OpenZFS 9166 - zfs storage pool checkpoint

[zfs] / module / zfs / vdev_indirect.c

/*
 * CDDL HEADER START
 *
 * This file and its contents are supplied under the terms of the
 * Common Development and Distribution License ("CDDL"), version 1.0.
 * You may only use this file in accordance with the terms of version
 * 1.0 of the CDDL.
 *
 * A full copy of the text of the CDDL should have accompanied this
 * source.  A copy of the CDDL is also available via the Internet at
 * http://www.illumos.org/license/CDDL.
 *
 * CDDL HEADER END
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2014, 2017 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
 */

#include <sys/zfs_context.h>
#include <sys/spa.h>
#include <sys/spa_impl.h>
#include <sys/vdev_impl.h>
#include <sys/fs/zfs.h>
#include <sys/zio.h>
#include <sys/zio_checksum.h>
#include <sys/metaslab.h>
#include <sys/refcount.h>
#include <sys/dmu.h>
#include <sys/vdev_indirect_mapping.h>
#include <sys/dmu_tx.h>
#include <sys/dsl_synctask.h>
#include <sys/zap.h>
#include <sys/abd.h>
#include <sys/zthr.h>

/*
 * An indirect vdev corresponds to a vdev that has been removed.  Since
 * we cannot rewrite block pointers of snapshots, etc., we keep a
 * mapping from old location on the removed device to the new location
 * on another device in the pool and use this mapping whenever we need
 * to access the DVA.  Unfortunately, this mapping did not respect
 * logical block boundaries when it was first created, and so a DVA on
 * this indirect vdev may be "split" into multiple sections that each
 * map to a different location.  As a consequence, not all DVAs can be
 * translated to an equivalent new DVA.  Instead we must provide a
 * "vdev_remap" operation that executes a callback on each contiguous
 * segment of the new location.  This function is used in multiple ways:
 *
 *  - i/os to this vdev use the callback to determine where the
 *    data is now located, and issue child i/os for each segment's new
 *    location.
 *
 *  - frees and claims to this vdev use the callback to free or claim
 *    each mapped segment.  (Note that we don't actually need to claim
 *    log blocks on indirect vdevs, because we don't allocate to
 *    removing vdevs.  However, zdb uses zio_claim() for its leak
 *    detection.)
 */

/*
 * "Big theory statement" for how we mark blocks obsolete.
 *
 * When a block on an indirect vdev is freed or remapped, a section of
 * that vdev's mapping may no longer be referenced (aka "obsolete").  We
 * keep track of how much of each mapping entry is obsolete.  When
 * an entry becomes completely obsolete, we can remove it, thus reducing
 * the memory used by the mapping.  The complete picture of obsolescence
 * is given by the following data structures, described below:
 *  - the entry-specific obsolete count
 *  - the vdev-specific obsolete spacemap
 *  - the pool-specific obsolete bpobj
 *
 * == On disk data structures used ==
 *
 * We track the obsolete space for the pool using several objects.  Each
 * of these objects is created on demand and freed when no longer
 * needed, and is assumed to be empty if it does not exist.
 * SPA_FEATURE_OBSOLETE_COUNTS includes the count of these objects.
 *
 *  - Each vic_mapping_object (associated with an indirect vdev) can
 *    have a vimp_counts_object.  This is an array of uint32_t's
 *    with the same number of entries as the vic_mapping_object.  When
 *    the mapping is condensed, entries from the vic_obsolete_sm_object
 *    (see below) are folded into the counts.  Therefore, each
 *    obsolete_counts entry tells us the number of bytes in the
 *    corresponding mapping entry that were not referenced when the
 *    mapping was last condensed.
 *
 *  - Each indirect or removing vdev can have a vic_obsolete_sm_object.
 *    This is a space map containing an alloc entry for every DVA that
 *    has been obsoleted since the last time this indirect vdev was
 *    condensed.  We use this object in order to improve performance
 *    when marking a DVA as obsolete.  Instead of modifying an arbitrary
 *    offset of the vimp_counts_object, we only need to append an entry
 *    to the end of this object.  When a DVA becomes obsolete, it is
 *    added to the obsolete space map.  This happens when the DVA is
 *    freed, remapped and not referenced by a snapshot, or the last
 *    snapshot referencing it is destroyed.
 *
 *  - Each dataset can have a ds_remap_deadlist object.  This is a
 *    deadlist object containing all blocks that were remapped in this
 *    dataset but referenced in a previous snapshot.  Blocks can *only*
 *    appear on this list if they were remapped (dsl_dataset_block_remapped);
 *    blocks that were killed in a head dataset are put on the normal
 *    ds_deadlist and marked obsolete when they are freed.
 *
 *  - The pool can have a dp_obsolete_bpobj.  This is a list of blocks
 *    in the pool that need to be marked obsolete.  When a snapshot is
 *    destroyed, we move some of the ds_remap_deadlist to the obsolete
 *    bpobj (see dsl_destroy_snapshot_handle_remaps()).  We then
 *    asynchronously process the obsolete bpobj, moving its entries to
 *    the specific vdevs' obsolete space maps.
 *
 * == Summary of how we mark blocks as obsolete ==
 *
 * - When freeing a block: if any DVA is on an indirect vdev, append to
 *   vic_obsolete_sm_object.
 * - When remapping a block, add dva to ds_remap_deadlist (if prev snap
 *   references; otherwise append to vic_obsolete_sm_object).
 * - When freeing a snapshot: move parts of ds_remap_deadlist to
 *   dp_obsolete_bpobj (same algorithm as ds_deadlist).
 * - When syncing the spa: process dp_obsolete_bpobj, moving ranges to
 *   individual vdev's vic_obsolete_sm_object.
 */

/*
 * "Big theory statement" for how we condense indirect vdevs.
 *
 * Condensing an indirect vdev's mapping is the process of determining
 * the precise counts of obsolete space for each mapping entry (by
 * integrating the obsolete spacemap into the obsolete counts) and
 * writing out a new mapping that contains only referenced entries.
 *
 * We condense a vdev when we expect the mapping to shrink (see
 * vdev_indirect_should_condense()), but only perform one condense at a
 * time to limit the memory usage.  In addition, we use a separate
 * open-context thread (spa_condense_indirect_thread) to incrementally
 * create the new mapping object in a way that minimizes the impact on
 * the rest of the system.
 *
 * == Generating a new mapping ==
 *
 * To generate a new mapping, we follow these steps:
 *
 * 1. Save the old obsolete space map and create a new mapping object
 *    (see spa_condense_indirect_start_sync()).  This initializes the
 *    spa_condensing_indirect_phys with the "previous obsolete space map",
 *    which is now read only.  Newly obsolete DVAs will be added to a
 *    new (initially empty) obsolete space map, and will not be
 *    considered as part of this condense operation.
 *
 * 2. Construct in memory the precise counts of obsolete space for each
 *    mapping entry, by incorporating the obsolete space map into the
 *    counts.  (See vdev_indirect_mapping_load_obsolete_{counts,spacemap}().)
 *
 * 3. Iterate through each mapping entry, writing to the new mapping any
 *    entries that are not completely obsolete (i.e. which don't have
 *    obsolete count == mapping length).  (See
 *    spa_condense_indirect_generate_new_mapping().)
 *
 * 4. Destroy the old mapping object and switch over to the new one
 *    (spa_condense_indirect_complete_sync).
 *
 * == Restarting from failure ==
 *
 * To restart the condense when we import/open the pool, we must start
 * at the 2nd step above: reconstruct the precise counts in memory,
 * based on the space map + counts.  Then in the 3rd step, we start
 * iterating where we left off: at vimp_max_offset of the new mapping
 * object.
 */

int zfs_condense_indirect_vdevs_enable = B_TRUE;

/*
 * Condense if at least this percent of the bytes in the mapping is
 * obsolete.  With the default of 25%, the amount of space mapped
 * will be reduced to 1% of its original size after at most 16
 * condenses.  Higher values will condense less often (causing less
 * i/o); lower values will reduce the mapping size more quickly.
 */
int zfs_indirect_condense_obsolete_pct = 25;

/*
 * Condense if the obsolete space map takes up more than this amount of
 * space on disk (logically).  This limits the amount of disk space
 * consumed by the obsolete space map; the default of 1GB is small enough
 * that we typically don't mind "wasting" it.
 */
unsigned long zfs_condense_max_obsolete_bytes = 1024 * 1024 * 1024;

/*
 * Don't bother condensing if the mapping uses less than this amount of
 * memory.  The default of 128KB is considered a "trivial" amount of
 * memory and not worth reducing.
 */
unsigned long zfs_condense_min_mapping_bytes = 128 * 1024;

/*
 * This is used by the test suite so that it can ensure that certain
 * actions happen while in the middle of a condense (which might otherwise
 * complete too quickly).  If used to reduce the performance impact of
 * condensing in production, a maximum value of 1 should be sufficient.
 */
int zfs_condense_indirect_commit_entry_delay_ms = 0;

/*
 * If an indirect split block contains more than this many possible unique
 * combinations when being reconstructed, consider it too computationally
 * expensive to check them all. Instead, try at most 100 randomly-selected
 * combinations each time the block is accessed.  This allows all segment
 * copies to participate fairly in the reconstruction when all combinations
 * cannot be checked and prevents repeated use of one bad copy.
 */
int zfs_reconstruct_indirect_combinations_max = 100;

/*
 * The indirect_child_t represents the vdev that we will read from, when we
 * need to read all copies of the data (e.g. for scrub or reconstruction).
 * For plain (non-mirror) top-level vdevs (i.e. is_vdev is not a mirror),
 * ic_vdev is the same as is_vdev.  However, for mirror top-level vdevs,
 * ic_vdev is a child of the mirror.
 */
typedef struct indirect_child {
        abd_t *ic_data;
        vdev_t *ic_vdev;

        /*
         * ic_duplicate is -1 when the ic_data contents are unique, when it
         * is determined to be a duplicate it refers to the primary child.
         */
        int ic_duplicate;
} indirect_child_t;

/*
 * The indirect_split_t represents one mapped segment of an i/o to the
 * indirect vdev. For non-split (contiguously-mapped) blocks, there will be
 * only one indirect_split_t, with is_split_offset==0 and is_size==io_size.
 * For split blocks, there will be several of these.
 */
typedef struct indirect_split {
        list_node_t is_node; /* link on iv_splits */

        /*
         * is_split_offset is the offset into the i/o.
         * This is the sum of the previous splits' is_size's.
         */
        uint64_t is_split_offset;

        vdev_t *is_vdev; /* top-level vdev */
        uint64_t is_target_offset; /* offset on is_vdev */
        uint64_t is_size;
        int is_children; /* number of entries in is_child[] */

        /*
         * is_good_child is the child that we are currently using to
         * attempt reconstruction.
         */
        int is_good_child;

        indirect_child_t is_child[1]; /* variable-length */
} indirect_split_t;

/*
 * The indirect_vsd_t is associated with each i/o to the indirect vdev.
 * It is the "Vdev-Specific Data" in the zio_t's io_vsd.
 */
typedef struct indirect_vsd {
        boolean_t iv_split_block;
        boolean_t iv_reconstruct;

        list_t iv_splits; /* list of indirect_split_t's */
} indirect_vsd_t;

static void
vdev_indirect_map_free(zio_t *zio)
{
        indirect_vsd_t *iv = zio->io_vsd;

        indirect_split_t *is;
        while ((is = list_head(&iv->iv_splits)) != NULL) {
                for (int c = 0; c < is->is_children; c++) {
                        indirect_child_t *ic = &is->is_child[c];
                        if (ic->ic_data != NULL)
                                abd_free(ic->ic_data);
                }
                list_remove(&iv->iv_splits, is);
                kmem_free(is,
                    offsetof(indirect_split_t, is_child[is->is_children]));
        }
        kmem_free(iv, sizeof (*iv));
}

static const zio_vsd_ops_t vdev_indirect_vsd_ops = {
        .vsd_free = vdev_indirect_map_free,
        .vsd_cksum_report = zio_vsd_default_cksum_report
};

/*
 * Mark the given offset and size as being obsolete.
 */
void
vdev_indirect_mark_obsolete(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t offset, uint64_t size)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        ASSERT3U(vd->vdev_indirect_config.vic_mapping_object, !=, 0);
        ASSERT(vd->vdev_removing || vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_indirect_ops);
        ASSERT(size > 0);
        VERIFY(vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_for_offset(
            vd->vdev_indirect_mapping, offset) != NULL);

        if (spa_feature_is_enabled(spa, SPA_FEATURE_OBSOLETE_COUNTS)) {
                mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_obsolete_lock);
                range_tree_add(vd->vdev_obsolete_segments, offset, size);
                mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_obsolete_lock);
                vdev_dirty(vd, 0, NULL, spa_syncing_txg(spa));
        }
}

/*
 * Mark the DVA vdev_id:offset:size as being obsolete in the given tx. This
 * wrapper is provided because the DMU does not know about vdev_t's and
 * cannot directly call vdev_indirect_mark_obsolete.
 */
void
spa_vdev_indirect_mark_obsolete(spa_t *spa, uint64_t vdev_id, uint64_t offset,
    uint64_t size, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
        vdev_t *vd = vdev_lookup_top(spa, vdev_id);
        ASSERT(dmu_tx_is_syncing(tx));

        /* The DMU can only remap indirect vdevs. */
        ASSERT3P(vd->vdev_ops, ==, &vdev_indirect_ops);
        vdev_indirect_mark_obsolete(vd, offset, size);
}

static spa_condensing_indirect_t *
spa_condensing_indirect_create(spa_t *spa)
{
        spa_condensing_indirect_phys_t *scip =
            &spa->spa_condensing_indirect_phys;
        spa_condensing_indirect_t *sci = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (*sci), KM_SLEEP);
        objset_t *mos = spa->spa_meta_objset;

        for (int i = 0; i < TXG_SIZE; i++) {
                list_create(&sci->sci_new_mapping_entries[i],
                    sizeof (vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_t),
                    offsetof(vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_t, vime_node));
        }

        sci->sci_new_mapping =
            vdev_indirect_mapping_open(mos, scip->scip_next_mapping_object);

        return (sci);
}

static void
spa_condensing_indirect_destroy(spa_condensing_indirect_t *sci)
{
        for (int i = 0; i < TXG_SIZE; i++)
                list_destroy(&sci->sci_new_mapping_entries[i]);

        if (sci->sci_new_mapping != NULL)
                vdev_indirect_mapping_close(sci->sci_new_mapping);

        kmem_free(sci, sizeof (*sci));
}

boolean_t
vdev_indirect_should_condense(vdev_t *vd)
{
        vdev_indirect_mapping_t *vim = vd->vdev_indirect_mapping;
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        ASSERT(dsl_pool_sync_context(spa->spa_dsl_pool));

        if (!zfs_condense_indirect_vdevs_enable)
                return (B_FALSE);

        /*
         * We can only condense one indirect vdev at a time.
         */
        if (spa->spa_condensing_indirect != NULL)
                return (B_FALSE);

        if (spa_shutting_down(spa))
                return (B_FALSE);

        /*
         * The mapping object size must not change while we are
         * condensing, so we can only condense indirect vdevs
         * (not vdevs that are still in the middle of being removed).
         */
        if (vd->vdev_ops != &vdev_indirect_ops)
                return (B_FALSE);

        /*
         * If nothing new has been marked obsolete, there is no
         * point in condensing.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_obsolete_sm == NULL) {
                ASSERT0(vdev_obsolete_sm_object(vd));
                return (B_FALSE);
        }

        ASSERT(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm != NULL);

        ASSERT3U(vdev_obsolete_sm_object(vd), ==,
            space_map_object(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm));

        uint64_t bytes_mapped = vdev_indirect_mapping_bytes_mapped(vim);
        uint64_t bytes_obsolete = space_map_allocated(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm);
        uint64_t mapping_size = vdev_indirect_mapping_size(vim);
        uint64_t obsolete_sm_size = space_map_length(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm);

        ASSERT3U(bytes_obsolete, <=, bytes_mapped);

        /*
         * If a high percentage of the bytes that are mapped have become
         * obsolete, condense (unless the mapping is already small enough).
         * This has a good chance of reducing the amount of memory used
         * by the mapping.
         */
        if (bytes_obsolete * 100 / bytes_mapped >=
            zfs_indirect_condense_obsolete_pct &&
            mapping_size > zfs_condense_min_mapping_bytes) {
                zfs_dbgmsg("should condense vdev %llu because obsolete "
                    "spacemap covers %d%% of %lluMB mapping",
                    (u_longlong_t)vd->vdev_id,
                    (int)(bytes_obsolete * 100 / bytes_mapped),
                    (u_longlong_t)bytes_mapped / 1024 / 1024);
                return (B_TRUE);
        }

        /*
         * If the obsolete space map takes up too much space on disk,
         * condense in order to free up this disk space.
         */
        if (obsolete_sm_size >= zfs_condense_max_obsolete_bytes) {
                zfs_dbgmsg("should condense vdev %llu because obsolete sm "
                    "length %lluMB >= max size %lluMB",
                    (u_longlong_t)vd->vdev_id,
                    (u_longlong_t)obsolete_sm_size / 1024 / 1024,
                    (u_longlong_t)zfs_condense_max_obsolete_bytes /
                    1024 / 1024);
                return (B_TRUE);
        }

        return (B_FALSE);
}

/*
 * This sync task completes (finishes) a condense, deleting the old
 * mapping and replacing it with the new one.
 */
static void
spa_condense_indirect_complete_sync(void *arg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
        spa_condensing_indirect_t *sci = arg;
        spa_t *spa = dmu_tx_pool(tx)->dp_spa;
        spa_condensing_indirect_phys_t *scip =
            &spa->spa_condensing_indirect_phys;
        vdev_t *vd = vdev_lookup_top(spa, scip->scip_vdev);
        vdev_indirect_config_t *vic = &vd->vdev_indirect_config;
        objset_t *mos = spa->spa_meta_objset;
        vdev_indirect_mapping_t *old_mapping = vd->vdev_indirect_mapping;
        uint64_t old_count = vdev_indirect_mapping_num_entries(old_mapping);
        uint64_t new_count =
            vdev_indirect_mapping_num_entries(sci->sci_new_mapping);

        ASSERT(dmu_tx_is_syncing(tx));
        ASSERT3P(vd->vdev_ops, ==, &vdev_indirect_ops);
        ASSERT3P(sci, ==, spa->spa_condensing_indirect);
        for (int i = 0; i < TXG_SIZE; i++) {
                ASSERT(list_is_empty(&sci->sci_new_mapping_entries[i]));
        }
        ASSERT(vic->vic_mapping_object != 0);
        ASSERT3U(vd->vdev_id, ==, scip->scip_vdev);
        ASSERT(scip->scip_next_mapping_object != 0);
        ASSERT(scip->scip_prev_obsolete_sm_object != 0);

        /*
         * Reset vdev_indirect_mapping to refer to the new object.
         */
        rw_enter(&vd->vdev_indirect_rwlock, RW_WRITER);
        vdev_indirect_mapping_close(vd->vdev_indirect_mapping);
        vd->vdev_indirect_mapping = sci->sci_new_mapping;
        rw_exit(&vd->vdev_indirect_rwlock);

        sci->sci_new_mapping = NULL;
        vdev_indirect_mapping_free(mos, vic->vic_mapping_object, tx);
        vic->vic_mapping_object = scip->scip_next_mapping_object;
        scip->scip_next_mapping_object = 0;

        space_map_free_obj(mos, scip->scip_prev_obsolete_sm_object, tx);
        spa_feature_decr(spa, SPA_FEATURE_OBSOLETE_COUNTS, tx);
        scip->scip_prev_obsolete_sm_object = 0;

        scip->scip_vdev = 0;

        VERIFY0(zap_remove(mos, DMU_POOL_DIRECTORY_OBJECT,
            DMU_POOL_CONDENSING_INDIRECT, tx));
        spa_condensing_indirect_destroy(spa->spa_condensing_indirect);
        spa->spa_condensing_indirect = NULL;

        zfs_dbgmsg("finished condense of vdev %llu in txg %llu: "
            "new mapping object %llu has %llu entries "
            "(was %llu entries)",
            vd->vdev_id, dmu_tx_get_txg(tx), vic->vic_mapping_object,
            new_count, old_count);

        vdev_config_dirty(spa->spa_root_vdev);
}

/*
 * This sync task appends entries to the new mapping object.
 */
static void
spa_condense_indirect_commit_sync(void *arg, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
        spa_condensing_indirect_t *sci = arg;
        uint64_t txg = dmu_tx_get_txg(tx);
        ASSERTV(spa_t *spa = dmu_tx_pool(tx)->dp_spa);

        ASSERT(dmu_tx_is_syncing(tx));
        ASSERT3P(sci, ==, spa->spa_condensing_indirect);

        vdev_indirect_mapping_add_entries(sci->sci_new_mapping,
            &sci->sci_new_mapping_entries[txg & TXG_MASK], tx);
        ASSERT(list_is_empty(&sci->sci_new_mapping_entries[txg & TXG_MASK]));
}

/*
 * Open-context function to add one entry to the new mapping.  The new
 * entry will be remembered and written from syncing context.
 */
static void
spa_condense_indirect_commit_entry(spa_t *spa,
    vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_phys_t *vimep, uint32_t count)
{
        spa_condensing_indirect_t *sci = spa->spa_condensing_indirect;

        ASSERT3U(count, <, DVA_GET_ASIZE(&vimep->vimep_dst));

        dmu_tx_t *tx = dmu_tx_create_dd(spa_get_dsl(spa)->dp_mos_dir);
        dmu_tx_hold_space(tx, sizeof (*vimep) + sizeof (count));
        VERIFY0(dmu_tx_assign(tx, TXG_WAIT));
        int txgoff = dmu_tx_get_txg(tx) & TXG_MASK;

        /*
         * If we are the first entry committed this txg, kick off the sync
         * task to write to the MOS on our behalf.
         */
        if (list_is_empty(&sci->sci_new_mapping_entries[txgoff])) {
                dsl_sync_task_nowait(dmu_tx_pool(tx),
                    spa_condense_indirect_commit_sync, sci,
                    0, ZFS_SPACE_CHECK_NONE, tx);
        }

        vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_t *vime =
            kmem_alloc(sizeof (*vime), KM_SLEEP);
        vime->vime_mapping = *vimep;
        vime->vime_obsolete_count = count;
        list_insert_tail(&sci->sci_new_mapping_entries[txgoff], vime);

        dmu_tx_commit(tx);
}

static void
spa_condense_indirect_generate_new_mapping(vdev_t *vd,
    uint32_t *obsolete_counts, uint64_t start_index, zthr_t *zthr)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        uint64_t mapi = start_index;
        vdev_indirect_mapping_t *old_mapping = vd->vdev_indirect_mapping;
        uint64_t old_num_entries =
            vdev_indirect_mapping_num_entries(old_mapping);

        ASSERT3P(vd->vdev_ops, ==, &vdev_indirect_ops);
        ASSERT3U(vd->vdev_id, ==, spa->spa_condensing_indirect_phys.scip_vdev);

        zfs_dbgmsg("starting condense of vdev %llu from index %llu",
            (u_longlong_t)vd->vdev_id,
            (u_longlong_t)mapi);

        while (mapi < old_num_entries) {

                if (zthr_iscancelled(zthr)) {
                        zfs_dbgmsg("pausing condense of vdev %llu "
                            "at index %llu", (u_longlong_t)vd->vdev_id,
                            (u_longlong_t)mapi);
                        break;
                }

                vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_phys_t *entry =
                    &old_mapping->vim_entries[mapi];
                uint64_t entry_size = DVA_GET_ASIZE(&entry->vimep_dst);
                ASSERT3U(obsolete_counts[mapi], <=, entry_size);
                if (obsolete_counts[mapi] < entry_size) {
                        spa_condense_indirect_commit_entry(spa, entry,
                            obsolete_counts[mapi]);

                        /*
                         * This delay may be requested for testing, debugging,
                         * or performance reasons.
                         */
                        hrtime_t now = gethrtime();
                        hrtime_t sleep_until = now + MSEC2NSEC(
                            zfs_condense_indirect_commit_entry_delay_ms);
                        zfs_sleep_until(sleep_until);
                }

                mapi++;
        }
}

/* ARGSUSED */
static boolean_t
spa_condense_indirect_thread_check(void *arg, zthr_t *zthr)
{
        spa_t *spa = arg;

        return (spa->spa_condensing_indirect != NULL);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
static int
spa_condense_indirect_thread(void *arg, zthr_t *zthr)
{
        spa_t *spa = arg;
        vdev_t *vd;

        ASSERT3P(spa->spa_condensing_indirect, !=, NULL);
        spa_config_enter(spa, SCL_VDEV, FTAG, RW_READER);
        vd = vdev_lookup_top(spa, spa->spa_condensing_indirect_phys.scip_vdev);
        ASSERT3P(vd, !=, NULL);
        spa_config_exit(spa, SCL_VDEV, FTAG);

        spa_condensing_indirect_t *sci = spa->spa_condensing_indirect;
        spa_condensing_indirect_phys_t *scip =
            &spa->spa_condensing_indirect_phys;
        uint32_t *counts;
        uint64_t start_index;
        vdev_indirect_mapping_t *old_mapping = vd->vdev_indirect_mapping;
        space_map_t *prev_obsolete_sm = NULL;

        ASSERT3U(vd->vdev_id, ==, scip->scip_vdev);
        ASSERT(scip->scip_next_mapping_object != 0);
        ASSERT(scip->scip_prev_obsolete_sm_object != 0);
        ASSERT3P(vd->vdev_ops, ==, &vdev_indirect_ops);

        for (int i = 0; i < TXG_SIZE; i++) {
                /*
                 * The list must start out empty in order for the
                 * _commit_sync() sync task to be properly registered
                 * on the first call to _commit_entry(); so it's wise
                 * to double check and ensure we actually are starting
                 * with empty lists.
                 */
                ASSERT(list_is_empty(&sci->sci_new_mapping_entries[i]));
        }

        VERIFY0(space_map_open(&prev_obsolete_sm, spa->spa_meta_objset,
            scip->scip_prev_obsolete_sm_object, 0, vd->vdev_asize, 0));
        space_map_update(prev_obsolete_sm);
        counts = vdev_indirect_mapping_load_obsolete_counts(old_mapping);
        if (prev_obsolete_sm != NULL) {
                vdev_indirect_mapping_load_obsolete_spacemap(old_mapping,
                    counts, prev_obsolete_sm);
        }
        space_map_close(prev_obsolete_sm);

        /*
         * Generate new mapping.  Determine what index to continue from
         * based on the max offset that we've already written in the
         * new mapping.
         */
        uint64_t max_offset =
            vdev_indirect_mapping_max_offset(sci->sci_new_mapping);
        if (max_offset == 0) {
                /* We haven't written anything to the new mapping yet. */
                start_index = 0;
        } else {
                /*
                 * Pick up from where we left off. _entry_for_offset()
                 * returns a pointer into the vim_entries array. If
                 * max_offset is greater than any of the mappings
                 * contained in the table  NULL will be returned and
                 * that indicates we've exhausted our iteration of the
                 * old_mapping.
                 */

                vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_phys_t *entry =
                    vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_for_offset_or_next(old_mapping,
                    max_offset);

                if (entry == NULL) {
                        /*
                         * We've already written the whole new mapping.
                         * This special value will cause us to skip the
                         * generate_new_mapping step and just do the sync
                         * task to complete the condense.
                         */
                        start_index = UINT64_MAX;
                } else {
                        start_index = entry - old_mapping->vim_entries;
                        ASSERT3U(start_index, <,
                            vdev_indirect_mapping_num_entries(old_mapping));
                }
        }

        spa_condense_indirect_generate_new_mapping(vd, counts,
            start_index, zthr);

        vdev_indirect_mapping_free_obsolete_counts(old_mapping, counts);

        /*
         * If the zthr has received a cancellation signal while running
         * in generate_new_mapping() or at any point after that, then bail
         * early. We don't want to complete the condense if the spa is
         * shutting down.
         */
        if (zthr_iscancelled(zthr))
                return (0);

        VERIFY0(dsl_sync_task(spa_name(spa), NULL,
            spa_condense_indirect_complete_sync, sci, 0,
            ZFS_SPACE_CHECK_EXTRA_RESERVED));

        return (0);
}

/*
 * Sync task to begin the condensing process.
 */
void
spa_condense_indirect_start_sync(vdev_t *vd, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        spa_condensing_indirect_phys_t *scip =
            &spa->spa_condensing_indirect_phys;

        ASSERT0(scip->scip_next_mapping_object);
        ASSERT0(scip->scip_prev_obsolete_sm_object);
        ASSERT0(scip->scip_vdev);
        ASSERT(dmu_tx_is_syncing(tx));
        ASSERT3P(vd->vdev_ops, ==, &vdev_indirect_ops);
        ASSERT(spa_feature_is_active(spa, SPA_FEATURE_OBSOLETE_COUNTS));
        ASSERT(vdev_indirect_mapping_num_entries(vd->vdev_indirect_mapping));

        uint64_t obsolete_sm_obj = vdev_obsolete_sm_object(vd);
        ASSERT(obsolete_sm_obj != 0);

        scip->scip_vdev = vd->vdev_id;
        scip->scip_next_mapping_object =
            vdev_indirect_mapping_alloc(spa->spa_meta_objset, tx);

        scip->scip_prev_obsolete_sm_object = obsolete_sm_obj;

        /*
         * We don't need to allocate a new space map object, since
         * vdev_indirect_sync_obsolete will allocate one when needed.
         */
        space_map_close(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm);
        vd->vdev_obsolete_sm = NULL;
        VERIFY0(zap_remove(spa->spa_meta_objset, vd->vdev_top_zap,
            VDEV_TOP_ZAP_INDIRECT_OBSOLETE_SM, tx));

        VERIFY0(zap_add(spa->spa_dsl_pool->dp_meta_objset,
            DMU_POOL_DIRECTORY_OBJECT,
            DMU_POOL_CONDENSING_INDIRECT, sizeof (uint64_t),
            sizeof (*scip) / sizeof (uint64_t), scip, tx));

        ASSERT3P(spa->spa_condensing_indirect, ==, NULL);
        spa->spa_condensing_indirect = spa_condensing_indirect_create(spa);

        zfs_dbgmsg("starting condense of vdev %llu in txg %llu: "
            "posm=%llu nm=%llu",
            vd->vdev_id, dmu_tx_get_txg(tx),
            (u_longlong_t)scip->scip_prev_obsolete_sm_object,
            (u_longlong_t)scip->scip_next_mapping_object);

        zthr_wakeup(spa->spa_condense_zthr);
}

/*
 * Sync to the given vdev's obsolete space map any segments that are no longer
 * referenced as of the given txg.
 *
 * If the obsolete space map doesn't exist yet, create and open it.
 */
void
vdev_indirect_sync_obsolete(vdev_t *vd, dmu_tx_t *tx)
{
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;
        ASSERTV(vdev_indirect_config_t *vic = &vd->vdev_indirect_config);

        ASSERT3U(vic->vic_mapping_object, !=, 0);
        ASSERT(range_tree_space(vd->vdev_obsolete_segments) > 0);
        ASSERT(vd->vdev_removing || vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_indirect_ops);
        ASSERT(spa_feature_is_enabled(spa, SPA_FEATURE_OBSOLETE_COUNTS));

        if (vdev_obsolete_sm_object(vd) == 0) {
                uint64_t obsolete_sm_object =
                    space_map_alloc(spa->spa_meta_objset,
                    vdev_standard_sm_blksz, tx);

                ASSERT(vd->vdev_top_zap != 0);
                VERIFY0(zap_add(vd->vdev_spa->spa_meta_objset, vd->vdev_top_zap,
                    VDEV_TOP_ZAP_INDIRECT_OBSOLETE_SM,
                    sizeof (obsolete_sm_object), 1, &obsolete_sm_object, tx));
                ASSERT3U(vdev_obsolete_sm_object(vd), !=, 0);

                spa_feature_incr(spa, SPA_FEATURE_OBSOLETE_COUNTS, tx);
                VERIFY0(space_map_open(&vd->vdev_obsolete_sm,
                    spa->spa_meta_objset, obsolete_sm_object,
                    0, vd->vdev_asize, 0));
                space_map_update(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm);
        }

        ASSERT(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm != NULL);
        ASSERT3U(vdev_obsolete_sm_object(vd), ==,
            space_map_object(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm));

        space_map_write(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm,
            vd->vdev_obsolete_segments, SM_ALLOC, tx);
        space_map_update(vd->vdev_obsolete_sm);
        range_tree_vacate(vd->vdev_obsolete_segments, NULL, NULL);
}

int
spa_condense_init(spa_t *spa)
{
        int error = zap_lookup(spa->spa_meta_objset,
            DMU_POOL_DIRECTORY_OBJECT,
            DMU_POOL_CONDENSING_INDIRECT, sizeof (uint64_t),
            sizeof (spa->spa_condensing_indirect_phys) / sizeof (uint64_t),
            &spa->spa_condensing_indirect_phys);
        if (error == 0) {
                if (spa_writeable(spa)) {
                        spa->spa_condensing_indirect =
                            spa_condensing_indirect_create(spa);
                }
                return (0);
        } else if (error == ENOENT) {
                return (0);
        } else {
                return (error);
        }
}

void
spa_condense_fini(spa_t *spa)
{
        if (spa->spa_condensing_indirect != NULL) {
                spa_condensing_indirect_destroy(spa->spa_condensing_indirect);
                spa->spa_condensing_indirect = NULL;
        }
}

void
spa_start_indirect_condensing_thread(spa_t *spa)
{
        ASSERT3P(spa->spa_condense_zthr, ==, NULL);
        spa->spa_condense_zthr = zthr_create(spa_condense_indirect_thread_check,
            spa_condense_indirect_thread, spa);
}

/*
 * Gets the obsolete spacemap object from the vdev's ZAP.
 * Returns the spacemap object, or 0 if it wasn't in the ZAP or the ZAP doesn't
 * exist yet.
 */
int
vdev_obsolete_sm_object(vdev_t *vd)
{
        ASSERT0(spa_config_held(vd->vdev_spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER));
        if (vd->vdev_top_zap == 0) {
                return (0);
        }

        uint64_t sm_obj = 0;
        int err;
        err = zap_lookup(vd->vdev_spa->spa_meta_objset, vd->vdev_top_zap,
            VDEV_TOP_ZAP_INDIRECT_OBSOLETE_SM, sizeof (sm_obj), 1, &sm_obj);

        ASSERT(err == 0 || err == ENOENT);

        return (sm_obj);
}

boolean_t
vdev_obsolete_counts_are_precise(vdev_t *vd)
{
        ASSERT0(spa_config_held(vd->vdev_spa, SCL_ALL, RW_WRITER));
        if (vd->vdev_top_zap == 0) {
                return (B_FALSE);
        }

        uint64_t val = 0;
        int err;
        err = zap_lookup(vd->vdev_spa->spa_meta_objset, vd->vdev_top_zap,
            VDEV_TOP_ZAP_OBSOLETE_COUNTS_ARE_PRECISE, sizeof (val), 1, &val);

        ASSERT(err == 0 || err == ENOENT);

        return (val != 0);
}

/* ARGSUSED */
static void
vdev_indirect_close(vdev_t *vd)
{
}

/* ARGSUSED */
static int
vdev_indirect_open(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t *psize, uint64_t *max_psize,
    uint64_t *ashift)
{
        *psize = *max_psize = vd->vdev_asize +
            VDEV_LABEL_START_SIZE + VDEV_LABEL_END_SIZE;
        *ashift = vd->vdev_ashift;
        return (0);
}

typedef struct remap_segment {
        vdev_t *rs_vd;
        uint64_t rs_offset;
        uint64_t rs_asize;
        uint64_t rs_split_offset;
        list_node_t rs_node;
} remap_segment_t;

remap_segment_t *
rs_alloc(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t offset, uint64_t asize, uint64_t split_offset)
{
        remap_segment_t *rs = kmem_alloc(sizeof (remap_segment_t), KM_SLEEP);
        rs->rs_vd = vd;
        rs->rs_offset = offset;
        rs->rs_asize = asize;
        rs->rs_split_offset = split_offset;
        return (rs);
}

/*
 * Given an indirect vdev and an extent on that vdev, it duplicates the
 * physical entries of the indirect mapping that correspond to the extent
 * to a new array and returns a pointer to it. In addition, copied_entries
 * is populated with the number of mapping entries that were duplicated.
 *
 * Note that the function assumes that the caller holds vdev_indirect_rwlock.
 * This ensures that the mapping won't change due to condensing as we
 * copy over its contents.
 *
 * Finally, since we are doing an allocation, it is up to the caller to
 * free the array allocated in this function.
 */
vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_phys_t *
vdev_indirect_mapping_duplicate_adjacent_entries(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t offset,
    uint64_t asize, uint64_t *copied_entries)
{
        vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_phys_t *duplicate_mappings = NULL;
        vdev_indirect_mapping_t *vim = vd->vdev_indirect_mapping;
        uint64_t entries = 0;

        ASSERT(RW_READ_HELD(&vd->vdev_indirect_rwlock));

        vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_phys_t *first_mapping =
            vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_for_offset(vim, offset);
        ASSERT3P(first_mapping, !=, NULL);

        vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_phys_t *m = first_mapping;
        while (asize > 0) {
                uint64_t size = DVA_GET_ASIZE(&m->vimep_dst);

                ASSERT3U(offset, >=, DVA_MAPPING_GET_SRC_OFFSET(m));
                ASSERT3U(offset, <, DVA_MAPPING_GET_SRC_OFFSET(m) + size);

                uint64_t inner_offset = offset - DVA_MAPPING_GET_SRC_OFFSET(m);
                uint64_t inner_size = MIN(asize, size - inner_offset);

                offset += inner_size;
                asize -= inner_size;
                entries++;
                m++;
        }

        size_t copy_length = entries * sizeof (*first_mapping);
        duplicate_mappings = kmem_alloc(copy_length, KM_SLEEP);
        bcopy(first_mapping, duplicate_mappings, copy_length);
        *copied_entries = entries;

        return (duplicate_mappings);
}

/*
 * Goes through the relevant indirect mappings until it hits a concrete vdev
 * and issues the callback. On the way to the concrete vdev, if any other
 * indirect vdevs are encountered, then the callback will also be called on
 * each of those indirect vdevs. For example, if the segment is mapped to
 * segment A on indirect vdev 1, and then segment A on indirect vdev 1 is
 * mapped to segment B on concrete vdev 2, then the callback will be called on
 * both vdev 1 and vdev 2.
 *
 * While the callback passed to vdev_indirect_remap() is called on every vdev
 * the function encounters, certain callbacks only care about concrete vdevs.
 * These types of callbacks should return immediately and explicitly when they
 * are called on an indirect vdev.
 *
 * Because there is a possibility that a DVA section in the indirect device
 * has been split into multiple sections in our mapping, we keep track
 * of the relevant contiguous segments of the new location (remap_segment_t)
 * in a stack. This way we can call the callback for each of the new sections
 * created by a single section of the indirect device. Note though, that in
 * this scenario the callbacks in each split block won't occur in-order in
 * terms of offset, so callers should not make any assumptions about that.
 *
 * For callbacks that don't handle split blocks and immediately return when
 * they encounter them (as is the case for remap_blkptr_cb), the caller can
 * assume that its callback will be applied from the first indirect vdev
 * encountered to the last one and then the concrete vdev, in that order.
 */
static void
vdev_indirect_remap(vdev_t *vd, uint64_t offset, uint64_t asize,
    void (*func)(uint64_t, vdev_t *, uint64_t, uint64_t, void *), void *arg)
{
        list_t stack;
        spa_t *spa = vd->vdev_spa;

        list_create(&stack, sizeof (remap_segment_t),
            offsetof(remap_segment_t, rs_node));

        for (remap_segment_t *rs = rs_alloc(vd, offset, asize, 0);
            rs != NULL; rs = list_remove_head(&stack)) {
                vdev_t *v = rs->rs_vd;
                uint64_t num_entries = 0;

                ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_ALL, RW_READER) != 0);
                ASSERT(rs->rs_asize > 0);

                /*
                 * Note: As this function can be called from open context
                 * (e.g. zio_read()), we need the following rwlock to
                 * prevent the mapping from being changed by condensing.
                 *
                 * So we grab the lock and we make a copy of the entries
                 * that are relevant to the extent that we are working on.
                 * Once that is done, we drop the lock and iterate over
                 * our copy of the mapping. Once we are done with the with
                 * the remap segment and we free it, we also free our copy
                 * of the indirect mapping entries that are relevant to it.
                 *
                 * This way we don't need to wait until the function is
                 * finished with a segment, to condense it. In addition, we
                 * don't need a recursive rwlock for the case that a call to
                 * vdev_indirect_remap() needs to call itself (through the
                 * codepath of its callback) for the same vdev in the middle
                 * of its execution.
                 */
                rw_enter(&v->vdev_indirect_rwlock, RW_READER);
                ASSERT3P(v->vdev_indirect_mapping, !=, NULL);

                vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_phys_t *mapping =
                    vdev_indirect_mapping_duplicate_adjacent_entries(v,
                    rs->rs_offset, rs->rs_asize, &num_entries);
                ASSERT3P(mapping, !=, NULL);
                ASSERT3U(num_entries, >, 0);
                rw_exit(&v->vdev_indirect_rwlock);

                for (uint64_t i = 0; i < num_entries; i++) {
                        /*
                         * Note: the vdev_indirect_mapping can not change
                         * while we are running.  It only changes while the
                         * removal is in progress, and then only from syncing
                         * context. While a removal is in progress, this
                         * function is only called for frees, which also only
                         * happen from syncing context.
                         */
                        vdev_indirect_mapping_entry_phys_t *m = &mapping[i];

                        ASSERT3P(m, !=, NULL);
                        ASSERT3U(rs->rs_asize, >, 0);

                        uint64_t size = DVA_GET_ASIZE(&m->vimep_dst);
                        uint64_t dst_offset = DVA_GET_OFFSET(&m->vimep_dst);
                        uint64_t dst_vdev = DVA_GET_VDEV(&m->vimep_dst);

                        ASSERT3U(rs->rs_offset, >=,
                            DVA_MAPPING_GET_SRC_OFFSET(m));
                        ASSERT3U(rs->rs_offset, <,
                            DVA_MAPPING_GET_SRC_OFFSET(m) + size);
                        ASSERT3U(dst_vdev, !=, v->vdev_id);

                        uint64_t inner_offset = rs->rs_offset -
                            DVA_MAPPING_GET_SRC_OFFSET(m);
                        uint64_t inner_size =
                            MIN(rs->rs_asize, size - inner_offset);

                        vdev_t *dst_v = vdev_lookup_top(spa, dst_vdev);
                        ASSERT3P(dst_v, !=, NULL);

                        if (dst_v->vdev_ops == &vdev_indirect_ops) {
                                list_insert_head(&stack,
                                    rs_alloc(dst_v, dst_offset + inner_offset,
                                    inner_size, rs->rs_split_offset));

                        }

                        if ((zfs_flags & ZFS_DEBUG_INDIRECT_REMAP) &&
                            IS_P2ALIGNED(inner_size, 2 * SPA_MINBLOCKSIZE)) {
                                /*
                                 * Note: This clause exists only solely for
                                 * testing purposes. We use it to ensure that
                                 * split blocks work and that the callbacks
                                 * using them yield the same result if issued
                                 * in reverse order.
                                 */
                                uint64_t inner_half = inner_size / 2;

                                func(rs->rs_split_offset + inner_half, dst_v,
                                    dst_offset + inner_offset + inner_half,
                                    inner_half, arg);

                                func(rs->rs_split_offset, dst_v,
                                    dst_offset + inner_offset,
                                    inner_half, arg);
                        } else {
                                func(rs->rs_split_offset, dst_v,
                                    dst_offset + inner_offset,
                                    inner_size, arg);
                        }

                        rs->rs_offset += inner_size;
                        rs->rs_asize -= inner_size;
                        rs->rs_split_offset += inner_size;
                }
                VERIFY0(rs->rs_asize);

                kmem_free(mapping, num_entries * sizeof (*mapping));
                kmem_free(rs, sizeof (remap_segment_t));
        }
        list_destroy(&stack);
}

static void
vdev_indirect_child_io_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        zio_t *pio = zio->io_private;

        mutex_enter(&pio->io_lock);
        pio->io_error = zio_worst_error(pio->io_error, zio->io_error);
        mutex_exit(&pio->io_lock);

        abd_put(zio->io_abd);
}

/*
 * This is a callback for vdev_indirect_remap() which allocates an
 * indirect_split_t for each split segment and adds it to iv_splits.
 */
static void
vdev_indirect_gather_splits(uint64_t split_offset, vdev_t *vd, uint64_t offset,
    uint64_t size, void *arg)
{
        zio_t *zio = arg;
        indirect_vsd_t *iv = zio->io_vsd;

        ASSERT3P(vd, !=, NULL);

        if (vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_indirect_ops)
                return;

        int n = 1;
        if (vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_mirror_ops)
                n = vd->vdev_children;

        indirect_split_t *is =
            kmem_zalloc(offsetof(indirect_split_t, is_child[n]), KM_SLEEP);

        is->is_children = n;
        is->is_size = size;
        is->is_split_offset = split_offset;
        is->is_target_offset = offset;
        is->is_vdev = vd;

        /*
         * Note that we only consider multiple copies of the data for
         * *mirror* vdevs.  We don't for "replacing" or "spare" vdevs, even
         * though they use the same ops as mirror, because there's only one
         * "good" copy under the replacing/spare.
         */
        if (vd->vdev_ops == &vdev_mirror_ops) {
                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                        is->is_child[i].ic_vdev = vd->vdev_child[i];
                }
        } else {
                is->is_child[0].ic_vdev = vd;
        }

        list_insert_tail(&iv->iv_splits, is);
}

static void
vdev_indirect_read_split_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        indirect_child_t *ic = zio->io_private;

        if (zio->io_error != 0) {
                /*
                 * Clear ic_data to indicate that we do not have data for this
                 * child.
                 */
                abd_free(ic->ic_data);
                ic->ic_data = NULL;
        }
}

/*
 * Issue reads for all copies (mirror children) of all splits.
 */
static void
vdev_indirect_read_all(zio_t *zio)
{
        indirect_vsd_t *iv = zio->io_vsd;

        for (indirect_split_t *is = list_head(&iv->iv_splits);
            is != NULL; is = list_next(&iv->iv_splits, is)) {
                for (int i = 0; i < is->is_children; i++) {
                        indirect_child_t *ic = &is->is_child[i];

                        if (!vdev_readable(ic->ic_vdev))
                                continue;

                        /*
                         * Note, we may read from a child whose DTL
                         * indicates that the data may not be present here.
                         * While this might result in a few i/os that will
                         * likely return incorrect data, it simplifies the
                         * code since we can treat scrub and resilver
                         * identically.  (The incorrect data will be
                         * detected and ignored when we verify the
                         * checksum.)
                         */

                        ic->ic_data = abd_alloc_sametype(zio->io_abd,
                            is->is_size);
                        ic->ic_duplicate = -1;

                        zio_nowait(zio_vdev_child_io(zio, NULL,
                            ic->ic_vdev, is->is_target_offset, ic->ic_data,
                            is->is_size, zio->io_type, zio->io_priority, 0,
                            vdev_indirect_read_split_done, ic));
                }
        }
        iv->iv_reconstruct = B_TRUE;
}

static void
vdev_indirect_io_start(zio_t *zio)
{
        ASSERTV(spa_t *spa = zio->io_spa);
        indirect_vsd_t *iv = kmem_zalloc(sizeof (*iv), KM_SLEEP);
        list_create(&iv->iv_splits,
            sizeof (indirect_split_t), offsetof(indirect_split_t, is_node));

        zio->io_vsd = iv;
        zio->io_vsd_ops = &vdev_indirect_vsd_ops;

        ASSERT(spa_config_held(spa, SCL_ALL, RW_READER) != 0);
        if (zio->io_type != ZIO_TYPE_READ) {
                ASSERT3U(zio->io_type, ==, ZIO_TYPE_WRITE);
                /*
                 * Note: this code can handle other kinds of writes,
                 * but we don't expect them.
                 */
                ASSERT((zio->io_flags & (ZIO_FLAG_SELF_HEAL |
                    ZIO_FLAG_RESILVER | ZIO_FLAG_INDUCE_DAMAGE)) != 0);
        }

        vdev_indirect_remap(zio->io_vd, zio->io_offset, zio->io_size,
            vdev_indirect_gather_splits, zio);

        indirect_split_t *first = list_head(&iv->iv_splits);
        if (first->is_size == zio->io_size) {
                /*
                 * This is not a split block; we are pointing to the entire
                 * data, which will checksum the same as the original data.
                 * Pass the BP down so that the child i/o can verify the
                 * checksum, and try a different location if available
                 * (e.g. on a mirror).
                 *
                 * While this special case could be handled the same as the
                 * general (split block) case, doing it this way ensures
                 * that the vast majority of blocks on indirect vdevs
                 * (which are not split) are handled identically to blocks
                 * on non-indirect vdevs.  This allows us to be less strict
                 * about performance in the general (but rare) case.
                 */
                ASSERT0(first->is_split_offset);
                ASSERT3P(list_next(&iv->iv_splits, first), ==, NULL);
                zio_nowait(zio_vdev_child_io(zio, zio->io_bp,
                    first->is_vdev, first->is_target_offset,
                    abd_get_offset(zio->io_abd, 0),
                    zio->io_size, zio->io_type, zio->io_priority, 0,
                    vdev_indirect_child_io_done, zio));
        } else {
                iv->iv_split_block = B_TRUE;
                if (zio->io_flags & (ZIO_FLAG_SCRUB | ZIO_FLAG_RESILVER)) {
                        /*
                         * Read all copies.  Note that for simplicity,
                         * we don't bother consulting the DTL in the
                         * resilver case.
                         */
                        vdev_indirect_read_all(zio);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * Read one copy of each split segment, from the
                         * top-level vdev.  Since we don't know the
                         * checksum of each split individually, the child
                         * zio can't ensure that we get the right data.
                         * E.g. if it's a mirror, it will just read from a
                         * random (healthy) leaf vdev.  We have to verify
                         * the checksum in vdev_indirect_io_done().
                         */
                        for (indirect_split_t *is = list_head(&iv->iv_splits);
                            is != NULL; is = list_next(&iv->iv_splits, is)) {
                                zio_nowait(zio_vdev_child_io(zio, NULL,
                                    is->is_vdev, is->is_target_offset,
                                    abd_get_offset(zio->io_abd,
                                    is->is_split_offset), is->is_size,
                                    zio->io_type, zio->io_priority, 0,
                                    vdev_indirect_child_io_done, zio));
                        }

                }
        }

        zio_execute(zio);
}

/*
 * Report a checksum error for a child.
 */
static void
vdev_indirect_checksum_error(zio_t *zio,
    indirect_split_t *is, indirect_child_t *ic)
{
        vdev_t *vd = ic->ic_vdev;

        if (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE)
                return;

        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
        vd->vdev_stat.vs_checksum_errors++;
        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);

        zio_bad_cksum_t zbc = {{{ 0 }}};
        abd_t *bad_abd = ic->ic_data;
        abd_t *good_abd = is->is_child[is->is_good_child].ic_data;
        zfs_ereport_post_checksum(zio->io_spa, vd, NULL, zio,
            is->is_target_offset, is->is_size, good_abd, bad_abd, &zbc);
}

/*
 * Issue repair i/os for any incorrect copies.  We do this by comparing
 * each split segment's correct data (is_good_child's ic_data) with each
 * other copy of the data.  If they differ, then we overwrite the bad data
 * with the good copy.  Note that we do this without regard for the DTL's,
 * which simplifies this code and also issues the optimal number of writes
 * (based on which copies actually read bad data, as opposed to which we
 * think might be wrong).  For the same reason, we always use
 * ZIO_FLAG_SELF_HEAL, to bypass the DTL check in zio_vdev_io_start().
 */
static void
vdev_indirect_repair(zio_t *zio)
{
        indirect_vsd_t *iv = zio->io_vsd;

        enum zio_flag flags = ZIO_FLAG_IO_REPAIR;

        if (!(zio->io_flags & (ZIO_FLAG_SCRUB | ZIO_FLAG_RESILVER)))
                flags |= ZIO_FLAG_SELF_HEAL;

        if (!spa_writeable(zio->io_spa))
                return;

        for (indirect_split_t *is = list_head(&iv->iv_splits);
            is != NULL; is = list_next(&iv->iv_splits, is)) {
                indirect_child_t *good_child = &is->is_child[is->is_good_child];

                for (int c = 0; c < is->is_children; c++) {
                        indirect_child_t *ic = &is->is_child[c];
                        if (ic == good_child)
                                continue;
                        if (ic->ic_data == NULL)
                                continue;
                        if (ic->ic_duplicate == is->is_good_child)
                                continue;

                        zio_nowait(zio_vdev_child_io(zio, NULL,
                            ic->ic_vdev, is->is_target_offset,
                            good_child->ic_data, is->is_size,
                            ZIO_TYPE_WRITE, ZIO_PRIORITY_ASYNC_WRITE,
                            ZIO_FLAG_IO_REPAIR | ZIO_FLAG_SELF_HEAL,
                            NULL, NULL));

                        vdev_indirect_checksum_error(zio, is, ic);
                }
        }
}

/*
 * Report checksum errors on all children that we read from.
 */
static void
vdev_indirect_all_checksum_errors(zio_t *zio)
{
        indirect_vsd_t *iv = zio->io_vsd;

        if (zio->io_flags & ZIO_FLAG_SPECULATIVE)
                return;

        for (indirect_split_t *is = list_head(&iv->iv_splits);
            is != NULL; is = list_next(&iv->iv_splits, is)) {
                for (int c = 0; c < is->is_children; c++) {
                        indirect_child_t *ic = &is->is_child[c];

                        if (ic->ic_data == NULL)
                                continue;

                        vdev_t *vd = ic->ic_vdev;

                        mutex_enter(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);
                        vd->vdev_stat.vs_checksum_errors++;
                        mutex_exit(&vd->vdev_stat_lock);

                        zfs_ereport_post_checksum(zio->io_spa, vd, NULL, zio,
                            is->is_target_offset, is->is_size,
                            NULL, NULL, NULL);
                }
        }
}

/*
 * This function is called when we have read all copies of the data and need
 * to try to find a combination of copies that gives us the right checksum.
 *
 * If we pointed to any mirror vdevs, this effectively does the job of the
 * mirror.  The mirror vdev code can't do its own job because we don't know
 * the checksum of each split segment individually.
 *
 * We have to try every unique combination of copies of split segments, until
 * we find one that checksums correctly.  Duplicate segment copies are first
 * discarded as an optimization to reduce the search space.  After pruning
 * there will exist at most one valid combination.
 *
 * When the total number of combinations is small they can all be checked.
 * For example, if we have 3 segments in the split, and each points to a
 * 2-way mirror with unique copies, we will have the following pieces of data:
 *
 *       |     mirror child
 * split |     [0]        [1]
 * ======|=====================
 *   A   |  data_A_0   data_A_1
 *   B   |  data_B_0   data_B_1
 *   C   |  data_C_0   data_C_1
 *
 * We will try the following (mirror children)^(number of splits) (2^3=8)
 * combinations, which is similar to bitwise-little-endian counting in
 * binary.  In general each "digit" corresponds to a split segment, and the
 * base of each digit is is_children, which can be different for each
 * digit.
 *
 * "low bit"        "high bit"
 *        v                 v
 * data_A_0 data_B_0 data_C_0
 * data_A_1 data_B_0 data_C_0
 * data_A_0 data_B_1 data_C_0
 * data_A_1 data_B_1 data_C_0
 * data_A_0 data_B_0 data_C_1
 * data_A_1 data_B_0 data_C_1
 * data_A_0 data_B_1 data_C_1
 * data_A_1 data_B_1 data_C_1
 *
 * Note that the split segments may be on the same or different top-level
 * vdevs. In either case, we try lots of combinations (see
 * zfs_reconstruct_indirect_segments_max).  This ensures that if a mirror has
 * small silent errors on all of its children, we can still reconstruct the
 * correct data, as long as those errors are at sufficiently-separated
 * offsets (specifically, separated by the largest block size - default of
 * 128KB, but up to 16MB).
 */
static void
vdev_indirect_reconstruct_io_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        indirect_vsd_t *iv = zio->io_vsd;
        uint64_t attempts = 0;
        uint64_t attempts_max = UINT64_MAX;
        uint64_t combinations = 1;

        if (zfs_reconstruct_indirect_combinations_max > 0)
                attempts_max = zfs_reconstruct_indirect_combinations_max;

        /*
         * Discard duplicate copies of split segments to minimize the
         * number of unique combinations when attempting reconstruction.
         */
        for (indirect_split_t *is = list_head(&iv->iv_splits);
            is != NULL; is = list_next(&iv->iv_splits, is)) {
                uint64_t is_copies = 0;

                for (int i = 0; i < is->is_children; i++) {
                        if (is->is_child[i].ic_data == NULL)
                                continue;

                        for (int j = i + 1; j < is->is_children; j++) {
                                if (is->is_child[j].ic_data == NULL)
                                        continue;

                                if (is->is_child[j].ic_duplicate == -1 &&
                                    abd_cmp(is->is_child[i].ic_data,
                                    is->is_child[j].ic_data) == 0) {
                                        is->is_child[j].ic_duplicate = i;
                                }
                        }

                        is_copies++;
                }

                /* Reconstruction is impossible, no valid is->is_child[] */
                if (is_copies == 0) {
                        zio->io_error = EIO;
                        vdev_indirect_all_checksum_errors(zio);
                        zio_checksum_verified(zio);
                        return;
                }

                combinations *= is_copies;
        }

        for (;;) {
                /* copy data from splits to main zio */
                int ret;
                for (indirect_split_t *is = list_head(&iv->iv_splits);
                    is != NULL; is = list_next(&iv->iv_splits, is)) {

                        /*
                         * If this child failed, its ic_data will be NULL.
                         * Skip this combination.
                         */
                        if (is->is_child[is->is_good_child].ic_data == NULL) {
                                ret = EIO;
                                goto next;
                        }

                        /*
                         * If this child is a duplicate, its is_duplicate will
                         * refer to the primary copy.  Skip this combination.
                         */
                        if (is->is_child[is->is_good_child].ic_duplicate >= 0) {
                                ret = ECKSUM;
                                goto next;
                        }

                        abd_copy_off(zio->io_abd,
                            is->is_child[is->is_good_child].ic_data,
                            is->is_split_offset, 0, is->is_size);
                }

                /* See if this checksum matches. */
                zio_bad_cksum_t zbc;
                ret = zio_checksum_error(zio, &zbc);
                if (ret == 0) {
                        /* Found a matching checksum.  Issue repair i/os. */
                        vdev_indirect_repair(zio);
                        zio_checksum_verified(zio);
                        return;
                }

                /*
                 * Checksum failed; try a different combination of split
                 * children.
                 */
                boolean_t more;
next:
                more = B_FALSE;
                if (combinations <= attempts_max) {
                        /*
                         * There are relatively few possible combinations, so
                         * deterministically check them all.  We do this by
                         * adding one to the first split's good_child.  If it
                         * overflows, then "carry over" to the next split
                         * (like counting in base is_children, but each
                         * digit can have a different base).
                         */
                        for (indirect_split_t *is = list_head(&iv->iv_splits);
                            is != NULL; is = list_next(&iv->iv_splits, is)) {
                                is->is_good_child++;
                                if (is->is_good_child < is->is_children) {
                                        more = B_TRUE;
                                        break;
                                }
                                is->is_good_child = 0;
                        }
                } else if (++attempts < attempts_max) {
                        /*
                         * There are too many combinations to try all of them
                         * in a reasonable amount of time, so try a fixed
                         * number of random combinations, after which we'll
                         * consider the block unrecoverable.
                         */
                        for (indirect_split_t *is = list_head(&iv->iv_splits);
                            is != NULL; is = list_next(&iv->iv_splits, is)) {
                                int c = spa_get_random(is->is_children);

                                while (is->is_child[c].ic_duplicate >= 0)
                                        c = (c + 1) % is->is_children;

                                is->is_good_child = c;
                        }
                        more = B_TRUE;
                }
                if (!more) {
                        /* All combinations failed. */
                        zio->io_error = ret;
                        vdev_indirect_all_checksum_errors(zio);
                        zio_checksum_verified(zio);
                        return;
                }
        }
}

static void
vdev_indirect_io_done(zio_t *zio)
{
        indirect_vsd_t *iv = zio->io_vsd;

        if (iv->iv_reconstruct) {
                /*
                 * We have read all copies of the data (e.g. from mirrors),
                 * either because this was a scrub/resilver, or because the
                 * one-copy read didn't checksum correctly.
                 */
                vdev_indirect_reconstruct_io_done(zio);
                return;
        }

        if (!iv->iv_split_block) {
                /*
                 * This was not a split block, so we passed the BP down,
                 * and the checksum was handled by the (one) child zio.
                 */
                return;
        }

        zio_bad_cksum_t zbc;
        int ret = zio_checksum_error(zio, &zbc);
        if (ret == 0) {
                zio_checksum_verified(zio);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * The checksum didn't match.  Read all copies of all splits, and
         * then we will try to reconstruct.  The next time
         * vdev_indirect_io_done() is called, iv_reconstruct will be set.
         */
        vdev_indirect_read_all(zio);

        zio_vdev_io_redone(zio);
}

vdev_ops_t vdev_indirect_ops = {
        vdev_indirect_open,
        vdev_indirect_close,
        vdev_default_asize,
        vdev_indirect_io_start,
        vdev_indirect_io_done,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        vdev_indirect_remap,
        VDEV_TYPE_INDIRECT,     /* name of this vdev type */
        B_FALSE                 /* leaf vdev */
};

#if defined(_KERNEL)
EXPORT_SYMBOL(rs_alloc);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_condense_fini);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_start_indirect_condensing_thread);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_condense_indirect_start_sync);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_condense_init);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(spa_vdev_indirect_mark_obsolete);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vdev_indirect_mark_obsolete);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vdev_indirect_should_condense);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vdev_indirect_sync_obsolete);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vdev_obsolete_counts_are_precise);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vdev_obsolete_sm_object);

module_param(zfs_condense_indirect_vdevs_enable, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zfs_condense_indirect_vdevs_enable,
        "Whether to attempt condensing indirect vdev mappings");

/* CSTYLED */
module_param(zfs_condense_min_mapping_bytes, ulong, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zfs_condense_min_mapping_bytes,
        "Minimum size of vdev mapping to condense");

/* CSTYLED */
module_param(zfs_condense_max_obsolete_bytes, ulong, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zfs_condense_max_obsolete_bytes,
        "Minimum size obsolete spacemap to attempt condensing");

module_param(zfs_condense_indirect_commit_entry_delay_ms, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zfs_condense_indirect_commit_entry_delay_ms,
        "Delay while condensing vdev mapping");

module_param(zfs_reconstruct_indirect_combinations_max, int, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(zfs_reconstruct_indirect_combinations_max,
        "Maximum number of combinations when reconstructing split segments");
#endif