[zfs] / module / zfs / vdev_label.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License (the "License").
 * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *
 * You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE
 * or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions
 * and limitations under the License.
 *
 * When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each
 * file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE.
 * If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the
 * fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying
 * information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2005, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * Copyright (c) 2012, 2016 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
 */

/*
 * Virtual Device Labels
 * ---------------------
 *
 * The vdev label serves several distinct purposes:
 *
 *      1. Uniquely identify this device as part of a ZFS pool and confirm its
 *         identity within the pool.
 *
 *      2. Verify that all the devices given in a configuration are present
 *         within the pool.
 *
 *      3. Determine the uberblock for the pool.
 *
 *      4. In case of an import operation, determine the configuration of the
 *         toplevel vdev of which it is a part.
 *
 *      5. If an import operation cannot find all the devices in the pool,
 *         provide enough information to the administrator to determine which
 *         devices are missing.
 *
 * It is important to note that while the kernel is responsible for writing the
 * label, it only consumes the information in the first three cases.  The
 * latter information is only consumed in userland when determining the
 * configuration to import a pool.
 *
 *
 * Label Organization
 * ------------------
 *
 * Before describing the contents of the label, it's important to understand how
 * the labels are written and updated with respect to the uberblock.
 *
 * When the pool configuration is altered, either because it was newly created
 * or a device was added, we want to update all the labels such that we can deal
 * with fatal failure at any point.  To this end, each disk has two labels which
 * are updated before and after the uberblock is synced.  Assuming we have
 * labels and an uberblock with the following transaction groups:
 *
 *              L1          UB          L2
 *           +------+    +------+    +------+
 *           |      |    |      |    |      |
 *           | t10  |    | t10  |    | t10  |
 *           |      |    |      |    |      |
 *           +------+    +------+    +------+
 *
 * In this stable state, the labels and the uberblock were all updated within
 * the same transaction group (10).  Each label is mirrored and checksummed, so
 * that we can detect when we fail partway through writing the label.
 *
 * In order to identify which labels are valid, the labels are written in the
 * following manner:
 *
 *      1. For each vdev, update 'L1' to the new label
 *      2. Update the uberblock
 *      3. For each vdev, update 'L2' to the new label
 *
 * Given arbitrary failure, we can determine the correct label to use based on
 * the transaction group.  If we fail after updating L1 but before updating the
 * UB, we will notice that L1's transaction group is greater than the uberblock,
 * so L2 must be valid.  If we fail after writing the uberblock but before
 * writing L2, we will notice that L2's transaction group is less than L1, and
 * therefore L1 is valid.
 *
 * Another added complexity is that not every label is updated when the config
 * is synced.  If we add a single device, we do not want to have to re-write
 * every label for every device in the pool.  This means that both L1 and L2 may
 * be older than the pool uberblock, because the necessary information is stored
 * on another vdev.
 *
 *
 * On-disk Format
 * --------------
 *
 * The vdev label consists of two distinct parts, and is wrapped within the
 * vdev_label_t structure.  The label includes 8k of padding to permit legacy
 * VTOC disk labels, but is otherwise ignored.
 *
 * The first half of the label is a packed nvlist which contains pool wide
 * properties, per-vdev properties, and configuration information.  It is
 * described in more detail below.
 *
 * The latter half of the label consists of a redundant array of uberblocks.
 * These uberblocks are updated whenever a transaction group is committed,
 * or when the configuration is updated.  When a pool is loaded, we scan each
 * vdev for the 'best' uberblock.
 *
 *
 * Configuration Information
 * -------------------------
 *
 * The nvlist describing the pool and vdev contains the following elements:
 *
 *      version         ZFS on-disk version
 *      name            Pool name
 *      state           Pool state
 *      txg             Transaction group in which this label was written
 *      pool_guid       Unique identifier for this pool
 *      vdev_tree       An nvlist describing vdev tree.
 *      features_for_read
 *                      An nvlist of the features necessary for reading the MOS.
 *
 * Each leaf device label also contains the following:
 *
 *      top_guid        Unique ID for top-level vdev in which this is contained
 *      guid            Unique ID for the leaf vdev
 *
 * The 'vs' configuration follows the format described in 'spa_config.c'.
 */

#include <sys/zfs_context.h>
#include <sys/spa.h>
#include <sys/spa_impl.h>
#include <sys/dmu.h>
#include <sys/zap.h>
#include <sys/vdev.h>
#include <sys/vdev_impl.h>
#include <sys/uberblock_impl.h>
#include <sys/metaslab.h>
#include <sys/metaslab_impl.h>
#include <sys/zio.h>
#include <sys/dsl_scan.h>
#include <sys/abd.h>
#include <sys/fs/zfs.h>

/*
 * Basic routines to read and write from a vdev label.
 * Used throughout the rest of this file.
 */
uint64_t
vdev_label_offset(uint64_t psize, int l, uint64_t offset)
{
        ASSERT(offset < sizeof (vdev_label_t));
        ASSERT(P2PHASE_TYPED(psize, sizeof (vdev_label_t), uint64_t) == 0);

        return (offset + l * sizeof (vdev_label_t) + (l < VDEV_LABELS / 2 ?
            0 : psize - VDEV_LABELS * sizeof (vdev_label_t)));
}

/*
 * Returns back the vdev label associated with the passed in offset.
 */
int
vdev_label_number(uint64_t psize, uint64_t offset)
{
        int l;

        if (offset >= psize - VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE) {
                offset -= psize - VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE;
                offset += (VDEV_LABELS / 2) * sizeof (vdev_label_t);
        }
        l = offset / sizeof (vdev_label_t);
        return (l < VDEV_LABELS ? l : -1);
}

static void
vdev_label_read(zio_t *zio, vdev_t *vd, int l, abd_t *buf, uint64_t offset,
    uint64_t size, zio_done_func_t *done, void *private, int flags)
{
        ASSERT(
            spa_config_held(zio->io_spa, SCL_STATE, RW_READER) == SCL_STATE ||
            spa_config_held(zio->io_spa, SCL_STATE, RW_WRITER) == SCL_STATE);
        ASSERT(flags & ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER);

        zio_nowait(zio_read_phys(zio, vd,
            vdev_label_offset(vd->vdev_psize, l, offset),
            size, buf, ZIO_CHECKSUM_LABEL, done, private,
            ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ, flags, B_TRUE));
}

void
vdev_label_write(zio_t *zio, vdev_t *vd, int l, abd_t *buf, uint64_t offset,
    uint64_t size, zio_done_func_t *done, void *private, int flags)
{
        ASSERT(
            spa_config_held(zio->io_spa, SCL_STATE, RW_READER) == SCL_STATE ||
            spa_config_held(zio->io_spa, SCL_STATE, RW_WRITER) == SCL_STATE);
        ASSERT(flags & ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER);

        zio_nowait(zio_write_phys(zio, vd,
            vdev_label_offset(vd->vdev_psize, l, offset),
            size, buf, ZIO_CHECKSUM_LABEL, done, private,
            ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_WRITE, flags, B_TRUE));
}

/*
 * Generate the nvlist representing this vdev's stats
 */
void
vdev_config_generate_stats(vdev_t *vd, nvlist_t *nv)
{
        nvlist_t *nvx;
        vdev_stat_t *vs;
        vdev_stat_ex_t *vsx;

        vs = kmem_alloc(sizeof (*vs), KM_SLEEP);
        vsx = kmem_alloc(sizeof (*vsx), KM_SLEEP);

        vdev_get_stats_ex(vd, vs, vsx);
        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_STATS,
            (uint64_t *)vs, sizeof (*vs) / sizeof (uint64_t));

        kmem_free(vs, sizeof (*vs));

        /*
         * Add extended stats into a special extended stats nvlist.  This keeps
         * all the extended stats nicely grouped together.  The extended stats
         * nvlist is then added to the main nvlist.
         */
        nvx = fnvlist_alloc();

        /* ZIOs in flight to disk */
        fnvlist_add_uint64(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SYNC_R_ACTIVE_QUEUE,
            vsx->vsx_active_queue[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ]);

        fnvlist_add_uint64(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SYNC_W_ACTIVE_QUEUE,
            vsx->vsx_active_queue[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_WRITE]);

        fnvlist_add_uint64(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ASYNC_R_ACTIVE_QUEUE,
            vsx->vsx_active_queue[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_READ]);

        fnvlist_add_uint64(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ASYNC_W_ACTIVE_QUEUE,
            vsx->vsx_active_queue[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_WRITE]);

        fnvlist_add_uint64(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SCRUB_ACTIVE_QUEUE,
            vsx->vsx_active_queue[ZIO_PRIORITY_SCRUB]);

        /* ZIOs pending */
        fnvlist_add_uint64(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SYNC_R_PEND_QUEUE,
            vsx->vsx_pend_queue[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ]);

        fnvlist_add_uint64(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SYNC_W_PEND_QUEUE,
            vsx->vsx_pend_queue[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_WRITE]);

        fnvlist_add_uint64(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ASYNC_R_PEND_QUEUE,
            vsx->vsx_pend_queue[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_READ]);

        fnvlist_add_uint64(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ASYNC_W_PEND_QUEUE,
            vsx->vsx_pend_queue[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_WRITE]);

        fnvlist_add_uint64(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SCRUB_PEND_QUEUE,
            vsx->vsx_pend_queue[ZIO_PRIORITY_SCRUB]);

        /* Histograms */
        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_TOT_R_LAT_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_total_histo[ZIO_TYPE_READ],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_total_histo[ZIO_TYPE_READ]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_TOT_W_LAT_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_total_histo[ZIO_TYPE_WRITE],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_total_histo[ZIO_TYPE_WRITE]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_DISK_R_LAT_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_disk_histo[ZIO_TYPE_READ],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_disk_histo[ZIO_TYPE_READ]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_DISK_W_LAT_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_disk_histo[ZIO_TYPE_WRITE],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_disk_histo[ZIO_TYPE_WRITE]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SYNC_R_LAT_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_queue_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_queue_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SYNC_W_LAT_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_queue_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_WRITE],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_queue_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_WRITE]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ASYNC_R_LAT_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_queue_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_READ],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_queue_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_READ]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ASYNC_W_LAT_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_queue_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_WRITE],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_queue_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_WRITE]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SCRUB_LAT_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_queue_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SCRUB],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_queue_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SCRUB]));

        /* Request sizes */
        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SYNC_IND_R_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_ind_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_ind_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SYNC_IND_W_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_ind_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_WRITE],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_ind_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_WRITE]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ASYNC_IND_R_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_ind_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_READ],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_ind_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_READ]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ASYNC_IND_W_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_ind_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_WRITE],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_ind_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_WRITE]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_IND_SCRUB_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_ind_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SCRUB],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_ind_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SCRUB]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SYNC_AGG_R_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_agg_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_agg_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_READ]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_SYNC_AGG_W_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_agg_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_WRITE],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_agg_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SYNC_WRITE]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ASYNC_AGG_R_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_agg_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_READ],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_agg_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_READ]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ASYNC_AGG_W_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_agg_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_WRITE],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_agg_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_WRITE]));

        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nvx, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_AGG_SCRUB_HISTO,
            vsx->vsx_agg_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SCRUB],
            ARRAY_SIZE(vsx->vsx_agg_histo[ZIO_PRIORITY_SCRUB]));

        /* Add extended stats nvlist to main nvlist */
        fnvlist_add_nvlist(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_STATS_EX, nvx);

        fnvlist_free(nvx);
        kmem_free(vsx, sizeof (*vsx));
}

/*
 * Generate the nvlist representing this vdev's config.
 */
nvlist_t *
vdev_config_generate(spa_t *spa, vdev_t *vd, boolean_t getstats,
    vdev_config_flag_t flags)
{
        nvlist_t *nv = NULL;
        vdev_indirect_config_t *vic = &vd->vdev_indirect_config;

        nv = fnvlist_alloc();

        fnvlist_add_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_TYPE, vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_type);
        if (!(flags & (VDEV_CONFIG_SPARE | VDEV_CONFIG_L2CACHE)))
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ID, vd->vdev_id);
        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID, vd->vdev_guid);

        if (vd->vdev_path != NULL)
                fnvlist_add_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_PATH, vd->vdev_path);

        if (vd->vdev_devid != NULL)
                fnvlist_add_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_DEVID, vd->vdev_devid);

        if (vd->vdev_physpath != NULL)
                fnvlist_add_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_PHYS_PATH,
                    vd->vdev_physpath);

        if (vd->vdev_enc_sysfs_path != NULL)
                fnvlist_add_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_ENC_SYSFS_PATH,
                    vd->vdev_enc_sysfs_path);

        if (vd->vdev_fru != NULL)
                fnvlist_add_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_FRU, vd->vdev_fru);

        if (vd->vdev_nparity != 0) {
                ASSERT(strcmp(vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_type,
                    VDEV_TYPE_RAIDZ) == 0);

                /*
                 * Make sure someone hasn't managed to sneak a fancy new vdev
                 * into a crufty old storage pool.
                 */
                ASSERT(vd->vdev_nparity == 1 ||
                    (vd->vdev_nparity <= 2 &&
                    spa_version(spa) >= SPA_VERSION_RAIDZ2) ||
                    (vd->vdev_nparity <= 3 &&
                    spa_version(spa) >= SPA_VERSION_RAIDZ3));

                /*
                 * Note that we'll add the nparity tag even on storage pools
                 * that only support a single parity device -- older software
                 * will just ignore it.
                 */
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_NPARITY, vd->vdev_nparity);
        }

        if (vd->vdev_wholedisk != -1ULL)
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_WHOLE_DISK,
                    vd->vdev_wholedisk);

        if (vd->vdev_not_present && !(flags & VDEV_CONFIG_MISSING))
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_NOT_PRESENT, 1);

        if (vd->vdev_isspare)
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_IS_SPARE, 1);

        if (!(flags & (VDEV_CONFIG_SPARE | VDEV_CONFIG_L2CACHE)) &&
            vd == vd->vdev_top) {
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_METASLAB_ARRAY,
                    vd->vdev_ms_array);
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_METASLAB_SHIFT,
                    vd->vdev_ms_shift);
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ASHIFT, vd->vdev_ashift);
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ASIZE,
                    vd->vdev_asize);
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_IS_LOG, vd->vdev_islog);
                if (vd->vdev_removing) {
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_REMOVING,
                            vd->vdev_removing);
                }
        }

        if (vd->vdev_dtl_sm != NULL) {
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_DTL,
                    space_map_object(vd->vdev_dtl_sm));
        }

        if (vic->vic_mapping_object != 0) {
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_INDIRECT_OBJECT,
                    vic->vic_mapping_object);
        }

        if (vic->vic_births_object != 0) {
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_INDIRECT_BIRTHS,
                    vic->vic_births_object);
        }

        if (vic->vic_prev_indirect_vdev != UINT64_MAX) {
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_PREV_INDIRECT_VDEV,
                    vic->vic_prev_indirect_vdev);
        }

        if (vd->vdev_crtxg)
                fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_CREATE_TXG, vd->vdev_crtxg);

        if (flags & VDEV_CONFIG_MOS) {
                if (vd->vdev_leaf_zap != 0) {
                        ASSERT(vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf);
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_LEAF_ZAP,
                            vd->vdev_leaf_zap);
                }

                if (vd->vdev_top_zap != 0) {
                        ASSERT(vd == vd->vdev_top);
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_TOP_ZAP,
                            vd->vdev_top_zap);
                }
        }

        if (getstats) {
                vdev_config_generate_stats(vd, nv);

                /* provide either current or previous scan information */
                pool_scan_stat_t ps;
                if (spa_scan_get_stats(spa, &ps) == 0) {
                        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nv,
                            ZPOOL_CONFIG_SCAN_STATS, (uint64_t *)&ps,
                            sizeof (pool_scan_stat_t) / sizeof (uint64_t));
                }

                pool_removal_stat_t prs;
                if (spa_removal_get_stats(spa, &prs) == 0) {
                        fnvlist_add_uint64_array(nv,
                            ZPOOL_CONFIG_REMOVAL_STATS, (uint64_t *)&prs,
                            sizeof (prs) / sizeof (uint64_t));
                }

                /*
                 * Note: this can be called from open context
                 * (spa_get_stats()), so we need the rwlock to prevent
                 * the mapping from being changed by condensing.
                 */
                rw_enter(&vd->vdev_indirect_rwlock, RW_READER);
                if (vd->vdev_indirect_mapping != NULL) {
                        ASSERT(vd->vdev_indirect_births != NULL);
                        vdev_indirect_mapping_t *vim =
                            vd->vdev_indirect_mapping;
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_INDIRECT_SIZE,
                            vdev_indirect_mapping_size(vim));
                }
                rw_exit(&vd->vdev_indirect_rwlock);
                if (vd->vdev_mg != NULL &&
                    vd->vdev_mg->mg_fragmentation != ZFS_FRAG_INVALID) {
                        /*
                         * Compute approximately how much memory would be used
                         * for the indirect mapping if this device were to
                         * be removed.
                         *
                         * Note: If the frag metric is invalid, then not
                         * enough metaslabs have been converted to have
                         * histograms.
                         */
                        uint64_t seg_count = 0;
                        uint64_t to_alloc = vd->vdev_stat.vs_alloc;

                        /*
                         * There are the same number of allocated segments
                         * as free segments, so we will have at least one
                         * entry per free segment.  However, small free
                         * segments (smaller than vdev_removal_max_span)
                         * will be combined with adjacent allocated segments
                         * as a single mapping.
                         */
                        for (int i = 0; i < RANGE_TREE_HISTOGRAM_SIZE; i++) {
                                if (1ULL << (i + 1) < vdev_removal_max_span) {
                                        to_alloc +=
                                            vd->vdev_mg->mg_histogram[i] <<
                                            (i + 1);
                                } else {
                                        seg_count +=
                                            vd->vdev_mg->mg_histogram[i];
                                }
                        }

                        /*
                         * The maximum length of a mapping is
                         * zfs_remove_max_segment, so we need at least one entry
                         * per zfs_remove_max_segment of allocated data.
                         */
                        seg_count += to_alloc / zfs_remove_max_segment;

                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_INDIRECT_SIZE,
                            seg_count *
                            sizeof (vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_phys_t));
                }
        }

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf) {
                nvlist_t **child;
                int c, idx;

                ASSERT(!vd->vdev_ishole);

                child = kmem_alloc(vd->vdev_children * sizeof (nvlist_t *),
                    KM_SLEEP);

                for (c = 0, idx = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                        vdev_t *cvd = vd->vdev_child[c];

                        /*
                         * If we're generating an nvlist of removing
                         * vdevs then skip over any device which is
                         * not being removed.
                         */
                        if ((flags & VDEV_CONFIG_REMOVING) &&
                            !cvd->vdev_removing)
                                continue;

                        child[idx++] = vdev_config_generate(spa, cvd,
                            getstats, flags);
                }

                if (idx) {
                        fnvlist_add_nvlist_array(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_CHILDREN,
                            child, idx);
                }

                for (c = 0; c < idx; c++)
                        nvlist_free(child[c]);

                kmem_free(child, vd->vdev_children * sizeof (nvlist_t *));

        } else {
                const char *aux = NULL;

                if (vd->vdev_offline && !vd->vdev_tmpoffline)
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_OFFLINE, B_TRUE);
                if (vd->vdev_resilver_txg != 0)
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_RESILVER_TXG,
                            vd->vdev_resilver_txg);
                if (vd->vdev_faulted)
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_FAULTED, B_TRUE);
                if (vd->vdev_degraded)
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_DEGRADED, B_TRUE);
                if (vd->vdev_removed)
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_REMOVED, B_TRUE);
                if (vd->vdev_unspare)
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_UNSPARE, B_TRUE);
                if (vd->vdev_ishole)
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_IS_HOLE, B_TRUE);

                /* Set the reason why we're FAULTED/DEGRADED. */
                switch (vd->vdev_stat.vs_aux) {
                case VDEV_AUX_ERR_EXCEEDED:
                        aux = "err_exceeded";
                        break;

                case VDEV_AUX_EXTERNAL:
                        aux = "external";
                        break;
                }

                if (aux != NULL && !vd->vdev_tmpoffline) {
                        fnvlist_add_string(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_AUX_STATE, aux);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * We're healthy - clear any previous AUX_STATE values.
                         */
                        if (nvlist_exists(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_AUX_STATE))
                                nvlist_remove_all(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_AUX_STATE);
                }

                if (vd->vdev_splitting && vd->vdev_orig_guid != 0LL) {
                        fnvlist_add_uint64(nv, ZPOOL_CONFIG_ORIG_GUID,
                            vd->vdev_orig_guid);
                }
        }

        return (nv);
}

/*
 * Generate a view of the top-level vdevs.  If we currently have holes
 * in the namespace, then generate an array which contains a list of holey
 * vdevs.  Additionally, add the number of top-level children that currently
 * exist.
 */
void
vdev_top_config_generate(spa_t *spa, nvlist_t *config)
{
        vdev_t *rvd = spa->spa_root_vdev;
        uint64_t *array;
        uint_t c, idx;

        array = kmem_alloc(rvd->vdev_children * sizeof (uint64_t), KM_SLEEP);

        for (c = 0, idx = 0; c < rvd->vdev_children; c++) {
                vdev_t *tvd = rvd->vdev_child[c];

                if (tvd->vdev_ishole) {
                        array[idx++] = c;
                }
        }

        if (idx) {
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64_array(config, ZPOOL_CONFIG_HOLE_ARRAY,
                    array, idx) == 0);
        }

        VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(config, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VDEV_CHILDREN,
            rvd->vdev_children) == 0);

        kmem_free(array, rvd->vdev_children * sizeof (uint64_t));
}

/*
 * Returns the configuration from the label of the given vdev. For vdevs
 * which don't have a txg value stored on their label (i.e. spares/cache)
 * or have not been completely initialized (txg = 0) just return
 * the configuration from the first valid label we find. Otherwise,
 * find the most up-to-date label that does not exceed the specified
 * 'txg' value.
 */
nvlist_t *
vdev_label_read_config(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t txg)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        nvlist_t *config = NULL;
        vdev_phys_t *vp;
        abd_t *vp_abd;
        zio_t *zio;
        uint64_t best_txg = 0;
        uint64_t label_txg = 0;
        int error = 0;
        int flags = ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER | ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL |
            ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_STATE_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_STATE_ALL);

        if (!vdev_readable(vd))
                return (NULL);

        vp_abd = abd_alloc_linear(sizeof (vdev_phys_t), B_TRUE);
        vp = abd_to_buf(vp_abd);

retry:
        for (int l = 0; l < VDEV_LABELS; l++) {
                nvlist_t *label = NULL;

                zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

                vdev_label_read(zio, vd, l, vp_abd,
                    offsetof(vdev_label_t, vl_vdev_phys),
                    sizeof (vdev_phys_t), NULL, NULL, flags);

                if (zio_wait(zio) == 0 &&
                    nvlist_unpack(vp->vp_nvlist, sizeof (vp->vp_nvlist),
                    &label, 0) == 0) {
                        /*
                         * Auxiliary vdevs won't have txg values in their
                         * labels and newly added vdevs may not have been
                         * completely initialized so just return the
                         * configuration from the first valid label we
                         * encounter.
                         */
                        error = nvlist_lookup_uint64(label,
                            ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_TXG, &label_txg);
                        if ((error || label_txg == 0) && !config) {
                                config = label;
                                break;
                        } else if (label_txg <= txg && label_txg > best_txg) {
                                best_txg = label_txg;
                                nvlist_free(config);
                                config = fnvlist_dup(label);
                        }
                }

                if (label != NULL) {
                        nvlist_free(label);
                        label = NULL;
                }
        }

        if (config == NULL && !(flags & ZIO_FLAG_TRYHARD)) {
                flags |= ZIO_FLAG_TRYHARD;
                goto retry;
        }

        /*
         * We found a valid label but it didn't pass txg restrictions.
         */
        if (config == NULL && label_txg != 0) {
                vdev_dbgmsg(vd, "label discarded as txg is too large "
                    "(%llu > %llu)", (u_longlong_t)label_txg,
                    (u_longlong_t)txg);
        }

        abd_free(vp_abd);

        return (config);
}

/*
 * Determine if a device is in use.  The 'spare_guid' parameter will be filled
 * in with the device guid if this spare is active elsewhere on the system.
 */
static boolean_t
vdev_inuse(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t crtxg, vdev_labeltype_t reason,
    uint64_t *spare_guid, uint64_t *l2cache_guid)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        uint64_t state, pool_guid, device_guid, txg, spare_pool;
        uint64_t vdtxg = 0;
        nvlist_t *label;

        if (spare_guid)
                *spare_guid = 0ULL;
        if (l2cache_guid)
                *l2cache_guid = 0ULL;

        /*
         * Read the label, if any, and perform some basic sanity checks.
         */
        if ((label = vdev_label_read_config(vd, -1ULL)) == NULL)
                return (B_FALSE);

        (void) nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_CREATE_TXG,
            &vdtxg);

        if (nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_STATE,
            &state) != 0 ||
            nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID,
            &device_guid) != 0) {
                nvlist_free(label);
                return (B_FALSE);
        }

        if (state != POOL_STATE_SPARE && state != POOL_STATE_L2CACHE &&
            (nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_GUID,
            &pool_guid) != 0 ||
            nvlist_lookup_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_TXG,
            &txg) != 0)) {
                nvlist_free(label);
                return (B_FALSE);
        }

        nvlist_free(label);

        /*
         * Check to see if this device indeed belongs to the pool it claims to
         * be a part of.  The only way this is allowed is if the device is a hot
         * spare (which we check for later on).
         */
        if (state != POOL_STATE_SPARE && state != POOL_STATE_L2CACHE &&
            !spa_guid_exists(pool_guid, device_guid) &&
            !spa_spare_exists(device_guid, NULL, NULL) &&
            !spa_l2cache_exists(device_guid, NULL))
                return (B_FALSE);

        /*
         * If the transaction group is zero, then this an initialized (but
         * unused) label.  This is only an error if the create transaction
         * on-disk is the same as the one we're using now, in which case the
         * user has attempted to add the same vdev multiple times in the same
         * transaction.
         */
        if (state != POOL_STATE_SPARE && state != POOL_STATE_L2CACHE &&
            txg == 0 && vdtxg == crtxg)
                return (B_TRUE);

        /*
         * Check to see if this is a spare device.  We do an explicit check for
         * spa_has_spare() here because it may be on our pending list of spares
         * to add.  We also check if it is an l2cache device.
         */
        if (spa_spare_exists(device_guid, &spare_pool, NULL) ||
            spa_has_spare(spa, device_guid)) {
                if (spare_guid)
                        *spare_guid = device_guid;

                switch (reason) {
                case VDEV_LABEL_CREATE:
                case VDEV_LABEL_L2CACHE:
                        return (B_TRUE);

                case VDEV_LABEL_REPLACE:
                        return (!spa_has_spare(spa, device_guid) ||
                            spare_pool != 0ULL);

                case VDEV_LABEL_SPARE:
                        return (spa_has_spare(spa, device_guid));
                default:
                        break;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Check to see if this is an l2cache device.
         */
        if (spa_l2cache_exists(device_guid, NULL))
                return (B_TRUE);

        /*
         * We can't rely on a pool's state if it's been imported
         * read-only.  Instead we look to see if the pools is marked
         * read-only in the namespace and set the state to active.
         */
        if (state != POOL_STATE_SPARE && state != POOL_STATE_L2CACHE &&
            (spa = spa_by_guid(pool_guid, device_guid)) != NULL &&
            spa_mode(spa) == FREAD)
                state = POOL_STATE_ACTIVE;

        /*
         * If the device is marked ACTIVE, then this device is in use by another
         * pool on the system.
         */
        return (state == POOL_STATE_ACTIVE);
}

/*
 * Initialize a vdev label.  We check to make sure each leaf device is not in
 * use, and writable.  We put down an initial label which we will later
 * overwrite with a complete label.  Note that it's important to do this
 * sequentially, not in parallel, so that we catch cases of multiple use of the
 * same leaf vdev in the vdev we're creating -- e.g. mirroring a disk with
 * itself.
 */
int
vdev_label_init(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t crtxg, vdev_labeltype_t reason)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        nvlist_t *label;
        vdev_phys_t *vp;
        abd_t *vp_abd;
        abd_t *pad2;
        uberblock_t *ub;
        abd_t *ub_abd;
        zio_t *zio;
        char *buf;
        size_t buflen;
        int error;
        uint64_t spare_guid = 0, l2cache_guid = 0;
        int flags = ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER | ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER) == SCL_ALL);

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                if ((error = vdev_label_init(vd->vdev_child[c],
                    crtxg, reason)) != 0)
                        return (error);

        /* Track the creation time for this vdev */
        vd->vdev_crtxg = crtxg;

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf || !spa_writeable(spa))
                return (0);

        /*
         * Dead vdevs cannot be initialized.
         */
        if (vdev_is_dead(vd))
                return (SET_ERROR(EIO));

        /*
         * Determine if the vdev is in use.
         */
        if (reason != VDEV_LABEL_REMOVE && reason != VDEV_LABEL_SPLIT &&
            vdev_inuse(vd, crtxg, reason, &spare_guid, &l2cache_guid))
                return (SET_ERROR(EBUSY));

        /*
         * If this is a request to add or replace a spare or l2cache device
         * that is in use elsewhere on the system, then we must update the
         * guid (which was initialized to a random value) to reflect the
         * actual GUID (which is shared between multiple pools).
         */
        if (reason != VDEV_LABEL_REMOVE && reason != VDEV_LABEL_L2CACHE &&
            spare_guid != 0ULL) {
                uint64_t guid_delta = spare_guid - vd->vdev_guid;

                vd->vdev_guid += guid_delta;

                for (vdev_t *pvd = vd; pvd != NULL; pvd = pvd->vdev_parent)
                        pvd->vdev_guid_sum += guid_delta;

                /*
                 * If this is a replacement, then we want to fallthrough to the
                 * rest of the code.  If we're adding a spare, then it's already
                 * labeled appropriately and we can just return.
                 */
                if (reason == VDEV_LABEL_SPARE)
                        return (0);
                ASSERT(reason == VDEV_LABEL_REPLACE ||
                    reason == VDEV_LABEL_SPLIT);
        }

        if (reason != VDEV_LABEL_REMOVE && reason != VDEV_LABEL_SPARE &&
            l2cache_guid != 0ULL) {
                uint64_t guid_delta = l2cache_guid - vd->vdev_guid;

                vd->vdev_guid += guid_delta;

                for (vdev_t *pvd = vd; pvd != NULL; pvd = pvd->vdev_parent)
                        pvd->vdev_guid_sum += guid_delta;

                /*
                 * If this is a replacement, then we want to fallthrough to the
                 * rest of the code.  If we're adding an l2cache, then it's
                 * already labeled appropriately and we can just return.
                 */
                if (reason == VDEV_LABEL_L2CACHE)
                        return (0);
                ASSERT(reason == VDEV_LABEL_REPLACE);
        }

        /*
         * Initialize its label.
         */
        vp_abd = abd_alloc_linear(sizeof (vdev_phys_t), B_TRUE);
        abd_zero(vp_abd, sizeof (vdev_phys_t));
        vp = abd_to_buf(vp_abd);

        /*
         * Generate a label describing the pool and our top-level vdev.
         * We mark it as being from txg 0 to indicate that it's not
         * really part of an active pool just yet.  The labels will
         * be written again with a meaningful txg by spa_sync().
         */
        if (reason == VDEV_LABEL_SPARE ||
            (reason == VDEV_LABEL_REMOVE && vd->vdev_isspare)) {
                /*
                 * For inactive hot spares, we generate a special label that
                 * identifies as a mutually shared hot spare.  We write the
                 * label if we are adding a hot spare, or if we are removing an
                 * active hot spare (in which case we want to revert the
                 * labels).
                 */
                VERIFY(nvlist_alloc(&label, NV_UNIQUE_NAME, KM_SLEEP) == 0);

                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VERSION,
                    spa_version(spa)) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_STATE,
                    POOL_STATE_SPARE) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID,
                    vd->vdev_guid) == 0);
        } else if (reason == VDEV_LABEL_L2CACHE ||
            (reason == VDEV_LABEL_REMOVE && vd->vdev_isl2cache)) {
                /*
                 * For level 2 ARC devices, add a special label.
                 */
                VERIFY(nvlist_alloc(&label, NV_UNIQUE_NAME, KM_SLEEP) == 0);

                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_VERSION,
                    spa_version(spa)) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_POOL_STATE,
                    POOL_STATE_L2CACHE) == 0);
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_GUID,
                    vd->vdev_guid) == 0);
        } else {
                uint64_t txg = 0ULL;

                if (reason == VDEV_LABEL_SPLIT)
                        txg = spa->spa_uberblock.ub_txg;
                label = spa_config_generate(spa, vd, txg, B_FALSE);

                /*
                 * Add our creation time.  This allows us to detect multiple
                 * vdev uses as described above, and automatically expires if we
                 * fail.
                 */
                VERIFY(nvlist_add_uint64(label, ZPOOL_CONFIG_CREATE_TXG,
                    crtxg) == 0);
        }

        buf = vp->vp_nvlist;
        buflen = sizeof (vp->vp_nvlist);

        error = nvlist_pack(label, &buf, &buflen, NV_ENCODE_XDR, KM_SLEEP);
        if (error != 0) {
                nvlist_free(label);
                abd_free(vp_abd);
                /* EFAULT means nvlist_pack ran out of room */
                return (SET_ERROR(error == EFAULT ? ENAMETOOLONG : EINVAL));
        }

        /*
         * Initialize uberblock template.
         */
        ub_abd = abd_alloc_linear(VDEV_UBERBLOCK_RING, B_TRUE);
        abd_zero(ub_abd, VDEV_UBERBLOCK_RING);
        abd_copy_from_buf(ub_abd, &spa->spa_uberblock, sizeof (uberblock_t));
        ub = abd_to_buf(ub_abd);
        ub->ub_txg = 0;

        /* Initialize the 2nd padding area. */
        pad2 = abd_alloc_for_io(VDEV_PAD_SIZE, B_TRUE);
        abd_zero(pad2, VDEV_PAD_SIZE);

        /*
         * Write everything in parallel.
         */
retry:
        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

        for (int l = 0; l < VDEV_LABELS; l++) {

                vdev_label_write(zio, vd, l, vp_abd,
                    offsetof(vdev_label_t, vl_vdev_phys),
                    sizeof (vdev_phys_t), NULL, NULL, flags);

                /*
                 * Skip the 1st padding area.
                 * Zero out the 2nd padding area where it might have
                 * left over data from previous filesystem format.
                 */
                vdev_label_write(zio, vd, l, pad2,
                    offsetof(vdev_label_t, vl_pad2),
                    VDEV_PAD_SIZE, NULL, NULL, flags);

                vdev_label_write(zio, vd, l, ub_abd,
                    offsetof(vdev_label_t, vl_uberblock),
                    VDEV_UBERBLOCK_RING, NULL, NULL, flags);
        }

        error = zio_wait(zio);

        if (error != 0 && !(flags & ZIO_FLAG_TRYHARD)) {
                flags |= ZIO_FLAG_TRYHARD;
                goto retry;
        }

        nvlist_free(label);
        abd_free(pad2);
        abd_free(ub_abd);
        abd_free(vp_abd);

        /*
         * If this vdev hasn't been previously identified as a spare, then we
         * mark it as such only if a) we are labeling it as a spare, or b) it
         * exists as a spare elsewhere in the system.  Do the same for
         * level 2 ARC devices.
         */
        if (error == 0 && !vd->vdev_isspare &&
            (reason == VDEV_LABEL_SPARE ||
            spa_spare_exists(vd->vdev_guid, NULL, NULL)))
                spa_spare_add(vd);

        if (error == 0 && !vd->vdev_isl2cache &&
            (reason == VDEV_LABEL_L2CACHE ||
            spa_l2cache_exists(vd->vdev_guid, NULL)))
                spa_l2cache_add(vd);

        return (error);
}

/*
 * ==========================================================================
 * uberblock load/sync
 * ==========================================================================
 */

/*
 * Consider the following situation: txg is safely synced to disk.  We've
 * written the first uberblock for txg + 1, and then we lose power.  When we
 * come back up, we fail to see the uberblock for txg + 1 because, say,
 * it was on a mirrored device and the replica to which we wrote txg + 1
 * is now offline.  If we then make some changes and sync txg + 1, and then
 * the missing replica comes back, then for a few seconds we'll have two
 * conflicting uberblocks on disk with the same txg.  The solution is simple:
 * among uberblocks with equal txg, choose the one with the latest timestamp.
 */
static int
vdev_uberblock_compare(const uberblock_t *ub1, const uberblock_t *ub2)
{
        int cmp = AVL_CMP(ub1->ub_txg, ub2->ub_txg);
        if (likely(cmp))
                return (cmp);

        return (AVL_CMP(ub1->ub_timestamp, ub2->ub_timestamp));
}

struct ubl_cbdata {
        uberblock_t     *ubl_ubbest;    /* Best uberblock */
        vdev_t          *ubl_vd;        /* vdev associated with the above */
};

static void
vdev_uberblock_load_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        vdev_t *vd = zio->io_vd;
        spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa;
        zio_t *rio = zio->io_private;
        uberblock_t *ub = abd_to_buf(zio->io_abd);
        struct ubl_cbdata *cbp = rio->io_private;

        ASSERT3U(zio->io_size, ==, VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd));

        if (zio->io_error == 0 && uberblock_verify(ub) == 0) {
                mutex_enter(&rio->io_lock);
                if (ub->ub_txg <= spa->spa_load_max_txg &&
                    vdev_uberblock_compare(ub, cbp->ubl_ubbest) > 0) {
                        /*
                         * Keep track of the vdev in which this uberblock
                         * was found. We will use this information later
                         * to obtain the config nvlist associated with
                         * this uberblock.
                         */
                        *cbp->ubl_ubbest = *ub;
                        cbp->ubl_vd = vd;
                }
                mutex_exit(&rio->io_lock);
        }

        abd_free(zio->io_abd);
}

static void
vdev_uberblock_load_impl(zio_t *zio, vdev_t *vd, int flags,
    struct ubl_cbdata *cbp)
{
        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++)
                vdev_uberblock_load_impl(zio, vd->vdev_child[c], flags, cbp);

        if (vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf && vdev_readable(vd)) {
                for (int l = 0; l < VDEV_LABELS; l++) {
                        for (int n = 0; n < VDEV_UBERBLOCK_COUNT(vd); n++) {
                                vdev_label_read(zio, vd, l,
                                    abd_alloc_linear(VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd),
                                    B_TRUE), VDEV_UBERBLOCK_OFFSET(vd, n),
                                    VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd),
                                    vdev_uberblock_load_done, zio, flags);
                        }
                }
        }
}

/*
 * Reads the 'best' uberblock from disk along with its associated
 * configuration. First, we read the uberblock array of each label of each
 * vdev, keeping track of the uberblock with the highest txg in each array.
 * Then, we read the configuration from the same vdev as the best uberblock.
 */
void
vdev_uberblock_load(vdev_t *rvd, uberblock_t *ub, nvlist_t **config)
{
        zio_t *zio;
        spa_t *spa = rvd->vdev_spa;
        struct ubl_cbdata cb;
        int flags = ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER | ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL |
            ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE | ZIO_FLAG_TRYHARD;

        ASSERT(ub);
        ASSERT(config);

        bzero(ub, sizeof (uberblock_t));
        *config = NULL;

        cb.ubl_ubbest = ub;
        cb.ubl_vd = NULL;

        spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_ALL, FTAG, RW_WRITER);
        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, &cb, flags);
        vdev_uberblock_load_impl(zio, rvd, flags, &cb);
        (void) zio_wait(zio);

        /*
         * It's possible that the best uberblock was discovered on a label
         * that has a configuration which was written in a future txg.
         * Search all labels on this vdev to find the configuration that
         * matches the txg for our uberblock.
         */
        if (cb.ubl_vd != NULL) {
                vdev_dbgmsg(cb.ubl_vd, "best uberblock found for spa %s. "
                    "txg %llu", spa->spa_name, (u_longlong_t)ub->ub_txg);

                *config = vdev_label_read_config(cb.ubl_vd, ub->ub_txg);
                if (*config == NULL && spa->spa_extreme_rewind) {
                        vdev_dbgmsg(cb.ubl_vd, "failed to read label config. "
                            "Trying again without txg restrictions.");
                        *config = vdev_label_read_config(cb.ubl_vd, UINT64_MAX);
                }
                if (*config == NULL) {
                        vdev_dbgmsg(cb.ubl_vd, "failed to read label config");
                }
        }
        spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_ALL, FTAG);
}

/*
 * For use when a leaf vdev is expanded.
 * The location of labels 2 and 3 changed, and at the new location the
 * uberblock rings are either empty or contain garbage.  The sync will write
 * new configs there because the vdev is dirty, but expansion also needs the
 * uberblock rings copied.  Read them from label 0 which did not move.
 *
 * Since the point is to populate labels {2,3} with valid uberblocks,
 * we zero uberblocks we fail to read or which are not valid.
 */

static void
vdev_copy_uberblocks(vdev_t *vd)
{
        abd_t *ub_abd;
        zio_t *write_zio;
        int locks = (SCL_L2ARC | SCL_ZIO);
        int flags = ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER | ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL |
            ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(vd->vdev_spa, SCL_STATE, RW_READER) ==
            SCL_STATE);
        ASSERT(vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf);

        spa_config_enter(vd->vdev_spa, locks, FTAG, RW_READER);

        ub_abd = abd_alloc_linear(VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd), B_TRUE);

        write_zio = zio_root(vd->vdev_spa, NULL, NULL, flags);
        for (int n = 0; n < VDEV_UBERBLOCK_COUNT(vd); n++) {
                const int src_label = 0;
                zio_t *zio;

                zio = zio_root(vd->vdev_spa, NULL, NULL, flags);
                vdev_label_read(zio, vd, src_label, ub_abd,
                    VDEV_UBERBLOCK_OFFSET(vd, n), VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd),
                    NULL, NULL, flags);

                if (zio_wait(zio) || uberblock_verify(abd_to_buf(ub_abd)))
                        abd_zero(ub_abd, VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd));

                for (int l = 2; l < VDEV_LABELS; l++)
                        vdev_label_write(write_zio, vd, l, ub_abd,
                            VDEV_UBERBLOCK_OFFSET(vd, n),
                            VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd), NULL, NULL,
                            flags | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE);
        }
        (void) zio_wait(write_zio);

        spa_config_exit(vd->vdev_spa, locks, FTAG);

        abd_free(ub_abd);
}

/*
 * On success, increment root zio's count of good writes.
 * We only get credit for writes to known-visible vdevs; see spa_vdev_add().
 */
static void
vdev_uberblock_sync_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        uint64_t *good_writes = zio->io_private;

        if (zio->io_error == 0 && zio->io_vd->vdev_top->vdev_ms_array != 0)
                atomic_inc_64(good_writes);
}

/*
 * Write the uberblock to all labels of all leaves of the specified vdev.
 */
static void
vdev_uberblock_sync(zio_t *zio, uint64_t *good_writes,
    uberblock_t *ub, vdev_t *vd, int flags)
{
        for (uint64_t c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                vdev_uberblock_sync(zio, good_writes,
                    ub, vd->vdev_child[c], flags);
        }

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                return;

        if (!vdev_writeable(vd))
                return;

        /* If the vdev was expanded, need to copy uberblock rings. */
        if (vd->vdev_state == VDEV_STATE_HEALTHY &&
            vd->vdev_copy_uberblocks == B_TRUE) {
                vdev_copy_uberblocks(vd);
                vd->vdev_copy_uberblocks = B_FALSE;
        }

        int m = spa_multihost(vd->vdev_spa) ? MMP_BLOCKS_PER_LABEL : 0;
        int n = ub->ub_txg % (VDEV_UBERBLOCK_COUNT(vd) - m);

        /* Copy the uberblock_t into the ABD */
        abd_t *ub_abd = abd_alloc_for_io(VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd), B_TRUE);
        abd_zero(ub_abd, VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd));
        abd_copy_from_buf(ub_abd, ub, sizeof (uberblock_t));

        for (int l = 0; l < VDEV_LABELS; l++)
                vdev_label_write(zio, vd, l, ub_abd,
                    VDEV_UBERBLOCK_OFFSET(vd, n), VDEV_UBERBLOCK_SIZE(vd),
                    vdev_uberblock_sync_done, good_writes,
                    flags | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE);

        abd_free(ub_abd);
}

/* Sync the uberblocks to all vdevs in svd[] */
int
vdev_uberblock_sync_list(vdev_t **svd, int svdcount, uberblock_t *ub, int flags)
{
        spa_t *spa = svd[0]->vdev_spa;
        zio_t *zio;
        uint64_t good_writes = 0;

        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

        for (int v = 0; v < svdcount; v++)
                vdev_uberblock_sync(zio, &good_writes, ub, svd[v], flags);

        (void) zio_wait(zio);

        /*
         * Flush the uberblocks to disk.  This ensures that the odd labels
         * are no longer needed (because the new uberblocks and the even
         * labels are safely on disk), so it is safe to overwrite them.
         */
        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

        for (int v = 0; v < svdcount; v++) {
                if (vdev_writeable(svd[v])) {
                        zio_flush(zio, svd[v]);
                }
        }

        (void) zio_wait(zio);

        return (good_writes >= 1 ? 0 : EIO);
}

/*
 * On success, increment the count of good writes for our top-level vdev.
 */
static void
vdev_label_sync_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        uint64_t *good_writes = zio->io_private;

        if (zio->io_error == 0)
                atomic_inc_64(good_writes);
}

/*
 * If there weren't enough good writes, indicate failure to the parent.
 */
static void
vdev_label_sync_top_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        uint64_t *good_writes = zio->io_private;

        if (*good_writes == 0)
                zio->io_error = SET_ERROR(EIO);

        kmem_free(good_writes, sizeof (uint64_t));
}

/*
 * We ignore errors for log and cache devices, simply free the private data.
 */
static void
vdev_label_sync_ignore_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        kmem_free(zio->io_private, sizeof (uint64_t));
}

/*
 * Write all even or odd labels to all leaves of the specified vdev.
 */
static void
vdev_label_sync(zio_t *zio, uint64_t *good_writes,
    vdev_t *vd, int l, uint64_t txg, int flags)
{
        nvlist_t *label;
        vdev_phys_t *vp;
        abd_t *vp_abd;
        char *buf;
        size_t buflen;

        for (int c = 0; c < vd->vdev_children; c++) {
                vdev_label_sync(zio, good_writes,
                    vd->vdev_child[c], l, txg, flags);
        }

        if (!vd->vdev_ops->vdev_op_leaf)
                return;

        if (!vdev_writeable(vd))
                return;

        /*
         * Generate a label describing the top-level config to which we belong.
         */
        label = spa_config_generate(vd->vdev_spa, vd, txg, B_FALSE);

        vp_abd = abd_alloc_linear(sizeof (vdev_phys_t), B_TRUE);
        abd_zero(vp_abd, sizeof (vdev_phys_t));
        vp = abd_to_buf(vp_abd);

        buf = vp->vp_nvlist;
        buflen = sizeof (vp->vp_nvlist);

        if (!nvlist_pack(label, &buf, &buflen, NV_ENCODE_XDR, KM_SLEEP)) {
                for (; l < VDEV_LABELS; l += 2) {
                        vdev_label_write(zio, vd, l, vp_abd,
                            offsetof(vdev_label_t, vl_vdev_phys),
                            sizeof (vdev_phys_t),
                            vdev_label_sync_done, good_writes,
                            flags | ZIO_FLAG_DONT_PROPAGATE);
                }
        }

        abd_free(vp_abd);
        nvlist_free(label);
}

int
vdev_label_sync_list(spa_t *spa, int l, uint64_t txg, int flags)
{
        list_t *dl = &spa->spa_config_dirty_list;
        vdev_t *vd;
        zio_t *zio;
        int error;

        /*
         * Write the new labels to disk.
         */
        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

        for (vd = list_head(dl); vd != NULL; vd = list_next(dl, vd)) {
                uint64_t *good_writes;

                ASSERT(!vd->vdev_ishole);

                good_writes = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (uint64_t), KM_SLEEP);
                zio_t *vio = zio_null(zio, spa, NULL,
                    (vd->vdev_islog || vd->vdev_aux != NULL) ?
                    vdev_label_sync_ignore_done : vdev_label_sync_top_done,
                    good_writes, flags);
                vdev_label_sync(vio, good_writes, vd, l, txg, flags);
                zio_nowait(vio);
        }

        error = zio_wait(zio);

        /*
         * Flush the new labels to disk.
         */
        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

        for (vd = list_head(dl); vd != NULL; vd = list_next(dl, vd))
                zio_flush(zio, vd);

        (void) zio_wait(zio);

        return (error);
}

/*
 * Sync the uberblock and any changes to the vdev configuration.
 *
 * The order of operations is carefully crafted to ensure that
 * if the system panics or loses power at any time, the state on disk
 * is still transactionally consistent.  The in-line comments below
 * describe the failure semantics at each stage.
 *
 * Moreover, vdev_config_sync() is designed to be idempotent: if it fails
 * at any time, you can just call it again, and it will resume its work.
 */
int
vdev_config_sync(vdev_t **svd, int svdcount, uint64_t txg)
{
        spa_t *spa = svd[0]->vdev_spa;
        uberblock_t *ub = &spa->spa_uberblock;
        vdev_t *vd;
        zio_t *zio;
        int error = 0;
        int flags = ZIO_FLAG_CONFIG_WRITER | ZIO_FLAG_CANFAIL;

retry:
        /*
         * Normally, we don't want to try too hard to write every label and
         * uberblock.  If there is a flaky disk, we don't want the rest of the
         * sync process to block while we retry.  But if we can't write a
         * single label out, we should retry with ZIO_FLAG_TRYHARD before
         * bailing out and declaring the pool faulted.
         */
        if (error != 0) {
                if ((flags & ZIO_FLAG_TRYHARD) != 0)
                        return (error);
                flags |= ZIO_FLAG_TRYHARD;
        }

        ASSERT(ub->ub_txg <= txg);

        /*
         * If this isn't a resync due to I/O errors,
         * and nothing changed in this transaction group,
         * and the vdev configuration hasn't changed,
         * then there's nothing to do.
         */
        if (ub->ub_txg < txg) {
                boolean_t changed = uberblock_update(ub, spa->spa_root_vdev,
                    txg, spa->spa_mmp.mmp_delay);

                if (!changed && list_is_empty(&spa->spa_config_dirty_list))
                        return (0);
        }

        if (txg > spa_freeze_txg(spa))
                return (0);

        ASSERT(txg <= spa->spa_final_txg);

        /*
         * Flush the write cache of every disk that's been written to
         * in this transaction group.  This ensures that all blocks
         * written in this txg will be committed to stable storage
         * before any uberblock that references them.
         */
        zio = zio_root(spa, NULL, NULL, flags);

        for (vd = txg_list_head(&spa->spa_vdev_txg_list, TXG_CLEAN(txg)); vd;
            vd = txg_list_next(&spa->spa_vdev_txg_list, vd, TXG_CLEAN(txg)))
                zio_flush(zio, vd);

        (void) zio_wait(zio);

        /*
         * Sync out the even labels (L0, L2) for every dirty vdev.  If the
         * system dies in the middle of this process, that's OK: all of the
         * even labels that made it to disk will be newer than any uberblock,
         * and will therefore be considered invalid.  The odd labels (L1, L3),
         * which have not yet been touched, will still be valid.  We flush
         * the new labels to disk to ensure that all even-label updates
         * are committed to stable storage before the uberblock update.
         */
        if ((error = vdev_label_sync_list(spa, 0, txg, flags)) != 0)
                goto retry;

        /*
         * Sync the uberblocks to all vdevs in svd[].
         * If the system dies in the middle of this step, there are two cases
         * to consider, and the on-disk state is consistent either way:
         *
         * (1)  If none of the new uberblocks made it to disk, then the
         *      previous uberblock will be the newest, and the odd labels
         *      (which had not yet been touched) will be valid with respect
         *      to that uberblock.
         *
         * (2)  If one or more new uberblocks made it to disk, then they
         *      will be the newest, and the even labels (which had all
         *      been successfully committed) will be valid with respect
         *      to the new uberblocks.
         */
        if ((error = vdev_uberblock_sync_list(svd, svdcount, ub, flags)) != 0)
                goto retry;

        if (spa_multihost(spa))
                mmp_update_uberblock(spa, ub);

        /*
         * Sync out odd labels for every dirty vdev.  If the system dies
         * in the middle of this process, the even labels and the new
         * uberblocks will suffice to open the pool.  The next time
         * the pool is opened, the first thing we'll do -- before any
         * user data is modified -- is mark every vdev dirty so that
         * all labels will be brought up to date.  We flush the new labels
         * to disk to ensure that all odd-label updates are committed to
         * stable storage before the next transaction group begins.
         */
        if ((error = vdev_label_sync_list(spa, 1, txg, flags)) != 0)
                goto retry;

        return (0);
}