      MXactCacheMembers = 0;
static MemoryContext MXactContext = NULL;

#ifdef MULTIXACT_DEBUG
#define debug_elog2(a,b) elog(a,b)
#define debug_elog3(a,b,c) elog(a,b,c)
#define debug_elog4(a,b,c,d) elog(a,b,c,d)
#define debug_elog5(a,b,c,d,e) elog(a,b,c,d,e)
#define debug_elog6(a,b,c,d,e,f) elog(a,b,c,d,e,f)
#else
#define debug_elog2(a,b)
#define debug_elog3(a,b,c)
#define debug_elog4(a,b,c,d)
#define debug_elog5(a,b,c,d,e)
#define debug_elog6(a,b,c,d,e,f)
#endif

/* internal MultiXactId management */
static void MultiXactIdSetOldestVisible(void);
static void RecordNewMultiXact(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactOffset offset,
                                   int nmembers, MultiXactMember *members);
static MultiXactId GetNewMultiXactId(int nmembers, MultiXactOffset *offset);

/* MultiXact cache management */
static int      mxactMemberComparator(const void *arg1, const void *arg2);
static MultiXactId mXactCacheGetBySet(int nmembers, MultiXactMember *members);
static int      mXactCacheGetById(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactMember **members);
static void mXactCachePut(MultiXactId multi, int nmembers,
                          MultiXactMember *members);

static char *mxstatus_to_string(MultiXactStatus status);

/* management of SLRU infrastructure */
static int      ZeroMultiXactOffsetPage(int pageno, bool writeXlog);
static int      ZeroMultiXactMemberPage(int pageno, bool writeXlog);
static bool MultiXactOffsetPagePrecedes(int page1, int page2);
static bool MultiXactMemberPagePrecedes(int page1, int page2);
static bool MultiXactOffsetPrecedes(MultiXactOffset offset1,
                                                MultiXactOffset offset2);
static void ExtendMultiXactOffset(MultiXactId multi);
static void ExtendMultiXactMember(MultiXactOffset offset, int nmembers);
static void WriteMZeroPageXlogRec(int pageno, uint8 info);


/*
 * MultiXactIdCreate
 *              Construct a MultiXactId representing two TransactionIds.
 *
 * The two XIDs must be different, or be requesting different statuses.
 *
 * NB - we don't worry about our local MultiXactId cache here, because that
 * is handled by the lower-level routines.
 */
MultiXactId
MultiXactIdCreate(TransactionId xid1, MultiXactStatus status1,
                                  TransactionId xid2, MultiXactStatus status2)
{
        MultiXactId newMulti;
        MultiXactMember members[2];

        AssertArg(TransactionIdIsValid(xid1));
        AssertArg(TransactionIdIsValid(xid2));

        Assert(!TransactionIdEquals(xid1, xid2) || (status1 != status2));

        /* MultiXactIdSetOldestMember() must have been called already. */
        Assert(MultiXactIdIsValid(OldestMemberMXactId[MyBackendId]));

        /*
         * Note: unlike MultiXactIdExpand, we don't bother to check that both XIDs
         * are still running.  In typical usage, xid2 will be our own XID and the
         * caller just did a check on xid1, so it'd be wasted effort.
         */

        members[0].xid = xid1;
        members[0].status = status1;
        members[1].xid = xid2;
        members[1].status = status2;

        newMulti = MultiXactIdCreateFromMembers(2, members);

        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "Create: %s",
                                mxid_to_string(newMulti, 2, members));

        return newMulti;
}

/*
 * MultiXactIdExpand
 *              Add a TransactionId to a pre-existing MultiXactId.
 *
 * If the TransactionId is already a member of the passed MultiXactId with the
 * same status, just return it as-is.
 *
 * Note that we do NOT actually modify the membership of a pre-existing
 * MultiXactId; instead we create a new one.  This is necessary to avoid
 * a race condition against code trying to wait for one MultiXactId to finish;
 * see notes in heapam.c.
 *
 * NB - we don't worry about our local MultiXactId cache here, because that
 * is handled by the lower-level routines.
 *
 * Note: It is critical that MultiXactIds that come from an old cluster (i.e.
 * one upgraded by pg_upgrade from a cluster older than this feature) are not
 * passed in.
 */
MultiXactId
MultiXactIdExpand(MultiXactId multi, TransactionId xid, MultiXactStatus status)
{
        MultiXactId newMulti;
        MultiXactMember *members;
        MultiXactMember *newMembers;
        int                     nmembers;
        int                     i;
        int                     j;

        AssertArg(MultiXactIdIsValid(multi));
        AssertArg(TransactionIdIsValid(xid));

        /* MultiXactIdSetOldestMember() must have been called already. */
        Assert(MultiXactIdIsValid(OldestMemberMXactId[MyBackendId]));

        debug_elog5(DEBUG2, "Expand: received multi %u, xid %u status %s",
                                multi, xid, mxstatus_to_string(status));

        /*
         * Note: we don't allow for old multis here.  The reason is that the only
         * caller of this function does a check that the multixact is no longer
         * running.
         */
        nmembers = GetMultiXactIdMembers(multi, &members, false, false);

        if (nmembers < 0)
        {
                MultiXactMember member;

                /*
                 * The MultiXactId is obsolete.  This can only happen if all the
                 * MultiXactId members stop running between the caller checking and
                 * passing it to us.  It would be better to return that fact to the
                 * caller, but it would complicate the API and it's unlikely to happen
                 * too often, so just deal with it by creating a singleton MultiXact.
                 */
                member.xid = xid;
                member.status = status;
                newMulti = MultiXactIdCreateFromMembers(1, &member);

                debug_elog4(DEBUG2, "Expand: %u has no members, create singleton %u",
                                        multi, newMulti);
                return newMulti;
        }

        /*
         * If the TransactionId is already a member of the MultiXactId with the
         * same status, just return the existing MultiXactId.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < nmembers; i++)
        {
                if (TransactionIdEquals(members[i].xid, xid) &&
                        (members[i].status == status))
                {
                        debug_elog4(DEBUG2, "Expand: %u is already a member of %u",
                                                xid, multi);
                        pfree(members);
                        return multi;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Determine which of the members of the MultiXactId are still of
         * interest. This is any running transaction, and also any transaction
         * that grabbed something stronger than just a lock and was committed. (An
         * update that aborted is of no interest here; and having more than one
         * update Xid in a multixact would cause errors elsewhere.)
         *
         * Removing dead members is not just an optimization: freezing of tuples
         * whose Xmax are multis depends on this behavior.
         *
         * Note we have the same race condition here as above: j could be 0 at the
         * end of the loop.
         */
        newMembers = (MultiXactMember *)
                palloc(sizeof(MultiXactMember) * (nmembers + 1));

        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < nmembers; i++)
        {
                if (TransactionIdIsInProgress(members[i].xid) ||
                        (ISUPDATE_from_mxstatus(members[i].status) &&
                         TransactionIdDidCommit(members[i].xid)))
                {
                        newMembers[j].xid = members[i].xid;
                        newMembers[j++].status = members[i].status;
                }
        }

        newMembers[j].xid = xid;
        newMembers[j++].status = status;
        newMulti = MultiXactIdCreateFromMembers(j, newMembers);

        pfree(members);
        pfree(newMembers);

        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "Expand: returning new multi %u", newMulti);

        return newMulti;
}

/*
 * MultiXactIdIsRunning
 *              Returns whether a MultiXactId is "running".
 *
 * We return true if at least one member of the given MultiXactId is still
 * running.  Note that a "false" result is certain not to change,
 * because it is not legal to add members to an existing MultiXactId.
 *
 * Caller is expected to have verified that the multixact does not come from
 * a pg_upgraded share-locked tuple.
 */
bool
MultiXactIdIsRunning(MultiXactId multi, bool isLockOnly)
{
        MultiXactMember *members;
        int                     nmembers;
        int                     i;

        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "IsRunning %u?", multi);

        /*
         * "false" here means we assume our callers have checked that the given
         * multi cannot possibly come from a pg_upgraded database.
         */
        nmembers = GetMultiXactIdMembers(multi, &members, false, isLockOnly);

        if (nmembers < 0)
        {
                debug_elog2(DEBUG2, "IsRunning: no members");
                return false;
        }

        /*
         * Checking for myself is cheap compared to looking in shared memory;
         * return true if any live subtransaction of the current top-level
         * transaction is a member.
         *
         * This is not needed for correctness, it's just a fast path.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < nmembers; i++)
        {
                if (TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId(members[i].xid))
                {
                        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "IsRunning: I (%d) am running!", i);
                        pfree(members);
                        return true;
                }
        }

        /*
         * This could be made faster by having another entry point in procarray.c,
         * walking the PGPROC array only once for all the members.  But in most
         * cases nmembers should be small enough that it doesn't much matter.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < nmembers; i++)
        {
                if (TransactionIdIsInProgress(members[i].xid))
                {
                        debug_elog4(DEBUG2, "IsRunning: member %d (%u) is running",
                                                i, members[i].xid);
                        pfree(members);
                        return true;
                }
        }

        pfree(members);

        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "IsRunning: %u is not running", multi);

        return false;
}

/*
 * MultiXactIdSetOldestMember
 *              Save the oldest MultiXactId this transaction could be a member of.
 *
 * We set the OldestMemberMXactId for a given transaction the first time it's
 * going to do some operation that might require a MultiXactId (tuple lock,
 * update or delete).  We need to do this even if we end up using a
 * TransactionId instead of a MultiXactId, because there is a chance that
 * another transaction would add our XID to a MultiXactId.
 *
 * The value to set is the next-to-be-assigned MultiXactId, so this is meant to
 * be called just before doing any such possibly-MultiXactId-able operation.
 */
void
MultiXactIdSetOldestMember(void)
{
        if (!MultiXactIdIsValid(OldestMemberMXactId[MyBackendId]))
        {
                MultiXactId nextMXact;

                /*
                 * You might think we don't need to acquire a lock here, since
                 * fetching and storing of TransactionIds is probably atomic, but in
                 * fact we do: suppose we pick up nextMXact and then lose the CPU for
                 * a long time.  Someone else could advance nextMXact, and then
                 * another someone else could compute an OldestVisibleMXactId that
                 * would be after the value we are going to store when we get control
                 * back.  Which would be wrong.
                 *
                 * Note that a shared lock is sufficient, because it's enough to stop
                 * someone from advancing nextMXact; and nobody else could be trying
                 * to write to our OldestMember entry, only reading (and we assume
                 * storing it is atomic.)
                 */
                LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_SHARED);

                /*
                 * We have to beware of the possibility that nextMXact is in the
                 * wrapped-around state.  We don't fix the counter itself here, but we
                 * must be sure to store a valid value in our array entry.
                 */
                nextMXact = MultiXactState->nextMXact;
                if (nextMXact < FirstMultiXactId)
                        nextMXact = FirstMultiXactId;

                OldestMemberMXactId[MyBackendId] = nextMXact;

                LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);

                debug_elog4(DEBUG2, "MultiXact: setting OldestMember[%d] = %u",
                                        MyBackendId, nextMXact);
        }
}

/*
 * MultiXactIdSetOldestVisible
 *              Save the oldest MultiXactId this transaction considers possibly live.
 *
 * We set the OldestVisibleMXactId for a given transaction the first time
 * it's going to inspect any MultiXactId.  Once we have set this, we are
 * guaranteed that the checkpointer won't truncate off SLRU data for
 * MultiXactIds at or after our OldestVisibleMXactId.
 *
 * The value to set is the oldest of nextMXact and all the valid per-backend
 * OldestMemberMXactId[] entries.  Because of the locking we do, we can be
 * certain that no subsequent call to MultiXactIdSetOldestMember can set
 * an OldestMemberMXactId[] entry older than what we compute here.  Therefore
 * there is no live transaction, now or later, that can be a member of any
 * MultiXactId older than the OldestVisibleMXactId we compute here.
 */
static void
MultiXactIdSetOldestVisible(void)
{
        if (!MultiXactIdIsValid(OldestVisibleMXactId[MyBackendId]))
        {
                MultiXactId oldestMXact;
                int                     i;

                LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

                /*
                 * We have to beware of the possibility that nextMXact is in the
                 * wrapped-around state.  We don't fix the counter itself here, but we
                 * must be sure to store a valid value in our array entry.
                 */
                oldestMXact = MultiXactState->nextMXact;
                if (oldestMXact < FirstMultiXactId)
                        oldestMXact = FirstMultiXactId;

                for (i = 1; i <= MaxOldestSlot; i++)
                {
                        MultiXactId thisoldest = OldestMemberMXactId[i];

                        if (MultiXactIdIsValid(thisoldest) &&
                                MultiXactIdPrecedes(thisoldest, oldestMXact))
                                oldestMXact = thisoldest;
                }

                OldestVisibleMXactId[MyBackendId] = oldestMXact;

                LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);

                debug_elog4(DEBUG2, "MultiXact: setting OldestVisible[%d] = %u",
                                        MyBackendId, oldestMXact);
        }
}

/*
 * ReadNextMultiXactId
 *              Return the next MultiXactId to be assigned, but don't allocate it
 */
MultiXactId
ReadNextMultiXactId(void)
{
        MultiXactId mxid;

        /* XXX we could presumably do this without a lock. */
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_SHARED);
        mxid = MultiXactState->nextMXact;
        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);

        if (mxid < FirstMultiXactId)
                mxid = FirstMultiXactId;

        return mxid;
}

/*
 * MultiXactIdCreateFromMembers
 *              Make a new MultiXactId from the specified set of members
 *
 * Make XLOG, SLRU and cache entries for a new MultiXactId, recording the
 * given TransactionIds as members.  Returns the newly created MultiXactId.
 *
 * NB: the passed members[] array will be sorted in-place.
 */
MultiXactId
MultiXactIdCreateFromMembers(int nmembers, MultiXactMember *members)
{
        MultiXactId multi;
        MultiXactOffset offset;
        xl_multixact_create xlrec;

        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "Create: %s",
                                mxid_to_string(InvalidMultiXactId, nmembers, members));

        /*
         * See if the same set of members already exists in our cache; if so, just
         * re-use that MultiXactId.  (Note: it might seem that looking in our
         * cache is insufficient, and we ought to search disk to see if a
         * duplicate definition already exists.  But since we only ever create
         * MultiXacts containing our own XID, in most cases any such MultiXacts
         * were in fact created by us, and so will be in our cache.  There are
         * corner cases where someone else added us to a MultiXact without our
         * knowledge, but it's not worth checking for.)
         */
        multi = mXactCacheGetBySet(nmembers, members);
        if (MultiXactIdIsValid(multi))
        {
                debug_elog2(DEBUG2, "Create: in cache!");
                return multi;
        }

        /* Verify that there is a single update Xid among the given members. */
        {
                int                     i;
                bool            has_update = false;

                for (i = 0; i < nmembers; i++)
                {
                        if (ISUPDATE_from_mxstatus(members[i].status))
                        {
                                if (has_update)
                                        elog(ERROR, "new multixact has more than one updating member");
                                has_update = true;
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         * Assign the MXID and offsets range to use, and make sure there is space
         * in the OFFSETs and MEMBERs files.  NB: this routine does
         * START_CRIT_SECTION().
         *
         * Note: unlike MultiXactIdCreate and MultiXactIdExpand, we do not check
         * that we've called MultiXactIdSetOldestMember here.  This is because
         * this routine is used in some places to create new MultiXactIds of which
         * the current backend is not a member, notably during freezing of multis
         * in vacuum.  During vacuum, in particular, it would be unacceptable to
         * keep OldestMulti set, in case it runs for long.
         */
        multi = GetNewMultiXactId(nmembers, &offset);

        /*
         * Make an XLOG entry describing the new MXID.
         *
         * Note: we need not flush this XLOG entry to disk before proceeding. The
         * only way for the MXID to be referenced from any data page is for
         * heap_lock_tuple() to have put it there, and heap_lock_tuple() generates
         * an XLOG record that must follow ours.  The normal LSN interlock between
         * the data page and that XLOG record will ensure that our XLOG record
         * reaches disk first.  If the SLRU members/offsets data reaches disk
         * sooner than the XLOG record, we do not care because we'll overwrite it
         * with zeroes unless the XLOG record is there too; see notes at top of
         * this file.
         */
        xlrec.mid = multi;
        xlrec.moff = offset;
        xlrec.nmembers = nmembers;

        /*
         * XXX Note: there's a lot of padding space in MultiXactMember.  We could
         * find a more compact representation of this Xlog record -- perhaps all
         * the status flags in one XLogRecData, then all the xids in another one?
         * Not clear that it's worth the trouble though.
         */
        XLogBeginInsert();
        XLogRegisterData((char *) (&xlrec), SizeOfMultiXactCreate);
        XLogRegisterData((char *) members, nmembers * sizeof(MultiXactMember));

        (void) XLogInsert(RM_MULTIXACT_ID, XLOG_MULTIXACT_CREATE_ID);

        /* Now enter the information into the OFFSETs and MEMBERs logs */
        RecordNewMultiXact(multi, offset, nmembers, members);

        /* Done with critical section */
        END_CRIT_SECTION();

        /* Store the new MultiXactId in the local cache, too */
        mXactCachePut(multi, nmembers, members);

        debug_elog2(DEBUG2, "Create: all done");

        return multi;
}

/*
 * RecordNewMultiXact
 *              Write info about a new multixact into the offsets and members files
 *
 * This is broken out of MultiXactIdCreateFromMembers so that xlog replay can
 * use it.
 */
static void
RecordNewMultiXact(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactOffset offset,
                                   int nmembers, MultiXactMember *members)
{
        int                     pageno;
        int                     prev_pageno;
        int                     entryno;
        int                     slotno;
        MultiXactOffset *offptr;
        int                     i;

        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactOffsetControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(multi);
        entryno = MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(multi);

        /*
         * Note: we pass the MultiXactId to SimpleLruReadPage as the "transaction"
         * to complain about if there's any I/O error.  This is kinda bogus, but
         * since the errors will always give the full pathname, it should be clear
         * enough that a MultiXactId is really involved.  Perhaps someday we'll
         * take the trouble to generalize the slru.c error reporting code.
         */
        slotno = SimpleLruReadPage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno, true, multi);
        offptr = (MultiXactOffset *) MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
        offptr += entryno;

        *offptr = offset;

        MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno] = true;

        /* Exchange our lock */
        LWLockRelease(MultiXactOffsetControlLock);

        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactMemberControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        prev_pageno = -1;

        for (i = 0; i < nmembers; i++, offset++)
        {
                TransactionId *memberptr;
                uint32     *flagsptr;
                uint32          flagsval;
                int                     bshift;
                int                     flagsoff;
                int                     memberoff;

                Assert(members[i].status <= MultiXactStatusUpdate);

                pageno = MXOffsetToMemberPage(offset);
                memberoff = MXOffsetToMemberOffset(offset);
                flagsoff = MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(offset);
                bshift = MXOffsetToFlagsBitShift(offset);

                if (pageno != prev_pageno)
                {
                        slotno = SimpleLruReadPage(MultiXactMemberCtl, pageno, true, multi);
                        prev_pageno = pageno;
                }

                memberptr = (TransactionId *)
                        (MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno] + memberoff);

                *memberptr = members[i].xid;

                flagsptr = (uint32 *)
                        (MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno] + flagsoff);

                flagsval = *flagsptr;
                flagsval &= ~(((1 << MXACT_MEMBER_BITS_PER_XACT) - 1) << bshift);
                flagsval |= (members[i].status << bshift);
                *flagsptr = flagsval;

                MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno] = true;
        }

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactMemberControlLock);
}

/*
 * GetNewMultiXactId
 *              Get the next MultiXactId.
 *
 * Also, reserve the needed amount of space in the "members" area.  The
 * starting offset of the reserved space is returned in *offset.
 *
 * This may generate XLOG records for expansion of the offsets and/or members
 * files.  Unfortunately, we have to do that while holding MultiXactGenLock
 * to avoid race conditions --- the XLOG record for zeroing a page must appear
 * before any backend can possibly try to store data in that page!
 *
 * We start a critical section before advancing the shared counters.  The
 * caller must end the critical section after writing SLRU data.
 */
static MultiXactId
GetNewMultiXactId(int nmembers, MultiXactOffset *offset)
{
        MultiXactId result;
        MultiXactOffset nextOffset;

        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "GetNew: for %d xids", nmembers);

        /* safety check, we should never get this far in a HS slave */
        if (RecoveryInProgress())
                elog(ERROR, "cannot assign MultiXactIds during recovery");

        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        /* Handle wraparound of the nextMXact counter */
        if (MultiXactState->nextMXact < FirstMultiXactId)
                MultiXactState->nextMXact = FirstMultiXactId;

        /* Assign the MXID */
        result = MultiXactState->nextMXact;

        /*----------
         * Check to see if it's safe to assign another MultiXactId.  This protects
         * against catastrophic data loss due to multixact wraparound.  The basic
         * rules are:
         *
         * If we're past multiVacLimit, start trying to force autovacuum cycles.
         * If we're past multiWarnLimit, start issuing warnings.
         * If we're past multiStopLimit, refuse to create new MultiXactIds.
         *
         * Note these are pretty much the same protections in GetNewTransactionId.
         *----------
         */
        if (!MultiXactIdPrecedes(result, MultiXactState->multiVacLimit))
        {
                /*
                 * For safety's sake, we release MultiXactGenLock while sending
                 * signals, warnings, etc.  This is not so much because we care about
                 * preserving concurrency in this situation, as to avoid any
                 * possibility of deadlock while doing get_database_name(). First,
                 * copy all the shared values we'll need in this path.
                 */
                MultiXactId multiWarnLimit = MultiXactState->multiWarnLimit;
                MultiXactId multiStopLimit = MultiXactState->multiStopLimit;
                MultiXactId multiWrapLimit = MultiXactState->multiWrapLimit;
                Oid                     oldest_datoid = MultiXactState->oldestMultiXactDB;

                LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);

                /*
                 * To avoid swamping the postmaster with signals, we issue the autovac
                 * request only once per 64K transaction starts.  This still gives
                 * plenty of chances before we get into real trouble.
                 */
                if (IsUnderPostmaster && (result % 65536) == 0)
                        SendPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_START_AUTOVAC_LAUNCHER);

                if (IsUnderPostmaster &&
                        !MultiXactIdPrecedes(result, multiStopLimit))
                {
                        char       *oldest_datname = get_database_name(oldest_datoid);

                        /* complain even if that DB has disappeared */
                        if (oldest_datname)
                                ereport(ERROR,
                                                (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                                                 errmsg("database is not accepting commands that generate new MultiXactIds to avoid wraparound data loss in database \"%s\"",
                                                                oldest_datname),
                                 errhint("Execute a database-wide VACUUM in that database.\n"
                                                 "You might also need to commit or roll back old prepared transactions.")));
                        else
                                ereport(ERROR,
                                                (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
                                                 errmsg("database is not accepting commands that generate new MultiXactIds to avoid wraparound data loss in database with OID %u",
                                                                oldest_datoid),
                                 errhint("Execute a database-wide VACUUM in that database.\n"
                                                 "You might also need to commit or roll back old prepared transactions.")));
                }
                else if (!MultiXactIdPrecedes(result, multiWarnLimit))
                {
                        char       *oldest_datname = get_database_name(oldest_datoid);

                        /* complain even if that DB has disappeared */
                        if (oldest_datname)
                                ereport(WARNING,
                                                (errmsg_plural("database \"%s\" must be vacuumed before %u more MultiXactId is used",
                                                                           "database \"%s\" must be vacuumed before %u more MultiXactIds are used",
                                                                           multiWrapLimit - result,
                                                                           oldest_datname,
                                                                           multiWrapLimit - result),
                                 errhint("Execute a database-wide VACUUM in that database.\n"
                                                 "You might also need to commit or roll back old prepared transactions.")));
                        else
                                ereport(WARNING,
                                                (errmsg_plural("database with OID %u must be vacuumed before %u more MultiXactId is used",
                                                                           "database with OID %u must be vacuumed before %u more MultiXactIds are used",
                                                                           multiWrapLimit - result,
                                                                           oldest_datoid,
                                                                           multiWrapLimit - result),
                                 errhint("Execute a database-wide VACUUM in that database.\n"
                                                 "You might also need to commit or roll back old prepared transactions.")));
                }

                /* Re-acquire lock and start over */
                LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
                result = MultiXactState->nextMXact;
                if (result < FirstMultiXactId)
                        result = FirstMultiXactId;
        }

        /* Make sure there is room for the MXID in the file.  */
        ExtendMultiXactOffset(result);

        /*
         * Reserve the members space, similarly to above.  Also, be careful not to
         * return zero as the starting offset for any multixact. See
         * GetMultiXactIdMembers() for motivation.
         */
        nextOffset = MultiXactState->nextOffset;
        if (nextOffset == 0)
        {
                *offset = 1;
                nmembers++;                             /* allocate member slot 0 too */
        }
        else
                *offset = nextOffset;

        ExtendMultiXactMember(nextOffset, nmembers);

        /*
         * Critical section from here until caller has written the data into the
         * just-reserved SLRU space; we don't want to error out with a partly
         * written MultiXact structure.  (In particular, failing to write our
         * start offset after advancing nextMXact would effectively corrupt the
         * previous MultiXact.)
         */
        START_CRIT_SECTION();

        /*
         * Advance counters.  As in GetNewTransactionId(), this must not happen
         * until after file extension has succeeded!
         *
         * We don't care about MultiXactId wraparound here; it will be handled by
         * the next iteration.  But note that nextMXact may be InvalidMultiXactId
         * or the first value on a segment-beginning page after this routine
         * exits, so anyone else looking at the variable must be prepared to deal
         * with either case.  Similarly, nextOffset may be zero, but we won't use
         * that as the actual start offset of the next multixact.
         */
        (MultiXactState->nextMXact)++;

        MultiXactState->nextOffset += nmembers;

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);

        debug_elog4(DEBUG2, "GetNew: returning %u offset %u", result, *offset);
        return result;
}

/*
 * GetMultiXactIdMembers
 *              Returns the set of MultiXactMembers that make up a MultiXactId
 *
 * If the given MultiXactId is older than the value we know to be oldest, we
 * return -1.  The caller is expected to allow that only in permissible cases,
 * i.e. when the infomask lets it presuppose that the tuple had been
 * share-locked before a pg_upgrade; this means that the HEAP_XMAX_LOCK_ONLY
 * needs to be set, but HEAP_XMAX_KEYSHR_LOCK and HEAP_XMAX_EXCL_LOCK are not
 * set.
 *
 * Other border conditions, such as trying to read a value that's larger than
 * the value currently known as the next to assign, raise an error.  Previously
 * these also returned -1, but since this can lead to the wrong visibility
 * results, it is dangerous to do that.
 *
 * onlyLock must be set to true if caller is certain that the given multi
 * is used only to lock tuples; can be false without loss of correctness,
 * but passing a true means we can return quickly without checking for
 * old updates.
 */
int
GetMultiXactIdMembers(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactMember **members,
                                          bool allow_old, bool onlyLock)
{
        int                     pageno;
        int                     prev_pageno;
        int                     entryno;
        int                     slotno;
        MultiXactOffset *offptr;
        MultiXactOffset offset;
        int                     length;
        int                     truelength;
        int                     i;
        MultiXactId oldestMXact;
        MultiXactId nextMXact;
        MultiXactId tmpMXact;
        MultiXactOffset nextOffset;
        MultiXactMember *ptr;

        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "GetMembers: asked for %u", multi);

        if (!MultiXactIdIsValid(multi))
                return -1;

        /* See if the MultiXactId is in the local cache */
        length = mXactCacheGetById(multi, members);
        if (length >= 0)
        {
                debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "GetMembers: found %s in the cache",
                                        mxid_to_string(multi, length, *members));
                return length;
        }

        /* Set our OldestVisibleMXactId[] entry if we didn't already */
        MultiXactIdSetOldestVisible();

        /*
         * If we know the multi is used only for locking and not for updates,
         * then we can skip checking if the value is older than our oldest
         * visible multi.  It cannot possibly still be running.
         */
        if (onlyLock &&
                MultiXactIdPrecedes(multi, OldestVisibleMXactId[MyBackendId]))
        {
                debug_elog2(DEBUG2, "GetMembers: a locker-only multi is too old");
                *members = NULL;
                return -1;
        }

        /*
         * We check known limits on MultiXact before resorting to the SLRU area.
         *
         * An ID older than MultiXactState->oldestMultiXactId cannot possibly be
         * useful; it has already been removed, or will be removed shortly, by
         * truncation.  Returning the wrong values could lead
         * to an incorrect visibility result.  However, to support pg_upgrade we
         * need to allow an empty set to be returned regardless, if the caller is
         * willing to accept it; the caller is expected to check that it's an
         * allowed condition (such as ensuring that the infomask bits set on the
         * tuple are consistent with the pg_upgrade scenario).  If the caller is
         * expecting this to be called only on recently created multis, then we
         * raise an error.
         *
         * Conversely, an ID >= nextMXact shouldn't ever be seen here; if it is
         * seen, it implies undetected ID wraparound has occurred.  This raises a
         * hard error.
         *
         * Shared lock is enough here since we aren't modifying any global state.
         * Acquire it just long enough to grab the current counter values.  We may
         * need both nextMXact and nextOffset; see below.
         */
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_SHARED);

        oldestMXact = MultiXactState->oldestMultiXactId;
        nextMXact = MultiXactState->nextMXact;
        nextOffset = MultiXactState->nextOffset;

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);

        if (MultiXactIdPrecedes(multi, oldestMXact))
        {
                ereport(allow_old ? DEBUG1 : ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR),
                 errmsg("MultiXactId %u does no longer exist -- apparent wraparound",
                                multi)));
                return -1;
        }

        if (!MultiXactIdPrecedes(multi, nextMXact))
                ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR),
                                 errmsg("MultiXactId %u has not been created yet -- apparent wraparound",
                                                multi)));

        /*
         * Find out the offset at which we need to start reading MultiXactMembers
         * and the number of members in the multixact.  We determine the latter as
         * the difference between this multixact's starting offset and the next
         * one's.  However, there are some corner cases to worry about:
         *
         * 1. This multixact may be the latest one created, in which case there is
         * no next one to look at.  In this case the nextOffset value we just
         * saved is the correct endpoint.
         *
         * 2. The next multixact may still be in process of being filled in: that
         * is, another process may have done GetNewMultiXactId but not yet written
         * the offset entry for that ID.  In that scenario, it is guaranteed that
         * the offset entry for that multixact exists (because GetNewMultiXactId
         * won't release MultiXactGenLock until it does) but contains zero
         * (because we are careful to pre-zero offset pages). Because
         * GetNewMultiXactId will never return zero as the starting offset for a
         * multixact, when we read zero as the next multixact's offset, we know we
         * have this case.  We sleep for a bit and try again.
         *
         * 3. Because GetNewMultiXactId increments offset zero to offset one to
         * handle case #2, there is an ambiguity near the point of offset
         * wraparound.  If we see next multixact's offset is one, is that our
         * multixact's actual endpoint, or did it end at zero with a subsequent
         * increment?  We handle this using the knowledge that if the zero'th
         * member slot wasn't filled, it'll contain zero, and zero isn't a valid
         * transaction ID so it can't be a multixact member.  Therefore, if we
         * read a zero from the members array, just ignore it.
         *
         * This is all pretty messy, but the mess occurs only in infrequent corner
         * cases, so it seems better than holding the MultiXactGenLock for a long
         * time on every multixact creation.
         */
retry:
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactOffsetControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(multi);
        entryno = MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(multi);

        slotno = SimpleLruReadPage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno, true, multi);
        offptr = (MultiXactOffset *) MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
        offptr += entryno;
        offset = *offptr;

        Assert(offset != 0);

        /*
         * Use the same increment rule as GetNewMultiXactId(), that is, don't
         * handle wraparound explicitly until needed.
         */
        tmpMXact = multi + 1;

        if (nextMXact == tmpMXact)
        {
                /* Corner case 1: there is no next multixact */
                length = nextOffset - offset;
        }
        else
        {
                MultiXactOffset nextMXOffset;

                /* handle wraparound if needed */
                if (tmpMXact < FirstMultiXactId)
                        tmpMXact = FirstMultiXactId;

                prev_pageno = pageno;

                pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(tmpMXact);
                entryno = MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(tmpMXact);

                if (pageno != prev_pageno)
                        slotno = SimpleLruReadPage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno, true, tmpMXact);

                offptr = (MultiXactOffset *) MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
                offptr += entryno;
                nextMXOffset = *offptr;

                if (nextMXOffset == 0)
                {
                        /* Corner case 2: next multixact is still being filled in */
                        LWLockRelease(MultiXactOffsetControlLock);
                        CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
                        pg_usleep(1000L);
                        goto retry;
                }

                length = nextMXOffset - offset;
        }

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactOffsetControlLock);

        ptr = (MultiXactMember *) palloc(length * sizeof(MultiXactMember));
        *members = ptr;

        /* Now get the members themselves. */
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactMemberControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        truelength = 0;
        prev_pageno = -1;
        for (i = 0; i < length; i++, offset++)
        {
                TransactionId *xactptr;
                uint32     *flagsptr;
                int                     flagsoff;
                int                     bshift;
                int                     memberoff;

                pageno = MXOffsetToMemberPage(offset);
                memberoff = MXOffsetToMemberOffset(offset);

                if (pageno != prev_pageno)
                {
                        slotno = SimpleLruReadPage(MultiXactMemberCtl, pageno, true, multi);
                        prev_pageno = pageno;
                }

                xactptr = (TransactionId *)
                        (MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno] + memberoff);

                if (!TransactionIdIsValid(*xactptr))
                {
                        /* Corner case 3: we must be looking at unused slot zero */
                        Assert(offset == 0);
                        continue;
                }

                flagsoff = MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(offset);
                bshift = MXOffsetToFlagsBitShift(offset);
                flagsptr = (uint32 *) (MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno] + flagsoff);

                ptr[truelength].xid = *xactptr;
                ptr[truelength].status = (*flagsptr >> bshift) & MXACT_MEMBER_XACT_BITMASK;
                truelength++;
        }

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactMemberControlLock);

        /*
         * Copy the result into the local cache.
         */
        mXactCachePut(multi, truelength, ptr);

        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "GetMembers: no cache for %s",
                                mxid_to_string(multi, truelength, ptr));
        return truelength;
}

/*
 * MultiXactHasRunningRemoteMembers
 *              Does the given multixact have still-live members from
 *              transactions other than our own?
 */
bool
MultiXactHasRunningRemoteMembers(MultiXactId multi)
{
        MultiXactMember *members;
        int                     nmembers;
        int                     i;

        nmembers = GetMultiXactIdMembers(multi, &members, true, false);
        if (nmembers <= 0)
                return false;

        for (i = 0; i < nmembers; i++)
        {
                /* not interested in our own members */
                if (TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId(members[i].xid))
                        continue;

                if (TransactionIdIsInProgress(members[i].xid))
                {
                        pfree(members);
                        return true;
                }
        }

        pfree(members);
        return false;
}

/*
 * mxactMemberComparator
 *              qsort comparison function for MultiXactMember
 *
 * We can't use wraparound comparison for XIDs because that does not respect
 * the triangle inequality!  Any old sort order will do.
 */
static int
mxactMemberComparator(const void *arg1, const void *arg2)
{
        MultiXactMember member1 = *(const MultiXactMember *) arg1;
        MultiXactMember member2 = *(const MultiXactMember *) arg2;

        if (member1.xid > member2.xid)
                return 1;
        if (member1.xid < member2.xid)
                return -1;
        if (member1.status > member2.status)
                return 1;
        if (member1.status < member2.status)
                return -1;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * mXactCacheGetBySet
 *              returns a MultiXactId from the cache based on the set of
 *              TransactionIds that compose it, or InvalidMultiXactId if
 *              none matches.
 *
 * This is helpful, for example, if two transactions want to lock a huge
 * table.  By using the cache, the second will use the same MultiXactId
 * for the majority of tuples, thus keeping MultiXactId usage low (saving
 * both I/O and wraparound issues).
 *
 * NB: the passed members array will be sorted in-place.
 */
static MultiXactId
mXactCacheGetBySet(int nmembers, MultiXactMember *members)
{
        dlist_iter      iter;

        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "CacheGet: looking for %s",
                                mxid_to_string(InvalidMultiXactId, nmembers, members));

        /* sort the array so comparison is easy */
        qsort(members, nmembers, sizeof(MultiXactMember), mxactMemberComparator);

        dlist_foreach(iter, &MXactCache)
        {
                mXactCacheEnt *entry = dlist_container(mXactCacheEnt, node, iter.cur);

                if (entry->nmembers != nmembers)
                        continue;

                /*
                 * We assume the cache entries are sorted, and that the unused bits in
                 * "status" are zeroed.
                 */
                if (memcmp(members, entry->members, nmembers * sizeof(MultiXactMember)) == 0)
                {
                        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "CacheGet: found %u", entry->multi);
                        dlist_move_head(&MXactCache, iter.cur);
                        return entry->multi;
                }
        }

        debug_elog2(DEBUG2, "CacheGet: not found :-(");
        return InvalidMultiXactId;
}

/*
 * mXactCacheGetById
 *              returns the composing MultiXactMember set from the cache for a
 *              given MultiXactId, if present.
 *
 * If successful, *xids is set to the address of a palloc'd copy of the
 * MultiXactMember set.  Return value is number of members, or -1 on failure.
 */
static int
mXactCacheGetById(MultiXactId multi, MultiXactMember **members)
{
        dlist_iter      iter;

        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "CacheGet: looking for %u", multi);

        dlist_foreach(iter, &MXactCache)
        {
                mXactCacheEnt *entry = dlist_container(mXactCacheEnt, node, iter.cur);

                if (entry->multi == multi)
                {
                        MultiXactMember *ptr;
                        Size            size;

                        size = sizeof(MultiXactMember) * entry->nmembers;
                        ptr = (MultiXactMember *) palloc(size);
                        *members = ptr;

                        memcpy(ptr, entry->members, size);

                        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "CacheGet: found %s",
                                                mxid_to_string(multi,
                                                                           entry->nmembers,
                                                                           entry->members));

                        /*
                         * Note we modify the list while not using a modifiable iterator.
                         * This is acceptable only because we exit the iteration
                         * immediately afterwards.
                         */
                        dlist_move_head(&MXactCache, iter.cur);

                        return entry->nmembers;
                }
        }

        debug_elog2(DEBUG2, "CacheGet: not found");
        return -1;
}

/*
 * mXactCachePut
 *              Add a new MultiXactId and its composing set into the local cache.
 */
static void
mXactCachePut(MultiXactId multi, int nmembers, MultiXactMember *members)
{
        mXactCacheEnt *entry;

        debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "CachePut: storing %s",
                                mxid_to_string(multi, nmembers, members));

        if (MXactContext == NULL)
        {
                /* The cache only lives as long as the current transaction */
                debug_elog2(DEBUG2, "CachePut: initializing memory context");
                MXactContext = AllocSetContextCreate(TopTransactionContext,
                                                                                         "MultiXact Cache Context",
                                                                                         ALLOCSET_SMALL_MINSIZE,
                                                                                         ALLOCSET_SMALL_INITSIZE,
                                                                                         ALLOCSET_SMALL_MAXSIZE);
        }

        entry = (mXactCacheEnt *)
                MemoryContextAlloc(MXactContext,
                                                   offsetof(mXactCacheEnt, members) +
                                                   nmembers * sizeof(MultiXactMember));

        entry->multi = multi;
        entry->nmembers = nmembers;
        memcpy(entry->members, members, nmembers * sizeof(MultiXactMember));

        /* mXactCacheGetBySet assumes the entries are sorted, so sort them */
        qsort(entry->members, nmembers, sizeof(MultiXactMember), mxactMemberComparator);

        dlist_push_head(&MXactCache, &entry->node);
        if (MXactCacheMembers++ >= MAX_CACHE_ENTRIES)
        {
                dlist_node *node;
                mXactCacheEnt *entry;

                node = dlist_tail_node(&MXactCache);
                dlist_delete(node);
                MXactCacheMembers--;

                entry = dlist_container(mXactCacheEnt, node, node);
                debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "CachePut: pruning cached multi %u",
                                        entry->multi);

                pfree(entry);
        }
}

static char *
mxstatus_to_string(MultiXactStatus status)
{
        switch (status)
        {
                case MultiXactStatusForKeyShare:
                        return "keysh";
                case MultiXactStatusForShare:
                        return "sh";
                case MultiXactStatusForNoKeyUpdate:
                        return "fornokeyupd";
                case MultiXactStatusForUpdate:
                        return "forupd";
                case MultiXactStatusNoKeyUpdate:
                        return "nokeyupd";
                case MultiXactStatusUpdate:
                        return "upd";
                default:
                        elog(ERROR, "unrecognized multixact status %d", status);
                        return "";
        }
}

char *
mxid_to_string(MultiXactId multi, int nmembers, MultiXactMember *members)
{
        static char *str = NULL;
        StringInfoData buf;
        int                     i;

        if (str != NULL)
                pfree(str);

        initStringInfo(&buf);

        appendStringInfo(&buf, "%u %d[%u (%s)", multi, nmembers, members[0].xid,
                                         mxstatus_to_string(members[0].status));

        for (i = 1; i < nmembers; i++)
                appendStringInfo(&buf, ", %u (%s)", members[i].xid,
                                                 mxstatus_to_string(members[i].status));

        appendStringInfoChar(&buf, ']');
        str = MemoryContextStrdup(TopMemoryContext, buf.data);
        pfree(buf.data);
        return str;
}

/*
 * AtEOXact_MultiXact
 *              Handle transaction end for MultiXact
 *
 * This is called at top transaction commit or abort (we don't care which).
 */
void
AtEOXact_MultiXact(void)
{
        /*
         * Reset our OldestMemberMXactId and OldestVisibleMXactId values, both of
         * which should only be valid while within a transaction.
         *
         * We assume that storing a MultiXactId is atomic and so we need not take
         * MultiXactGenLock to do this.
         */
        OldestMemberMXactId[MyBackendId] = InvalidMultiXactId;
        OldestVisibleMXactId[MyBackendId] = InvalidMultiXactId;

        /*
         * Discard the local MultiXactId cache.  Since MXactContext was created as
         * a child of TopTransactionContext, we needn't delete it explicitly.
         */
        MXactContext = NULL;
        dlist_init(&MXactCache);
        MXactCacheMembers = 0;
}

/*
 * AtPrepare_MultiXact
 *              Save multixact state at 2PC transaction prepare
 *
 * In this phase, we only store our OldestMemberMXactId value in the two-phase
 * state file.
 */
void
AtPrepare_MultiXact(void)
{
        MultiXactId myOldestMember = OldestMemberMXactId[MyBackendId];

        if (MultiXactIdIsValid(myOldestMember))
                RegisterTwoPhaseRecord(TWOPHASE_RM_MULTIXACT_ID, 0,
                                                           &myOldestMember, sizeof(MultiXactId));
}

/*
 * PostPrepare_MultiXact
 *              Clean up after successful PREPARE TRANSACTION
 */
void
PostPrepare_MultiXact(TransactionId xid)
{
        MultiXactId myOldestMember;

        /*
         * Transfer our OldestMemberMXactId value to the slot reserved for the
         * prepared transaction.
         */
        myOldestMember = OldestMemberMXactId[MyBackendId];
        if (MultiXactIdIsValid(myOldestMember))
        {
                BackendId       dummyBackendId = TwoPhaseGetDummyBackendId(xid);

                /*
                 * Even though storing MultiXactId is atomic, acquire lock to make
                 * sure others see both changes, not just the reset of the slot of the
                 * current backend. Using a volatile pointer might suffice, but this
                 * isn't a hot spot.
                 */
                LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

                OldestMemberMXactId[dummyBackendId] = myOldestMember;
                OldestMemberMXactId[MyBackendId] = InvalidMultiXactId;

                LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);
        }

        /*
         * We don't need to transfer OldestVisibleMXactId value, because the
         * transaction is not going to be looking at any more multixacts once it's
         * prepared.
         *
         * We assume that storing a MultiXactId is atomic and so we need not take
         * MultiXactGenLock to do this.
         */
        OldestVisibleMXactId[MyBackendId] = InvalidMultiXactId;

        /*
         * Discard the local MultiXactId cache like in AtEOX_MultiXact
         */
        MXactContext = NULL;
        dlist_init(&MXactCache);
        MXactCacheMembers = 0;
}

/*
 * multixact_twophase_recover
 *              Recover the state of a prepared transaction at startup
 */
void
multixact_twophase_recover(TransactionId xid, uint16 info,
                                                   void *recdata, uint32 len)
{
        BackendId       dummyBackendId = TwoPhaseGetDummyBackendId(xid);
        MultiXactId oldestMember;

        /*
         * Get the oldest member XID from the state file record, and set it in the
         * OldestMemberMXactId slot reserved for this prepared transaction.
         */
        Assert(len == sizeof(MultiXactId));
        oldestMember = *((MultiXactId *) recdata);

        OldestMemberMXactId[dummyBackendId] = oldestMember;
}

/*
 * multixact_twophase_postcommit
 *              Similar to AtEOX_MultiXact but for COMMIT PREPARED
 */
void
multixact_twophase_postcommit(TransactionId xid, uint16 info,
                                                          void *recdata, uint32 len)
{
        BackendId       dummyBackendId = TwoPhaseGetDummyBackendId(xid);

        Assert(len == sizeof(MultiXactId));

        OldestMemberMXactId[dummyBackendId] = InvalidMultiXactId;
}

/*
 * multixact_twophase_postabort
 *              This is actually just the same as the COMMIT case.
 */
void
multixact_twophase_postabort(TransactionId xid, uint16 info,
                                                         void *recdata, uint32 len)
{
        multixact_twophase_postcommit(xid, info, recdata, len);
}

/*
 * Initialization of shared memory for MultiXact.  We use two SLRU areas,
 * thus double memory.  Also, reserve space for the shared MultiXactState
 * struct and the per-backend MultiXactId arrays (two of those, too).
 */
Size
MultiXactShmemSize(void)
{
        Size            size;

        /* We need 2*MaxOldestSlot + 1 perBackendXactIds[] entries */
#define SHARED_MULTIXACT_STATE_SIZE \
        add_size(offsetof(MultiXactStateData, perBackendXactIds) + sizeof(MultiXactId), \
                         mul_size(sizeof(MultiXactId) * 2, MaxOldestSlot))

        size = SHARED_MULTIXACT_STATE_SIZE;
        size = add_size(size, SimpleLruShmemSize(NUM_MXACTOFFSET_BUFFERS, 0));
        size = add_size(size, SimpleLruShmemSize(NUM_MXACTMEMBER_BUFFERS, 0));

        return size;
}

void
MultiXactShmemInit(void)
{
        bool            found;

        debug_elog2(DEBUG2, "Shared Memory Init for MultiXact");

        MultiXactOffsetCtl->PagePrecedes = MultiXactOffsetPagePrecedes;
        MultiXactMemberCtl->PagePrecedes = MultiXactMemberPagePrecedes;

        SimpleLruInit(MultiXactOffsetCtl,
                                  "MultiXactOffset Ctl", NUM_MXACTOFFSET_BUFFERS, 0,
                                  MultiXactOffsetControlLock, "pg_multixact/offsets");
        SimpleLruInit(MultiXactMemberCtl,
                                  "MultiXactMember Ctl", NUM_MXACTMEMBER_BUFFERS, 0,
                                  MultiXactMemberControlLock, "pg_multixact/members");

        /* Initialize our shared state struct */
        MultiXactState = ShmemInitStruct("Shared MultiXact State",
                                                                         SHARED_MULTIXACT_STATE_SIZE,
                                                                         &found);
        if (!IsUnderPostmaster)
        {
                Assert(!found);

                /* Make sure we zero out the per-backend state */
                MemSet(MultiXactState, 0, SHARED_MULTIXACT_STATE_SIZE);
        }
        else
                Assert(found);

        /*
         * Set up array pointers.  Note that perBackendXactIds[0] is wasted space
         * since we only use indexes 1..MaxOldestSlot in each array.
         */
        OldestMemberMXactId = MultiXactState->perBackendXactIds;
        OldestVisibleMXactId = OldestMemberMXactId + MaxOldestSlot;
}

/*
 * This func must be called ONCE on system install.  It creates the initial
 * MultiXact segments.  (The MultiXacts directories are assumed to have been
 * created by initdb, and MultiXactShmemInit must have been called already.)
 */
void
BootStrapMultiXact(void)
{
        int                     slotno;

        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactOffsetControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        /* Create and zero the first page of the offsets log */
        slotno = ZeroMultiXactOffsetPage(0, false);

        /* Make sure it's written out */
        SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, slotno);
        Assert(!MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactOffsetControlLock);

        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactMemberControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        /* Create and zero the first page of the members log */
        slotno = ZeroMultiXactMemberPage(0, false);

        /* Make sure it's written out */
        SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactMemberCtl, slotno);
        Assert(!MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactMemberControlLock);
}

/*
 * Initialize (or reinitialize) a page of MultiXactOffset to zeroes.
 * If writeXlog is TRUE, also emit an XLOG record saying we did this.
 *
 * The page is not actually written, just set up in shared memory.
 * The slot number of the new page is returned.
 *
 * Control lock must be held at entry, and will be held at exit.
 */
static int
ZeroMultiXactOffsetPage(int pageno, bool writeXlog)
{
        int                     slotno;

        slotno = SimpleLruZeroPage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno);

        if (writeXlog)
                WriteMZeroPageXlogRec(pageno, XLOG_MULTIXACT_ZERO_OFF_PAGE);

        return slotno;
}

/*
 * Ditto, for MultiXactMember
 */
static int
ZeroMultiXactMemberPage(int pageno, bool writeXlog)
{
        int                     slotno;

        slotno = SimpleLruZeroPage(MultiXactMemberCtl, pageno);

        if (writeXlog)
                WriteMZeroPageXlogRec(pageno, XLOG_MULTIXACT_ZERO_MEM_PAGE);

        return slotno;
}

/*
 * MaybeExtendOffsetSlru
 *              Extend the offsets SLRU area, if necessary
 *
 * After a binary upgrade from <= 9.2, the pg_multixact/offset SLRU area might
 * contain files that are shorter than necessary; this would occur if the old
 * installation had used multixacts beyond the first page (files cannot be
 * copied, because the on-disk representation is different).  pg_upgrade would
 * update pg_control to set the next offset value to be at that position, so
 * that tuples marked as locked by such MultiXacts would be seen as visible
 * without having to consult multixact.  However, trying to create and use a
 * new MultiXactId would result in an error because the page on which the new
 * value would reside does not exist.  This routine is in charge of creating
 * such pages.
 */
static void
MaybeExtendOffsetSlru(void)
{
        int                     pageno;

        pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(MultiXactState->nextMXact);

        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactOffsetControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        if (!SimpleLruDoesPhysicalPageExist(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno))
        {
                int                     slotno;

                /*
                 * Fortunately for us, SimpleLruWritePage is already prepared to deal
                 * with creating a new segment file even if the page we're writing is
                 * not the first in it, so this is enough.
                 */
                slotno = ZeroMultiXactOffsetPage(pageno, false);
                SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, slotno);
        }

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactOffsetControlLock);
}

/*
 * This must be called ONCE during postmaster or standalone-backend startup.
 *
 * StartupXLOG has already established nextMXact/nextOffset by calling
 * MultiXactSetNextMXact and/or MultiXactAdvanceNextMXact, and the oldestMulti
 * info from pg_control and/or MultiXactAdvanceOldest, but we haven't yet
 * replayed WAL.
 */
void
StartupMultiXact(void)
{
        MultiXactId multi = MultiXactState->nextMXact;
        MultiXactOffset offset = MultiXactState->nextOffset;
        int                     pageno;

        /*
         * Initialize offset's idea of the latest page number.
         */
        pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(multi);
        MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->latest_page_number = pageno;

        /*
         * Initialize member's idea of the latest page number.
         */
        pageno = MXOffsetToMemberPage(offset);
        MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->latest_page_number = pageno;
}

/*
 * This must be called ONCE at the end of startup/recovery.
 *
 * We don't need any locks here, really; the SLRU locks are taken only because
 * slru.c expects to be called with locks held.
 */
void
TrimMultiXact(void)
{
        MultiXactId multi = MultiXactState->nextMXact;
        MultiXactOffset offset = MultiXactState->nextOffset;
        int                     pageno;
        int                     entryno;
        int                     flagsoff;

        /*
         * During a binary upgrade, make sure that the offsets SLRU is large
         * enough to contain the next value that would be created. It's fine to do
         * this here and not in StartupMultiXact() since binary upgrades should
         * never need crash recovery.
         */
        if (IsBinaryUpgrade)
                MaybeExtendOffsetSlru();

        /* Clean up offsets state */
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactOffsetControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        /*
         * (Re-)Initialize our idea of the latest page number for offsets.
         */
        pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(multi);
        MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->latest_page_number = pageno;

        /*
         * Zero out the remainder of the current offsets page.  See notes in
         * TrimCLOG() for motivation.
         */
        entryno = MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(multi);
        if (entryno != 0)
        {
                int                     slotno;
                MultiXactOffset *offptr;

                slotno = SimpleLruReadPage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno, true, multi);
                offptr = (MultiXactOffset *) MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
                offptr += entryno;

                MemSet(offptr, 0, BLCKSZ - (entryno * sizeof(MultiXactOffset)));

                MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno] = true;
        }

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactOffsetControlLock);

        /* And the same for members */
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactMemberControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        /*
         * (Re-)Initialize our idea of the latest page number for members.
         */
        pageno = MXOffsetToMemberPage(offset);
        MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->latest_page_number = pageno;

        /*
         * Zero out the remainder of the current members page.  See notes in
         * TrimCLOG() for motivation.
         */
        flagsoff = MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(offset);
        if (flagsoff != 0)
        {
                int                     slotno;
                TransactionId *xidptr;
                int                     memberoff;

                memberoff = MXOffsetToMemberOffset(offset);
                slotno = SimpleLruReadPage(MultiXactMemberCtl, pageno, true, offset);
                xidptr = (TransactionId *)
                        (MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno] + memberoff);

                MemSet(xidptr, 0, BLCKSZ - memberoff);

                /*
                 * Note: we don't need to zero out the flag bits in the remaining
                 * members of the current group, because they are always reset before
                 * writing.
                 */

                MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno] = true;
        }

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactMemberControlLock);
}

/*
 * This must be called ONCE during postmaster or standalone-backend shutdown
 */
void
ShutdownMultiXact(void)
{
        /* Flush dirty MultiXact pages to disk */
        TRACE_POSTGRESQL_MULTIXACT_CHECKPOINT_START(false);
        SimpleLruFlush(MultiXactOffsetCtl, false);
        SimpleLruFlush(MultiXactMemberCtl, false);
        TRACE_POSTGRESQL_MULTIXACT_CHECKPOINT_DONE(false);
}

/*
 * Get the MultiXact data to save in a checkpoint record
 */
void
MultiXactGetCheckptMulti(bool is_shutdown,
                                                 MultiXactId *nextMulti,
                                                 MultiXactOffset *nextMultiOffset,
                                                 MultiXactId *oldestMulti,
                                                 Oid *oldestMultiDB)
{
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_SHARED);
        *nextMulti = MultiXactState->nextMXact;
        *nextMultiOffset = MultiXactState->nextOffset;
        *oldestMulti = MultiXactState->oldestMultiXactId;
        *oldestMultiDB = MultiXactState->oldestMultiXactDB;
        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);

        debug_elog6(DEBUG2,
                                "MultiXact: checkpoint is nextMulti %u, nextOffset %u, oldestMulti %u in DB %u",
                                *nextMulti, *nextMultiOffset, *oldestMulti, *oldestMultiDB);
}

/*
 * Perform a checkpoint --- either during shutdown, or on-the-fly
 */
void
CheckPointMultiXact(void)
{
        TRACE_POSTGRESQL_MULTIXACT_CHECKPOINT_START(true);

        /* Flush dirty MultiXact pages to disk */
        SimpleLruFlush(MultiXactOffsetCtl, true);
        SimpleLruFlush(MultiXactMemberCtl, true);

        TRACE_POSTGRESQL_MULTIXACT_CHECKPOINT_DONE(true);
}

/*
 * Set the next-to-be-assigned MultiXactId and offset
 *
 * This is used when we can determine the correct next ID/offset exactly
 * from a checkpoint record.  Although this is only called during bootstrap
 * and XLog replay, we take the lock in case any hot-standby backends are
 * examining the values.
 */
void
MultiXactSetNextMXact(MultiXactId nextMulti,
                                          MultiXactOffset nextMultiOffset)
{
        debug_elog4(DEBUG2, "MultiXact: setting next multi to %u offset %u",
                                nextMulti, nextMultiOffset);
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
        MultiXactState->nextMXact = nextMulti;
        MultiXactState->nextOffset = nextMultiOffset;
        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);
}

/*
 * Determine the last safe MultiXactId to allocate given the currently oldest
 * datminmxid (ie, the oldest MultiXactId that might exist in any database
 * of our cluster), and the OID of the (or a) database with that value.
 */
void
SetMultiXactIdLimit(MultiXactId oldest_datminmxid, Oid oldest_datoid)
{
        MultiXactId multiVacLimit;
        MultiXactId multiWarnLimit;
        MultiXactId multiStopLimit;
        MultiXactId multiWrapLimit;
        MultiXactId curMulti;

        Assert(MultiXactIdIsValid(oldest_datminmxid));

        /*
         * Since multixacts wrap differently from transaction IDs, this logic is
         * not entirely correct: in some scenarios we could go for longer than 2
         * billion multixacts without seeing any data loss, and in some others we
         * could get in trouble before that if the new pg_multixact/members data
         * stomps on the previous cycle's data.  For lack of a better mechanism we
         * use the same logic as for transaction IDs, that is, start taking action
         * halfway around the oldest potentially-existing multixact.
         */
        multiWrapLimit = oldest_datminmxid + (MaxMultiXactId >> 1);
        if (multiWrapLimit < FirstMultiXactId)
                multiWrapLimit += FirstMultiXactId;

        /*
         * We'll refuse to continue assigning MultiXactIds once we get within 100
         * multi of data loss.
         *
         * Note: This differs from the magic number used in
         * SetTransactionIdLimit() since vacuum itself will never generate new
         * multis.
         */
        multiStopLimit = multiWrapLimit - 100;
        if (multiStopLimit < FirstMultiXactId)
                multiStopLimit -= FirstMultiXactId;

        /*
         * We'll start complaining loudly when we get within 10M multis of the
         * stop point.   This is kind of arbitrary, but if you let your gas gauge
         * get down to 1% of full, would you be looking for the next gas station?
         * We need to be fairly liberal about this number because there are lots
         * of scenarios where most transactions are done by automatic clients that
         * won't pay attention to warnings. (No, we're not gonna make this
         * configurable.  If you know enough to configure it, you know enough to
         * not get in this kind of trouble in the first place.)
         */
        multiWarnLimit = multiStopLimit - 10000000;
        if (multiWarnLimit < FirstMultiXactId)
                multiWarnLimit -= FirstMultiXactId;

        /*
         * We'll start trying to force autovacuums when oldest_datminmxid gets to
         * be more than autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age mxids old.
         *
         * Note: autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age is a PGC_POSTMASTER parameter
         * so that we don't have to worry about dealing with on-the-fly changes in
         * its value.  See SetTransactionIdLimit.
         */
        multiVacLimit = oldest_datminmxid + autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age;
        if (multiVacLimit < FirstMultiXactId)
                multiVacLimit += FirstMultiXactId;

        /* Grab lock for just long enough to set the new limit values */
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
        MultiXactState->oldestMultiXactId = oldest_datminmxid;
        MultiXactState->oldestMultiXactDB = oldest_datoid;
        MultiXactState->multiVacLimit = multiVacLimit;
        MultiXactState->multiWarnLimit = multiWarnLimit;
        MultiXactState->multiStopLimit = multiStopLimit;
        MultiXactState->multiWrapLimit = multiWrapLimit;
        curMulti = MultiXactState->nextMXact;
        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);

        /* Log the info */
        ereport(DEBUG1,
         (errmsg("MultiXactId wrap limit is %u, limited by database with OID %u",
                         multiWrapLimit, oldest_datoid)));

        /*
         * If past the autovacuum force point, immediately signal an autovac
         * request.  The reason for this is that autovac only processes one
         * database per invocation.  Once it's finished cleaning up the oldest
         * database, it'll call here, and we'll signal the postmaster to start
         * another iteration immediately if there are still any old databases.
         */
        if (MultiXactIdPrecedes(multiVacLimit, curMulti) &&
                IsUnderPostmaster && !InRecovery)
                SendPostmasterSignal(PMSIGNAL_START_AUTOVAC_LAUNCHER);

        /* Give an immediate warning if past the wrap warn point */
        if (MultiXactIdPrecedes(multiWarnLimit, curMulti) && !InRecovery)
        {
                char       *oldest_datname;

                /*
                 * We can be called when not inside a transaction, for example during
                 * StartupXLOG().  In such a case we cannot do database access, so we
                 * must just report the oldest DB's OID.
                 *
                 * Note: it's also possible that get_database_name fails and returns
                 * NULL, for example because the database just got dropped.  We'll
                 * still warn, even though the warning might now be unnecessary.
                 */
                if (IsTransactionState())
                        oldest_datname = get_database_name(oldest_datoid);
                else
                        oldest_datname = NULL;

                if (oldest_datname)
                        ereport(WARNING,
                                        (errmsg_plural("database \"%s\" must be vacuumed before %u more MultiXactId is used",
                                                                   "database \"%s\" must be vacuumed before %u more MultiXactIds are used",
                                                                   multiWrapLimit - curMulti,
                                                                   oldest_datname,
                                                                   multiWrapLimit - curMulti),
                                         errhint("To avoid a database shutdown, execute a database-wide VACUUM in that database.\n"
                                                         "You might also need to commit or roll back old prepared transactions.")));
                else
                        ereport(WARNING,
                                        (errmsg_plural("database with OID %u must be vacuumed before %u more MultiXactId is used",
                                                                   "database with OID %u must be vacuumed before %u more MultiXactIds are used",
                                                                   multiWrapLimit - curMulti,
                                                                   oldest_datoid,
                                                                   multiWrapLimit - curMulti),
                                         errhint("To avoid a database shutdown, execute a database-wide VACUUM in that database.\n"
                                                         "You might also need to commit or roll back old prepared transactions.")));
        }
}

/*
 * Ensure the next-to-be-assigned MultiXactId is at least minMulti,
 * and similarly nextOffset is at least minMultiOffset.
 *
 * This is used when we can determine minimum safe values from an XLog
 * record (either an on-line checkpoint or an mxact creation log entry).
 * Although this is only called during XLog replay, we take the lock in case
 * any hot-standby backends are examining the values.
 */
void
MultiXactAdvanceNextMXact(MultiXactId minMulti,
                                                  MultiXactOffset minMultiOffset)
{
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
        if (MultiXactIdPrecedes(MultiXactState->nextMXact, minMulti))
        {
                debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "MultiXact: setting next multi to %u", minMulti);
                MultiXactState->nextMXact = minMulti;
        }
        if (MultiXactOffsetPrecedes(MultiXactState->nextOffset, minMultiOffset))
        {
                debug_elog3(DEBUG2, "MultiXact: setting next offset to %u",
                                        minMultiOffset);
                MultiXactState->nextOffset = minMultiOffset;
        }
        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);
}

/*
 * Update our oldestMultiXactId value, but only if it's more recent than
 * what we had.
 */
void
MultiXactAdvanceOldest(MultiXactId oldestMulti, Oid oldestMultiDB)
{
        if (MultiXactIdPrecedes(MultiXactState->oldestMultiXactId, oldestMulti))
                SetMultiXactIdLimit(oldestMulti, oldestMultiDB);
}

/*
 * Update the "safe truncation point".  This is the newest value of oldestMulti
 * that is known to be flushed as part of a checkpoint record.
 */
void
MultiXactSetSafeTruncate(MultiXactId safeTruncateMulti)
{
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
        MultiXactState->lastCheckpointedOldest = safeTruncateMulti;
        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);
}

/*
 * Make sure that MultiXactOffset has room for a newly-allocated MultiXactId.
 *
 * NB: this is called while holding MultiXactGenLock.  We want it to be very
 * fast most of the time; even when it's not so fast, no actual I/O need
 * happen unless we're forced to write out a dirty log or xlog page to make
 * room in shared memory.
 */
static void
ExtendMultiXactOffset(MultiXactId multi)
{
        int                     pageno;

        /*
         * No work except at first MultiXactId of a page.  But beware: just after
         * wraparound, the first MultiXactId of page zero is FirstMultiXactId.
         */
        if (MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(multi) != 0 &&
                multi != FirstMultiXactId)
                return;

        pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(multi);

        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactOffsetControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

        /* Zero the page and make an XLOG entry about it */
        ZeroMultiXactOffsetPage(pageno, true);

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactOffsetControlLock);
}

/*
 * Make sure that MultiXactMember has room for the members of a newly-
 * allocated MultiXactId.
 *
 * Like the above routine, this is called while holding MultiXactGenLock;
 * same comments apply.
 */
static void
ExtendMultiXactMember(MultiXactOffset offset, int nmembers)
{
        /*
         * It's possible that the members span more than one page of the members
         * file, so we loop to ensure we consider each page.  The coding is not
         * optimal if the members span several pages, but that seems unusual
         * enough to not worry much about.
         */
        while (nmembers > 0)
        {
                int                     flagsoff;
                int                     flagsbit;
                uint32          difference;

                /*
                 * Only zero when at first entry of a page.
                 */
                flagsoff = MXOffsetToFlagsOffset(offset);
                flagsbit = MXOffsetToFlagsBitShift(offset);
                if (flagsoff == 0 && flagsbit == 0)
                {
                        int                     pageno;

                        pageno = MXOffsetToMemberPage(offset);

                        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactMemberControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

                        /* Zero the page and make an XLOG entry about it */
                        ZeroMultiXactMemberPage(pageno, true);

                        LWLockRelease(MultiXactMemberControlLock);
                }

                /*
                 * Compute the number of items till end of current page.  Careful: if
                 * addition of unsigned ints wraps around, we're at the last page of
                 * the last segment; since that page holds a different number of items
                 * than other pages, we need to do it differently.
                 */
                if (offset + MAX_MEMBERS_IN_LAST_MEMBERS_PAGE < offset)
                {
                        /*
                         * This is the last page of the last segment; we can compute the
                         * number of items left to allocate in it without modulo
                         * arithmetic.
                         */
                        difference = MaxMultiXactOffset - offset + 1;
                }
                else
                        difference = MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE - offset % MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE;

                /*
                 * Advance to next page, taking care to properly handle the wraparound
                 * case.  OK if nmembers goes negative.
                 */
                nmembers -= difference;
                offset += difference;
        }
}

/*
 * GetOldestMultiXactId
 *
 * Return the oldest MultiXactId that's still possibly still seen as live by
 * any running transaction.  Older ones might still exist on disk, but they no
 * longer have any running member transaction.
 *
 * It's not safe to truncate MultiXact SLRU segments on the value returned by
 * this function; however, it can be used by a full-table vacuum to set the
 * point at which it will be possible to truncate SLRU for that table.
 */
MultiXactId
GetOldestMultiXactId(void)
{
        MultiXactId oldestMXact;
        MultiXactId nextMXact;
        int                     i;

        /*
         * This is the oldest valid value among all the OldestMemberMXactId[] and
         * OldestVisibleMXactId[] entries, or nextMXact if none are valid.
         */
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_SHARED);

        /*
         * We have to beware of the possibility that nextMXact is in the
         * wrapped-around state.  We don't fix the counter itself here, but we
         * must be sure to use a valid value in our calculation.
         */
        nextMXact = MultiXactState->nextMXact;
        if (nextMXact < FirstMultiXactId)
                nextMXact = FirstMultiXactId;

        oldestMXact = nextMXact;
        for (i = 1; i <= MaxOldestSlot; i++)
        {
                MultiXactId thisoldest;

                thisoldest = OldestMemberMXactId[i];
                if (MultiXactIdIsValid(thisoldest) &&
                        MultiXactIdPrecedes(thisoldest, oldestMXact))
                        oldestMXact = thisoldest;
                thisoldest = OldestVisibleMXactId[i];
                if (MultiXactIdIsValid(thisoldest) &&
                        MultiXactIdPrecedes(thisoldest, oldestMXact))
                        oldestMXact = thisoldest;
        }

        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);

        return oldestMXact;
}

/*
 * SlruScanDirectory callback.
 *              This callback deletes segments that are outside the range determined by
 *              the given page numbers.
 *
 * Both range endpoints are exclusive (that is, segments containing any of
 * those pages are kept.)
 */
typedef struct MembersLiveRange
{
        int                     rangeStart;
        int                     rangeEnd;
} MembersLiveRange;

static bool
SlruScanDirCbRemoveMembers(SlruCtl ctl, char *filename, int segpage,
                                                   void *data)
{
        MembersLiveRange *range = (MembersLiveRange *) data;
        MultiXactOffset nextOffset;

        if ((segpage == range->rangeStart) ||
                (segpage == range->rangeEnd))
                return false;                   /* easy case out */

        /*
         * To ensure that no segment is spuriously removed, we must keep track of
         * new segments added since the start of the directory scan; to do this,
         * we update our end-of-range point as we run.
         *
         * As an optimization, we can skip looking at shared memory if we know for
         * certain that the current segment must be kept.  This is so because
         * nextOffset never decreases, and we never increase rangeStart during any
         * one run.
         */
        if (!((range->rangeStart > range->rangeEnd &&
                   segpage > range->rangeEnd && segpage < range->rangeStart) ||
                  (range->rangeStart < range->rangeEnd &&
                   (segpage < range->rangeStart || segpage > range->rangeEnd))))
                return false;

        /*
         * Update our idea of the end of the live range.
         */
        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_SHARED);
        nextOffset = MultiXactState->nextOffset;
        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);
        range->rangeEnd = MXOffsetToMemberPage(nextOffset);

        /* Recheck the deletion condition.  If it still holds, perform deletion */
        if ((range->rangeStart > range->rangeEnd &&
                 segpage > range->rangeEnd && segpage < range->rangeStart) ||
                (range->rangeStart < range->rangeEnd &&
                 (segpage < range->rangeStart || segpage > range->rangeEnd)))
                SlruDeleteSegment(ctl, filename);

        return false;                           /* keep going */
}

typedef struct mxtruncinfo
{
        int                     earliestExistingPage;
} mxtruncinfo;

/*
 * SlruScanDirectory callback
 *              This callback determines the earliest existing page number.
 */
static bool
SlruScanDirCbFindEarliest(SlruCtl ctl, char *filename, int segpage, void *data)
{
        mxtruncinfo *trunc = (mxtruncinfo *) data;

        if (trunc->earliestExistingPage == -1 ||
                ctl->PagePrecedes(segpage, trunc->earliestExistingPage))
        {
                trunc->earliestExistingPage = segpage;
        }

        return false;                           /* keep going */
}

/*
 * Remove all MultiXactOffset and MultiXactMember segments before the oldest
 * ones still of interest.
 *
 * On a primary, this is called by the checkpointer process after a checkpoint
 * has been flushed; during crash recovery, it's called from
 * CreateRestartPoint().  In the latter case, we rely on the fact that
 * xlog_redo() will already have called MultiXactAdvanceOldest().  Our
 * latest_page_number will already have been initialized by StartupMultiXact()
 * and kept up to date as new pages are zeroed.
 */
void
TruncateMultiXact(void)
{
        MultiXactId             oldestMXact;
        MultiXactOffset oldestOffset;
        MultiXactOffset nextOffset;
        mxtruncinfo trunc;
        MultiXactId earliest;
        MembersLiveRange range;

        Assert(AmCheckpointerProcess() || AmStartupProcess() ||
                   !IsPostmasterEnvironment);

        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_SHARED);
        oldestMXact = MultiXactState->lastCheckpointedOldest;
        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);
        Assert(MultiXactIdIsValid(oldestMXact));

        /*
         * Note we can't just plow ahead with the truncation; it's possible that
         * there are no segments to truncate, which is a problem because we are
         * going to attempt to read the offsets page to determine where to
         * truncate the members SLRU.  So we first scan the directory to determine
         * the earliest offsets page number that we can read without error.
         */
        trunc.earliestExistingPage = -1;
        SlruScanDirectory(MultiXactOffsetCtl, SlruScanDirCbFindEarliest, &trunc);
        earliest = trunc.earliestExistingPage * MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE;
        if (earliest < FirstMultiXactId)
                earliest = FirstMultiXactId;

        /* nothing to do */
        if (MultiXactIdPrecedes(oldestMXact, earliest))
                return;

        /*
         * First, compute the safe truncation point for MultiXactMember. This is
         * the starting offset of the oldest multixact.
         */
        {
                int                     pageno;
                int                     slotno;
                int                     entryno;
                MultiXactOffset *offptr;

                /* lock is acquired by SimpleLruReadPage_ReadOnly */

                pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(oldestMXact);
                entryno = MultiXactIdToOffsetEntry(oldestMXact);

                slotno = SimpleLruReadPage_ReadOnly(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno,
                                                                                        oldestMXact);
                offptr = (MultiXactOffset *)
                        MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_buffer[slotno];
                offptr += entryno;
                oldestOffset = *offptr;

                LWLockRelease(MultiXactOffsetControlLock);
        }

        /*
         * To truncate MultiXactMembers, we need to figure out the active page
         * range and delete all files outside that range.  The start point is the
         * start of the segment containing the oldest offset; an end point of the
         * segment containing the next offset to use is enough.  The end point is
         * updated as MultiXactMember gets extended concurrently, elsewhere.
         */
        range.rangeStart = MXOffsetToMemberPage(oldestOffset);
        range.rangeStart -= range.rangeStart % SLRU_PAGES_PER_SEGMENT;

        LWLockAcquire(MultiXactGenLock, LW_SHARED);
        nextOffset = MultiXactState->nextOffset;
        LWLockRelease(MultiXactGenLock);

        range.rangeEnd = MXOffsetToMemberPage(nextOffset);

        SlruScanDirectory(MultiXactMemberCtl, SlruScanDirCbRemoveMembers, &range);

        /* Now we can truncate MultiXactOffset */
        SimpleLruTruncate(MultiXactOffsetCtl,
                                          MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(oldestMXact));

}

/*
 * Decide which of two MultiXactOffset page numbers is "older" for truncation
 * purposes.
 *
 * We need to use comparison of MultiXactId here in order to do the right
 * thing with wraparound.  However, if we are asked about page number zero, we
 * don't want to hand InvalidMultiXactId to MultiXactIdPrecedes: it'll get
 * weird.  So, offset both multis by FirstMultiXactId to avoid that.
 * (Actually, the current implementation doesn't do anything weird with
 * InvalidMultiXactId, but there's no harm in leaving this code like this.)
 */
static bool
MultiXactOffsetPagePrecedes(int page1, int page2)
{
        MultiXactId multi1;
        MultiXactId multi2;

        multi1 = ((MultiXactId) page1) * MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE;
        multi1 += FirstMultiXactId;
        multi2 = ((MultiXactId) page2) * MULTIXACT_OFFSETS_PER_PAGE;
        multi2 += FirstMultiXactId;

        return MultiXactIdPrecedes(multi1, multi2);
}

/*
 * Decide which of two MultiXactMember page numbers is "older" for truncation
 * purposes.  There is no "invalid offset number" so use the numbers verbatim.
 */
static bool
MultiXactMemberPagePrecedes(int page1, int page2)
{
        MultiXactOffset offset1;
        MultiXactOffset offset2;

        offset1 = ((MultiXactOffset) page1) * MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE;
        offset2 = ((MultiXactOffset) page2) * MULTIXACT_MEMBERS_PER_PAGE;

        return MultiXactOffsetPrecedes(offset1, offset2);
}

/*
 * Decide which of two MultiXactIds is earlier.
 *
 * XXX do we need to do something special for InvalidMultiXactId?
 * (Doesn't look like it.)
 */
bool
MultiXactIdPrecedes(MultiXactId multi1, MultiXactId multi2)
{
        int32           diff = (int32) (multi1 - multi2);

        return (diff < 0);
}

/*
 * MultiXactIdPrecedesOrEquals -- is multi1 logically <= multi2?
 *
 * XXX do we need to do something special for InvalidMultiXactId?
 * (Doesn't look like it.)
 */
bool
MultiXactIdPrecedesOrEquals(MultiXactId multi1, MultiXactId multi2)
{
        int32           diff = (int32) (multi1 - multi2);

        return (diff <= 0);
}


/*
 * Decide which of two offsets is earlier.
 */
static bool
MultiXactOffsetPrecedes(MultiXactOffset offset1, MultiXactOffset offset2)
{
        int32           diff = (int32) (offset1 - offset2);

        return (diff < 0);
}

/*
 * Write an xlog record reflecting the zeroing of either a MEMBERs or
 * OFFSETs page (info shows which)
 */
static void
WriteMZeroPageXlogRec(int pageno, uint8 info)
{
        XLogBeginInsert();
        XLogRegisterData((char *) (&pageno), sizeof(int));
        (void) XLogInsert(RM_MULTIXACT_ID, info);
}

/*
 * MULTIXACT resource manager's routines
 */
void
multixact_redo(XLogReaderState *record)
{
        uint8           info = XLogRecGetInfo(record) & ~XLR_INFO_MASK;

        /* Backup blocks are not used in multixact records */
        Assert(!XLogRecHasAnyBlockRefs(record));

        if (info == XLOG_MULTIXACT_ZERO_OFF_PAGE)
        {
                int                     pageno;
                int                     slotno;

                memcpy(&pageno, XLogRecGetData(record), sizeof(int));

                LWLockAcquire(MultiXactOffsetControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

                slotno = ZeroMultiXactOffsetPage(pageno, false);
                SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, slotno);
                Assert(!MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);

                LWLockRelease(MultiXactOffsetControlLock);
        }
        else if (info == XLOG_MULTIXACT_ZERO_MEM_PAGE)
        {
                int                     pageno;
                int                     slotno;

                memcpy(&pageno, XLogRecGetData(record), sizeof(int));

                LWLockAcquire(MultiXactMemberControlLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);

                slotno = ZeroMultiXactMemberPage(pageno, false);
                SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactMemberCtl, slotno);
                Assert(!MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);

                LWLockRelease(MultiXactMemberControlLock);
        }
        else if (info == XLOG_MULTIXACT_CREATE_ID)
        {
                xl_multixact_create *xlrec =
                (xl_multixact_create *) XLogRecGetData(record);
                TransactionId max_xid;
                int                     i;

                /* Store the data back into the SLRU files */
                RecordNewMultiXact(xlrec->mid, xlrec->moff, xlrec->nmembers,
                                                   xlrec->members);

                /* Make sure nextMXact/nextOffset are beyond what this record has */
                MultiXactAdvanceNextMXact(xlrec->mid + 1,
                                                                  xlrec->moff + xlrec->nmembers);

                /*
                 * Make sure nextXid is beyond any XID mentioned in the record. This
                 * should be unnecessary, since any XID found here ought to have other
                 * evidence in the XLOG, but let's be safe.
                 */
                max_xid = XLogRecGetXid(record);
                for (i = 0; i < xlrec->nmembers; i++)
                {
                        if (TransactionIdPrecedes(max_xid, xlrec->members[i].xid))
                                max_xid = xlrec->members[i].xid;
                }

                /*
                 * We don't expect anyone else to modify nextXid, hence startup
                 * process doesn't need to hold a lock while checking this. We still
                 * acquire the lock to modify it, though.
                 */
                if (TransactionIdFollowsOrEquals(max_xid,
                                                                                 ShmemVariableCache->nextXid))
                {
                        LWLockAcquire(XidGenLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
                        ShmemVariableCache->nextXid = max_xid;
                        TransactionIdAdvance(ShmemVariableCache->nextXid);
                        LWLockRelease(XidGenLock);
                }
        }
        else
                elog(PANIC, "multixact_redo: unknown op code %u", info);
}

Datum
pg_get_multixact_members(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
        typedef struct
        {
                MultiXactMember *members;
                int                     nmembers;
                int                     iter;
        } mxact;
        MultiXactId mxid = PG_GETARG_UINT32(0);
        mxact      *multi;
        FuncCallContext *funccxt;

        if (mxid < FirstMultiXactId)
                ereport(ERROR,
                                (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
                                 errmsg("invalid MultiXactId: %u", mxid)));

        if (SRF_IS_FIRSTCALL())
        {
                MemoryContext oldcxt;
                TupleDesc       tupdesc;

                funccxt = SRF_FIRSTCALL_INIT();
                oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(funccxt->multi_call_memory_ctx);

                multi = palloc(sizeof(mxact));
                /* no need to allow for old values here */
                multi->nmembers = GetMultiXactIdMembers(mxid, &multi->members, false,
                                                                                                false);
                multi->iter = 0;

                tupdesc = CreateTemplateTupleDesc(2, false);
                TupleDescInitEntry(tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 1, "xid",
                                                   XIDOID, -1, 0);
                TupleDescInitEntry(tupdesc, (AttrNumber) 2, "mode",
                                                   TEXTOID, -1, 0);

                funccxt->attinmeta = TupleDescGetAttInMetadata(tupdesc);
                funccxt->user_fctx = multi;

                MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
        }

        funccxt = SRF_PERCALL_SETUP();
        multi = (mxact *) funccxt->user_fctx;

        while (multi->iter < multi->nmembers)
        {
                HeapTuple       tuple;
                char       *values[2];

                values[0] = psprintf("%u", multi->members[multi->iter].xid);
                values[1] = mxstatus_to_string(multi->members[multi->iter].status);

                tuple = BuildTupleFromCStrings(funccxt->attinmeta, values);

                multi->iter++;
                pfree(values[0]);
                SRF_RETURN_NEXT(funccxt, HeapTupleGetDatum(tuple));
        }

        if (multi->nmembers > 0)
                pfree(multi->members);
        pfree(multi);

        SRF_RETURN_DONE(funccxt);
}